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In Scotland, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designated areas of the sea aimed at protecting habitats, wildlife, geology, undersea landforms, historic shipwrecks, and demonstrating sustainable management of marine resources. As of December 2020, approximately 37% of Scotland's seas are covered by the Scottish MPA network, which comprises a total of 244 sites.[1]
Designation
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As of December 2020, Scotland's MPA network comprises 244 sites protected under various conservation designations.[3] Many of these designations are the same as those used on land, such as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).[4][5] This figure includes four sites designated in December 2020:[6][7] North-east Lewis; Shiant East Bank; Sea of the Hebrides; and the Southern Trench.
The legal framework for designating MPAs depends on the designation. For example, SSSIs are designated under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004.[8] Where sites are not designated under other conservation legislation, MPAs are designated under one of two acts of parliament, depending on their location:
- The Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 is an act of the Scottish Parliament that gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Territorial Waters (waters up to 12 nautical miles off the coastline).
- The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 is an act of the UK Parliament that gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Offshore Waters (waters lying further from the coast than 12 nautical miles, and defined as Scottish by the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999).[9][10]
Sites are designated as MPAs under these acts for one of three purposes:[11]
- Nature Conservation MPAs are designated to protect biodiversity.
- Historical MPAs are used to protect sites such as marine wrecks and artefacts.
- Demonstration and Research MPAs are designated to test novel approaches to marine management.
In addition to the statutory MPAs, five sites are recognized as part of the Scottish MPA network, categorized as "other area-based measures." Although these areas were not specifically created for nature conservation purposes, they are considered to contribute to the protection of marine biodiversity. The makeup of the network as of December 2020 is detailed in the table below:[3]
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Management
[edit]The lead body for the management of MPAs in Scotland is Marine Scotland. For nature conservation sites within territorial waters, NatureScot is responsible for developing the network, providing scientific advice to the Scottish Government on site selection, and advising Marine Scotland on management once sites are designated. The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) fulfills this role for sites in offshore waters and also has a coordinating role for nature conservation across all the UK's offshore waters.[8] Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for managing historic MPAs.[12]
Activities undertaken in an MPA can be managed through voluntary measures or by implementing Marine Conservation Orders or Inshore Fishing Orders. Management measures, such as restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used, may be in place for all or part of an MPA and may only apply at certain times of the year.[11] Environmental groups have criticized the government for failing to enforce fishing rules around MPAs.[13]
List of MPAs
[edit]These tables list those MPAs not covered by other designations (i.e. excluding SACs, SPAs, and SSSIs etc.) as of December 2020.[14][15]
Historic MPAs
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Nature Conservation MPAs
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Demonstration and Research MPA
[edit]There is one Demonstration and Research Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the waters surrounding Fair Isle. This MPA was designated on 9 November 2016.[68] The aims of this MPA designation are defined as follows:
To demonstrate and research the use of an ecosystem approach, which includes the following -
a) the environmental monitoring of seabirds and of other mobile marine species;
b) the environmental monitoring of the factors which influence the populations of seabirds and of other mobile species;
c) the development and implementation of a local sustainable shellfish fishery;
d) the development of a research programme into local fisheries which includes research on species composition, size, distribution and temporal and spatial changes in fish stocks;
e) based upon the research undertaken under sub-paragraph (d), the development of a sustainable-use management programme for local fisheries.
— Scottish Government[69]
Other area based measures
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Proposed NCMPAs
[edit]As of 2020, two additional Historic Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed, following a consultation exercise conducted by Historic Environment Scotland that closed on 27 November.[71] The two proposed sites are:[72]
- The wreck of the Swedish East India Company ship Queen of Sweden in Bressay Sound, Shetland.
- A 10.7 km2 area in Scapa Flow, Orkney, including the site of the scuttled German High Seas Fleet.
References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- "Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report" (PDF). Scottish Government. December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
Citations
[edit]- ^ "Scotland's Marine Protected Areas". NatureScot. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Plan to give Loch Carron permanent protection". BBC. 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
- ^ a b "Scotland's Marine Protected Area Network". NatureScot. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 11.
- ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 32.
- ^ "New sites given special status to protect marine life". BBC. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "2019 Possible Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas Consultation". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Different Types of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scotland" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 5.
- ^ Javier González-Álvarez (November 2012). "Valuing the Benefits of Designating a Network of Scottish MPAs in Territorial and Offshore Waters" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Possible Marine Protected Area Consultation - Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. June 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ "Scotland's Historic Marine Protected Areas". Historic Environment Scotland. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ "Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution". The Ferret. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- ^ "SiteLink". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Search". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Dartmouth". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Dartmouth Historic MPA (HMPA6)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Drumbeg". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Drumbeg Historic MPA (HMPA1)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protect Area: Duart Point". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Duart Point Historic MPA (HMPA7)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Iona I". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Iona I (HMPA8)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Kinlochbervie". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kinlochbervie Historic MPA (HMPA3)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Mingary". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Mingary Historic MPA (HMPA2)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Out Skerries". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Out Skerries Historic MPA (HMPA5)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "SiteLink: Central Fladen MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Clyde Sea Sill MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: East Caithness Cliffs MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: East of Gannet and Montrose Fields MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Faroe-Shetland Sponge Belt MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Fetlar to Haroldswick MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Hatton-Rockall Basin MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Loch Carron MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Loch Creran MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sunart MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sween MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Monach Isles MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Mousa to Boddam MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: North-east Faroe-Shetland Channel MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: North-east Lewis MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: North-west Orkney MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Noss Head MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Red Rocks and Longay MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^ "SiteLink: Papa Westray MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Sea of the Hebrides MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Shiant East Bank MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Small Isles MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Southern Trench MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: South Arran MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Turbot Bank MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Upper Loch Fyne and Loch Goil MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: West of Scotland MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: West Shetland Shelf MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Wester Ross MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "SiteLink: Wyre and Rousay Sounds MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Fair Isle MPA (DR)". NatureScot.
- ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 45
- ^ a b c d e Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 31.
- ^ "Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. Appendix A". Scottish Government. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ "Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. The Proposals)". Scottish Government. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
External links
[edit]- Scotland's Marine Protected Area network - NatureScot
- Marine Heritage - Historic Environment Scotland