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The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.[1][2]
The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:
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# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
27 March 1942[3] |
2 | ![]() |
24 February 1944[4] |
3 | ![]() |
9 April 1944[5] |
4 | ![]() |
1 August 1944[6] |
5 | ![]() |
3 August 1944[7] |
6 | ![]() |
21 September 1944[8] |
7 | ![]() |
16 November 1944[9] |
8 | ![]() |
25 November 1944[10] |
9 | ![]() |
25 November 1944[11] |
10 | ![]() |
30 November 1944[12] |
11 | ![]() |
12 June 1945[13] |
12 | ![]() |
28 June 1945[14][15] |
13 | ![]() |
25 October 1945[16] |
14 | ![]() |
13 November 1945[17] |
15 | ![]() |
22 November 1946[18] |
16 | ![]() |
27 February 1946[19] |
17 | ![]() |
8 March 1946[20] |
18 | ![]() |
30 April 1946[21] |
19 | ![]() |
18 May 1946[22] |
20 | ![]() |
10 July 1946[23] |
21 | ![]() |
21 September 1946[24] |
22 | ![]() |
1 October 1946[25] |
23 | ![]() |
24 October 1946[26] |
24 | ![]() |
20 November 1946[27] |
— | ![]() |
17 March 1947[28] |
25 | ![]() |
17 June 1947[29] |
26 | ![]() |
7 February 1946[30] |
27 | ![]() |
5 March 1948[31] |
28 | ![]() |
10 August 1948[32] |
29 | ![]() |
August 1948[33] |
30 | ![]() |
15 September 1948[34] |
31 | ![]() |
15 September 1948[35] |
32 | ![]() |
15 September 1948[36] |
33 | ![]() |
29 October 1948[37] |
34 | ![]() |
28 May 1949[38][39] |
35 | ![]() |
31 July 1949[40] |
36 | ![]() |
1949[41] |
37 | ![]() |
27 February 1950[42] |
38 | ![]() |
12 May 1950[43] |
39 | ![]() |
12 October 1950[44] |
40 | ![]() |
21 November 1950[45] |
41 | ![]() |
1 January 1951[46] |
42 | ![]() |
16 January 1951[47] |
43 | ![]() |
6 December 1951[48] |
44 | ![]() |
29 July 1952 |
45 | ![]() |
20 May 1953[49] |
46 | ![]() |
6 October 1953[50] |
47 | ![]() |
1953[51] |
48 | ![]() |
21 June 1954[52] |
49 | ![]() |
26 August 1954[53] |
50 | ![]() |
November 1954[54] |
— | ![]() |
1955[55] |
51 | ![]() |
1955[56] |
52 | ![]() |
1956[57] |
53 | ![]() |
1956[58] |
54 | ![]() |
1957[59] |
55 | ![]() |
3 February 1958[60] |
56 | ![]() |
30 March 1959[61][62] |
57 | ![]() |
21 May 1959[63] |
58 | ![]() |
3 June 1960[64] |
59 | ![]() |
15 June 1960[65] |
60 | ![]() |
20 September 1960[66] |
61 | ![]() |
1960[67] |
62 | ![]() |
8 January 1961[68] |
63 | ![]() |
22 April 1961[69] |
64 | ![]() |
27 April 1961[70] |
65 | ![]() |
27 September 1961[71] |
66 | ![]() |
4 October 1961[72] |
67 | ![]() |
6 October 1961[73] |
68 | ![]() |
9 October 1961[74] |
69 | ![]() |
11 March 1962[75] |
70 | ![]() |
7 June 1962[76] |
71 | ![]() |
27 June 1962[77] |
72 | ![]() |
18 December 1962[78] |
73 | ![]() |
1962[79] |
74 | ![]() |
1962[80] |
75 | ![]() |
1962[81] |
76 | ![]() |
7 May 1963[82] |
77 | ![]() |
15 July 1963[83] |
78 | ![]() |
16 July 1963[84] |
79 | ![]() |
18 August 1963[85] |
80 | ![]() |
1963[86] |
81 | ![]() |
1963[87] |
82 | ![]() |
6 January 1965[88] |
83 | ![]() |
24 May 1965[89] |
84 | ![]() |
30 November 1965[90] |
85 | ![]() |
19 September 1966[91] |
86 | ![]() |
1966[92] |
87 | ![]() |
3 February 1967[93] |
88 | ![]() |
5 February 1967[94] |
89 | ![]() |
16 August 1967[95] |
90 | ![]() |
3 May 1969[96] |
91 | ![]() |
10 June 1971[97] |
92 | ![]() |
9 November 1971[98] |
93 | ![]() |
8 January 1972[99] |
94 | ![]() |
11 April 1972[100] |
95 | ![]() |
29 May 1972[101] |
96 | ![]() |
June 1972[102] |
97 | ![]() |
2 January 1973[103] |
98 | ![]() |
28 March 1973[104] |
99 | ![]() |
28 March 1973[105] |
100 | ![]() |
28 May 1974[106] |
101 | ![]() |
12 December 1974[107] |
102 | ![]() |
1 July 1975[108] |
103 | ![]() |
25 November 1980[109] |
104 | ![]() |
12 February 1981[110] |
105 | ![]() |
12 February 1981[111] |
106 | ![]() |
12 February 1981[112] |
107 | ![]() |
11 March 1981[113] |
108 | ![]() |
25 February 1988[114] |
109 | ![]() |
31 January 1990[115] |
110 | ![]() |
4 March 1992[116] |
111 | ![]() |
28 September 1992[117] |
112 | ![]() |
14 December 1992[118] |
113 | ![]() |
1 January 1993[119] |
114 | ![]() |
18 March 1993[120] |
115 | ![]() |
1 April 1993[121] |
116 | ![]() |
20 April 1993[122] |
117 | ![]() |
6 May 1993[123] |
118 | ![]() |
29 July 1993[124] |
119 | ![]() |
3 September 1993[125] |
120 | ![]() |
18 May 1994[126] |
121 | ![]() |
8 June 1994[127] |
122 | ![]() |
5 December 1994[128] |
123 | ![]() |
2 March 1995[114] |
124 | ![]() |
26 April 1995[114] |
125 | ![]() |
22 June 1995[129] |
126 | ![]() |
18 November 1995[130] |
127 | ![]() |
21 March 1996[131] |
128 | ![]() |
21 June 1996[132] |
129 | ![]() |
3 July 1996[114] |
130 | ![]() |
7 May 1997[133] |
131 | ![]() |
16 January 1998[134] |
132 | ![]() |
5 February 1998[135] |
133 | ![]() |
20 April 1998[114] |
134 | ![]() |
22 October 1998[136] |
135 | ![]() |
24 March 1999[114] |
136 | ![]() |
9 June 2000[137] |
137 | ![]() |
12 April 2001[138] |
138 | ![]() |
29 June 2001[114] |
139 | ![]() |
3 September 2001[139] |
140 | ![]() |
April 2005[140] |
141 | ![]() |
1 September 2005[141] |
142 | ![]() |
24 August 2007[114] |
143 | ![]() |
25 September 2007[114] |
144 | ![]() |
15 October 2008[142][143] |
145 | ![]() |
21 November 2008[114] |
146 | ![]() |
4 December 2008[144] |
147 | ![]() |
13 November 2009[114] |
148 | ![]() |
10 October 2010[114] |
— | ![]() |
17 August 2011[145] |
149 | ![]() |
23 May 2014[146] |
150 | ![]() |
21 April 2017[147] |
151 | ![]() |
April 2017[148] |
152 | ![]() |
5 May 2017[149] |
153 | ![]() |
29 June 2017[114] |
154 | ![]() |
18 October 2017[150] |
155 | ![]() |
22 January 2019[151] |
156 | ![]() |
5 March 2019[152] |
157 | ![]() |
25 September 2019[153] |
158 | ![]() |
26 September 2019[114] |
159 | ![]() |
20 October 2020[154] |
160 | ![]() |
20 May 2021[114] |
161 | ![]() |
29 March 2022[114] |
162 | ![]() |
24 July 2024[114] |
163 | ![]() |
Unknown |
164 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Africa
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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18 December 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Algeria Mr Hussein El Jissr.[78] |
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27 June 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1962 when first ambassador of Lebanon to Dahomey presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga.[77] |
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1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Cameroon with residence in Dakar M. Mohamed Ali Hamade.[80] |
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1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Central African Republic (resident in Accra) M. Khalil Itani.[92] |
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4 October 1961[72] |
Approximately 100,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Côte d'Ivoire. 21 April 1961 established Embassy of Lebanon in Abidjan
|
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June 1972 |
|
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11 March 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1981 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Djibouti (resident in Khartoum) Mr. Ibrahim Marouche presented his credentials to President M. Hassan Gouled Aptidon.[113] |
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30 November 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.[12]
Severed diplomatic relations 26 April 1979, restored 28 June 1989.
|
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31 July 1949 | 31 July 1949 was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to Lebanon Mr. Fitaorari Tafesse Habte Mikael[40]
|
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1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Gabon M. Mohamed Ali Hamade presented his credentials to President Leon Mba.[81] |
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24 May 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1965[89] |
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30 March 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1959.[61][62]
|
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3 June 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1960 when Lebanese Government appointed its Minister to Liberia to be Minister to Guinea as well.[64]
|
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20 October 2020 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 2020 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Guinea-Bissau Mr. Fadi Zein has presented his credentials to President Ùmaro El Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló.[154] |
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1 January 1951 | Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[46] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[155] |
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1955 | |
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18 October 2017 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2017 when ambassador of Malawi Mrs. Caroline Bwanali Mussa, has presented his credentials to President of Lebanon Michel Aoun.[150] |
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9 October 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1961 when first Lebanese Ambassador to Mali (resident in Accra) Dr. Karim Azqul presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita.[74] |
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10 June 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1971[97] |
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| |
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11 March 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when the first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger, Jean Hadji Thomas, presented his credentials to President Hamani Diori[75] |
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8 January 1961 | 8 January 1961 Lebanese Consulate in Lagos was raised to level Embassy.[68] Nigeria opened its Embassy in Beirut in 1982
|
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21 April 2017 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 2017[147] |
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22 April 1961 |
Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Senegal. On22 April 1961, the Lebanese Consulate General in Dakar was raised to level Embassy[69]
|
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27 April 1961 |
Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Sierra Leone. 27 April 1961 Lebanese Consulate General in Freetown was raised to status Embassy[70]
|
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6 October 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[73] |
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18 November 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1995[130]
|
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| |
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7 June 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1962 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Togo (resident in Dakar) Mr. Mohammed Ali Hamade presented his credentials.[76] |
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Americas
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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22 November 1945[18] | See Argentina–Lebanon relations
|
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28 May 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1949 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Lebanon to Bolivia (resident in Bogota) Mr. Nazih Lahoud.[38][39] |
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13 November 1945 | See Brazil–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945[17]
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26 August 1954[53] | See Canada–Lebanon relations
Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958.
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28 June 1945 | See Chile–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945.[14][15]
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29 October 1948 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1948.[37]
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29 July 1952 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but was broke off in May 1984, re-established on 24 August 2007 |
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15 June 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1960.[65]
|
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15 September 1948 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1948 when has been accredited Mr. Nazih Lahoud as Minister of Lebanon to Ecuador (Resident in Bogota).[34] |
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29 July 1952 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but broke off diplomatic relations 10 May 1984, re-established 25 September 2007
|
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16 January 1951 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1951 when in official note approval was granted for Mr. Joseph Aboukater to serve as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to the Government of Honduras, with residence in Mexico.[47] |
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12 June 1945 | See Lebanon–Mexico relations
|
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30 April 1946 |
|
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12 May 1950 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1950.[43]
|
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1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Caracas) M. Halim Shebaya.[87] |
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16 November 1944 | See Lebanon–United States relations
The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks.
|
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25 October 1945 | See Lebanon–Uruguay relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945[16]
|
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10 July 1946[167] |
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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August 1948 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in August 1948 when has been accredited Minister of Afghanistan to Lebanon (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Ghulam Yahya Tarzi.[33] |
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4 March 1992 | See Armenia–Lebanon relations
The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[168][169] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.[170] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so. |
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18 September 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
|
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29 May 1972 | |
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28 March 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[104] |
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9 November 1971 | See China–Lebanon relations
China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.[98] In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[171] China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.[172] |
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15 September 1948 | See India-Lebanon relations |
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See Indonesia–Lebanon relations | |
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21 September 1944 | See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944.[8] |
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24 February 1944 | See Iraq–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.[4] Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias. |
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See Israel–Lebanon relations | |
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November 1954 | In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies |
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1 October 1946 | See Jordan–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni.[25] |
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20 April 1993 |
|
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27 September 1961[71] |
|
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16 July 1963 | See Lebanon–Malaysia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963[84]
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15 September 1948 | See Lebanon–Pakistan relations |
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17 August 2011 | Lebanon and State of Palestine established diplomatic relations on 17 August 2011 when Palestinian diplomatic representation was raised to level an embassy and opened the Embassy of the State of Palestine to the Republic of Lebanon.[145]
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11 April 1972 | |
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9 April 1944 | See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations |
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12 February 1981 | |
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15 October 2008[143] | See Lebanon–Syria relations 15 October 2008 opened Embassies in both countries
The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.[176] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.[177] |
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8 March 1946 | See Lebanon–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[20] |
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8 January 1972 | See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations |
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1953 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1953 when has been accredited Minister of Yemen Embassy in Lebanon Dr. Adnan Tarcici.[51] |
Europe
[edit]Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.
Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[178]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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6 December 1951 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1951 when has been accredited Minister of Austria to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) M. Robert Friedinger-Pranter.[48] |
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25 November 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when established Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Belgium.[11] |
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19 September 1966 |
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| |
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6 October 1953 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host[50] |
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21 June 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1954[182] |
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25 November 1944 | See France–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.[10] In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.[183] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.[184] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.[185] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.[186]
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20 May 1953 | See Germany–Lebanon relations
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17 June 1947 | See Greece–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[29] The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.
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17 March 1947 | See Holy See–Lebanon relations
The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.
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30 November 1965 | |
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12 December 1974 |
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20 November 1946 | See Italy–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[27] Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[188] Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[citation needed] Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[citation needed] Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.[citation needed]
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9 June 2000 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 2000 when accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Liechtenstein (resident in Berne) Mr. Samir Hobeica[137] |
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12 October 1950 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 1950[44]
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20 October 1956 | 1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.[189]
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6 January 1965 | See Lebanon–Romania relations
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3 August 1944 | See Lebanon–Russia relations
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5 March 1948 | See Lebanon–Spain relations
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7 February 1946 |
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27 February 1946 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1946 |
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14 December 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992 |
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27 March 1942 | Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 27 March 1942, when General Sir Edward Spears of the United Kingdom presented letters of credence to President Naccache of Lebanon[3]
|
Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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5 February 1967 | 20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995[193]
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26 September 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2019 |
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25 November 1980 | 25 November 1980 first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand.[109]
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See also
[edit]- Constitution of Lebanon
- Lebanese diaspora
- Lebanese identity card
- Lebanese nationality law
- Lebanese passport
- List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon
- List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon
- Politics of Lebanon
- Visa policy of Lebanon
- Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens
References and footnotes
[edit]- Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21159-X.
- Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1.
- Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
- ^ DeVore, Marc R. (2012). "Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making". Perspectives on Terrorism. 6 (4/5): 85–107. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26296878.
- ^ https://iranprimer.usip.org/sites/default/files/PDF%20Iran%20Region_Hokayem_Lebanon.pdf, Iran and Lebanon, Emile Hokayem,
- ^ a b Digest of International Law, Volume 2. U.S. Department of State, 1963. p. 222.
- ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 376.
- ^ KHOURY Gérard. Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). KARTHALA Editions, 2004. p. 376.
- ^ "Poland in Lebanon". gov.pl. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
- ^ "73 years ago Russia Lebanon diplomatic ties were established (on August 3, 1944)". MFA Russia. August 3, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Gérard D. Khoury (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945 une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala. p. 380.
- ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Lebanon". Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
- ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
- ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 389.
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite book}}
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External links
[edit]- 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
- Embassy of Lebanon in Washington DC
- Amb. Farid Abboud profile The Washington Diplomat serves the diplomatic community with columns focusing on international news and events.
- EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan Archived January 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon