The year 1568 in science and technology involved some significant events.

• Orto Botanico di Bologna botanical garden is created under the direction of Ulisse Aldrovandi.

• Ane Breve Descriptioun of the Pest by Gilbert Skene, the first Scottish medical book, is published.

• October 2 – Marin Getaldić, Ragusan mathematician (died 1626)
• date unknown – Nikolaus Ager, French botanist (died 1634)

• July 13 – William Turner, English naturalist (born c. 1508)
• Garcia de Orta, Portuguese physician (born c. 1501)