A number of notable software packages were developed for, or are maintained by, the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project.
What it means to be a GNU package[edit]
Summarising the situation in 2013, Richard Stallman identified nine aspects which generally apply to being a GNU package,[1] but he noted that exceptions and flexibility are possible when there are good reasons:[2]
- The package should say that it is a GNU package.
- It should be distributed via ftp.gnu.org, or another site offering access to everyone.
- The package's homepage should be on the GNU website.
- The developers must pay attention to making their software work well with other GNU packages.
- Documentation should be in Texinfo format, or in a format easily convertible to Texinfo.
- Should use GNU Guile for its extension language, but exceptions are explicitly possible in this regard.
- Should not recommend any non-free program, nor refer the user to any non-free documentation or non-free software.
- Use GNU terminology, including referring to GNU/Linux systems and free software in situations where other observers would write Linux and open source
- The maintainer should be contactable, at least infrequently, to discuss problems in the software or fixing compatibility issues.
Base system[edit]
There is no official "base system" of the GNU operating system. GNU was designed to be a replacement for Unix operating systems of the 1980s and used the POSIX standards as a guide, but either definition would give a much larger "base system". The following list is instead a small set of GNU packages which seem closer to being "core" packages than being in any of the further down sections. Inclusions (such as plotutils) and exclusions (such as the C standard library) are of course debatable.
| Name | Description | Provides | Version[Note 1] |
|---|---|---|---|
| bash | GNU's UNIX compatible shell | bash | 5.0 (January 7, 2019) [±][3][4] |
| coreutils | base commands | fileutils: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm, etc. textutils: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, od, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste, etc. |
8.32 (March 5, 2020) [±][5] |
| cpio | archiving program | cpio | 2.12 (September 12, 2015) [±][6] |
| diffutils | contains utilities to compare files | diff, cmp, diff3, sdiff | 3.2 (September 2, 2011) |
| findutils | contains search utilities | find, locate, updatedb, xargs[7] | 4.7.0 (August 29, 2019) [±][8] |
| finger | user information | n/a | 1.37, (October 28, 1992) |
| grep | search for strings in files | grep | 2.10, (November 16, 2011) |
| groff | document processing system (groff) | groff | 1.22.2 (February 7, 2013[9]) [±] |
| GRUB | GRand Unified Bootloader | grub | 2.02 (GRUB2) (April 26, 2017) [±] |
| gzip | compression program (gzip) | gzip | 1.7 (28 March 2016) [±][10] |
| hurd[Note 2] | microkernel-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel | n/a | 0.7, (October 31, 2015) |
| inetutils | useful utils for networking | ftp, telnet, rsh, rlogin, tftp | 1.9.4, (June 10, 2015) |
| linux-libre | kernel that is maintained from modified versions of Linux to remove any software that does not include its source code, has its source code obfuscated, or is released under proprietary licenses | n/a | 4.13.10-gnu, (October 28, 2017)[11] |
| plotutils | useful utils for plotting to different devices | graph, libplot, libplotter | 2.6, (September 27, 2009) |
| readline | useful library for reading command lines | readline | 6.2 (February 14, 2011) [±][12] |
| screen | a terminal multiplexer | screen | 4.8.0 (February 5, 2020) [±] |
| sysutils[Note 3] | system utilities to manage users, groups, passwords, shells | add-shell, chage, chfn, chgroup, chgrpmem, chpasswd, chsh, chuser, cppw, expiry, gpasswd, grpck, gshadow, hwclock, isosize, last, lastlog, login, lsage, lsgroup, lsuser, mkgroup, mkuser, nologin, passwd, pwck, remove-shell, rmgroup, rmuser, setpwnam, vipw, wall, write | 0.1.6[13] (2009) |
| tar | archiver able to create and handle file archives in various formats | tar | 1.29 (May 16, 2016) [±] |
| texinfo | documentation system for producing online and printed manuals | n/a | 6.7 (23 September 2019[14]) [±] |
| time | program to determine the duration of execution of a particular command | time | 1.8, (November 11, 2017[15]) |
Notes[edit]
- ^ Stable versions. Note that some distros (e.g., Gentoo) use some development versions in case the stable versions are a bit old.
- ^ Note that because HURD is under active development, there is no stable version. Hurd is distributed through version control systems.
- ^ No stable version yet. Current version is alpha and is not suitable for use in production systems.
Software development[edit]
The software listed below is generally useful to software developers and other computer programmers.
GNU toolchain[edit]
- GNU Binutils – contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
- GNU Bison – parser generator intended to replace yacc
- GNU build system (autotools) – contains Autoconf, Automake, Autoheader, and Libtool
- GNU Compiler Collection – optimizing compiler for many programming languages, including C, C++, Fortran, Ada, and Java
- GNU Debugger (gdb) – an advanced debugger
- GNU m4 – macro processor
- GNU make – Make program for GNU
Other libraries and frameworks[edit]
The following libraries and software frameworks are often used in combination with the basic toolchain tools above to build software. (For libraries specifically designed to implement GUI desktops, see Graphical desktop.)
- BFD – object file library
- DotGNU – replacement for Microsoft .NET
- GNU C Library (glibc) – POSIX-compliant C library
- GNU Classpath – libraries for Java
- GNU FriBidi – a library that implements Unicode's Bidirectional Algorithm
- GNU ease.js – A Classical Object-Oriented framework for JavaScript
- GNU gettext – internationalization library
- Gnulib – portability library designed for use with the GNU build system
- GNU libmicrohttpd – embeddable HTTP server
- GNU lightning – just-in-time compilation for generating machine language
- GNU oSIP – Session Initiation Protocol library to implement VoIP applications
- GNU Portable Threads (pth) – software threads for POSIX-compatible operating systems
Other compilers and interpreters[edit]
The following packages provide compilers and interpreters for programming languages beyond those included in the GNU Compiler Collection.
- CLISP – ANSI Common Lisp implementation (compiler, debugger, and interpreter)
- Gawk – GNU awk implementation
- GnuCOBOL – COBOL compiler
- GNU Common Lisp – implementation of Common Lisp
- GNU MDK – a development kit for programming in MIX
- GNU Pascal – Pascal compiler
- GNU Smalltalk – ANSI Smalltalk-98 implementation (interpreter and class library)
- MIT/GNU Scheme – interpreter, compiler and library for the Scheme programming language developed at MIT
- SmartEiffel – GNU Eiffel compiler
- Gforth — GNU Forth compiler
Other developer tools[edit]
- Data Display Debugger – debugger front-end for several debuggers (ddd)
- GNU arch – distributed revision control system (deprecated in favor of GNU Bazaar)
- GNU AutoGen – active tier-style tool for automated code generation
- GNU Bazaar – distributed revision control system
- GNU cflow – generates C flow graphs
- GNU cppi – indents C preprocessor directives in files to reflect their nesting
- GNU Fontutils – font management utilities
- GNU gperf – perfect hash function generator
- GNU indent – program to indent C and C++ source code
- GNU complexity – measures the complexity of C source code[16]
- GNUnited Nations - programme for the translation of html files.[17]
User applications[edit]
The software listed below is generally useful to users not specifically engaged in software development.
Graphical desktop[edit]
The following packages provide GUI desktop environments, window managers, and associated graphics libraries.
- GIMP – GNU Image Manipulation Program, a bitmap image editor (similar to Photoshop)
- GTK+ – GIMP Toolkit, containing the GTK+, GDK, and GLib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
- GNOME – GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU desktop platform
- GNUstep – implementation of the Cocoa/OpenStep libraries and development tools for graphical applications
- Window Maker – window manager for the GNUstep environment
General system administration[edit]
- GNU Accounting Utils – set of utilities providing statistics on users and processes (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
- GNU ddrescue – data recovery tool
- GNU Emacs – implementation of Emacs editor
- GNU fcrypt – on-the-fly encryption
- GNU Guix – package manager
- GNU libextractor – metadata extraction library and tool
- GNU Midnight Commander[18] – text-based Orthodox file manager & FTP client
- GNU parallel – shell tool for executing jobs in parallel
- GNU Parted – hard drive partitioning program
- GNU Privacy Guard – PGP encryption replacement
- GNU Privacy Assistant, a graphical frontend to GNU Privacy Guard
- GNU Stow – managing the installation of software packages
- pexec – shell tool for executing jobs in parallel
Database[edit]
- GnowSys – kernel for semantic computing (a distributed agent oriented knowledge base.)
- GNU dbm (GDBM)
- GNU Ferret – Free Entity Relationship and Reverse Engineering Tool, an SQL database designer
Scientific software[edit]
- GNU Archimedes – TCAD software for semiconductor device simulations
- GNU Astronomy Utilities (Gnuastro) – Programs and libraries for astronomical data manipulation and analysis
- GNU Circuit Analysis Package (Gnucap) – GNU Circuit Analysis Package
- GNU datamash – programming language and command line utility for statistical computing
- GNU Electric – EDA software used to draw schematics and to do integrated circuit layout
- GNU MCSim – simulation and statistical inference tool for algebraic or differential equation systems
- GNU Multi-Precision Library (GMP) – arbitrary precision numerical calculation programming library
- GNU Octave – program for numerical computations, similar to MATLAB
- GNU Scientific Library (GSL) – Numeric analysis library.
- GNU Units – unit conversion
- R – programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics
- PSPP – statistical program, similar to SPSS
- XaoS – fractal zoomer
Internet[edit]
A user page at a GNU MediaGoblin 0.2.0–based website
- Dld — performs dynamic link editing
- Jami (formerly GNU Ring) – a free softphone and videocall software, a drop-in replacement for Skype
- GNU Alexandria – uses GNU Bayonne to provide access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network
- GNU Anubis – outgoing mail processor that sits between the Mail User Agent and the Mail Transport Agent
- GNU FM – federated[clarification needed] music community platform, most commonly associated with Libre.fm
- GNU Mailman – electronic mailing list management
- GNU MediaGoblin – decentralized media sharing
- GNU Artanis – Web Application Framework
- GNU Social – distributed social network that is the continuation of the StatusNet codebase
- Gnu Sovix – PHP-based website revision system
- GNU wget – advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
- GNUnet – decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
- Gnuzilla – version of the Mozilla Application Suite containing free software only (includes GNU IceCat web-browser)
- lsh – implementation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol version 2
- GNU LibreJS – a browser add-on that detects and blocks non-free and non-trivial JavaScript[19]
- GNU Taler – an anonymous electronic payment system[20][21]
Office[edit]
- GNU Aspell – spell-checker designed to eventually replace Ispell
- GNU gcal – calculating and printing calendars
- GNU Miscfiles – several data files including standard airport, country, and language codes
- GNU Typist – multi-lingual typing tutor[22]
- Gnumeric – spreadsheet program (Excel compatible)
- Ocrad – optical character recognition
Multimedia[edit]
- 3DLDF – graphics package for producing three-dimensional technical drawings (especially for inclusion in TeX documents)
- Dia – vector graphics program for creating diagrams
- Gnash – player and browser plugin for the Adobe Flash file format
- GNU LibreDWG – library for reading and writing .dwg files (used in CAD applications)
- GNU LilyPond – music typesetting application
- Gnu Maverik – Virtual Reality microkernel
- Gnu Panorama – 3D framework, ray tracing
Games[edit]
- GNU Backgammon – backgammon game
- GNUbik – implementation of the Rubik's Cube puzzle
- GNU Chess – chess engine for use with glChess, Xboard or similar
- GNU Go – implementation of the board game Go
- GNU Jump – based on Xjump; also known as SDL Jump
- GNU Kart – racing game
- GNU Robots – game for computer programmers
- Liquid War – war game
Business applications[edit]
- GNU Health – free health and hospital information system
- GNUmed – medical practice management software
- GnuCash – financial accounting application
- GNU remotecontrol[23] – a web application for managing building automation devices
- GNU Foliot – time keeping application for small organizations[24]
- GNU.FREE, a free voting system, suspended in 2002
- GNU Taler - planned decentralized online payment system designed to be taxable and accessible to mainstream currencies.[25]
- GNUe (GNU Enterprise), an enterprise planning software.
Fonts[edit]
- GNU FreeFont – a family of scalable outline fonts[26]
- GNU Unifont
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Stallman, Richard (April 3, 2013). "Re: On the subject of Git, Bazaar, and the future of Emacs development". emacs-devel (Mailing list). Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ Stallman, Richard (April 3, 2013). "Re: On the subject of Git, Bazaar, and the future of Emacs development". emacs-devel (Mailing list). Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "Index of /gnu/bash". ftp.gnu.org. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- ^ Ramey, Chet (January 7, 2019). "Bash-5.0 release available". lists.gnu.org. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- ^ Brady, Pádraig (2020-03-05). "[coreutils-announce] coreutils-8.32 released [stable]". coreutils-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2020-03-05.
- ^ Poznyakoff, Sergey (2015-09-12). "GNU cpio 2.12 released". info-gnu (Mailing list). Retrieved 2019-04-05.
- ^ "Findutils". www.gnu.org. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
- ^ Voelker, Bernhard (2019-08-29). "findutils-4.7.0 released [stable]". info-gnu (Mailing list). Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ^ Lemberg, Werner (2013-02-07). "groff 1.22.2 has been released" (Mailing list). info-gnu. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ Meyering, Jim (2016-03-28). "gzip-1.7 released [stable]". Retrieved 2016-03-28.
- ^ "Index of /pub/linux-libre/releases". fsfla.org. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
- ^ Ramey, Chet (2011-02-14). "Readline-6.2 available for FTP". info-gnu (Mailing list). Retrieved 2011-05-20.
- ^ subversion repository NEWS file of sysutils retrieved 2013-07-23
- ^ Smith, Gavin (23 September 2019). "Texinfo 6.7 released". info-gnu (Mailing list). Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/time.git/tree/NEWS?h=v1.8
- ^ "Release of version 1.5 of complexity". 29 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "GNUnited Nations". GNU.org. Free Software Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ https://www.gnu.org/software/mc/
- ^ "GNU LibreJS". The Free Software Foundation. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
- ^ "GNU Software". GNU.org. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
- ^ "GNU Taler - Taxable Anonymous Libre Electronic Reserve". Retrieved September 24, 2015.
- ^ Marston, Tim (2013-06-07). "GNU Typist 2.9.3 released" (Mailing list). info-gnu. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ "GNU remotecontrol". directory.fsf.org. FSF. 30 September 2013.
- ^ "Foliot is now part of GNU and becomes GNU Foliot". Savannah. 27 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "GNU FreeFont". GNU.org.