Ayya Vaikundar (c.1810–c.1851; Tamil: அய்யா வைகுண்டர்), also known as Incarnation of Lord Vishnu, was a 19th-century social reformer and iconoclast who worked for the upliftment of downtrodden people in the Kingdom of Travancore. He is central to the Hindu denomination of Ayyavazhi, as per holy scripture Akilattirattu Ammanai says that he was a Lord Vishnu in order to attain human form, Lord used the body of previous (Krishna) avathar for the incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar, that kept in Parvatha Ucchi Malai (a mythical mountain believed to be in this region) after the completion of the Krishna Avatar. In order to attain natural growth of the human body, the lord has used the soul of Sampooranathevan a deva also called Mudisoodum Perumal, he has granted moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and birth, synonymous with heaven) before the Ayya Vaikunda Avathar in the sea.[1]
The exact date of birth of Mudisoodum Perumal or Muthukutty is unknown. It is mostly placed in either 1810 or 1809,[2] while others follow the view of Akilam.[3][4][5][6]
Contents
Early life[edit]
In 1809 a child was born to the couple Ponnu Madan and Veyilal Amma in at Poovandanthope in the Kanyakumari District (part of Travancore then). They initially named the child Mudisoodum Perumal, meaning "Lord with a crown". But the caste Hindus complained to authorities about the naming who forced the parents to change his name to Muthukutty.
Ayyavazhi scripture Akilam tells of a legend of a child who was born dead. Next, immediately the soul of Sampooranathevan was installed into the body, that kept in Parvatha Ucchi Malai (a mythical mountain believed to be in this region) after the completion of the Krishna Avatar. According to the legend, the parents found the child still for a time immediately after birth, then the child began to behave normally. Thereafter, that boy grew up called Muthukutty in human history, and Sampooranathevan in Ayyavazhi mythology.
Muthukutty, a religious boy, had special interest in the worship of Vishnu. The holy book Akilam mentions that he had set a pedestal for Lord Vishnu in his house and worshipped the deity devoutly.[7] At the age of seventeen, Muthukutty (Sampooranathevan) started live with Thirumalammal from the nearby village of Puviyur, and she had come to live with him only to serve him during his public activities.[8] Thirumalammal had been previously married, but left her former husband to marry Muthukutty.[9] According to quotes found in Akilam, they had a male child, who was sired by her first husband. Muthukutty earned his living as a Palmyra palm climber and as an agricultural laborer.[10]
Ayyavazhi beliefs[edit]
The transformation[edit]
Ayyavazhi followers believe that Ayya Vaikundar transformed during an encounter with a deity.
In his twenty-fourth year, Muthukutty was struck by a severe illness and suffered for a year. His mother took her sick son to the temple at Thiruchendur, during a festival in Thiruchendur. There, Muthukutty went into the sea and disappeared. The parents searched for his body for a whole day. According to legends, on the third day, Lord Vishnu (Ayya Vaikundar) appeared on the sea-shore. On seeing him, Muthukutty or Samboornadevan's mother mistook him for her son and tried to embrace him. But the Lord Vishnu (Ayya Vaikundar) told her that he was no longer her son, but the son of Supreme Lord Narayana. [11] Then he started walking towards Detchanam. This place became a holy place for the devotees of Ayyavazhi and they erected a temple there named Avatharappathi at Thiruchendur. This event is celebrated during the festival of Ayya vaikundar avataram.
Ayya Vaikundar, who arose from the sea at Thiruchendur (As per Akilathirattu Ammanai) on 20th of the Tamil Month of Masi (March 4, 1833 CE) is considered a unique Avatar by the followers of Ayyavazhi. Akilam, speaks about it in great detail, as summarized below:
In each of the five yugas prior to the transformation of Ayya Vaikundar, as each fragment of Kroni (evil or Devil) came into physical form, the Lord Vishnu incarnated as well, destroying them. However, in this the sixth yuga, the evil was called Kali, (not the Hindu deity)[12] and having no physical form (see Pre-Incarnational Events for this account) he occupied the mind of people of earth as the Mayai (illusion), causing them to behave discourteously. Kaliyan claimed, it was impossible to destroy him in this yuga as in the previous ones as he held the boon from gods, it was impossible for Narayan, or any others, to incarnate in the world to destroy him.
Since God could not incarnate directly, He incarnated as Ayya Vaikundar in three stages.
- The first stage of Avatar was the born dead child (birth of the Body).
- Next, immediately the soul of Sampooranathevan was installed into the body, along with the Spirit (not Soul) of Narayana kept in Parvatha Ucchi Malai (a mythical mountain believed to be in this region) after the completion of the Krishna Avatar. This was the second stage of the Avatar.
- Then in the sea (during the 24th year), the soul of Sampooranathevan was granted moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and birth, synonymous with heaven), unified to the Ultimate Soul. Now, the Spirit of Narayana along with the Ultimate Soul (Paramatma) incarnated in the body of a human being (Muthukutty). (see:The Incarnation) This is the third stage of Avatar and from then he was called Ayya Vaikundar. Then Ayya Vaikundar was given Vinchai by Narayanar.(see: Vinchai to Vaikundar).
According to Akilam Ayya Vaikundar was not merely a human, not merely Narayana, and not merely the Ultimate Soul, but on the other hand he was a human and he was the Ultimate Soul and he was Narayana. He was the one who had the responsibility to destroy the evil of Kali.
There is another view that Vaikundar did not take a human body and showed only a bodily appearance[13] to mankind based upon some quotes in akilam.[14]
Tavam[edit]
Having reached Poovantanthoppe, (present-day Swamithope), he undertook to perform a penance. The penance consisted of three stages, each spanning two years. There is a tradition that describes his postures during the six-year tavam as follows: during the first two years, he stood inside a pit of six depth, during the next two years, squatted on the ground, and, during last two years, sat on a raised platform. His appearance was squalid, "long and entangled plait of hair" and frayed clothes. He spoke less and subsisted on frugal meals.[15]
Supernatural abilities[edit]
Akilattirattu speaks of this act of incinerating the evil spirits as an important event in the incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar. It took place when he was performing his great penance, which had been announced by him to be the means of destroying the kalimayai - the illusory evil force.[16] He, then, gathered the people around, and caused some of them, both male and female, to get possessed of the evil spirits (peyattam).[17] The possessed ones came and danced in front of the crowd as if the evil spirits had come upon them. Vaikundar, then, ordered these evil spirits to make an oath, in front of the people, to surrender their powers and get burned up in flames. When he had finished his orders, those dancing under the duress of possession got exhausted and fell flat on the ground. Thus the evil spirits were incinerated.[18]
Similarly, Vaikundar performed another action to 'seize the esoteric evil powers'. Akilam says that, he took away the powers of those who knew to perform witchcraft, sorcery, and other magical rituals. People living in the hills, called as Kanikkarar, were believed to be powerful shamans or witchdoctors, having powers to contain or to provoke the demons. Vaikundar, in a trance, made some of these Kanikkarar to testify in front of the people that they had surrendered their powers. People grew appreciative of Ayya's actions. They began addressing him as Vaikuntacami. This implied an attribution of divinity to Vaikundar.[19] Vaikundar exhorted the people as follows:
"There are no demons, no devils, No ill effects of magical practices, No disease, no pain, and no extortion of taxes, And, therefore, live courageously."
Five Citars[edit]
Ayya Vaikundar has five disciples (citars). According to holy scripture Akilattirattu Ammanai the Pandavas of previous Dwapara Yukam was made to take birth in this Kali Yukam as Citars of Vaikundar. They are:
Vaikundar as Pandaram[edit]
The fame of Vaikundar had begun to spread in the countries of Travancore and Tirunelveli, and he had been gradually recognised socially as a religious person with extraordinary powers.[20] In the religious parlance of the time, he was addressed as a Pantaram, a religious person hailing from, and serving the ordinary folk. Akilattirattu addresses him as NarayanaPantaram.[21]
People came to him to listen to his teachings and instructions, to be cured by him of different diseases, to witness, worship and serve a religious person. Vaikundar encouraged the people to come together around a well to take a ritual bath, irrespective of caste differences. He encouraged them to dine together in his presence.[22]
He gave out a number of teachings and instructions, the central point of which was that he had come to abolish Kali Yukam, and to usher in an age of Dharma Yukam, during the time of which the now-oppressed and suffering people would be liberated and rule the land under his leadership. 'Uplift of the lowly is dharmam’[23] was a constant refrain in his teachings.[24] People were encouraged to serve as catalysts for the destruction of Kali by transforming themselves to be 'people of Dharma Yukam' and to acquire a new character. The new character would come upon them, he said, if they learned to live with self-respect, social dignity and fearlessness. Underscoring the importance of self-respect and social dignity, he said, ‘if one lives with dignity and self-respect, the kali would destroy itself’ . He said when people grew out of kalimayai, Dharma Yukam would unfold itself and in that age, he would rule over the people as Dharma Raja, the king of Dharma Yukam.[24]
Arrest and imprisonment[edit]
Against the background of the growing popularity of Vaikundar, and the convergence of people around him in multitudes, a complaint seems to have been lodged against him with the king of Travancore. The king arrested Vaikundar and tortured him[not in citation given].[25] There is an opinion that Ayya was arrested on 11 November 1839.[26] But the date is not mentioned in Akilam.
Post-imprisonment activities[edit]
After he returned from imprisonment, Vaikundar inspired a group of his devotees to undertake a religious exercise called Thuvayal Thavasu.[27][28] He also practiced several miracles. He married the Saptha Kanniyar as Narayanar (see:Marriage with the Seven Virgins), the Seven deities in the form of Ekam (see:Marriage with the Deities), He initiated a lot of festivities around him (see:Festivals and Celebrations)." The deities were made to 'come upon' some of the female devotees who became their human media, and then a marriage ceremony was performed with these human media.[29] There were ceremonial processions held amidst singing, incantations and shouts of joy by the followers. Several rites and rituals were instituted during these occasions.[30]
Attaining Vaikundam[edit]
Later Vaikundar was invited by his devotees to their homes and treated in a grand manner. By way of soliciting his blessings, his devotees carried him to different places. During these occasions, he laid foundations in various places for small shrine-like centres, called as Nizhal Thangals. Vaikundar came to recognize five individuals as his closest disciples. Through one of his disciples, Hari Gopalan Citar, he wrote the holy book, called Akilam.[31]
Vaikundar died on 3 June 1851. According to Ayyavazhi followers, he is said to have attained Vaikundam (see Ayyavazhi mythology#Ascending to Vaikundam.2C the abode of Thirumal).[32] However, this date is disputed, as Samuel Mateer mentions the year as 1848.[33] As he attained Vaikundam his body was interned in a tomb and, around that, a pati (temple) was raised later on. His devotees continued to visit this site, and performed the rituals as they used to do when Vaikundar was bodily present. His life and works remain the foundation of the Ayyavazhi. The head temple of the Ayyavazhi religion is the Swamithoppepathi and is located in the Village of Swamithope.
See also[edit]
- Vishnu
- Hinduism
- Hindu reform movements
- Hindu Renaissance
- Boons Offered to Kaliyan
- Ayyavazhi mythology
- Ayyavazhi Trinity
- List of Ayyavazhi-related articles
- Kailasapuram Ayya Vaikundar Temple
References[edit]
- ^ Akilathirattu Ammanai, Akilam nine, verse 431-438 Narayana ordering two celestial saints to bring the body of Mudisoodum Perumal for the incarnation of Vaikundar
- ^ V. T. Chellam, Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum Chapter 12, Page 493, (foot note) "The researcher's views and my earlier views as 1803 should be corrected as 1810."
- ^ R. Ponnu Vaikuntacuvamikal Valvum Valikattalum, 1983, page-38
- ^ M. S. S. Pandiyan, Meanings of Colonialism and Nationalism: An essay on Vaikunda Swamy Cult, Studies in History, Vol. VIII 1992 page 177
- ^ A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History, Madras 1996 (Revised Edition), Page 400
- ^ Arunan, Tamilakatil Camuka Cirtirutam Irunuttantu Varalaru, Madurai: Vaihai Publications, 1999, page-28
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai Published by T. Palramachandran Nadar, Star Press:Suchindram, 9th impression, 1989, page 197
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subalter Agency, Chapter 4, Page 86
- ^ N. Vivekananthan, Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum Pakam Ontu, Chapter 8, Page 398, Line 22: Birth of Parathevathai
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page78
- ^ M.S.S.Pandiyan, Meanings of Colonialism and Nationalism, Page-177: "Lord Narayana has re-incarnated as Ayya Vaikundar."
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Appendix, A Sequential Narration of The Salient Episodes From the Mythography of Ayyavali, Page-206
- ^ Thechanathu Thuvarakapathi Akilathirattu Akakorvai published by Thechanathu Thuvarakapathi, page 37
- ^ N. Vivekanandan, Akilattirattu Ammanai moolamum uraiyum, Pakam 2 Chapter 11, page 112, lines 34,35.
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 79:He seems to have spoken less and subsisted on frugal meals.
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page-80
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 80
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandar Nadar, Star Press: Suchindrum, 9th impression, 1989, page 254-260
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 80
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page 81
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai Published by T.Palaramachandarn Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 253.
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai Published by T. Palaramachandarn Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 251.
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai Published by T. Palaramachandarn Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 212.
- ^ a b G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 4, Page-81
- ^ LMS Report of 1838, Page 71: "The Government however, interfered, and the excitement quickly died away."
- ^ Manibharathi, "Samithoppu Ayya Narayana Cuvami - 3" in Tina Tanti Kutumba Malar, in dt.08-01-1995, Page-4
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandarn Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 290-298
- ^ The LMS Report of 1838, page-71
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandarn Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 336-338
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subalter agency, Chapter 4, Page 83
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by Vivekanantha Pathippakam, 2004, Page 4
- ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989 page
- ^ Samuel Mateer's, The Land of Charity, page-222.
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