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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vietnamese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-vi}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

There are two major standards: one of Hanoi and one of Ho Chi Minh City. Each makes distinctions that the other does not; neither standard is preferred over the other at Wikipedia. The central dialects, which make the distinctions of both, are generally represented in articles here, except if a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant.

See Vietnamese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Vietnamese.

Initial consonants
H C S Examples English approximation
ʔ anh (unwritten, occurs before initial vowels) uh-oh; informal British button
ɓ ba bee with a gulp
ɗ đi day with a gulp
f phở fight, photo
ɣ ga; ghế Spanish: amigo
h hàng high
k cô, kem [1] scan, kid
kʷ w quanh quick (Northern dialect)
wow (Southern dialect)
x kʰ khô loch
l là low
m mai my
n nam no
ɲ nhà can you,

Spanish: señorita, French: compagnie

ŋ ngâm; nghe singer
p pin[2] sport
s s xa so
ʂ sáu show, but with tongue curled
t tây stop
tʰ thầy top, get him
t͡ɕ ~ c t͡ɕ ~ c chè change
ʈ ~ ʈ͡ʂ tra trend, but with tongue curled
v j về[3] victory
z/ ʑ/ ʝ j già, giết yes
z da, danh zero
r ra, rồi similar to red; variably pronounced as a fricative, flap or trill
Medial glide
ʷ oanh; quốc; Nguyễn, tuy[4] quick
Final consonants
j cái, tay[5][6], tui[7] boy
m thêm pom
n ŋ ban pin
ŋ trứng long
n n mìn, bên (after i, ê)[8] hen
ŋ̟ bình[8][5] onion (various pronunciations)
n ŋm bốn[9], bún (after u, ô) pen
ŋm chúng (after u, ô, o)[10] like long, but with an 'm' after the 'ng'
p̚ tiếp clasp, but the p almost-pronounced (lip closed)
t k xuất pit
k ác pick
t t chít (after i, ê)[8] hit
k̟ cách[8][5] technical (various pronunciations)
t kp một (after u, ô) cut
kp học (after u, ô, o)[10] backpack
w tao, triệu[10],đau how
Monophthongs
IPA Examples English approximation
ɐ ăn RP cut
aː ba father (Australian English)
e về day, said (monophthongal)
ɛ: xe set
ə ân, cây balance
əː bơ RP hurt
i khi; tuy[4] seat
ɨ or ɯ tư similar to glasses; Russian ты, it's as you read the letter "i" and your mouth has to "smile", then you say the "i", but don't stick your tongue out. When pronouncing it, the breath will sound lighter than "i", and it must vibrate the vocal cords
o cô, sâu bowl (monophthongal)
ɔː có; xoong[11]; cau off
u ru rule, too
Diphthongs
iə viên, bia beer but don't curl your tongue up
ɨə xương, chưa near
uə uống, mua influence
Tones
IPA Vietnamese name Diacritical mark Examples Hanoi Saigon
ā ə̄ thanh ngang no mark a [˧] [˧]
à ə̀ thanh huyền grave accent à [˨˩] [˨˩]
ǎ ə̌ thanh sắc acute accent á, ấc[12] [˧˥] [˧˥]
â ə̂ thanh hỏi hook above ả[13] [˧˩] [˧˩˧]
ǎˀ ə̌ˀ thanh ngã tilde ã [˧ˀ˥] [˧˩˧]
âˀ ə̂ˀ thanh nặng dot below ạ, ậc[12] [˧ˀ˩] [˨˧]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ [k] as "qu" appears only in northern dialects.
  2. ^ [p] appears only in loanwords, and is often replaced by [ɓ].
  3. ^ [v] may be used as a spelling pronunciation in southern dialects.
  4. ^ a b Read as [tʷi], not confuse with "tui" that is read as [tuj]
  5. ^ a b c In northern dialects, when the velar finals /k, ŋ/ follow the front vowels /i, e, ɛ/, the consonant becomes pre-velar [k̟, ŋ̟], and the vowels /e, ɛ/ become [əj, aj].
  6. ^ "ai"read as [aːj]; "ay"read as [aj]
  7. ^ Read as [tuj], not confuse with "tuy" that is read as [tʷi]
  8. ^ a b c d In southern dialects, the vowels /i, e, ɛ/ become [ɨ, ə, a] before the alveolar consonants [t, n].
  9. ^ bốn /oːŋ͡m/ vs. bống /ăwŋ͡m/ in Saigon Vietnamese
  10. ^ a b c In most dialects, when the velar finals /k, ŋ/ follow the round vowels /u, o, ɔ/, the consonant is strongly labialized [kʷ, ŋʷ] or doubly-articulated [k͡p, ŋ͡m], and the vowels /o, ɔ/ become [əw, aw].
  11. ^ [ɔ] appears only in loanwords, and is often replaced by [ɔː].
  12. ^ a b Before a final /p, t, k/, the six tones of Vietnamese are reduced to two.
  13. ^ In isolation, this can be a dipping tone. The usual IPA diacritic for dipping tone is [a᷉ ə᷉], which differs from the nasalization mark [ ˜ ] only in being angular in shape, and is not widely supported by fonts.
source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220313223249/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese

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