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For other uses, see Metaverse (disambiguation).
Avatars socialising in the 2003 virtual world Second Life

A metaverse is a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connection.[1][2][3] In futurism and science fiction, it is often described as a hypothetical iteration of the Internet as a single, universal virtual world that is facilitated by the use of virtual and augmented reality headsets.[4][1]

The term "metaverse" has its origins in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash as a portmanteau of "meta" and "universe." Various metaverses have been developed for popular use such as virtual world platforms like Second Life.[5] Some metaverse iterations involve integration between virtual and physical spaces and virtual economies.[1] Demand for increased immersion means metaverse development is often linked to advancing virtual reality technology.[6][7][8]

The term has been used as a buzzword[4][9] to exaggerate development progress of various related technologies and projects for public relations purposes.[10] Information privacy, user addiction, and user safety are concerns within metaverses, stemming from challenges facing the social media and video game industries as a whole.[11][4][12]

Implementations[edit]

Video games[edit]

Several components of metaverse technologies have already been developed within modern internet-enabled video games.[5] The 2003 virtual world platform Second Life is often described as the first metaverse,[13][14] as it incorporated many aspects of social media into a persistent three-dimensional world with the user represented as an avatar. Social functions are often an integral feature in many massively multiplayer online games. Technology journalist Clive Thompson has argued that the emergent, social-based gameplay of Minecraft represents an advanced analog of a metaverse.[15] Similar statements were made for the game Roblox,[16][17][18] which has since employed significant usage of the term in marketing.[19] Other claims of developing a metaverse include the games Active Worlds,[20] The Palace, and Fortnite.[21]

Virtual reality[edit]

In 2019, the social network company Facebook launched a social VR world called Facebook Horizon.[22] In 2021, Facebook was renamed "Meta Platforms" and its chairman Mark Zuckerberg[23] declared a company commitment to developing a metaverse.[24] Many of the virtual reality technologies advertised by Meta Platforms remain to be developed.[25][26][27] Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen criticised the move, adding that Meta Platforms' continued focus on growth-oriented projects is largely done to the detriment of ensuring safety on their platforms.[28] Meta Platforms has also faced user safety criticism regarding Horizon Worlds due to the occurrence of sexual harassment on the platform.[29][30]

Microsoft acquired the VR company AltspaceVR in 2017,[31] and has since implemented metaverse features such as virtual avatars and meetings held in virtual reality into Microsoft Teams.[32][33]

In 2022, HTC announced its launch of a cross-platform metaverse ecosystem called VIVERSE[34][35], which would allow connections between virtual worlds accessible by both VR and non-VR devices.[36] and supports parental controls for children.[37]

Proposed applications for metaverse technology include improving work productivity,[38][39] interactive learning environments,[11] e-commerce,[11] real estate[11] and fashion.[40]

Other, smaller companies have worked towards creating the metaverse through virtual worlds in the past, such as the video-game VRChat, which has, however, removed all in-game references to the metaverse after Facebook rebranded in November 2021.[citation needed]

Technology[edit]

Hardware[edit]

Access points for metaverses include general-purpose computers and smartphones, in addition to augmented reality (AR), mixed reality, virtual reality (VR), and virtual world technologies.[7]

Dependence on VR technology has limited metaverse development and wide-scale adoption.[7] Limitations of portable hardware and the need to balance cost and design have caused a lack of high-quality graphics and mobility. Lightweight wireless headsets have struggled to achieve retina display pixel density needed for visual immersion,[41] while higher-performance models are wired and often bulky. Another issue for wide-scale adoption of the technology is cost, with consumer VR headsets ranging in price from $300 to $3500 as of 2022.[6][2]

Current hardware development is focused on overcoming limitations of VR headsets, sensors, and increasing immersion with haptic technology.[42]

Software[edit]

There has been no wide-scale adoption of a standardised technical specification for metaverse implementations, and existing implementations rely primarily on proprietary technology. Interoperability is a major concern in metaverse development, stemming from concerns about transparency and privacy.[43] There have been several virtual environment standardisation projects.[44][45][46][47][48][49]

In a January 2022 interview with Wired, Second Life creator Philip Rosedale described metaverses as a three-dimensional Internet that is populated with live people.[50]

Universal Scene Description is a specification for 3D computer graphics interchange created by Pixar and supported by Blender, Apple's Scenekit and Autodesk 3ds Max. The technology company NVIDIA announced in 2021 they would adopt USD for their metaverse development tools.[51]

OpenXR is an open standard for access to virtual and augmented reality devices and experiences. It has been adopted by Microsoft for HoloLens 2,[52] Meta Platforms for the Oculus Quest,[53] and Valve for SteamVR.[54]

Criticism and concerns[edit]

Feasibility[edit]

In a February 2022 article for The New York Times, Lauren Jackson argued that the metaverse is "stalled from achieving scale by a lack of infrastructure for both hardware and software, a monopolistic approach to platform development, and a lack of clear governance standards." Though others such as Nick Bostrom have argued that future technological developments, such as “more realistic computer graphics” and improvements in artificial intelligence, will continue to incentivize user engagement which will lead to the "normalization" of the metaverse.[55]

In December 2021 Raja Koduri senior vice president of Intel said that "Truly persistent and immersive computing, at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time, will require even more: a 1,000-times increase in computational efficiency from today’s state of the art."[56]

Privacy[edit]

Information privacy is an area of concern for metaverses because related companies will likely collect users' personal information through interactions and biometric data from wearable virtual and augmented reality devices.[57] Meta Platforms (previously Facebook) is planning on employing targeted advertising within their metaverse, raising further worries related to the spread of misinformation and loss of personal privacy.[4] In 2021, David Reid of Liverpool Hope University argued the amount of data collection in the metaverse would be greater then that on the internet stating "If you think about the amount of data a company could collect on the World Wide Web right now, compared to what it could collect with the metaverse, there is just no comparison."[58]

Addiction and problematic social media use[edit]

User addiction and problematic social media use is another concern. Internet addiction disorder, social media, and video game addiction can have mental and physical repercussions over a prolonged period of time, such as depression, anxiety, and various other harms related to having a sedentary lifestyle such as an increased risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease.[12] Experts are also concerned that metaverses could be used as an 'escape' from reality in a similar fashion to existing internet technologies.[57][59]

Metaverses may magnify the social impacts of online echo chambers and digitally alienating spaces[1][60] or abuse common social media engagement strategies to manipulate users with biased content.[60][61]

User safety[edit]

Virtual crime like sex abuse and other user safety issues such as harassment are significant challenges with current social virtual reality platforms, and may be similarly prevalent in a metaverse.[62][63][64] The potential presence of child predators on metaverse platforms is another concern.[65] In February 2022 an investigation by BBC News found minors engaging in adult activities in applications such as VRChat. Despite VRchat having a age rating of 13 years or older. [66] The potential pressence of misinformation in the Metaverse is another area of concern.[67]

Moderation[edit]

Currently social virtual reality platforms such as Horizon Worlds have been critisised for lack of or loose moderation.[65][67] In general as of 2022 technology that can moderate users in VR and in virtual worlds does not currently exist with platforms being unable to transcribe and view speech from users in real time. Though if implemented this can lead to privacy and free speech concerns. In addition the metaverse creates complexity to moderation due to prospective.[67]

Injuries[edit]

The use of VR has been associated with physical injuries.[68] Physical injuries can be caused by repeated rapid movements, the additional weight of a VR headset, and decoupling of audiovisual stimuli from a person's actual physical environment.[69] For example, one VR user suffered a broken neck after playing a VR video game that involved repeated, intense movements of his arms, shoulders, and head.[69] Because physical injuries are often caused when users interact with a virtual world in an awkward posture, some research suggests that the risk of physical injury might be reduced by changing the placement of these virtual objects to induce a more natural posture.[70][71]

Social issues[edit]

In 2022, Keza MacDonald of The Guardian criticized the utopianism of technology companies who claim that a metaverse could be a reprieve from worker exploitation, prejudice, and discrimination. MacDonald stated that they would be more positive towards metaverse development if it was not dominated by "companies and disaster capitalists trying to figure out a way to make more money as the real world's resources are dwindling."[72] Kaplan asks the question what the establishment of the metaverse would mean for the society, and whether this was actually desirable for humanity, i.e. whether the metaverse might be a nightmare turning into reality? [73] The Metaverse's potential effect on children and teenagers have also generated concerns.[74]

Fiction[edit]

Snow Crash, 1992[edit]

The term metaverse was coined in Neal Stephenson's 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans, as programmable avatars, interact with each other and software agents, in a three-dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world.[75] Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality-based successor to the internet.[76]

Neal Stephenson's metaverse appears to its users as an urban environment developed along a 100-meter-wide road, called the Street, which spans the entire 65,536 km (216 km) circumference of a featureless, black, perfectly spherical planet. The virtual real estate is owned by the Global Multimedia Protocol Group, a fictional part of the real Association for Computing Machinery, and is available to be bought and buildings developed thereupon.[77]

Users of the metaverse access it through personal terminals that project a high-quality virtual reality display onto goggles worn by the user, or from grainy black and white public terminals in booths. The users experience it from a first-person perspective. Stephenson describes a sub-culture of people choosing to remain continuously connected to the metaverse; they are given the sobriquet "gargoyles" due to their grotesque appearance.[77]

Within the metaverse, individual users appear as avatars of any form, with the sole restriction of height, "to prevent people from walking around a mile high". Transport within the metaverse is limited to analogs of reality by foot or vehicle, such as the monorail that runs the entire length of the Street, stopping at 256 Express Ports, located evenly at 256 km intervals, and Local Ports, one kilometer apart.[77]

Ready Player One, 2011[edit]

Ready Player One is a dystopian science fiction franchise created by Ernest Cline which depicts a shared VR landscape called "The OASIS". The first novel was released in 2011, with a 2018 film adaptation, and second novel in 2020. The franchise depicts the year 2045 as being gripped by an energy crisis and global warming, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. The primary escape for people is a shared VR landscape called "the OASIS" which is accessed with a VR headset and wired gloves.[78] The OASIS functions both as a massively multiplayer online role-playing game and as a virtual society.[79]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220311021042/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaverse

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