Part of the Politics series |
Monarchy |
---|
![]() |
![]() |
Part of the Politics series on |
Toryism |
---|
![]() |
Part of the Politics series |
Basic forms of government |
---|
List of forms of government |
![]() |
Part of the Politics series |
Party politics |
---|
![]() |
Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.[1] A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independent of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.[2][3][4]
Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a regent, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.
History[edit]
Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.[5] Monarchies have existed in some form since ancient Sumeria.[6] Monarchy has often claimed legitimacy from a higher power (in early modern Europe the divine right of kings, and in China the Mandate of Heaven).
In England, royalty ceded power elsewhere in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which guaranteed its barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. In 1687–88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy, which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy, justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. In the 18th century, Voltaire and others encouraged "enlightened absolutism", which was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia.
In 1685 the Enlightenment began.[7] This would result in new anti-monarchist ideas[8] which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century American Revolution and the French Revolution which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1848 then ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies.
World War I and the subsequent Interbellum[edit]
World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty.
Hungary[edit]
The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, to represent the monarchy until it could be restored. Horthy was regent from 1920 to 1944. During Horthy's rule, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg, although no further attempts were made to seize the Hungarian throne.
Spain[edit]
In similar wise the 1938 autocratic state of Franco in Spain claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos).
Germany[edit]
In 1920s Germany a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to the Weimar Republic; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, which opposed monarchism.
Austria[edit]
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law, which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss, the Nazi Government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.[9]
After World War II[edit]
With the arrival of socialism in Eastern Europe by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Albania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics.
The aftermath of World War II also saw the return of monarchist and republican rivalry in Italy, where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.
Monarchism as a political force internationally has substantially diminished since the end of the Second World War, though it had an important role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and also played a role in the modern political affairs of Nepal. Nepal was one of the last states to have had an absolute monarch, which continued until King Gyanendra was peacefully deposed in May 2008 and the country became a federal republic. One of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia in 1974 with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie.
Current monarchies[edit]
The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies. In most of these, the monarch wields only symbolic power, although in some, the monarch does play a role in political affairs. In Thailand, for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco, King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power.
Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.
There remain a handful of countries in which the monarch is the true ruler. The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini.
Justifications for monarchism[edit]
Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally since the Age of Enlightenment; liberalism, communism and socialism.
Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession, mediation by a tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic.[10][11]
Nonpartisan head of state and unifying force[edit]
British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state, separate from the head of government, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party, but all people.[12] Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in a multinational state, noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon" and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.[12]
Safeguard for liberty[edit]
The International Monarchist League, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.
British-American libertarian writer Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics"—specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship—"in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.[13] Feeny notes that
European monarchies - such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British - have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.[13]
Human desire for hierarchy[edit]
In a 1943 essay in The Spectator, "Equality", British author C.S. Lewis criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing,
Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.[14]
Support for the restoration of monarchy[edit]
The following is a list of countries and opinion polls for the restoration of abolished monarchies in those countries.
Country | Polling firm/source | Sample size | Percentage of supporters | Date conducted | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
[note 1] | [note 1] | 20%[note 1] | [note 1] | [15] |
![]() |
Círculo Monárquico Brasileiro | 188 | 32% | September 2019 | [16] |
![]() |
Consilium Regium Croaticum | 1,759 | 41% | 2019 | [17] |
![]() |
SC&C Market Research | 13% | 2018 | [18] | |
![]() |
BVA Group | 953 | 17% | March 2007 | [19] |
![]() |
Doctrina | 560 | 30% | July 2015 | [20] |
![]() |
YouGov | 1,041 | 16% | April 2016 | [21] |
![]() |
Kappa Research | 2,040 | 11.6% | April 2007 | [22] |
![]() |
Azonnali | 3,541 | 46% | May 2021 | [23] |
![]() |
GAMAAN | 14.6% | 2018 | [24] | |
![]() |
Piepoli institute | 15% | 2018 | [25] | |
![]() |
Parametría | 7.6% | July 2014 | [26] | |
![]() |
Interdisciplinary Analysts | 3,000 | 49% | January 2008 | [27] |
![]() |
Catholic University of Portugal/Diário de Notícias | 1,148 | 11% | March 2010 | [28] |
![]() |
Institutul Român pentru Evaluare și Strategie | 1,073 | 21% | March 2016 | [29] |
![]() |
Russian Public Opinion Research Center | ~1,800 | 28%[note 2] | March 2017 | [30] |
![]() |
SAS Intelligence | 1,615 | 39.7% | April 2013 | [31] |
![]() |
YouGov | 1,493 | 5% | April 2021 | [32] |
Monarchists[edit]
American[edit]
- Lee Walter Congdon (born 1939)
- Charles A. Coulombe (born 1960)[33]
- Ralph Adams Cram (1863-1942)
- Michael Warren Davis (born 1970)
- Alexander Hamilton (1755 or 1757-1804)
- William S. Lind (born 1947)
- Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills (born 1979)
- Lewis Nicola (1717–1807)
- Joshua Norton (1818–1880)
- James Strang (1813–1856)
- Curtis Yarvin (born 1973)
Argentine[edit]
- Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820)
Australian[edit]
- Arthur Groom[34] (1904–1953)
- Joan Sutherland[35] (1926–2010)
- Tony Abbott[36][37] (born 1957)
- Sophie Mirabella[37] (born 1968)
- Scott Morrison[38] (born 1968)
Austrian[edit]
- Georg von Trapp[39] (1880–1947)
- Joseph Roth[40] (1894–1939)
- Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn[41] (1909–1999)
- Ernst Fuchs[42] (1930–2015)
- Alexander Tschugguel (b. 1993)
Barbadian[edit]
- Garfield Sobers (born 1936)
Belgian[edit]
- Hergé (1903–1983)
- Leon Degrelle (1906–1994)
Brazilian[edit]
- José Bonifácio (1763–1838)
- Maria Quitéria (1792–1853)
- Baron of Taunay (1795–1881)
- Duke of Caxias (1803–1880)
- Count of Porto Alegre (1804–1875)
- Viscount of Itajubá (1805–1884)
- Baron of Santo Ângelo (1806–1879)
- Viscount of Rio Branco (1819–1880)
- João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá (1821–1912)
- José de Alencar (1829–1877)
- Antônio Conselheiro (1830–1897)
- Gaspar da Silveira Martins (1835–1901)
- Carlos Gomes (1836–1896)
- Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto (1836–1912)
- André Rebouças (1838–1898)
- Machado de Assis (1839–1908)
- Joaquim Nabuco (1839–1910)
- Viscount of Taunay (1843–1899)
- Baron of Rio Branco (1845–1912)
- José do Patrocínio (1853–1905)
- Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932)
- Monteiro Lobato (1882–1948)
- Câmara Cascudo (1898–1986)
- Arlindo Veiga dos Santos (1902–1978)
- Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira (1908–1995)
- José Osvaldo de Meira Penna (1917–2017)
- Ariano Suassuna (1927–2014)
- Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza (born 1941)[43]
- Olavo de Carvalho (born 1947)[44]
- Gilberto Callado (born 1956)[44]
- Delegado Waldir (born 1962)[44]
- Márcio Bittar (born 1963)[44]
- Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza (born 1969)[43]
- Carla Zambelli (born 1980)[44]
- Paulo Eduardo Martins (born 1981)[44]
- Enrico Misasi (born 1994)[44]
British[edit]
- Winston Churchill (1874–1965)
- Agatha Christie (1890–1976)
- J.R.R. Tolkien[45] (1892–1973)
- Hector Bolitho (1897–1974)
- C.S. Lewis (1898–1963)
- John Betjeman[46] (1906–1984)
- Harold Wilson (1916–1995)
- Peregrine Worsthorne (born 1923)
- Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock (1924–2019)
- Betty Boothroyd (born 1929)
- Joan Collins[47] (born 1933)
- Michael Heseltine (born 1933)
- Alan Bennett[48] (born 1933)
- Judi Dench[49] (born 1934)
- Julie Andrews (born 1935)
- Nikolai Tolstoy[50] (1935)
- Frederick Forsyth (born 1938)
- Tom Jones (singer) (born 1940)
- Paul McCartney (born 1942)
- Vernon Bogdanor (born 1943)
- John Major[51] (born 1943)
- Simon Blackburn[52] (born 1944)
- Roger Scruton (1944–2020)
- Edwina Currie (born 1946)
- William Shawcross (born 1946)
- Elton John (born 1947)
- Jeremy Irons (born 1948)
- Tony Blair[53] (born 1953)
- Anthony Seldon (born 1953)
- Alex Salmond (born 1954)
- Ian Botham[54] (born 1955)
- Theresa May (born 1956)
- Stephen Fry[55] (born 1957)
- Rupert Everett[56] (born 1959)
- Nick Ferrari (born 1959)
- Alison Moyet (born 1961)
- Camila Batmanghelidjh (born 1963)
- Tracey Emin[57] (born 1963)
- Quentin Letts (born 1963)
- Peter Morgan[58] (born 1963)
- Andrew Roberts (born 1963)
- Nigel Farage (born 1964)
- Boris Johnson (born 1964)
- Rachel Johnson[59] (born 1965)
- David Cameron[60] (born 1966)
- Ed Vaizey (born 1968)
- Jacob Rees-Mogg (born 1969)
- Geri Halliwell (born 1972)
- Miranda Hart (born 1972)
- Victoria Coren Mitchell (born 1972)
- Victoria Beckham (born 1974)
- Alex Massie (born 1974)
- David Mitchell (born 1974)
- Emma Bunton (born 1976)
- Adele (born 1988)
Canadian[edit]
- George-Étienne Cartier[61] (1814–1873)
- John A. Macdonald[62] (1815–1891)
- Alexander Tilloch Galt[62](1817–1893)
- Thomas D'Arcy McGee[62] (1825–1868)
- Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière[63] (1829–1908)
- Emily Carr[64] (1871–1945)
- William Lyon Mackenzie King[65] (1874–1950)
- David Milne[66] (1882–1953)
- Louis St. Laurent[67] (1882–1973)
- Vincent Massey[68] (1887–1967)
- Georges Vanier[69] (1888–1967)
- Conn Smythe[70] (1895–1980)
- John Diefenbaker[67] (1895–1979)
- Lester B. Pearson[71] (1897–1972)
- Eugene Forsey[72] (1904–1991)
- George Montegu Black II[73] (1911–1976)
- Robertson Davies[74] (1913–1995)
- George Grant[75] (1918–1988)
- Pierre Trudeau[76] (1919–2000)
- Nancy Bell[77] (1924–1989)
- Robert Layton[78] (1925–2002)
- Glenn Gould[79] (1932–1982)
- Jean Chrétien[80] (born 1934)
- Don Cherry[81] (born 1934)
- Margaret Atwood[82] (born 1939)
- Charles Pachter[83] (born 1942)
- Michael Valpy[62] (born 1942)
- John Fraser[84] (born 1944)
- Jack Layton[78] (1950–2011)
- John Aimers (born 1951)
- Kevin S. MacLeod[85] (born 1951)
- Stephen Harper[86] (born 1959)
- Andrew Coyne[84] (born 1960)
- Ray Novak[87] (born 1977)
Chinese[edit]
- Zhang Xun (1854–1923)
- Xu Shichang (1855–1939)
- Kang Youwei (1858–1927)
- Yuan Shikai (1859–1916)
- Zhang Zuolin (1875–1928)
Costa Rican[edit]
- Tranquilino de Bonilla y Herdocia (1797–1864)[88]
- José Rafael Gallegos (1784-1850)[88]
- Manuel María de Peralta y López del Corral (?–1837)[88]
Croatian[edit]
- Josip Frank (1844–1911)
Czech[edit]
- Adolf Born (1930–2016)
- Miroslav Štěpánek (1923–2005)
Fijian[edit]
- Frank Bainimarama (born 1954)
- Mick Beddoes (born 1951)
- George Cakobau (1912–1989)
- Penaia Ganilau (1918–1993)
- Teimumu Kepa (born 1945)
- Kamisese Mara (1920–2004)
- Niko Nawaikula (born 1960)
- Jai Ram Reddy (born 1937)
- Aman Ravindra Singh
French[edit]
- Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704)
- Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de Favras (1744–1790)
- Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)
- Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1766–1822)
- François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848)
- Joseph de Villèle (1773–1854)
- Casimir Pierre Périer (1777–1832)
- Jules de Polignac (1780–1847)
- Élie, duc Decazes (1780–1860)
- Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850)
- Louis Billot (1846–1931)
- Henri de Gaulle[89] (1848–1932)
- Charles Maurras[90] (1868-1952)
- Bertrand Renouvin (1943–)
Georgian[edit]
- Ilia II of Georgia (born 1933)
- Salome Zourabichvili (born 1952)
German[edit]
- Fedor von Bock (1880–1945)
- August von Mackensen (1849–1945)
- Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945)
- Franz Josef Strauss (1915–1988)
- Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)
Greek[edit]
- Ioannis Metaxas (1871–1941)
- Dimitrios Gounaris (1867–1922)
- Panagis Tsaldaris (1868–1936)
- Alexandros Papagos (1883–1955)
- Konstantinos Tsaldaris (1884–1970)
- Georgios Grivas (1897–1974)
- Georgios Rallis (1918–2006)
- Ilias Kasidiaris (1980–)[91]
Hungarian[edit]
- Albert Apponyi[92] (1846–1933)
- József Mindszenty[93] (1892–1975)
- Margit Slachta[94] (1884–1974)
Italian[edit]
- Alessandro Sacchi (born 1964)
Japanese[edit]
- Kitabatake Chikafusa (1293–1354)
- Yamazaki Ansai (1619–1682)
- Kamo no Mabuchi (1697–1769)
- Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801)
- Hirata Atsutane (1776–1843)
- Aizawa Seishisai (1782–1863)
- Yoshida Shōin (1830–1859)
- Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1895–1984)
- Yukio Mishima[95] (1925–1970)
- Otoya Yamaguchi[96] (1943–1960)
- Yoshiko Sakurai[97] (born 1945)
Jamaican[edit]
- Sir Howard Cooke (1915-2014)
Maltese[edit]
- George Borg Olivier (1911–1980)
Mauritius[edit]
- Gaëtan Duval (1930-1996)
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (1900-1985)
Mexican[edit]
- Lucas Alamán (1792–1853)
- Miguel Miramón (1832–1867)
- Leonardo Márquez (1820–1913)
Polish[edit]
- Aleksy Ćwiakowski[98] (1885–1953)
- Michał Marusik (1951–2020)
- Stanisław Żółtek (born 1956)
- Janusz Korwin-Mikke[99] (born 1942)
- Robert Iwaszkiewicz[100] (born 1962)
- Radek Sikorski[101] (born 1963)
- Grzegorz Braun[102] (born 1967)
Portuguese[edit]
- Ramalho Ortigão[103] (1836–1915)
- Guilherme de Santa-Rita[104] (1889–1918)
- António Sardinha[105] (1887–1925)
- Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen[106] (1919–2004)
- Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles[107] (1922–2020)
- Miguel Esteves Cardoso[108] (born 1955)
Russian[edit]
- Vladimir Zhirinovsky[109] (born 1946)
- Valentina Matviyenko[109] (born 1949)
- Boris Nemtsov[109] (1959–2015)
- Anton Bakov[110] (born 1965)
- Natalia Poklonskaya[111][112] (born 1980)
- Anna Kuznetsova[113] (born 1982)
Serbian[edit]
- Milan Nedić (1878–1946)
- Nikolaj Velimirović (1881–1956)
- Dimitrije Ljotić[114] (1891–1945)
- Draža Mihajlović[115] (1893–1946)
- Momčilo Đujić (1907–1999)
- Pavle, Serbian Patriarch (1914–2009)
- Irinej, Serbian Patriarch (1930–2020)
- Matija Bećković (born 1939)
- Kosta Čavoški (born 1941)
- Vuk Drašković (born 1946)
- Dušan Kovačević (born 1948)
- Velimir Ilić (born 1951)
- Predrag Marković (born 1955)
- Milan St. Protić (born 1957)
- Nebojša M. Krstić (1964–2001)
- Žika Gojković (born 1972)
- Marko Bulat (born 1973)
South African[edit]
- De Villiers Graaff (1913–1999)
- Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)
- Jan Smuts (1870–1950)
Spanish[edit]
- Jaime Balmes (1810–1848)[116]
- Pedro Muñoz Seca (1879–1936)[117]
- Pablo Casado (1981–)[118][119]
See also[edit]
- Abolition of monarchy
- Criticism of monarchy
- Dark Enlightenment
- Legitimists
- List of dynasties
- Reactionary modernism
- Royalist
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d Figures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by EFE.
- ^ Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.
References[edit]
- ^ Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989 edition, p. 924.
- ^ Bohn, H. G. (1849). The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge. p. 640.
A republic, according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.
- ^ "Definition of Republic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law
- ^ "The definition of republic". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.
- ^ "Sumerian King List" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ "Enlightenment". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ "A beginner's guide to the Age of Enlightenment (article)". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ Wasserman, Janek (2014). "Östeneichische Aktion: Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic". Central European History. 47 (1): 76–104. doi:10.1017/S0008938914000636. ISSN 0008-9389. JSTOR 43280409. S2CID 145335762.
- ^ "Archived copy". home1.gte.net. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Otto von Habsburg "Monarchy or Republic?". ("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")
- ^ a b Bogdanor, Vernon (6 December 2000). "The Guardian has got it wrong". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Feeney, Matthew (July 25, 2013). "The Benefits of Monarchy". Reason magazine.
- ^ C.S. Lewis (26 August 1943). "Equality". The Spectator.
- ^ "A century after Austrian-Hungarian Empire's fall, some nostalgic for monarchy". www.efe.com. EFE, S.A. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "CMB Pesquisa de conhecimento e opinião pública" (in Portuguese). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Thomas, Mark. "Two-fifths of Croatians want a return to the monarchy". www.thedubrovniktimes.com. The Dubrovnik Times. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Průzkum ke 100 rokům od vzniku Československa: kdyby se monarchie nerozpadla, měli bychom se lépe nebo stejně". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "BVA Group - Société d'études et conseil" (PDF). BVA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Kikacheishvili, Tamar (17 April 2017). "Georgia: Five-Year-Old Prince Prepares to Reign". eurasianet.org. Eurasianet. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ Schmidt, Matthias (13 April 2016). "König(in) von Deutschland: Jeder Sechste wäre dafür". yougov.de (in German). YouGov. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Το ΒΗΜΑ onLine - ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΑ" (in Greek). 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "GYŐZTEK A HABSBURGOK: AZ AZONNALI OLVASÓINAK 46 SZÁZALÉKA ÚJRA KIRÁLYSÁGOT SZERETNE". azonnali.hu. 17 May 2021.
- ^ Maleki, Ammar (August 2018). "The Findings of a Survey on Political Attitudes of Iranians by GAMAAN (The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in IRAN)". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19332.37765. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Emanule Filiberto: "Politici? Sono dei parac***"". Occhio, il Savoia vuole fare il re" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "¿Qué opinan los mexicanos de la Monarquía?". Parametría (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "In Nepal, Long-Lived Monarchy Fades From View". NY Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ "Portugueses optam com clareza pela república" [Portuguese opt clearly for the Republic]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ Victor, Lupu (25 April 2016). "Only 21 pc of Romanians want monarchy". www.romaniajournal.com. Romania Journal. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ Galanina, Angelina (23 March 2017). "Россияне против монархии". Izvestia (in Russian). National Media Group. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ Danas. "39 percent of Serbians in favor of monarchy, poll shows". b92. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ "American Monarchy a Good Thing" (PDF). YouGov. 10 April 2021.
- ^ Coulombe, Charles A. (2016). Star-Spangled Crown: A Simple Guide to the American Monarchy. Tumblar House. ISBN 978-1-9443-3905-0.
- ^ Groom, Arthur (1936). Edward the Eighth - Our King. Allied Newspapers Limited.
- ^ "Sounds of Summer: Dame Joan Sutherland". PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Pearlman, Johnathan (7 September 2013). "Ten things you didn't know about Tony Abbott". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 19 Nov 2013.
- ^ a b Johnson, Carol; Wanna, John; Lee, Hsu-Ann (2015). Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election. ANU Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-9250-2209-4.
- ^ Bourke, Latika (2018-10-17). "Australia's position on a republic untenable: Queen 'believes'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
- ^ Gordon, Brook-Shepherd (1991). The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892-1989. HarperCollins. p. 289. ISBN 0-0021-5861-2.
- ^ Rosenfeld, Sidney (2001). Understanding Joseph Roth. University of South Carolina Press. p. 55. ISBN 1-5700-3398-6.
- ^ von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (2001). "Monarchy and War". Journal of Libertarian Studies. 15 (1): 1–41. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "Ernst Fuchs posthum als Monarchist geoutet". Kurier.at (in German). Funke Mediengruppe. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Danilo Gentili recebe o Príncipe Dom Bertrand no The Noite". SBT. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Monarquistas ocupam cargos em Brasília e reabilitam grupo católico ultraconservador" [Monarchists occupy posts in Brasília and rehabilitate ultraconservative Catholic group]. BBC Brasil. 2019-04-04.
- ^ Letters, no. 52, to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943
- ^ Showed support for the British monarchy in his documentary film Metro-Land (1973).
- ^ "Joan Collins so happy with husband". Film-News.co.uk. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
- ^ "Sir Alan? Oh no, it'd be like wearing a suit every day". The Independent. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Expressed support for the British monarchy in the TV series Royalty A-Z (2002). Narrator of The Royal Story.
- ^ Moore, J.; Sonsino, S. (2003). Leadership Unplugged. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 0-2305-9643-6.
- ^ "The monarchy remains the most powerful symbol of one unified nation." (2002).
- ^ "Long live the Queen?". Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ "A lot of people of my generation have decided in part because of how important a unifier for the country the Queen has been that actually [the monarchy] is a better system - rationally." (2002)
- ^ "The monarchy stands for everything that I love and I feel proud to be British. Yes, I am a royalist." (2007)
- ^ Fry, Stephen (2017-06-30). "Happy Birthday, America. One Small Suggestion ..." The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "Patrons | British Monarchist Society and Foundation". bmsf.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
- ^ Rojas, John-Paul Ford (2011-12-28). "Tracey Emin: I'm abused by other artists for voting Tory". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
- ^ "I used to be anti monarchy – but now I’m a royalist." (2017)
- ^ Referred to herself as a Monarchist on the debate show The Pledge (2016).
- ^ Jones, Dylan (2010). Cameron on Cameron: Conversations with Dylan Jones. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-728537-2.
- ^ Gray, Charlotte (2016). The Promise of Canada: 150 Years--People and Ideas That Have Shaped Our Country. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8469-4.
Back home, Cartier impressed Upper Canadians with his unabashed anglophilia: he was a passionate monarchist who named his third daughter Reine-Victoria and believed that the Conquest in 1763 had saved Lower Canada from the misery and shame of the French Revolution.
- ^ a b c d Brouillet, Eugénie; Gagnon, Alain-G.; Laforest, Guy (2018). The Quebec Conference of 1864: Understanding the Emergence of the Canadian Federation. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7735-5605-8.
- ^ Little, John (2013). Patrician Liberal: The Public and Private Life of Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, 1829-1908. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-6699-3.
As a Canadian nationalist and constitutional monarchist, he firmly believed that the lieutenant governor was considerably more than a figurehead...
- ^ Udall, Sharyn Roshlfsen (2001). Carr, O'Keeffe, Kahlo: Places of Their Own. Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-3000-9186-9.
- ^ Chodos, Robert; Murphy, Rae; Hamovitch, Eric (1991). The Unmaking of Canada: The Hidden Theme in Canadian History Since 1945. James Lorimer Company. p. 20. ISBN 1-5502-8337-5.
- ^ Silcox, David P.; Milne, David (1996). Painting Place: The Life and Work of David B. Milne, Volume 1. University of Toronto Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-8020-4095-0.
- ^ a b Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (2002). Fifty Years the Queen: A Tribute to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on Her Golden Jubilee. Dundurn. p. 12. ISBN 1-5500-2360-8.
- ^ Hubbard, R. H. (1977). Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of the Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-7735-9452-3.
- ^ Coady, Mary Frances (2011). Georges and Pauline Vanier: Portrait of a Couple. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7735-3883-2.
- ^ Blake, Jason (2010). Canadian Hockey Literature: A Thematic Study. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8020-9713-2.
- ^ Buckner, Philip (2007). Canada and the End of Empire. UBC Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-7748-5066-7.
- ^ Forsey, Helen (2012). Eugene Forsey, Canada's Maverick Sage: Canada's Maverick Sage. Dundurn. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-4597-0243-1.
- ^ Tombs, George (2010). Robber Baron: Lord Black of Crossharbour. ECW Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-5549-0312-2.
- ^ Ross, Val (2009). Robertson Davies: A Portrait in Mosaic. McClelland & Stewart. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-5519-9211-2.
- ^ Harrison, Trevor W.; Friesen, John W. (2015). Canadian Society in the Twenty-First Century, 3e: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-5513-0735-0.
- ^ Hutchison, Bruce (1985). The unfinished country: to Canada with love and some misgivings. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 40. ISBN 0-8889-4481-0.
- ^ "Nancy Bell, 65 independent voice in Senate", Toronto Star, December 1, 1989
- ^ a b Jackson, D. Michael (2013). The Crown and Canadian Federalism. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-0990-4.
[s]ome people think the NDP may want to get rid of the monarchy but I can assure you that's absolutely not the case. My Dad was a big time monarchist and so am I.
- ^ Clarkson, Michael (2010). The Secret Life of Glenn Gould: A Genius in Love. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-5549-0681-9.
Glenn was a right winger and a monarchist, said pianist Anton Kuerti, who was friends with Gould and taught Gaylord.
- ^ Chrétien, Jean (2018). My Stories, My Times. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-7352-7735-9.
Seeing me, she exclaimed, "You again!" I instantly replied, "I am the monarchist from Quebec."
- ^ O'Connor, Joe (2 March 2012). "Don Cherry happy Canada finally coming around to his way of thinking". National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ Atwood, Margaret [@MargaretAtwood] (20 May 2013). "Actually I'm a monarchist. Read again. Nobody's suggesting Queen Vic must go. But nice if (real) Canada honoured its treaties" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Wise, Leonard (2017). Charles Pachter: Canada's Artist. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3876-8.
Paradox defines him... He's a monarchist who loves royalty, yet he delights in satirizing them.
- ^ a b Johnson, David (2018). Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada. Dundurn. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4597-4014-3.
- ^ Shore, Cris; Williams, David V. (2019). The Shapeshifting Crown: Locating the State in Postcolonial New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the UK. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-1084-9646-9.
- ^ Smith, Jordan Michael (March 2012). "Reinventing Canada: Stephen Harper's Conservative Revolution". World Affairs Journal. World Affairs Institute. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Meet Ray Novak, the PM's new chief of staff". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 May 2013.
- ^ a b c Sáenz Carbonell, Jorge Francisco (1996). Don Joaquín de Oreamuno y Muñoz de la Trinidad. Vida de un monárquico costarricense. Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. ISBN 9789977647845.
- ^ de Laubier, Charles (29 July 2017). "Quand de Gaulle faisait discrètement allégeance à la noblesse français". L'Express (in French). Groupe L'Express. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "Charles Maurras on the French Revolution · Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ - ellhnes.net: "Ισχύς μας η αγάπη του Λαού" - άρθρο του Ηλία Κασιδιάρη (16 July 2020)
- ^ Nagy, Zsuzsa L. (1983). The liberal opposition in Hungary, 1919-1945. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 51. ISBN 9-6305-2998-X.
- ^ Balogh, Margit (2013). "Two Visits — Two Eras: The Canadian Tours of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty, 1947 and 1973". Hungarian Studies Review. 40 (2): 125.
- ^ Bauer, Yehuda (1989). Remembering for the Future: Jews and Christians during and after the Holocaust. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-0803-6754-2.
- ^ Clurman, Harold (1998). "The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima". The New York Times.
- ^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780674988484.
- ^ Nakata, Hiroko (8 May 2007). "Sakurai weighs in on patriotism". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Ćwiakowski Aleksy 1895-1953". Parlamentarzyści (in Polish). Sejm. 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ Adekoya, Remi; Smith, Helena; Davies, Lizzy; Penketh, Anne; Oltermann, Philip (26 May 2014). "Meet the new faces ready to sweep into the European parliament". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ Bennett, Asa; Simons, Ned (20 October 2014). "Ukip's New EU Ally Joked About Wife Beating And Defended Hitler". The Huffington Post UK. Oath Inc.
- ^ Powers, Williams F. (13 December 1994). "American Success Tory". The Washington Post. Nash Holdings. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Uneasy riders". The Economist. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-2990-7454-4.
- ^ Brooker, Peter; Bru, Sascha; Thacker, Andrew (2013). The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines. Oxford University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-1996-5958-6.
- ^ Dix, Steffan (2017). Portuguese Modernisms: Multiple Perspectives in Literature and the Visual Arts. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-3515-5360-5.
- ^ Williams, Frederick G. (2006). Poets of Portugal: a bilingual selection of poems from the thirteenth through twentieth centuries. Luso-Brazilian Books. p. 59. ISBN 0-8505-1703-6.
- ^ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-7190-2797-7.
- ^ Morgan, Roger; Claire, Tame (2016). Parliaments and Parties: The European Parliament in the Political Life of Europe. Springer. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-3492-4387-7.
- ^ a b c Yasmann, Victor (2 October 2006). "Russia: Monarchist Nostalgia Remains Powerful". Radio Free Europe. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "Russian Monarchist Withdraws Presidential Bid After Founding 'Romanov Empire' in Africa". The Moscow Times. MoscowTimes LLC. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Carroll, Oliver (3 November 2017). "Inside Russia's secretive cult of Tsar worship: How royalism is thriving 100 years after murder of Nicholas II". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Balmforth, Tom (6 March 2018). "Claim That Nicholas II Is Weeping Holy Tears In Crimea Prompts Laughter". Radio Free Europe. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Sokirianskaia, Ekaterina (22 March 2017). "Vladimir Putin has one reliable set of allies: Russia's iron ladies". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (2011). In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-8451-1697-2.
- ^ Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Volume One: A World Survey. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. p. 91. ISBN 9-0247-1780-9.
- ^ European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe, Chapter LVIII: Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century
- ^ "Biography". Fundación Pedro Muñoz Seca. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- ^ Amón, Rubén (2018-06-30). "Pablo Casado, el cachorro ya tiene colmillos". El País.
- ^ "Casado defiende la Monarquía y rechaza una comisión de investigación para analizar las revelaciones de Corinna". Europa Press. 2018-07-16.
External links[edit]
- The Monarchist League
- IMC, official site of the International Monarchist Conference.
- SYLM, Support Your Local Monarch, the independent monarchist community.