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For other uses, see Über and Uber (disambiguation).

Uber Technologies, Inc.
FormerlyUbercab (2009–2011)
TypePublic
NYSE: UBER
Russell 1000 Index component
IndustryTransportation
Mobility as a service
FoundedMarch 2009; 12 years ago (2009-03)
FoundersGarrett Camp
Travis Kalanick
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Area served
71 countries, over 10000 cities
Key people
ProductsMobile app, website
Services
RevenueDecrease US$11.139 billion (2020)
Increase US$-4.863 billion (2020)
Increase US$-6.768 billion (2020)
Total assetsIncrease US$33.252 billion (2020)
Total equityDecrease US$12.967 billion (2020)
Number of employees
22,800 (2021)
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.uber.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5]
Yellow Uber car in Moscow
An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone

Uber Technologies, Inc. (Uber) is an American mobility as a service provider. It is based in San Francisco with operations in over 900 metropolitan areas worldwide.[3] Its services include ride-hailing, food delivery (Uber Eats and Postmates), package delivery, couriers, freight transportation,[6] electric bicycle and motorized scooter rental via a partnership with Lime,[7] and ferry transport in partnership with local operators.[8] Uber does not own any vehicles; instead, it receives a commission from each booking. Fares are quoted to the customer in advance but vary using a dynamic pricing model based on the local supply and demand at the time of the booking.[9]

In the second quarter of 2021, Uber had 101 million monthly active users worldwide.[10] In the United States, Uber has a 68% market share for ride-sharing[11] and a 26% market share for food delivery.[12] Uber has been so prominent in the sharing economy that commoditization of service industries using computing platforms has been referred to as uberisation,[13] and several startups have described their offerings as "Uber for X".[14]

Like similar companies, Uber has been criticized for the treatment of its drivers as gig workers and independent contractors, disruption of taxicab businesses, and an increase in traffic congestion. The company has been criticized for various unethical practices and for ignoring local regulations.

History[edit]

Further information: Timeline of Uber
Travis Kalanick, former CEO of Uber, in 2013

In 2009, Uber was founded as Ubercab by Garrett Camp, a computer programmer and the co-founder of StumbleUpon, and Travis Kalanick, who sold his Red Swoosh startup for $19 million in 2007.[15]

After Camp and his friends spent $800 hiring a private driver, he wanted to find a way to reduce the cost of direct transportation. He realized that sharing the cost with people could make it affordable, and his idea morphed into Uber. Kalanick joined Camp and gives him "full credit for the idea" of Uber.[16] The prototype was built by Camp and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick as the "mega advisor" to the company.[16]

In February 2010, Ryan Graves became the first Uber employee, receiving the job by responding to a post on Twitter. Graves started out as general manager and was named CEO shortly after the launch.[16] In December 2010, Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO.[16][17][18][19] Graves became chief operating officer (COO).[20] By 2019, Graves owned 31.9 million shares.[21]

Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app launched publicly in San Francisco in 2011.[17][22] Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was 1.5 times that of a taxi.[23][24] In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxicab operators.[25][26]

The company's early hires included a nuclear physicist, a computational neuroscientist, and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers.[15][27] In April 2012, Uber launched a service in Chicago, whereby users were able to request a regular taxi or an Uber driver via its mobile app.[28][29]

In July 2012, the company introduced UberX, a cheaper option that allowed drivers to use non-luxury vehicles, including their personal vehicles, subject to a background check, insurance, registration, and vehicle standards.[30][26] By early 2013, the service was operating in 35 cities.[31][32][33]

In December 2013, USA Today named Uber its tech company of the year.[34]

In August 2014, Uber launched a shared transport service in the San Francisco Bay Area.[35][36] The service soon launched in other cities worldwide.

In August 2014, Uber launched Uber Eats, a food delivery service.[37][38]

Uber logo used from February 2016 until September 2018

In August 2016, facing tough competition, Uber sold its operations in China to DiDi in exchange for an 18% stake in DiDi.[39] DiDi agreed to invest $1 billion in Uber.[40] Uber had started operations in China in 2014, under the name 优步 (Yōubù).[41]

In August 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, the former CEO of Expedia Group, replaced Kalanick as CEO.[42][43] In July 2017, Uber received a five-star privacy rating from the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[44] but was harshly criticised by the group in September 2017 for a controversial policy of tracking customers' locations even after a ride ended, forcing the company to reverse its policy.[45]

In February 2018, Uber combined its operations in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan with those of Yandex.Taxi and invested $225 million in the venture.[46] In March 2018, Uber merged its services in Southeast Asia with those of Grab in exchange for a 27.5% ownership stake in Grab.[47][48][49]

In November 2018, Uber became a gold member of the Linux Foundation.[50][51]

On May 10, 2019, Uber became a public company via an initial public offering.[52]

In June 2019, both COO Barney Harford and CMO Rebecca Messina stepped down.[53][54] In July 2019, the marketing department was reduced by a third, with the layoff of 400 people amidst continued losses.[55][56] Engineer hires were frozen.[57] In early September 2019, Uber laid off an additional 435 employees with 265 coming from the engineering team and another 170 from the product team.[58][59]

In January 2020, Uber acquired Careem for $3.1 billion.[60][61][62]

In the same month, Uber sold its Indian Uber Eats operations to Zomato, in exchange for 9.99% of Zomato.[63]

Also in January 2020, Uber tested a feature that enabled drivers at the Santa Barbara, Sacramento, and Palm Springs airports to set fares based on a multiple of Uber's rates for UberX and UberXL trips.[64]

On May 5, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Uber announced plans to layoff 3,700 employees, around 14% of its workforce.[65]

On May 18, 2020, 3,000 more job cuts and 45 office closures were announced.[66]

In June 2020, Uber announced that it would manage the on-demand high-occupancy vehicle fleet for Marin Transit, a public bus agency in Marin County, California. This partnership is Uber's first SaaS partnership.[67]

In July 2020, Uber in partnership with its majority-owned Cornershop, launched Uber grocery delivery service in Latin America, Canada, Miami, and Dallas.[68][69]

On December 1, 2020, Uber acquired Postmates for $2.65 billion.[70][71][72]

In October 2021, Uber acquired Drizly, an alcohol delivery service, for $1.1 billion in cash and stock.[73] On January 20 2022, Uber acquired Australian carsharing company Car Next Door.[74]

Former operations[edit]

Self-driving cars[edit]

Testing a Volvo XC90 self-driving car in San Francisco

Uber ATG/Advanced Technologies Group, minority-owned by SoftBank Vision Fund, Toyota, and Denso, was developing self-driving cars.[75] In early 2015, the company hired approximately 50 people from the robotics department of Carnegie Mellon University.[76] On September 14, 2016, it launched self-driving cars in Pittsburgh using a fleet of Ford Fusion cars[77][78] and on December 14, 2016, it began testing self-driving Volvo XC90 SUVs in San Francisco.[79] After the California Department of Motor Vehicles forced the program to cease operations a week later,[80] the program was moved to Arizona.[81] In March 2018, it paused testing after the death of Elaine Herzberg in Tempe, Arizona.[82] Uber restarted testing in December 2018 after receiving local approval in Pittsburgh[83][84] and Toronto.[85] In January 2021, with Uber ATG described as a "cash-burn machine", the division was sold to Aurora Innovation for $4 billion and Uber invested $400 million into Aurora, taking a 26% ownership stake.[86][87]

Autonomous trucks[edit]

In 2016, Uber acquired Ottomotto, a self-driving truck company, for $625 million. Ottomotto was founded by Anthony Levandowski, previously of Waymo, who allegedly founded Ottomotto using trade secrets he downloaded while at Waymo. In February 2018, to settle a lawsuit regarding the stolen trade secrets, Uber gave Waymo $244 million in stock and agreed not to infringe on Waymo's intellectual property. Uber cancelled its self-driving truck program in July 2018.[6]

Air services[edit]

In October 2019, in partnership with HeliFlight, Uber offered 8-minute helicopter flights between Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport for $200-$225 per passenger.[88][89]

In December 2020, Uber sold its Elevate division, which was developing short flights using VTOL aircraft, to Joby Aviation.[90][91]

Uber Rent[edit]

Uber Rent, powered by Getaround, was a peer-to-peer carsharing service available to some users in San Francisco between May 2018 and November 2018.[92]

Uber Works[edit]

In October 2019, Uber launched Uber Works to connect workers who wanted temporary jobs with businesses. The app was initially available only in Chicago and expanded to Miami in December 2019.[93][94] The service was shut down in May 2020.[66]

Criticism[edit]

See also: Sharing economy § Criticism, and Temporary work § Legal issues

Safety practices[edit]

Ridesharing companies have been accused of not taking necessary measures to prevent sexual assault.[95][96] They have been fined by government agencies for violations in their background check processes.[97][98][99]The 2016 Kalamazoo shootings in February 2016, which left six people dead in Kalamazoo, Michigan, were committed by an Uber driver. Although Uber was criticized for its background check process, the driver did not have a criminal record, and the background check did not cause alarm.[100]

In November 2017, after discovering that 57 drivers in the state had violations in their background checks, including a conviction felon that received permission to drive for Uber by using an alias, the Colorado Public Utilities Commission fined Uber $8.9 million, or $2,500 per day that an unqualified driver worked.[101]

In September 2017, Uber's application for a new license in London was rejected by Transport for London (TfL) because of the company's approach and past conduct showed a lack of corporate responsibility related to driver background checks, obtaining medical certificates and reporting serious criminal offences, and other issues regarding insurance and safety, including evidence that Uber driver accounts had been used by unauthorized drivers. After appealing the ruling, Uber was granted a license under certain conditions.[102]

Ridesharing has also been criticized for encouraging or requiring phone use while driving. To accept a fare, some apps require drivers to tap their phone screen, usually within 15 seconds after receiving a notification, which is illegal in some jurisdictions since it could result in distracted driving.[103]

Ridesharing vehicles in many cities routinely obstruct bicycle lanes while picking up or dropping off passengers, a practice that endangers cyclists.[104][105][106]

Dynamic pricing and price fixing allegations[edit]

Due to dynamic pricing models, prices for the same route may vary based on the supply and demand for rides at the time the ride is requested. When rides are in high demand in a certain area and there are not enough drivers in such area, fares increase to get more drivers to that area.[107] In some cases, this resulted in extreme surcharges during emergencies such as Hurricane Sandy,[108] the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis,[109] and the 2017 London Bridge attack.[110]

In the United States, drivers do not have any control over the fares they charge; lawsuits allege that this is an illegal restraint on trade in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.[111][112] Rideshare companies have argued that they only connect riders and drivers, set service terms, and collect fares. Uber was able to force Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., a lawsuit alleging price-fixing, into arbitration.[113][114]

Accessibility failures[edit]

Ridesharing has been criticized for providing inadequate accessibility measures for disabled people, in violation of local laws.

In some areas, vehicle for hire companies are required by law to have a certain amount of wheelchair accessible vans (WAVs) in use. However, most drivers do not own a WAV, making it hard to comply with the laws.[115]

While ridesharing companies require drivers to transport service animals, drivers have been criticized for refusal to transport service animals, which, in the United States, is in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act. In one such case, an arbitrator awarded $1.1 million to a visually impaired passenger who travels with a guide dog because she was denied rides 14 separate times.[116]

Bias against passengers in certain demographic groups[edit]

Complaints that drivers have not accepted ride requests from passengers in certain demographic groups has led some ridesharing companies to hide passenger identities until the ride request is accepted by the driver. A 2018 study in Washington, D.C. found that drivers cancelled ride requests from African Americans and LGBT and straight ally passengers (indicated by a rainbow flag) more often, but cancelled at the same rate for women and men. The higher cancellation rate for African American passengers was somewhat attenuated at peak times, when financial incentives were higher.[117][118]

Congestion[edit]

Several studies, including a study funded by Uber, have found that Uber rides and rides with similar services result in vehicles spending a large amount of time driving without a passenger, and those vehicles have a low average passenger occupancy rate which increases congestion.[119][120][121] One study found that in Los Angeles and Seattle the passenger occupancy for Uber services is higher than that of taxi services, and concluded that Uber rides reduce congestion on the premise that they replace taxi rides.[122] Later studies found that Uber rides are made in addition to taxi rides, and replace walking, bike rides, and bus rides, in addition to the Uber vehicles having a low average occupancy rate, all of which increases congestion. This increase in congestion has led some cities to levy fees on Uber and similar services.[123]

Controversies[edit]

Ignoring and evading local regulations[edit]

Uber has been criticized for its strategy of generally commencing operations in a city without regard for local regulations. If faced with regulatory opposition, Uber called for public support for its service and mounted a political campaign, supported by lobbying, to change regulations.[124] Uber argued that it is "a technology company" and not a taxi company, and therefore it was not subject to regulations affecting taxi companies.[124] Uber's strategy was generally to "seek forgiveness rather than permission".[125] In 2014, with regards to airport pickups without a permit in California, drivers were actually told to ignore local regulations and that the company would pay for any citations.[126] Uber's response to California Assembly Bill 5 (2019), whereby it announced that it would not comply with the law, then engaged lobbyists and mounted an expensive public opinion campaign to overturn it via a ballot, was cited as an example of this policy.[124][127]

In March 2017, an investigation by The New York Times revealed that Uber developed a software tool called "Greyball" to avoid giving rides to known law enforcement officers in areas where its service was illegal such as in Portland, Oregon, Australia, South Korea, and China. The tool identified government officials using geofencing, mining credit card databases, identifying devices, and searches of social media.[128][129][130] While at first, Uber stated that it only used the tool to identify riders that violated its terms of service, after investigations by Portland, Oregon,[131][132][133] and the United States Department of Justice,[134][135][136] Uber admitted to using the tool to skirt local regulations and promised not to use the tool for that purpose.[137][138] The use of Greyball in London was cited by Transport for London as one of the reasons for its decision not to renew Uber's private hire operator licence in September 2017.[139][140][141]

A January 2018 report by Bloomberg News stated that Uber routinely used a "panic button" system, codenamed "Ripley", that locked, powered off and changed passwords on staff computers when those offices were subjected to government raids.[142] Uber allegedly used this button at least 24 times, from spring 2015 until late 2016.[143][144]

Attempts to sabotage competitors[edit]

In 2014, Uber employees were caught ordering and then quickly cancelling rides on competing services Lyft and Gett, in an attempt to disrupt these services.[145] In 2014, Uber was also accused of recruiting people to use competing services for the sole purpose of recruiting their drivers to Uber, at which point the recruiter would receive a commission.[146][147] Uber denied that it had any involvement with the cancellation of orders or the recruitment efforts.[148][149]

Misleading drivers on potential earnings[edit]

In January 2017, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to the Federal Trade Commission to resolve allegations of having misled drivers about potential earnings.[150][151][152]

Alleged short-changing of drivers[edit]

In 2017, a class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of thousands of Uber drivers, alleging that Uber’s “upfront prices” policy did not provide drivers with the 80% of fares to which they were entitled. The lawsuit was settled for $345,622, with each driver in the class getting at least $20.[153][154][155]

In May 2017, after the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) filed a class-action lawsuit in federal court in New York, Uber admitted to underpaying New York City drivers tens of millions of dollars over 2.5 years by calculating driver commissions on a net amount. Uber agreed to pay the amounts owed plus interest.[156]

Boycott in the US[edit]

In late January 2017, GrabYourWallet advised to boycott Uber because the company did not join its Protests against Executive Order 13769, while Travis Kalanick, then CEO of Uber, was a member of Donald Trump's "business advisory council" and GrabYourWallet was advising boycotts of businesses with ties to Trump.[157][158] Approximately 200,000 users deleted the Uber mobile app.[159][160] On February 2, 2017, Kalanick resigned from the council, which disbanded in August 2017.[161][162]

Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup (2017)[edit]

On February 19, 2017, former Uber engineer Susan Fowler published on her website that she was propositioned for sex by a manager and subsequently threatened with termination of employment by another manager if she continued to report the incident. Kalanick was alleged to have been aware of the complaint.[163][164] On February 27, 2017, Amit Singhal, Uber's Senior Vice President of Engineering, was forced to resign after he failed to disclose a sexual harassment claim against him that occurred while he served as Vice President of Google Search.[165] After investigations led by former attorney general Eric Holder and Arianna Huffington, a member of Uber's board of directors,[166] in June 2017, Uber fired over 20 employees.[167][168] Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence but, under pressure from investors, he resigned as CEO a week later.[169][170] Also departing the company in June 2017 was Emil Michael, a senior vice president who suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to "dig up dirt" on the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber, specifically targeting Sarah Lacy, editor of PandoDaily, who, in an article published in October 2014, accused Uber of sexism and misogyny in its advertising.[171][172][173][174][175][176] In August 2018, Uber agreed to pay a total of $7 million to settle claims of gender discrimination, harassment, and hostile work environment, with 480 employees and former employees receiving $10,700 each and 56 of those employees and former employees receiving an additional $33,900 each.[177] In December 2019, Kalanick resigned from the board of directors of the company and sold his shares.[178][179][180][181]

God view and privacy concerns[edit]

In November 2014, then U.S. Senator Al Franken, Chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, expressed concerns regarding Ride Sharing Privacy, specifically Uber's "God View", whereby the whereabouts of specific customers, including journalists and politicians, are able to be tracked by Uber insiders.[182][183][184][185][186] In December 2014, in response to Franken, Uber implemented restrictions on that function.[187][188]

In 2012, an Uber employee tracked the frequency of probable one-night stands[189] in six U.S. cities by day and neighborhood, by correlating late-night and next-day trips. The blog posting coined the term "ride of glory" for the Uber equivalent of a walk of shame.[190]

Delayed disclosure of data breaches[edit]

On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a data breach more than nine months prior. Names and license plate information from approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.[191] Uber discovered this leak in September 2014, but waited more than five months to notify the affected individuals.[192]

An announcement in November 2017 revealed that in 2016, a separate data breach had disclosed the personal information of 600,000 drivers and 57 million customers. This data included names, email addresses, phone numbers, and drivers' license information. Hackers used employees' usernames and passwords that had been compromised in previous breaches (a "credential stuffing" method) to gain access to a private GitHub repository used by Uber's developers. The hackers located credentials for the company's Amazon Web Services datastore in the repository files, and were able to obtain access to the account records of users and drivers, as well as other data contained in over 100 Amazon S3 buckets. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data.[193][194] Uber was subsequently criticized for concealing this data breach.[195] Khosrowshahi publicly apologized.[196][197] In September 2018, in the largest multi-state settlement of a data breach, Uber paid $148 million to the Federal Trade Commission, admitted that its claim that internal access to consumers' personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis was false, and stated that it had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data.[198][199][200] Also in November 2018, Uber's British divisions were fined £385,000 (reduced to £308,000) by the Information Commissioner's Office.[201]

In 2020, the US Department of Justice announced criminal charges against former Chief Security Officer Joe Sullivan for obstruction of justice. The criminal complaint said Sullivan arranged, with Kalanick's knowledge, to pay a ransom for the 2016 breach as a "bug bounty" to conceal its true nature, and for the hackers to falsify non-disclosure agreements to say they had not obtained any data.[202]

Use of offshore companies to minimize tax liability[edit]

In November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Uber is one of many corporations that used an offshore company to minimize taxes.[203][204]

Gender pay gap[edit]

A 2018 study found that male drivers earn about 7% more than female drivers. The gap was explained to be as a result of the fact that men drove 2.5% faster, work in more lucrative areas, and had 30% more experience than women. Women passengers gave tips averaging 4%, while men gave 5%; but women drivers received more tips—so long as they were below 65 years of age.[205][206][207]

Discrimination against a blind customer[edit]

In April 2021, an arbitrator ruled against Uber in a case involving Lisa Irving, a blind American customer with a guide dog who was denied rides on 14 separate occasions. Uber was ordered to pay US$1.1 million, reflecting $324,000 in damages and more than $800,000 in attorney fees and court costs.[208]

Court of Amsterdam case on 'robo-firings'[edit]

In April 2021, the court of Amsterdam ruled that Uber has to reinstate and pay compensation to six drivers that were allegedly automatically terminated solely due to algorithms, which is in violation of Article 22 of GDPR, which relates to automated decisions causing "legal or significant impact". Uber challenged the ruling, claiming it was not aware of the case and that the judgement was brought by default without the company ever being notified; however, the decision was upheld.[209]

Racial shortcomings of facial recognition system[edit]

In October 2021, Uber was sued in London over allegations that its facial recognition system is not able to effectively identify people with darker skin and has precluded some people from using the platform, thereby discriminating against people of color.[210][211][212]

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Further reading[edit]

Scholarly papers

Books

Further viewing[edit]

External links[edit]

source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220218014903/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber_(company)

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