Cannabis Ruderalis

thcscience_admin

ByteDance Ltd.
Native name
字节跳动有限公司
TypePrivate
IndustryInternet
Founded13 March 2012; 9 years ago (2012-03-13)
Founders
Headquarters
Haidian District, Beijing
,
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Liang Rubo (CEO)
  • Roland Cloutier (global CSO)[2]
  • Erich Andersen (global GC)[3]
  • Kelly Zhang (CEO of ByteDance China)[4]
  • Lidong Zhang (Chairman of ByteDance China)[4]
Products
RevenueIncrease US$58 billion, (2021)[5]
Number of employees
~110,000[6]
Subsidiaries
Websitebytedance.com

ByteDance Ltd. (Chinese: 字节跳动; pinyin: Zìjié Tiàodòng) is a Chinese multinational internet technology company headquartered in Beijing and legally domiciled in the Cayman Islands.[7][8]

Founded by Zhang Yiming, Liang Rubo and a team of others in 2012, ByteDance developed the video-sharing social networking services and apps TikTok and Chinese-specific counterpart Douyin.[9][10][11] The company is also the developer of the news and information platform Toutiao ("Headlines").[12] As of June 2021, ByteDance hosts 1.9 billion monthly active users across all of its content platforms.[13]

ByteDance has garnered public attention over allegations that it worked with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to censor and surveil content pertaining to Xinjiang internment camps and other topics deemed controversial by the CCP.[14][15][16][17]

History[edit]

Background and founding[edit]

In 2009, software engineer and entrepreneur Zhang Yiming collaborated with his friend Liang Rubo to co-found 99fang.com, a real estate search engine.[18] In early 2012, the pair rented an apartment in Zhongguancun and, along with several other 99fang employees, began developing an app that would use big data algorithms to classify news according to users' preferences, which would later become Toutiao.[9] That March, Yiming and Liang founded ByteDance.[19]

First apps: Neihan Duanzi and Toutiao[edit]

In March 2012, ByteDance launched its first app, called Neihan Duanzi (内涵段子). This allowed users to circulate jokes, memes, and humorous videos. At its peak in 2017, Neihan Duanzi had over 200 million users.[20]

In August 2012, ByteDance launched the first version of news and content platform Toutiao (头条, Chinese for "headlines"), which would become their core product.[21] Toutiao hit 1 million daily active users four months after its launch.[22]

Growth, acquisitions and international expansion[edit]

In March 2016, ByteDance established its research arm, called the ByteDance AI Lab. It is headed by Wei-Ying Ma, the former assistant managing director of Microsoft Research Asia.[23] The lab's research has focused on AI for understanding information (text, images, videos) in depth, and developing machine learning algorithms for personalized information recommendations.[24] The same year, the ByteDance AI Lab and Peking University co-developed Xiaomingbot (张小明), an AI bot that wrote news articles.[25]

From late 2016 till 2017, ByteDance made a number of acquisitions and new product launches. In December 2016, it invested in the Indonesian news recommendation platform BABE.[26] Two months later, in February 2017, it acquired Flipagram, which was later merged with Musical.ly into TikTok upon the latter's acquisition in November 2017. Other notable acquisitions include the UGC short video platform Hypstar (Vigo Video) in July 2017,[27] and News Republic from Cheetah Mobile in November 2017.[28]

In December 2018, ByteDance sued Chinese technology news site Huxiu for defamation after Huxiu reported that ByteDance's Indian-language news app Helo was propagating misinformation.[29]

In March 2021, the Financial Times reported that ByteDance was part of a group of Chinese companies that aimed to deploy technology to circumvent Apple's privacy policies.[30][31] The following month, ByteDance announced that it had created a new division called BytePlus to distribute the underlying platform of TikTok, so that others may launch similar apps.[32]

Dismissal of strategic investment arm[edit]

On 19 January 2022, reports that emerged from Chinese media outlet 36Kr suggested that the company plans to dismiss its entire strategic investment arm, citing a former ByteDance employee.[33] Later on the same day, an official ByteDance representative announced that the company's investment arm has been dissolved and there are plans to reassign the department's staff and its head, Zhao Pengyuan, to the strategic business unit.[34] Unconfirmed reports suggest that the move may also be a consequence of new guidelines drafted by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), China's main internet regulator.[34][35]

Corporate affairs[edit]

Management[edit]

Zhang Yiming was ByteDance's chairman and CEO from its founding in 2012 until 2021, when co-founder Liang Rubo took over as CEO.[36]

On 19 May 2020, ByteDance and Disney released an announcement that Kevin Mayer, head of Disney's streaming business, would join ByteDance. From June 2020 to his resignation 26 August 2020, Mayer served as the CEO of TikTok and the COO of ByteDance, reporting directly to the company CEO Zhang Yiming.[37][38] In 2021, Chew Shouzi, former CFO of Xiaomi, took over as TikTok CEO.[39]

As with many Chinese companies, the company has an internal CCP committee serving the party members among the employees, with vice president Zhang Fuping serving as its Party Committee Secretary.[40]

In April 2021, a state-owned enterprise owned by the Cyberspace Administration of China, the China Internet Investment Fund, took a partial ownership stake in ByteDance's main Chinese entity and placed a government official, Wu Shugang, on its board of directors.[41][42][43][44][45] The Economist and Reuters have described the Chinese government's stake in ByteDance as a golden share investment.[45][46]

Funding[edit]

ByteDance is financially backed by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, SoftBank Group, Sequoia Capital, General Atlantic, and Hillhouse Capital Group.[47] As of March 2021, it was estimated to be valued at $250 billion in private trades.[48]

Partnerships[edit]

ByteDance's China business has a strategic partnership with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security for the ministry's public relations efforts.[49] In 2019, ByteDance formed joint ventures with Beijing Time, a publisher controlled by the Beijing municipal CCP committee, and with Shanghai Dongfang, a state media firm in Shanghai.[50][51] In 2021, ByteDance announced that its partnership with Shanghai Dongfang had never been in operation and was disbanded.[52]

Products[edit]

Douyin[edit]

Main article: TikTok § Douyin

Douyin (Chinese: 抖音; pinyin: Dǒuyīn), the Chinese version of TikTok, is a short-form video platform that differs from its international counterpart by having more advanced features, such as e-commerce. As of August 2020, the app had 600 million daily active users.[53] TikTok and Douyin have almost the same user interface but no access to each other's content. Their servers are each based in the market where the respective app is available.[54]

Lark[edit]

Main article: Lark (software)

First released to the public in 2019, Lark is ByteDance's enterprise collaboration platform.[55] Its features include cloud-based file management and document and spreadsheet editing. Lark was originally developed as an internal tool, becoming ByteDance's primary internal communication and collaboration platform, but was eventually made available to external users in certain markets.[56]

TikTok[edit]

Main article: TikTok

TikTok is a video-sharing social networking service[57] used to make short-form videos, from genres like dance, comedy, and education.[58][59] TikTok users create short videos, often featuring music in the background, including short lip-sync videos to popular songs. Videos can be sped up, slowed down, or edited with a filter.[60] The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[61]

On 9 November 2017, ByteDance acquired Shanghai-based social media start-up Musical.ly for up to US$1 billion. They combined it and prior acquisition Flipagram[62][63] into TikTok on 2 August 2018, keeping the TikTok name.

In 2020, Morning Consult ranked TikTok as the third fastest growing brand of the year, after Zoom and Peacock.[64]

Toutiao[edit]

Main article: Toutiao

Toutiao (Chinese: 今日头条; pinyin: Jīnrì Tóutiáo), launched in August 2012,[21] started out as a news recommendation engine and gradually evolved into a platform delivering content in various formats, such as texts, images, question-and-answer posts, microblogs, and videos.[65][66]

In January 2014, the company created the "Toutiaohao" (头条号) platform to attract more PGC (professionally generated content) and UGC (user generated content) creators; and later in the year, added video capabilities. Toutiao used interest-based and decentralized distribution to help long-tail content creators find an audience. An often cited example is Zhuguan Baba (猪倌巴巴), a young pig farmer in Northern China whose posts on how to raise pigs attracted millions of readers on Toutiao.[67][68]

In 2017, Toutiao acquired Flipagram. ByteDance would later expand Toutiao's features to include: a missing person alerts project whose alerts have helped find 13,116 missing persons as of June 2020;[69] short-form video platform Toutiao Video, later rebranded as Xigua Video (西瓜视频, also known as Watermelon Video), which hosts video clips that are on average 2–5 minutes long;[70][71] and Toutiao Search, a search engine.[72]

Xigua Video[edit]

Main article: Xigua Video

Initially launched as Toutiao Video in 2016, Xigua Video (Chinese: 西瓜视频; pinyin: Xīguā shìpín) is an online video-sharing platform[73][74][75] that features user-created short and mid-length videos and also produces film and television content. As of June 2020, the platform has 131 million monthly active users.[76][77]

Other products and acquisitions[edit]

  • Gogokid was launched in May 2018 as an online English learning platform for children that provides one-on-one classes with native English speakers.[78] In August 2021, ByteDance announced that the app business will be shuttered and most of Gogokid's staff will be laid off, following new regulations imposed on the after-school tutoring industry in China.[79][80]
  • Moonton was acquired by ByteDance in 2021 – the developer of the mobile eSports game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang.[81][82]
  • Neihan Duanzi, ByteDance's first app, was shut down in 2018 following a crackdown by the national media regulator.
  • Party Island (Chinese: 派对岛; pinyin: Pàiduì dǎo) is a social media app that allows users to create avatars, join virtual events like concerts, and chat with other participants. It also has a messaging function within the app, so users can send texts to each other privately and join group chats. Party Island is currently open on an invite-only basis as it is still undergoing beta testing as of January 2022.[83][84] Some reports also associate the app with the concept of the metaverse.[84]
  • Resso is ByteDance's "social music streaming app." The platform allows users to highlight and share lyrics, comments and other user-generated content with each other alongside streaming of full-length tracks.[85] Resso says that it has licensing agreements in place with Warner Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Merlin and Beggars Group, among others.[86]
  • TopBuzz was a content platform for videos, articles, breaking news and GIFs. The platform was launched in the U.S. in 2015 and later in Brazil in 2016.[87] ByteDance launched PGC short video platform TopBuzz Video in Japan in September 2016.[88] It was sunsetted in 2020.[89]

Regulation[edit]

China[edit]

In April 2018, China's state media regulator, the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA), ordered the temporary removal of Toutiao and Neihan Duanzi from Chinese app stores. The NRTA accused Neihan Duanzi in particular of hosting "vulgar" and "improper" content and "triggering strong sentiments of resentment among internet users".[90] The following day, Neihan Duanzi announced it was permanently shutting down.[90] In response to the shutdown, Yiming issued a letter stating that the app was "incommensurate with socialist core values" and promised that ByteDance would "further deepen cooperation" with the authorities to promote their policies.[91][92] Following the shutdown, ByteDance announced that it would give preference to Chinese Communist Party members in its hiring and increase its censors from 6,000 to 10,000 employees.[93][94][95]

In November 2019, the CAC ordered ByteDance to remove "slanderous" information on Fang Zhimin from Toutiao.[96] In April 2020, the CAC ordered ByteDance to take down its office collaboration tool called Feishu (Lark) because it could be used to circumvent Internet censorship.[97] In January 2021, Chinese regulators fined ByteDance for spreading "vulgar information."[98][99] In April 2021, ByteDance was among 13 online platforms ordered by the Chinese central bank to adhere to tighter data and financial regulations.[100] The bank stated that ByteDance must conduct comprehensive self-examination and rectification to adhere to the country's laws.[101] In May 2021, the CAC stated that ByteDance had engaged in illegal data collection and misuse of personal information.[102]

In March 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation fined a ByteDance subsidiary and other companies for antitrust violations.[52]

In September 2021, ByteDance announced that it would limit the use of Douyin for users under 14 years of age to 40 minutes per day.[103]

India[edit]

Citing national security issues the Indian Government banned TikTok along with 58 other Chinese apps on 29 June 2020.[104] The ban was made permanent in January 2021.[105][106] In March 2021, the Indian government froze ByteDance's bank accounts in the country for alleged tax evasion, which ByteDance disputed.[107]

United States[edit]

Federal Trade Commission fine[edit]

On 27 February 2019, the Federal Trade Commission fined TikTok US$5.7 million for collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act in the United States.[108][109] ByteDance later added a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on other's videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[110]

Executive orders[edit]

Further information: Censorship of TikTok and Donald Trump–TikTok controversy

On 3 August 2020, U.S. president Donald Trump set September 15 as the deadline for TikTok, a social media app under ByteDance, to find a US buyer, and he then issued executive orders that would effectively ban TikTok[111] from operating in the country if it is not sold by ByteDance within 45 days.[112] Then at 12:40 PM of August 3, Beijing local time, ByteDance founder Zhang Yiming sent out an all-staff letter in response to the potential sale of TikTok's US operations.[113]

On 7 August 2020, ByteDance released a statement in response to the executive order banning US companies and individuals from doing business with it, threatening to resort to the American justice system in order to get "fair treatment."[114][115] On 14 August 2020, Trump issued an executive order mandating that ByteDance divest from all U.S. operations of TikTok within 90 days.[116] On 28 August 2020, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology announced that any sale of ByteDance's technology to foreign firms is a matter of "national security" and would require prior approval.[117]

Controversies[edit]

On 23 February 2022, the sudden death of a 28-year-old ByteDance employee was reported after a message was posted on Maimai, a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China. According to the contents of the letter, the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny over the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies, often described as the 996 work culture, and is preceded by similar occurrences at Bilibili in early February 2022, and at Pinduoduo in 2021.[118]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Feng, Venus (29 March 2019). "The complex fortune growing inside Bytedance, the world's most valuable startup". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  2. ^ Spangler, Todd. "TikTok Hires Ex-ADP Security Chief Roland Cloutier Amid Data Privacy Scrutiny". Variety. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  3. ^ Clark, Dan (24 January 2020). "Microsoft In-House Attorney to Serve as TikTok's First Global General Counsel". Corporate Counsel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b Jimenez, Miriam (3 December 2020). "ByteDance names China CEO, chairman; launches music app in Indonesia". S&P Global.
  5. ^ "TikTok owner ByteDance's revenue growth slowed to 70% in 2021". The Economic Times.
  6. ^ "ByteDance revenues more than doubled in 2020 to $34.3bn". Financial Times. 17 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Bytedance company profile – Office locations, Competitors, Funding, Valuation, Financials, Employees, Key People, Subsidiaries, News". Craft.co. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  8. ^ "ByteDance". Bytedance.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  9. ^ a b Wu, Julianna (28 May 2021). "Meet Liang Rubo, the 'executor' and former roommate of Zhang Yiming, who's ready to take over at ByteDance". KrASIA.
  10. ^ Flora, Liz (2 February 2020). "TikTok vs. Douyin". Gartner. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  11. ^ Wang, Echo; Dave, Paresh (10 August 2020). "Exclusive: Microsoft faces complex technical challenges in TikTok carveout". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  12. ^ Osawa, Juro (19 July 2017). "How a News Startup Caught China's Tencent by Surprise". The Information. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  13. ^ Lin, Liza (17 June 2021). "TikTok Owner ByteDance's Annual Revenue Jumps to $34.3 Billion". The Wall Street Journal.
  14. ^ Fifield, Anna (28 November 2019). "TikTok's owner is helping China's campaign of repression in Xinjiang, report finds". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  15. ^ Cockerell, Isobel (24 January 2020). "Xinjiang's TikTok wipes away evidence of Uyghur persecution". Coda Media. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  16. ^ Potkin, Fanny (13 August 2020). "Exclusive: ByteDance censored anti-China content in Indonesia until mid-2020 – sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  17. ^ Hern, Alex (25 September 2019). "Revealed: how TikTok censors videos that do not please Beijing". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  18. ^ Lu, Shen (20 May 2021). "New ByteDance CEO Liang Rubo getting a warm welcome, leaked posts show". Protocol.
  19. ^ Ting, Deanna (30 October 2019). "Everything you need to know about ByteDance, the company behind TikTok". Digiday.
  20. ^ "宁静上《冒犯家族》遭"吐槽" 内涵段子app用户的神评论太犀利了". tech.ifeng.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  21. ^ a b Bischoff, Paul (3 June 2014). "The simple news reader app that's taking China by storm just netted $100 million funding from Sequoia Capital". Tech in Asia. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  22. ^ Hariharan, Anu (12 October 2017). "The Hidden Forces Behind Toutiao: China's Content King". Y Combinator. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  23. ^ Feng, Emily (9 May 2017). "Toutiao touts AI for individual news in vast China market". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  24. ^ Knight, Will (26 January 2017). "This Chinese media giant is using machine learning to go after Facebook's lunch". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  25. ^ Xu, Runxin; Cao, Jun; Wang, Mingxuan; Chen, Jiaze; Zhou, Hao; Zeng, Ying; Wang, Yuping; Chen, Li; Yin, Xiang; Zhang, Xijin; Jiang, Songcheng (12 July 2020). "Xiaomingbot: A Multilingual Robot News Reporter". arXiv:2007.08005 [cs, eess]. arXiv:2007.08005.
  26. ^ "Toutiao Pushes Short Video Business Globalization With USD1 Billion Musical.ly Takeover". Yicai Global. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  27. ^ 文化"走出去"的方式有很多 短视频应用出海成小潮流 [There are many ways to 'go global' for culture, short video applications are becoming a trend]. New.QQ.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  28. ^ Jing, Meng (10 November 2017). "China's Toutiao buys teen-favourite video creation app Musical.ly". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  29. ^ Liao, Rita (19 December 2018). "TikTok parent ByteDance sues Chinese news site that exposed fake news problem". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  30. ^ "China's tech giants test way around Apple's new privacy rules". Financial Times. 16 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  31. ^ Gurman, Mark (19 March 2021). "Apple Warns Against Unauthorized Tracking After China Workaround". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  32. ^ "ByteDance's New BytePlus Division Is Selling TikTok's Underlying Tech". Business Insider. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  33. ^ "36氪独家丨字节跳动或将整体裁撤投资业务，互联网大厂投资走向失灵？_详细解读_最新资讯_热点事件_36氪". www.36kr.com. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  34. ^ a b "ByteDance dissolves investment unit as China reportedly tightens venture oversight for internet firms". KrASIA. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  35. ^ Reuters (19 January 2022). "China wants internet giants to get approval for investments, fundraisings - sources". Reuters. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  36. ^ Wang, Echo; Yang, Yingzhi (19 May 2021). "'I'm not very social': ByteDance founder to hand CEO reins to college roommate". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  37. ^ Isaac, Mike (28 August 2020). "TikTok Chief Executive Kevin Mayer Resigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  38. ^ Leskin, Paige. "TikTok's CEO left 3 months into the job after getting boxed out by ByteDance during TikTok's biggest moment of crisis". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  39. ^ Byford, Sam (20 May 2021). "Founder of TikTok owner ByteDance resigns as CEO". The Verge. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  40. ^ Wang, Yaqiu (24 January 2020). "Targeting TikTok's privacy alone misses a larger issue: Chinese state control". Quartz. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020. Many companies have an internal party committee as part of their governance structure. ByteDance has one, headed by the company's vice president Zhang Fuping, and has since 2017. Party committee members at ByteDance regularly gather to study President Xi Jinping’s speeches and pledge to follow the party in technological innovation.
  41. ^ "Beijing takes stake, board seat in ByteDance's key China entity - The Information". Reuters. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  42. ^ "China state firms invest in TikTok sibling, Weibo chat app". Associated Press. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ Whalen, Jeanne (17 August 2021). "Chinese government acquires stake in domestic unit of TikTok owner ByteDance in another sign of tech crackdown". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  44. ^ Feng, Coco (17 August 2021). "Chinese government takes minority stake, board seat in TikTok owner ByteDance's main domestic subsidiary". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  45. ^ a b "China's communist authorities are tightening their grip on the private sector". The Economist. 18 November 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  46. ^ "Fretting about data security, China's government expands its use of 'golden shares'". Reuters. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  47. ^ Roumeliotis, Greg (1 November 2019). "U.S. opens national security investigation into TikTok - sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  48. ^ Yilun Chen, Lulu; Liu, Coco; Huang, Zheping (30 March 2021). "ByteDance Valued at $250 Billion in Private Trades". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  49. ^ 全国公安新媒体矩阵入驻今日头条、抖音仪式在京举行 [A Ceremony is held in Beijing for the Ministry of Public Security's 'New Media Matrix' Launching an Account in Toutiao and Douyin]. Sohu (in Chinese). 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  50. ^ "Bytedance teams up with a state-run Chinese publisher". The Economist. 21 December 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  51. ^ Galbraith, Andrew; Yang, Yingzhi (14 December 2019). "ByteDance unit establishes venture with Chinese state media firm". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  52. ^ a b "China market regulator fines 12 firms for violating anti-monopoly law". Reuters. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  53. ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy (15 September 2020). "The Chinese version of TikTok now has 600 million daily active users". CNBC.
  54. ^ "Forget the Trade War. TikTok Is China's Most Important Export Right Now". BuzzFeed News. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  55. ^ Huang, Zheping (9 March 2020). "ByteDance to Launch Google-Like Work Tools During Outbreak". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  56. ^ Xu, Tony (3 April 2019). "Bytedance officially launches productivity tool Lark". TechNode. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  57. ^ Isaac, Mike (9 October 2020). "U.S. Appeals Injunction Against TikTok Ban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  58. ^ Schwedel, Heather (4 September 2018). "A Guide to TikTok for Anyone Who Isn't a Teen". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  59. ^ Al-Heeti, Abrar (2 December 2020). "TikTok is reportedly experimenting with 3-minute videos". CNet. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  60. ^ "How to Use TikTok: Tips for New Users". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  61. ^ "How Does Tik Tok Outperform Tencent's Super App WeChat and Become One of China's Most Popular Apps? (Part 1)". Kr-Asia.com. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  62. ^ "Chinese news reading app Toutiao acquires Flipagram". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  63. ^ "More Chinese will be watching Flipagram videos". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  64. ^ "The Fastest Growing Brands of 2020". Morning Consult. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  65. ^ Osawa, Juro (19 July 2017). "How a News Startup Caught China's Tencent by Surprise". The Information. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  66. ^ "This Startup Is Luring Top Talent with $3 Million Pay Packages". Bloomberg. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  67. ^ Xueqing, Li (8 November 2016). "How a 24-year-old Blogger Became China's Pig Whisperer". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  68. ^ Yuan, Li (24 August 2017). "The News Reads You in China—and People Can't Get Enough of It". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  69. ^ Jing, Meng (15 February 2018). "This migrant worker lost his 56-year-old mentally ill sibling during Lunar New Year travel crush. Toutiao helped find him". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  70. ^ 西瓜视频上线，今日头条视频布局呈鼎立之势 [Watermelon video is online, today's headline video layout is in a strong position]. Sohu.com. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  71. ^ "ByteDance to enter long-form streaming video market". South China Morning Post. 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  72. ^ Saini, Jiya (12 August 2019). "Toutiao Search is online now, a search engine from ByteDance". Revyuh. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  73. ^ Frater, Patrick (23 April 2020). "BBC Studios Sets Content Deal With China's Xigua Video". Variety.
  74. ^ Yang, Yingzhi (15 September 2018). "ByteDance to enter China's long-form streaming video market, challenging iQiyi, Tencent Video". South China Morning Post.
  75. ^ Canaves, Sky (1 October 2019). "Understanding China's Video Streaming Services". China Film Insider.
  76. ^ Chen, Wency (21 October 2020). "ByteDance's Xigua Video pivots to 'middle video,' incentivizing creators with USD 300 million". KrASIA.
  77. ^ Chan, James (8 July 2020). "ByteDance vs Bilibili: Is there a Chinese alternative to YouTube?". KrASIA.
  78. ^ "TikTok maker ByteDance refocuses on education apps back home in China amid trouble overseas". KrASIA. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  79. ^ "ByteDance slashes edtech headcount as regulators curtail private tutoring". KrASIA. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  80. ^ Reuters (5 August 2021). "ByteDance to close some tutoring ops after clampdown - sources". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  81. ^ "TikTok Owner ByteDance Acquires Moonton and Mobile Legends: Bang Bang". IGN Southeast Asia. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  82. ^ Anne, Melissa (22 March 2021). "TikTok owner (ByteDance) is buying Mobile Legends creators (Moonton) for $4 billion". MegPlay. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  83. ^ "TikTok owner opens metaverse-like app for testing in China". South China Morning Post. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  84. ^ a b "ByteDance's metaverse social network goes live". KrASIA. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  85. ^ "Resso, ByteDance's music streaming app, officially launches in India, sans Tencent-backed Universal Music". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  86. ^ Tagat, Anurag (4 March 2020). "TikTok Owner ByteDance Launches Resso App in India, Taking on Spotify". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  87. ^ "2016 Chinese App Overseas Performance Report". Cheetah Data. 13 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  88. ^ "無料動画アプリTopBuzz Video コンテンツ提供者を募集". Japan.CNet.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  89. ^ "TikTok owner ByteDance kills news aggregator app TopBuzz". South China Morning Post. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  90. ^ a b "Jokes app Neihan Duanzi shuttered by China's media regulator for 'vulgarity' | Society News". SupChina. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  91. ^ Spence, Philip (16 January 2019). "ByteDance Can't Outrun Beijing's Shadow". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  92. ^ Romm, Tony; Harwell, Drew (5 December 2019). "TikTok leader schedules Washington trip to meet with lawmakers as investigations loom". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  93. ^ Pham, Sherisse (2 November 2018). "Why China's tech giants are cozying up to the Communist Party". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  94. ^ Fan, Jiayang (19 April 2018). "Why China Cracked Down on the Social-media Giant Bytedance". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  95. ^ Bandurski, David (2 May 2018). "Tech Firms Tilt Toward the Party". China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  96. ^ "China orders ByteDance to fix 'slanderous' smear of CCP martyr". The Nikkei. Reuters. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  97. ^ Huang, Zheping (24 April 2020). "China Orders TikTok Owner ByteDance to Remove Work-From-Home App". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  98. ^ Zhang, Yunan (January 2021). "TikTok's Owner, ByteDance, Fined in China for Vulgar Content". The Information. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  99. ^ Qu, Tracy; Feng, Coco; Xin, Zhou (8 January 2021). "TikTok's Chinese version Douyin fined for vulgar content as Beijing continues cyberspace crackdown". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  100. ^ "Giants Tencent, Bytedance among companies reined in by China". BBC News. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  101. ^ Wei, Lingling; Yang, Stephanie (29 April 2021). "China Warns Large Tech Firms as Industry Faces Rising Oversight". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  102. ^ "ByteDance, Kuaishou, and Microsoft given 15 days to fix illegal data collection". South China Morning Post. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  103. ^ "China: Children given daily time limit on Douyin - its version of TikTok". BBC News. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  104. ^ Singh, Manish (29 June 2020). "India bans TikTok, dozens of other Chinese apps". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  105. ^ Singh, Kanishka (25 January 2021). "India to impose permanent ban on 59 Chinese apps, including TikTok - Indian media". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  106. ^ Duffy, Kate. "ByteDance is cutting down its 2,000-person team in India, where TikTok is still banned". Business Insider. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  107. ^ Kalra, Aditya; Roy, Abhirup (30 March 2021). "India blocks bank accounts of China's ByteDance, company mounts challenge". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  108. ^ "Video Social Networking App Musical.ly Agrees to Settle FTC Allegations That it Violated Children's Privacy Law". Federal Trade Commission. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  109. ^ Lieber, Chavie (28 February 2019). "TikTok has been illegally collecting children's data". Vox. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  110. ^ Lee, Dami (27 February 2019). "TikTok stops young users from uploading videos after FTC settlement". The Verge. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  111. ^ Allyn, Bobby (6 August 2020). "Trump Signs Executive Order That Will Effectively Ban Use Of TikTok In the U.S." NPR.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  112. ^ Nikki Carvajal and Caroline Kelly (7 August 2020). "Trump issues orders banning TikTok and WeChat from operating in 45 days if they are not sold by Chinese parent companies". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  113. ^ "[Exclusive] Zhang Yiming's Full Internal Letter: ByteDance 'Understands' US Decision, Still Aspires to Become Transformative Global Company". Pandaily. 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  114. ^ "TikTok threatens legal action against Trump US ban". BBC News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  115. ^ Chen, Caiwei (7 August 2020). "TikTok Owner ByteDance Threatens to Sue Trump Administration as US Calls for Broader Ban of Chinese Tech". Pandaily. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  116. ^ Fischer, Sara (15 August 2020). "Trump tightens screws on ByteDance to sell Tiktok". Axios. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  117. ^ Mozur, Paul; Zhong, Raymond; McCabe, David (29 August 2020). "TikTok Deal Is Complicated by New Rules from China Over Tech Exports". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  118. ^ "Death of 28-year-old ByteDance employee fuels ongoing controversy on overwork in Chinese tech companies". KrASIA. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.

External links[edit]

source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220215173713/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance

Leave a Reply