Image 1Miguel Hidalgo with a banner with the Virgin of Guadalupe (from History of Mexico)

Image 2Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 3Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)

Image 4The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 5Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)

Image 6Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) The "Zocalo" (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 7Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)

Image 8Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)

Image 9Flag and coat of arms of the Mexican Empire superimposed a map of its territorial limits. Note the crown on the eagle. (from History of Mexico)

Image 10Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)

Image 11Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)

Image 12President Enrique Peña Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping (from History of Mexico)

Image 13Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)

Image 14Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 15Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. (from History of Mexico)

Image 161985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)

Image 17Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 18Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 19Cristeros (Catholic rebels) hung in Jalisco. (from History of Mexico)

Image 20A detachment of Rurales during the Porfiriato (from History of Mexico)

Image 21A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)

Image 22Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon. At its peak around 600 CE, Teotihuacan was the sixth-largest city in the world. It featured a rational grid plan and a two-mile-long main avenue. Its monumental pyramids echo the shapes of surrounding mountains. (from History of Mexico)

Image 23Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)

Image 24Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE. Pigments over clay and plaster. Elaborate mural paintings adorned Teotihuacan's elite residential compound. This example may depict the city's principal deity, a goddess wearing a jade mask and a large feathered headdress. (from History of Mexico)

Image 25Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment who were taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)

Image 26The National film library. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 27A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)

Image 28Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Friar Miguel de Herrera (1700–1789) (from History of Mexico)

Image 291903. Slogan on the protest banner reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto). (from History of Mexico)

Image 30Plutarco Elías Calles, president of Mexico 1924–28, and power behind the presidency during the Maximato when he did not hold formal power (from History of Mexico)

Image 31General Pancho Villa in the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)

Image 32El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)

Image 33Leon Trotsky in Mexico, 1938 (from History of Mexico)

Image 34Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)

Image 35Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. (from History of Mexico)

Image 36Detail of a relief from Palenque, a Classic-era city. Maya script is the only writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas to be completely known and enabled the beginning of recorded history. (from History of Mexico)

Image 37Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, 1750. (from History of Mexico)

Image 38The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)

Image 39Ingredients at a market in Mexico City, including quintoniles, huauzontle, huitlacoche and squash flowers. (from History of Mexico)

Image 40Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)

Image 41Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army. (from History of Mexico)

Image 42Print of Iturbide as Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)

Image 43Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, each 16' high. The colossal statue-columns of Tula portraying warriors armed with darts and spear-throwers reflect the military regime of the Toltecs, whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. (from History of Mexico)

Image 44Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)

Image 45Northern Dance in Nuevo León (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 46The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and destroyed the Mexican Federal Army (from History of Mexico)

Image 47The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)

Image 48President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)

Image 49The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE. A temple to Kukulkan sits atop this pyramid with a total of 365 stairs on its four sides. At the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow in the shape of a serpent along the northern staircase. (from History of Mexico)

Image 50Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an. (from History of Mexico)

Image 51In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type liquid petroleum gas (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others. (from History of Mexico)

Image 52Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comaches, prior to 1850. (from History of Mexico)

Image 53Since the 16th century, the poinsettia, a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas carrying the Christian symbolism of the Star of Bethlehem; in that country it is known in Spanish as the Flower of the Holy Night. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 54Lithograph depicting head and shoulders of General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)

Image 55Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City, the king was the maximum authority of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from History of Mexico)

Image 56Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)

Image 57"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk. (from History of Mexico)

Image 58Guadalupanos pilgrims arrive in Mexico City. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 59President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)

Image 60Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)

Image 61US President George W. Bush, Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo", Chichen Itza on Thursday, March 30, 2006. (from History of Mexico)

Image 62Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)

Image 63Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)

Image 64Moctezuma Xocoyotzin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

Image 65Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramare Castle in Trieste. Painting by Cesare dell'Acqua (1821-1905). (from History of Mexico)

Image 66President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)

Image 67Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)

Image 68Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. Limestone, 3'7" × 2' 6.5". British Museum, London. The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs. (from History of Mexico)

Image 69A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by U.S. (from History of Mexico)

Image 70Battle of Centla, first time a horse was use in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)

Image 71Francisco I. Madero, Emiliano Zapata, June 12, 1911, in Cuernavaca (from History of Mexico)

Image 72Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 73Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, December 6, 1914. Villa is sitting in the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. (from History of Mexico)

Image 74The identities of the Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities. (from History of Mexico)

Image 75A pilot standing in front of his P-47D with a maintenance crew after a combat mission in Battle of Luzon (from History of Mexico)

Image 76Danza de los Voladores, a ritual dance performed by the Totonacs. (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 77A rebel camp. (from History of Mexico)

Image 78Battle of Ixmiquilpan occurred on September 25, 1866. between 350 soldiers of the Belgian Legion and Juarista forces, ending the battle with the victory of the latter. (from History of Mexico)

Image 79President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. (from History of Mexico)

Image 80"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)

Image 81Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commenced in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992. (from History of Mexico)

Image 82The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)

Image 83Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)

Image 84The American occupation of Mexico City. (from History of Mexico)

Image 85Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE. Stone, 4' 10.5" high. National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico city. Chacmools represent fallen warriors reclining on their backs with receptacles on their chests to receive sacrificial offerings. Excavators discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo (from History of Mexico)

Image 86Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)

Image 87Rebel soldiers moving by rail during the Mexican Revolution. (from History of Mexico)

Image 88A 20th-century mural by Diego Rivera depicting Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor (from History of Mexico)

Image 89Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, overthrown in a coup d'état by peninsular conspirators in 1808 (from History of Mexico)

Image 90A piñata (from Culture of Mexico)

Image 91A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle. (from History of Mexico)