Cannabis Ruderalis

thcscience_admin
"Philip the Handsome" redirects here. For the other Philip known as Philip the Handsome or Philip the Fair, see Philip IV of France.

Philip the Handsome
Juan de Flandes 004.jpg
Portrait by Juan de Flandes, c. 1500
King of Castile
Reign12 July – 25 September 1506
Proclamation12 July 1506
Co-monarchJoanna
PredecessorJoanna (as sole monarch)
SuccessorJoanna (as sole monarch)
Lord of the Netherlands
Duke of Burgundy
Reign27 March 1482 – 25 September 1506
PredecessorMary and Maximilian I
SuccessorCharles II
RegentMaximilian I (1482–1494)
Reign26 November 1504 – 12 July 1506
Born22 July 1478
Bruges, Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands
Died25 September 1506(1506-09-25) (aged 28)
Burgos, Castile, Spain
Burial
Royal Chapel of Granada
Spouse
​
(m. 1496)​
Issue
HouseHabsburg
FatherMaximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
MotherMary, Duchess of Burgundy
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignaturePhilip the Handsome's signature

Philip the Handsome[a] (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair, was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506 and the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I) for a brief time in 1506.

The son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Mary of Burgundy, Philip was less than four years old when his mother died, and upon her death, he inherited the Burgundian Netherlands. Despite his young age, Philip quickly proved himself an effective ruler beloved by his people in the Low Countries, pursuing policies that favoured peace and economic development, while maintaining a steady course of government building.

In 1496, his father arranged for him to marry Joanna, the second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Around the same time, Philip's sister Margaret was given in marriage to Joanna's brother John, Prince of Asturias. After the deaths of her elder siblings John and Isabella and her infant nephew Miguel, Joanna became heir presumptive to the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Most of Philip's time in Spain was spent consolidating his power, often leading to conflicts against his wife and her father. Joanna became Queen of Castile when her mother died in 1504. Philip was proclaimed King in 1506, but died a few months later, leaving his wife distraught with grief, eventually leading to her father and son Charles seizing power from Joanna and leaving her imprisoned for the rest of her life on account of her alleged insanity.

Philip was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain, and every Spanish monarch since his son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, has been one of his descendants. Philip died before his father, and therefore never inherited his father's territories or became Holy Roman Emperor. However, his son Charles eventually united the Habsburg, Burgundian, Castilian, and Aragonese inheritances. By inheriting the Burgundian Netherlands and acquiring much of Spain and its possessions in the New World by marriage to Joanna, Philip was instrumental in vastly enhancing the territories of the Habsburgs, and his progeny would dominate European history for over the next five centuries.

Holland, gold florin 'Philippus Goudgulden', struck in Dordrecht under the reign of Philip the Fair

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Boys' racing armour of Philip, made around 1490 by unknown armourer from Southern Germany

Philip was born in Bruges on 22 July 1478, the son of the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife Mary, Duchess of Burgundy.[1] He was born in the County of Flanders (today in Belgium) during the reign of his grandfather Frederick III. When Philip was born, King Louis XI of France, the chief opponent of his parents, spread the rumour that the child was actually a girl, not a boy. When Philip's baptism was organized, his step-grandmother Margaret of York showed the boy naked to the populace, so that any doubt about the child's sex would disappear. The child was named in honour of his maternal great-grandfather, Philip the Good, paternal grandfather of his mother Mary. In his first presentation to the father, the parents expressed double dynastic pride. Mary said: “Sir, look at your son and our child, young Philip of imperial seed.” Maximilian kissed the baby, and replied, “O noble Burgundian blood, my offspring, named after Philip of Valois.”[2]

Philip was only four years old when his mother died in 1482, resulting in him succeeding her as ruler of the Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his father. A period of turmoil ensued which witnessed sporadic hostilities between, principally, the large towns of Flanders (especially Ghent and Bruges) and the supporters of Maximilian. Philip became caught up in events and his custody was taken away by a council appointed by the Netherlandish Estates[3] as part of the larger Flemish campaign to support their claims of greater autonomy, which they had wrested from Mary of Burgundy in an agreement known as the Great Privilege of 1477. It was only in the summer of 1485 that Maximilian, marching into Ghent with German troops and forcing its leader Jan Coppenhole to flee, could embrace his son again. Young Philip was then brought to Mechelen and delivered to the loving care of Margaret of York.[4] By 1492, rebellions were completely suppressed. Maximilian revoked the Great Privilege and established a strong ducal monarchy undisturbed by particularism. But he would not reintroduce Charles the Bold's centralizing ordinances. Since 1489 (after his departure), the government under Albert of Saxony had made more efforts in consulting representative institutions and showed more restraint in subjugating recalcitrant territories. Notables who had previously supported rebellions returned to city administrations. The Estates General continued to develop as a regular meeting place of the central government.[5][6]By the time Maximilian handed over the government to Philip, Habsburg rule was a matter of fact.[7]

Despite tumultuous political conditions, the early death of the mother as well as separation from father and sister, Philip's young life did not lack luxuries and he was educated for the needs of a person of his class. He became accomplished in archery, tennis, stick fighting, hunting and proved a valiant knight like his father. He was also a good dancer and conversationalist and also inherited his parents' passion for music. Although, this boisterousness would not manifest in his manners as a politician.[8][9][10] Due to constant campaigning, Maximilian, the father, tended to be absent in the young Philip's life (he returned to battles only two months after Philip's birth). Later, due to emotional problems, Maximilian tried to avoid returning to the Netherlands, and would miss both the 1494 inauguration and 1496 wedding of his son.[11] His tutor since arriving at Mechelen were Olivier de la Marche and François de Busleyden, who would later be his chancellor in Flanders.[12]

Ruler of Burgundian lands[edit]

16th century stained glass window in St George's Church (Georgskapelle): Philip the Handsome, Maximilian I, Bianca Maria Sforza, Mary of Burgundy with Archduchess Margaret (left to right)

In 1493, Frederick III died, thus Maximilian I became defacto leader of the Holy Roman Empire. Burdened with his new responsibilities and personally exasperated by his relationship with the Burgundian lands, he decided to transfer power to the 15-year-old Philip. The news was welcomed by Burgundian lands, as the new ruler was native-born, spoke the language, was peace-loving and trusted his advisors, while Maximilian was warlike and did not respect the Great Privilege. In 1494, Maximilian relinquished his regency under the terms of the Treaty of Senlis and Philip, aged 16, took over the rule of the Burgundian lands himself.

Archduke Philip opening a session (1504) of the Great Council of Mechelen

At his inauguration in 1494, one of Philip the Fair's first administrative acts was the abolition of the Great Privilege.[13] He swore to maintaining only the privileges granted at the time of Philip the Good.[14] As during the revolts, many of the rebels had claimed Philip as their rightful and natural prince (as opposed to his father), Philip capitalized on this to restore several of his great-grandfather and grandfather's centralizing policies, while abandoning their expansionism.[15]

Philip was an inexperienced ruler and had a reputation for accommodating and trusting advisors, but also had a backbone. Philip freed himself from his father's control. Although Busleyden was temporarily disgraced when Maximilian summoned his son in 1496 to Germany, he was soon restored. In 1497, Philip replaced Jean Carondelet, the chancellor Maximilian had appointed, with Thomas de Plaine, who was devoted to his interests.[4] His pursuit of peace with France frustrated Maximilian, who was waging war against Charles VIII. He reconciled the regionalism represented by the Great Privilege with the harsh centralization the country had experienced under Charles the Bold, softening the rigorous demands of both sides while giving in to neither. He reimposed the Parliament of Mechelen (renamed as the Great Council) and reclaimed royal domains. He placated France while reopening the trade route with England in the Magnus Intercursus. His policies gained him the love of the country.[16] Patricia Carson opines, though, that it was clear from the beginning that this did not mean to last, as Philip would never be able to focus on Burgundian lands forever, as he was the heir of his father as Holy Roman Emperor. What the Low Countries could not have foreseen, was that Philip would one day claim the throne in Spain as well, as husband of Joanna.[17]

Philip by the Master of the Legend of the Magdalen

From the time of Philip, the government in the Low Countries constituted a compromise between the states and the Empire (although, at this time, Burgundian lands had not become part of imperial circles yet, which would be confirmed in 1512 and formalized in 1548). The chancellor of Burgundy became responsible for the government's practical work in the absence of the emperor while the Great Council (Hoge Raad) acted as the country's highest body of judicial power.[18]

Philip's policy was focused on maintaining peace and economic development for his Burgundian lands. Maximilian wanted to recover Guelders, but his son wanted to keep a neutral policy and thus the father was left fighting Charles of Egmond over Guelders on his own. Only at the end of his reign, Philip decided to deal with this threat together with his father.[19]Guelders had been weakened due to the continuous state of war and other problems. This would turn out to be the only campaign in Philip's life. The duke of Cleves and the bishop of Utrecht, hoping to share spoils, gave Philip aid. Maximilian invested his own son with Guelders and Zutphen. Within months, Philip conquered the whole land and Charles of Egmond was forced to prostrate himself in front of his sovereign at the palace of Rosendaal. Charles was then forced to follow Philip wherever he went. In October 1505, they were in Brussels. But after that, Charles was able to escape and start the war again. Philip was not in a good position to make good his claims yet, because by this time he needed to depart to Spain to claim the Castilian throne.[20][21]

Philip (and later his son Charles V) joined his father in patronising the devotion of the Seven Sorrows that associated his own mother Mary of Burgundy, who had died young and been idealised in vernacular literature, with the Virgin Mary.[22] The devotion, with its strong current of patriotism and Burgundian nostalgia, successful helped to rally loyalty to the ruling family in the turbulence after Mary's death and was later used to promote dynastic and territorial unity.[23]

The Castilian inheritance[edit]

Maximilian I paying attention to an execution instead of watching Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Castile's betrothal, much to his son's dismay. Satire created on behalf of the councilors of Augsburg. Plate 89 of Von der Arztney bayder Glück by the Petrarcameister[24].

The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámara, designed to strengthen against growing French power, which had increased significantly thanks to the policies of Louis XI and the successful assertion of regal power after war with the League of the Public Weal. The matter became more urgent after Charles VIII's invasion of Italy (known as the First Peninsular War). This was a matter of compromise for Philip. While assuring his pro-French advisors that he would maintain peaceful policies towards France, the marriage pleased Maximilian while allowing a partial, prudent emergence from France's shadow. Although, Philip did put efforts in safeguarding the 1493 Treaty of Senlis. His independent tendency frustrated both Maximilian and his new parents-in-law.[25]

On 20 October 1496, he married Joanna, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, in Lier, Belgium.[26]

Philip's sister Margaret married John, Prince of Asturias, only son of Ferdinand and Isabella and heir apparent to the unified crowns of Castile and Aragon.[27] The double alliance was never intended to let the Spanish kingdoms fall under Habsburg control. At the time of her marriage to Philip, Joanna was third in line to the throne, with John and their sister Isabella married and hopeful of progeny.

Philip the Fair and Joanna of Castile, stained glass, Basilica of the Holy Blood in Bruges, 1480-1490.

In 1500, shortly after the birth of Joanna and Philip's second child (the future Emperor Charles V), in Flanders, the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into turmoil. The heir apparent, John, had died in 1497 very shortly after his marriage to Margaret of Austria. The crown thereby seemed destined to devolve upon his and Joanna's elder sister Isabella, wife of Manuel I of Portugal. She died in 1498, while giving birth to a son named Miguel da Paz, to whom succession to the united crowns of Castile, Aragon and Portugal now fell; however, the infant was sickly and died during the summer of 1500.

The succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns now fell to Joanna. Because Ferdinand could produce another heir, the Cortes of Aragon refused to recognize Joanna as heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Aragon. In the Kingdom of Castile, however, the succession was clear. Moreover, there was no Salic tradition which the Castilian Cortes could use to thwart the succession passing to Joanna. At this point, the issue of Joanna's supposed mental incompetence moved from courtly annoyance to the center of the political stage, since it was clear that Philip and his Burgundian entourage would be the real power-holders in Castile.

Joanna of Castile

In 1502, Philip, Joanna and a large part of the Burgundian court travelled to Spain to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as heirs, a journey chronicled in intense detail by Antoon I van Lalaing (French: Antoine de Lalaing), the future Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Philip and the majority of the court returned to the Low Countries in the following year, leaving a pregnant Joanna behind in Madrid, where she gave birth to Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor.

Although Joanna was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and political insecurity, during which time he constantly attempted to usurp her legal birthrights of power. This led in great part to the rumors of her insanity due to reports of depressive or neurotic acts committed while she was being imprisoned or coerced by her husband, rumors that benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree she was merely clinically depressed at the time, not insane as commonly believed. Before her mother's death, in 1504, husband and wife were already living apart.

King of Castile[edit]

In 1504, Philip's mother-in-law, Queen Isabella of Castile, died, leaving the Crown of Castile to Joanna. Isabella I's widower and former co-monarch, King Ferdinand II, endeavored to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king.

Phillip and Joanna, triptych, 1505 or 1506

However, en route to Spain in January 1506, Philip and Joanna were caught in a tempest and shipwrecked off the Dorset coast, forcing them on shore near Melcombe Regis. The couple stayed as guests of Henry VII of England but were in fact hostages for the duration of their stay. To get released Philip was forced to sign a treaty with Henry VII–the so-called Malus Intercursus–which included a mutual defense pact, the extradition of rebels, including the Earl of Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, who as an exile was a guest of Philip in the Low Countries, and a trade agreement which allowed English merchants to import cloth duty-free into the Low Countries. After handing over Edmund, Philip and Joanna were allowed to leave England after a stay of six weeks.[28]

Philip and Joanna landed at Corunna on 28 April 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father- and son-in-law mediated under Cardinal Cisneros at Remesal, near Puebla de Sanabria, and at Renedo, the only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, who he said was imprisoned by her husband. In meetings between 20 and 27 June, mediated by Cardinal Cisneros, the senior churchman in Spain, Ferdinand accepted that his 'most beloved children' (Joanna and Philip) should take over control of Castile.[29]

The two kings then agreed that Joanna was neither fit nor inclined to rule 'considering her infirmities and sufferings, which for the sake of honour are not expressed' and further that if 'the said most serene Queen, either from her own choice or from being persuaded by other persons should attempt to meddle in the government both would prevent it'. It suited both her father and her husband that she be regarded as incapable.

Meeting of Philip and Ferdinand II of Aragon in Remesal on 20 June 1506

On 27 June 1506, the Treaty of Villafáfila was signed between Ferdinand and Philip, with Philip being proclaimed King of Castile by the Cortes of Valladolid. Yet on the same day Ferdinand drew up secret documents repudiating all the agreements on the grounds of coercion, claiming that he would never otherwise have signed treaties that did 'such enormous damage to the said most serene Queen, my daughter, and me'. Having left his options for the future open, he departed for Aragon.[30] Philip appointed García Laso de la Vega (diplomat and commander, Comendador Mayor de Léon under the Catholic Monarch, died 1512) as President of the Royal Council.[31]

Even before leaving the Low Countries, Philip had ordered the total suspension of inquisition activities. When he arrived in Spain, he proposed to the Cortes that the Inquisitor General should be deposed and the Council of Inquisition should be dissolved. His early death prevented the plan from materializing, but Ferdinand later reacted to this by splitting the Holy Tribunal, thus Castile and Aragon would each possess their own Inquisition organization.[32] The 4,000 landsknechte who followed him to Spain presumably helped to overcome the last opposition to the military reform started by Gonzalo de Cordoba and Gonzalo de Ayora.[33]

As Duke of Burgundy and King of Castile, Philip expanded the Habsburg postal system established by his father. In 1500, the centre of the system was transferred to Brussels by Franz von Taxis, whom Philip made his postmaster-general.[34][35] On January 18, 1505, Philip unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in Granada, Toledo, Blois, Paris and Lyon.[36]

His arrival introduced the Burgundian household model into Spain, although due to his early death, it had to wait until Charles V's reign to become a firmly established element of the Spanish court.[37][38]

After one month in La Coruña, he returned to Burgos and set about to appoint his men to strategic fortresses, the Royal Council as well as financial offices. He granted the Castle of Segovia and some other important fortresses to Don Juan Manuel (who was ironically Ferdinand's former servant, and had become Philip's favourite after the archbishop of Besançon died.[39][40]

He ran into financial troubles as parts of his army remained unpaid and he granted generous financial conditions to Ferdinand to hasten his departure.[41]

Patronage of the arts[edit]

Philip was an important patron of Hieronymus Bosch. In 1504, he commissioned Bosch to paint a large triptych of The Last Judgement. The work cannot be found now, but likely had some relation to the smaller triptych of the same subject in Vienna (painted by the same artist), as the face of the saint on the right outer wing seems to be that of Philip.[42]

Philip's chapel had some of the most distinguished musicians in Europe: Henry Bredemers, Pierre de La Rue, Alexander Agricola, Marbrianus de Orto and Antoine Divitis. Josquin Desprez sometimes composed for him as well. The contemporary Venetian ambassador wrote home: "Three things [here] are of the highest excellence: silk..., tapestry..., [and] music, which certainly can be said to be perfect."[43] Perhaps influenced by Maximilian, Philip actively supported instrumental music. There seemed to be a lend-lease arrangement of some kind between the courts of father and son, as the trombonist Augustine Schubinger worked for both Maximilian and Philip. Other outstanding wind players supported by Philip included Hans Nagel and Jan Van den Winckel.[44]

Philip realized the potential of the printing industry regarding its ability to disseminate information, but when it came to private taste, he had an aversion towards printed books and preferred manuscripts, especially musical manuscripts, which became popular diplomatic gifts under his reign. The chief musical scribe was the priest Martin Bourgeois. The court also employed other scribes and calligraphers. The grandees of the realm also adopted the taste of their sovereign.[45][46][47][48]

Philip was a patron to Desiderius Erasmus, who praised him for making peace with France and advised him that after God, a prince's duty was owed first to patria (the nation) and not to pater (father, in this case Maximilian).[49]

Death and aftermath[edit]

However, Philip died suddenly at Burgos, apparently of typhoid fever,[50] on 25 September 1506, although a poisoning (assassination) was widely spoken of at the time,[51] and is what his wife believed to be the cause of Philip's death. His wife supposedly refused to allow his body to be buried or part from it for a while. Philip I is entombed at the Royal Chapel of Granada (Capilla Real de Granada), alongside his wife, and her parents Isabella I and Ferdinand II.

In the aftermath, a delegation of the States General of the Netherlands was sent to Austria to offer the regency to Maximilian. The depressed emperor tried to evade them to their surprise. In 1507, he finally received them and decided that Philip's sister would become the governor. In April 1517, the States General welcomed the appointment of another native of the Netherlands.[52]

Legacy[edit]

Posthumous portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, frequently mistaken for a portrait of his father Maximilian I. The crown he was wearing was a royal crown, not an imperial crown. The style of the armour and the St. Andrew's Cross on the breastplate (added to his coat of arms after his marriage to Joanna of Castile) suggests that this was Philip I of Castile, the Handsome.[53]

Philip was a figure often eclipsed in history books by his parents, Mary and Maximilian, partly also by his tragic wife Joanna I, and even moreso by his son, Charles V. In his 2003 biography Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne (Philip the Handsome: the last Duke of Burgundy), Belgian historian Jean-Marie Cauchies writes that Philip, who died young, still at the beginning of his political ascendancy, was not yet an aspirant for universal monarchy like his son later, but remained above all the heir and continuator of the dukes of Burgundy. Surrounded by ambitious ministers with very divergent views, facing his father–the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, his parents-in-law–the Catholic monarches, and the king of France, his choices as a leader presented him as the "enfant terrible" of international European politics.[54]

Family[edit]

Children of Philip and Joanna

At the beginning of their marriage, Philip had genuine affection for Joanna. But his education, which was influenced by Franco-Burgundian traditions, contributed to a model of rulership "exclusively male", thus he never saw Joanna as his political equal and could not accept that she tried to forge her own political identity. Maximilian tried to reconcile the couple, telling Philip that he could only succeed as a ruler if husband and wife acted as "una cosa medesima" (one and the same), but despite Philip's efforts, Joanna would not cooperate in his power struggle against her own father. In the end, his controlling and manipulative behaviours, together with Ferdinand's ambitions and Joanna's depression, ruined the marriage and led to Joanna's personal tragedies.[55] Philip and Joanna of Castile had:

Ancestry[edit]

Titles[edit]

Coat of arms of Philip as an Archduke and Titular Duke of Burgundy
Coat of arms of Philip as Count Palatine of Burgundy
Coat of arms of Philip as King of Castile

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ German: Philipp, Spanish: Felipe, French: Philippe, Dutch: Filips

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bietenholz & Deutscher 1987, p. 229.
  2. ^ Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  3. ^ Terjanian, Pierre; Bayer, Andrea; Brandow, Adam B.; Demets, Lisa; Kirchhoff, Chassica; Krause, Stefan; Messling, Guido; Morrison, Elizabeth; Nogueira, Alison Manges; Pfaffenbichler, Matthias; Sandbichler, Veronika; Scheffer, Delia; Scholz, Peter; Sila, Roland; Silver, Larry; Spira, Freyda; Wlattnig, Robert; Wolf, Barbara; Zenz, Christina (2 October 2019). The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-674-7. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b The New Cambridge Modern History: 1713-63. The Old Regime. volume VII. CUP Archive. 1957. p. 234. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  5. ^ Tracy, James D. (14 November 2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-521-81431-7. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  6. ^ Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  7. ^ Arblaster, Paul (13 June 2012). A History of the Low Countries. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-137-29444-9. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  8. ^ Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-313-30588-7. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  9. ^ Lerner, Edward R. (1975). "Review. Reviewed Work(s): The Emperor Maximilian I and Music by Louise Cuyler". The Musical Quarterly. 61 (1): 139. JSTOR 741689. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  10. ^ Doorslaer, Dr Georges Van (1934). La Chapelle musicale de Philippe le Beau. [Signé] (in French). publisher unknown. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  11. ^ Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (1 January 2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. University of Toronto Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  12. ^ Wijsman, Hanno; Wijsman, Henri Willem; Kelders, Ann; Sutch, Susie Speakman (2010). Books in Transition at the Time of Philip the Fair: Manuscripts and Printed Books in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Low Countries. Brepols. p. 31. ISBN 978-2-503-52984-4. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  13. ^ Darby, Graham (2 September 2003). The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-134-52483-9. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  14. ^ Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  15. ^ Arblaster, Paul (26 October 2018). A History of the Low Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-350-30714-8. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  16. ^ Carson, Patricia (1969). The Fair Face of Flanders. Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 120. ISBN 9789020943856. Retrieved 25 October 2021. "He could reconcile the centralisation so harshly imposed under Charles the Bold, with the regionalism of the Great Privilege. He could soften the harsh demands of both and give in to neither. He reconscructed the Parliament of Mechelen, under the name of the Great Council, reclaimed the royal domains, and above all, insist on peace. In spite of his father, Philip managed to placate Charles VIII of France, and to re-tie the commercial knots with England in the Magnus Intercursus which released Anglo—Flemish trade from many of its crippling regulations."
  17. ^ (Carson 1969, p. 120) "But all this was too good to last. The probability that Philip would one day inherit the Habsbutg lands from his father had been disregarded by the Low Countries. [...] in 1504, Philip took the title of king of Spain. This was an ominous moment for the Low Countries. As the bells tolled for one Spanish Infant after another, so sounded the death knell of an independent, united Netherlands."
  18. ^ Krahn, Cornelius (6 December 2012). Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600). Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-94-015-0609-0. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  19. ^ Gunn, Steven; Grummitt, David; Cools, Hans (15 November 2007). War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559. OUP Oxford. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-920750-3. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  20. ^ Edmundson, George (21 September 2018). History of Holland. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-7340-5543-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  21. ^ Blok, Petrus Johannes (1970). History of the People of the Netherlands: From the beginning of the fifteenth century to 1559. AMS Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-0-404-00900-7. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  22. ^ Stein, Robert; Pollmann, Judith (2010). Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300-1650. BRILL. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-04-18024-6. Retrieved 8 November 2021. The devotion of the Seven Sorrows very cleverly played upon the popular sentiments of war-weariness and Burgundian patriotism by encouraging worshippers to fuse the image of the Virgin Mary mourning for her only son with that of the late duchess Mary of Burgundy.
  23. ^ (Stein & Pollmann 2010, p. 139) In a vernacular privilege issued in 1511 by Maximilian and his grandson Charles to the confraternity of the Seven Sorrows in Brussels it was related: 'How during the tribulation and discord that came to our Low Countries soon after the decease of...lady Mary of Burgundy...the devout confraternity of the Seven Sorrows of Our Blessed Lady the mother of God sprang up and arose, to which many good people immediately adhered in protection of us, Maximilian, of our children and for the common welfare of our territories; and they had such a devotion for it that...by virtue of the aforementioned mother of God.. .were ended all the afore mentioned tribulations and discord and were united our subjects in good obedience and concord.'
  24. ^ Hodnet, Andrew Arthur (2018). The Othering of the Landsknechte. North Carolina State University. p. 81. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  25. ^ Fleming, Gillian B. (2018). Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 9783319743479. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  26. ^ Sicking 2004, p. 315.
  27. ^ Hutchinson 2011, p. 269.
  28. ^ Penn, Thomas (2011). Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England. London: Allen Lane. pp. 213–226. ISBN 9781439191569.
  29. ^ Elliott, John (1977). Imperial Spain. ISBN 9780452006140.
  30. ^ Heath, Richard (2018). Charles V: Duty and Dynasty. The Emperor and his Changing World 1500-1558. p. 17. ISBN 9781725852785.
  31. ^ Boase, Roger (6 June 2017). Secrets of Pinar's Game (2 vols): Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain. BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-04-33836-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  32. ^ Prudlo, Donald S. (27 March 2019). A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions. BRILL. p. 201. ISBN 978-90-04-39387-5. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  33. ^ Delbr_ck, Hans (1 January 1990). The Dawn of Modern Warfare. U of Nebraska Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8032-6586-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  34. ^ Knox, Paul (24 August 2014). Atlas of Cities. Princeton University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-691-15781-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  35. ^ Hamelink, Cees J. (1 December 2014). Global Communication. SAGE. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4739-1159-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  36. ^ Brisman, Shira (20 January 2017). Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-35489-7. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  37. ^ The Connecticut Nutmegger. Connecticut Society of Genealogists. 1986. p. 5. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  38. ^ Martínez Millán, José (2013). "The Triumph of the Burgundian Household in the Monarchy of Spain. From Philip the Handsome (1502) to Ferdinand VI (1759)". In Paravicini, Werner; Hiltmann, Torsten; Viltart, Frank (eds.). La cour de Bourgogne et l'Europe. Le rayonnement et les limites d'un mode'le culturel (PDF). Jan Thorbecke Verlag. pp. 745–771. ISBN 978-3-7995-7464-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  39. ^ Palos, Joan-Lluis; Sanchez, Magdalena S. (15 May 2017). Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer. Taylor & Francis. pp. 106, 107. ISBN 978-1-317-20044-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  40. ^ Loades, David (2009). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Amberley Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84868-335-8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  41. ^ Boase, Roger (6 June 2017). Secrets of Pinar's Game (2 vols): Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Fifteenth-Century Spain. BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-04-33836-4. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  42. ^ Büttner, Nils (15 June 2016). Hieronymus Bosch: Visions and Nightmares. Reaktion Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78023-614-8. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  43. ^ Fenlon, Iain (15 February 1990). The Renaissance: From the 1470s to the end of the 16th century. Springer. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-349-20536-3. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  44. ^ Polk, Keith (January 2019). "Scribes, Patrons, Performers, and Spies: Petrus Alamire and the Instrumentalist Network in Renaissance Flanders". Journal of the Alamire Foundation. 11 (1–2): 130. doi:10.1484/J.JAF.5.118995. S2CID 212851431.
  45. ^ Weduwen, Arthur der; Pettegree, Andrew (14 October 2021). The Library: A Fragile History. Profile Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-78816-344-6. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  46. ^ Adam, Renaud; Imprimeurs en Brabant et en Flandre au temps de Philippe le Beau; Wijsman, Hanno (2010). [273–285 Books in Transition at the Time of Philip the Fair. Manuscripts and Printed Books in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Low Countries]. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 9782503529844. Retrieved 22 December 2021. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  47. ^ Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8122-1382-9. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  48. ^ Fenlon 1990, pp. 221, 223.
  49. ^ Tracy, James D. (1 January 1996). Erasmus of the Low Countries. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-08745-3. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  50. ^ Campbell 2016, p. 184.
  51. ^ Winder 2014, p. 68.
  52. ^ Koenigsberger, H. G. (22 November 2001). Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-521-80330-4. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  53. ^ "Philip der Schöne (1478-1506)". www.khm.at (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  54. ^ Cauchies, Jean-Marie (2003). Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne (in French). Brepols. pp. 55–128. ISBN 978-2-503-51226-6.
  55. ^ Fleming 2018, pp. 24, 28, 65, 90.
  56. ^ Ingrao 2000, p. 4.
  57. ^ a b Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Maximilian I. (emperor)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  58. ^ a b c d Poupardin, René (1911). "Charles, called The Bold duke of Burgundy" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  59. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frederick III., Roman Emperor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  60. ^ Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 191. ISBN 0-929700-25-2.
  61. ^ a b Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 139. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  62. ^ a b Kiening, Christian (1994). "Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)". Médiévales (in French). 13 (27): 15–24. doi:10.3406/medi.1994.1307.

Sources[edit]

  • Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas B. (1987). Contemporaries of Erasmus. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2575-3.
  • Campbell, Anna (2016). "Colette of Corbie: Cult and Canonization". In Mueller, Joan; Warren, Nancy Bradley (eds.). A Companion to Colette of Corbie. Vol. 66. Brill.
  • Cauchies, Jean-Marie (2003). Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Hutchinson, Robert (2011). Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII. St. Martin's Press.
  • Ingrao, Charles W. (2000). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Sicking, L H J (2004). Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance. Brill.
  • Winder, Simon (2014). Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Philip I of Castile
Born: 22 February 1478 Died: 25 September 1506
Regnal titles
Preceded byas sole monarch King of Castile and Leon
1506
with Joanna 		Succeeded byas sole monarch
Preceded by Duke of Brabant,
Limburg, Lothier and Duke of Luxemburg
Margrave of Namur
Count of Artois, Flanders,
Charolais, Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland;
Count Palatine of Burgundy
1482–1506 		Succeeded by
Duke of Guelders;
Count of Zutphen
1482–1492 		Succeeded by
source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220130162117/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile

Leave a Reply