At the start of the 19th century, the leading newspaper was the Morning Post, which sold around 4,000 copies per day, twice the sales of its nearest rival. As production methods improved, print runs increased, and newspapers were sold at lower prices. By 1828, the Morning Herald was selling the most copies, but it was soon overtaken by The Times.[1]
Pubs would typically take in one or two papers for their customers to read, and through this method, by the 1850s the newspaper of the licensed trade,[clarification needed] the Morning Advertiser, had the second highest circulation. Sales of The Times were around 40,000,[2] and it had around 80% of the entire daily newspaper market,[3] but Sunday papers were more popular, some boasting sales of more than 100,000.[2] Later in the century, the Daily News came to prominence, selling 150,000 copies a day in the 1870s,[1] while by 1890, The Daily Telegraph had a circulation of 300,000. Sunday newspaper sales also grew rapidly, with Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper being the first to sell one million copies an issue.[2]
The press was changed by the introduction of halfpenny papers. The first national halfpenny paper was the Daily Mail[1] (followed by the Daily Express and the Daily Mirror), which became the first weekday paper to sell one million copies around 1911. Circulation continued to increase, reaching a peak in the mid-1950s;[2] sales of the News of the World reached a peak of more than eight million in 1950.[4] Since the 1950s, there has been a gradual decline in newspaper sales.[2] The availability of multimedia news platforms has accelerated this decline in the 21st century, and by the close of 2014, no UK newspaper had a daily circulation exceeding two million.[5][6] The overall circulation of newspapers declined by 6.6% in 2014–15.[7]
Contents
Daily newspapers[edit]
2010 to present[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies per day in January 2012 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 2016[8] | 2015[9] | 2014[10] | 2013[11] | 2012[12] | 2011[13] | 2010[14][15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Sun | 1,787,096 | 1,978,702 | 2,213,659 | 2,409,811 | 2,582,301 | 3,001,822 | 3,006,565 |
Daily Mail | 1,589,471 | 1,688,727 | 1,780,565 | 1,863,151 | 1,945,496 | 2,136,568 | 2,120,347 |
Metro | 1,348,033 | ? | 1,362,893[16] | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Evening Standard | 898,407 | 877,532[17] | 805,309[18] | 695,645[19] | 699,368[20] | 704,008[21] | 601,960[22] |
Daily Mirror | 809,147 | 922,235 | 992,256 | 1,058,488 | 1,102,810 | 1,194,097 | 1,218,425 |
Daily Telegraph | 472,033 | 494,675 | 544,546 | 555,817 | 578,774 | 651,184 | 691,128 |
Daily Star | 470,369 | 425,246 | 489,067 | 535,957 | 617,082 | 734,311 | 779,376 |
Daily Express | 408,700 | 457,914 | 500,473 | 529,648 | 577,543 | 639,875 | 674,640 |
The Times | 404,155 | 396,621 | 384,304 | 399,339 | 397,549 | 457,250 | 508,250 |
i | 271,859 | 280,351 | 298,266 | 293,946 | 264,432 | 133,472 | N/A |
Financial Times | 198,237 | 219,444 | 234,193 | 275,375 | 316,493 | 383,067 | 390,315 |
Daily Record | 176,892 | 203,725 | 227,639 | 251,535 | 291,825 | 306,872 | 323,831 |
The Guardian | 164,163 | 185,429 | 207,958 | 204,440 | 215,988 | 279,308 | 302,285 |
City A.M. | 97,259 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
The Independent | 55,193 | 61,338 | 66,576 | 76,802 | 105,160 | 185,035 | 185,815 |
The New Day | 40,000[23] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
2000–2009[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies per day in January 2009 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 2009[24][25] | 2008[26] | 2007[27] | 2006[28] | 2005[28] | 2004[29] | 2003[30] | 2002[31] | 2001 | 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Sun | 3,146,006 | 3,209,766 | 3,217,844 | 3,319,337 | 3,382,509 | 3,410,701 | 3,578,506 | 3,502,923 | 3,636,561[32] | 3,557,336[32] |
Daily Mail | 2,200,398 | 2,313,908 | 2,354,028 | 2,389,011 | 2,409,121 | 2,485,210 | 2,518,544 | 2,489,264 | 2,479,768[33] | 2,353,915[33] |
Daily Mirror | 1,366,891 | 1,512,599 | 1,621,000 | 1,727,672 | 1,748,327 | 1,919,125 | 2,071,059 | 2,164,576 | 2,149,422[34] | 2,270,543[34] |
Daily Telegraph | 783,210 | 890,086 | 911,454 | 917,943 | 920,745 | 914,981 | 946,697 | 1,013,653 | 1,022,263[35] | 1,039,749[35] |
Daily Star | 768,534 | 722,969 | 773,637 | 820,070 | 861,825 | 901,879 | 835,343 | 706,554 | 543,807[36] | 502,647[36] |
Daily Express | 736,340 | 752,699 | 771,325 | 849,001 | 949,238 | 956,649 | 983,391 | 991,560 | 979,042[37] | 1,050,846[37] |
The Times | 617,483 | 633,718 | 670,054 | 685,081 | 686,327 | 660,713 | 671,340 | 711,295 | 734,220[38] | 726,349[38] |
Financial Times | 426,676 | 452,448 | 439,104 | 441,840 | 422,519 | 422,543 | 431,875 | 475,475 | 478,161[39] | 435,478[39] |
The Guardian | 358,844 | 378,394 | 384,070 | 394,913 | 376,816 | 383,157 | 409,568 | 411,386 | 410,152[40] | 401,560[40] |
Daily Record | 354,302[41] | 393,788[41] | 418,628 | 451,932 | 471,708 | 503,077 | 520,540 | 584,290 | 603,914[42] | 626,646[42] |
Evening Standard | 237,403[43] | 294,823 | 276,562 | 337,080 | 350,671 | 395,090[44] | 424,177[44] | 410,104[44] | 432,661[44] | 440,287[44] |
The Independent | 215,504 | 250,641 | 263,503 | 258,387 | 257,100 | 248,876 | 221,926 | 224,655 | 223,645[45] | 222,106[45] |
1950–1999[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 1997[46] | 1992[47] | 1987[48] | 1980[49] | 1976[48] | 1966[49] | 1961[48] | 1956[50] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Sun | 3,877,097 | 3,570,562 | 3,993,000 | 3,741,000 | 3,708,000 | 1,238,000 | N/A | N/A |
Daily Mirror | 2,442,078 | 2,900,000[51] | 3,123,000 | 3,625,000 | 3,851,000 | 5,123,000 | 4,561,000 | 4,649,696 |
Daily Mail | 2,344,183 | 1,675,453 | 1,759,000 | 1,948,000 | 1,755,000 | 2,318,000 | 2,610,000 | 2,071,708 |
Daily Express | 1,241,336 | 1,524,786 | 1,697,000 | 2,194,000 | 2,594,000 | 3,978,000 | 4,328,000 | 4,042,334 |
Daily Telegraph | 1,129,777 | 1,038,138 | 1,147,000 | 1,439,000 | 1,308,000 | 1,353,000 | 1,248,000 | 1,075,460 |
The Times | 821,000 | 386,258 | 442,000 | 297,000 | 310,000 | 282,000 | 253,000 | 220,716 |
Daily Star | 729,991 | 805,793 | 1,289,000 | 1,034,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Record | 703,090 | 755,026[52] | 732,000 | |||||
The Guardian | 428,010 | 429,062 | 494,000 | 377,000 | 306,000 | 281,000 | 245,000 | 163,585 |
Financial Times | 326,516 | 290,204 | 280,000 | 197,000 | 174,000 | 152,000 | 132,000 | 80,518 |
The Independent | 288,182 | 389,523 | 293,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Press and Journal | 105,076[53] | |||||||
Glasgow Herald | 104,844[52] | 121,297[52] | ||||||
Today | N/A | 533,177 | 350,000[54] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Herald | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,394,000 | 1,693,997 |
Daily Sketch | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 857,000 | 981,000 | 1,123,855 |
Daily Worker | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 60,000 | |
News Chronicle | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,442,438 |
Before 1950[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures from after 1931 originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations;those from 1852 and 1838 originate from stamp duty returns. Those from 1910, 1921 and 1930 are the most uncertain and rely on information originating from T. B. Browne's Advertiser's ABC.
Title | 1947[48] | 1939[55] | 1930[55] | 1921[55] | 1910[56] | 1863[57] | 1852[58] | 1838[59] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily Express | 3,855,000 | 2,546,000 | 1,693,000 | 579,000 | 400,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Mirror | 3,702,000 | 1,571,000 | 1,071,000 | 1,003,000 | 630,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Herald | 2,134,000 | 1,850,000 | 1,082,000 | 211,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Mail | 2,076,000 | 1,533,000 | 1,845,000 | 1,533,000 | 900,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
News Chronicle | 1,623,000 | 1,571,000 | 1,400,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily Telegraph | 1,015,000 | 737,000 | 90,000 | 180,000 | 230,000 | 120,000 | N/A | N/A |
Daily Sketch | 772,000 | 750,000 | 1,013,000 | 835,000 | 750,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
The Times | 268,000 | 204,000 | 187,000 | 113,000 | 45,000 | 40,000 | 42,384 | 11,660 |
Manchester Guardian | 126,000 | 51,000[56] | 47,000[56] | 40,000 | 3,173 | |||
Daily Worker | 118,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Financial Times | 71,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Morning Advertiser | 30,000[60] | 20,000 | 7,124 | 5,000 | ||||
Daily Chronicle | N/A | N/A | N/A | 661,000 | 800,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daily News | N/A | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | 5,000 | 3,938 | N/A | |
Morning Post | N/A | N/A | 119,000[56] | 50,000 | 2,673 | 2,800 | ||
Morning Star | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 20,000 | N/A | N/A |
Morning Herald | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,000 | 4,112 | 6,150 |
North British Daily Advertiser | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,458 | ||
Morning Chronicle | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,283 | 6,630 |
Sunday newspapers[edit]
2010 to present[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies in January 2010 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 2016[8] | 2015[9] | 2014[61] | 2013[11] | 2012[62] | 2011[13] | 2010[14][15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Sun on Sunday | 1,487,301 | 1,582,359 | 1,800,830 | 2,010,826 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
The Mail on Sunday | 1,388,059 | 1,461,571 | 1,586,979 | 1,715,707 | 1,882,469 | 1,958,083 | 2,048,008 |
The Sunday Times | 770,370 | 801,623 | 817,642 | 885,612 | 939,395 | 1,039,371 | 1,144,929 |
Sunday Mirror | 749,061 | 877,910 | 948,754 | 1,039,150 | 1,594,293 | 1,092,816 | 1,124,620 |
Sunday Express | 369,666 | 397,601 | 430,601 | 471,625 | 567,800 | 550,269 | 585,023 |
The Sunday Telegraph | 355,044 | 381,347 | 429,285 | 435,036 | 461,280 | 527,742 | 602,306 |
Daily Star Sunday | 299,146 | 265,382 | 310,063 | 345,885 | 599,078 | 316,712 | 358,814 |
The People | 279,837 | 335,093 | 374,820 | 429,167 | 701,246 | 500,866 | 532,975 |
Sunday Mail | 195,167 | 222,879 | 256,052 | 283,861 | 376,898 | 366,325 | 395,126 |
The Observer | 183,210 | 198,368 | 225,474 | 225,194 | 253,022 | 314,164 | 354,565 |
Sunday Post | 163,037 | 187,260 | TBA | 242,555 | 291,623 | 317,896 | 337,398 |
Independent on Sunday | 91,644 | 97,646 | 101,284 | 114,308 | 124,428 | 152,561 | 153,975 |
News of the World | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,789,560 | 2,984,469 |
2000–2009[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies in January 2009 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 2009[25][63] | 2008[27] | 2007[27] | 2006[28] | 2005[28] | 2004[64] | 2003[65] | 2002[66] | 2001 | 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
News of the World | 3,031,025 | 3,264,676 | 3,426,719 | 3,789,176 | 3,823,317 | 3,845,373 | 3,971,998 | 4,086,621 | 4,026,288[67] | 4,139,793[67] |
The Mail on Sunday | 2,134,809 | 2,330,366 | 2,303,472 | 2,404,511 | 2,446,465 | 2,364,156 | 2,388,416 | 2,342,860 | 2,373,007[68] | 2,323,720[68] |
Sunday Mirror | 1,244,007 | 1,366,922 | 1,460,928 | 1,574,054 | 1,652,375 | 1,674,454 | 1,724,940 | 1,845,860 | 1,831,572[69] | 2,008,961[69] |
The Sunday Times | 1,198,984 | 1,231,374 | 1,288,421 | 1,375,153 | 1,375,982 | 1,370,051 | 1,410,539 | 1,405,430 | 1,416,080[70] | 1,373,900[70] |
Sunday Express | 646,971 | 704,436 | 790,068 | 877,101 | 976,055 | 930,001 | 976,346 | 834,999 | 879,622[71] | 974,310[71] |
The Sunday Telegraph | 633,639 | 659,841 | 682,739 | 692,107 | 695,522 | 751,038 | 784,069 | 796,840[72] | 822,931[72] | |
The People | 594,552 | 669,362 | 761,595 | 895,275 | 1,001,389 | 1,055,810 | 1,189,812 | 1,389,778 | 1,489,260[73] | 1,613,113[73] |
Daily Star Sunday | 359,533 | 382,288 | 378,224 | 439,067 | 459,933 | 556,743 | 510,995 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Sunday Mail | 442,103[41] | 487,975 | 514,287 | 547,405 | 585,657 | 605,743 | 628,742 | 692,366 | 708,484[74] | 751,084[74] |
The Observer | 427,867 | 444,951 | 444,186 | 542,075 | 446,818 | 459,804 | 465,984 | 449,806 | 440,090[75] | 416,460[75] |
Sunday Post | 366,275[41] | 412,037 | 437,224 | 451,530[76] | 481,767[76] | 514,181[76] | 547,256[76] | 581,218[76] | 612,562[76] | 655,634[76] |
Independent on Sunday | 178,798 | 236,500 | 247,829 | 241,414 | 206,527 | 206,087 | 220,028 | 231,869 | 250,462[77] | 248,630[77] |
Sunday Business | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 204,910[78] | 306,683 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
20th century[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 1997[46] | 1987[48] | 1980[49] | 1976[48] | 1966[49] | 1961[48] | 1956[50] | 1947[48] | 1935[79] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
News of the World | 4,620,415 | 5,360,000 | 4,335,000 | 5,138,000 | 6,152,000 | 6,643,000 | 7,493,463 | 7,890,000 | 3,350,000 |
Sunday Mirror | 2,424,000 | 2,953,000 | 3,831,000 | 4,101,000 | 5,219,000 | 5,306,000 | 5,624,010 | 4,006,000 | 2,250,000 |
The Mail on Sunday | 2,322,423 | 1,919,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
The People | 2,001,978 | 2,743,000 | 3,847,000 | 4,094,000 | 5,560,000 | 5,450,000 | 4,948,215 | 4,670,000 | 3,000,000 |
The Sunday Times | 1,449,113 | 1,314,000 | 1,424,000 | 1,382,000 | 1,363,000 | 967,000 | 618,540 | 568,000 | 215,000 |
Sunday Express | 1,261,690 | 2,033,000 | 3,045,000 | 3,451,000 | 4,181,000 | 4,457,000 | 3,331,127 | 2,577,000 | 1,096,000 |
The Sunday Telegraph | 983,253 | 693,000 | 1,017,000 | 759,000 | 650,000 | 688,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Sunday Mail | 818,081[53] | 567,728[60] | 250,000 | ||||||
Sunday Post | 791,100[53] | 312,000 | |||||||
The Observer | 498,086 | 722,000 | 973,000 | 670,000 | 881,000 | 715,000 | 601,042 | 384,000 | 215,000 |
Independent on Sunday | 311,321 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Scotland on Sunday | 113,516[53] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Reynolds News | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 216,000 | 310,000 | 516,445 | 720,000 | 400,000 |
Sunday Dispatch | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,420,159 | 2,061,000 | 936,000 |
Sunday Graphic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,420,159 | 1,185,000 | 900,000 |
Empire News | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,550,308 | 2,033,177[60] | 1,535,000 |
Sunday Chronicle | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,178,000 | 830,000 |
Sunday Referee | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 215,000 |
19th century[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from stamp duty returns.
Title | 1863[57] | 1853[58] | 1838[59] |
---|---|---|---|
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper | 500,000 | N/A | N/A |
Weekly Times | 200,000 | 65,420 | N/A |
News of the World | 150,000 | 69,296 | N/A |
Reynold's Weekly | 100,000 | 30,035 | N/A |
Illustrated London News | 82,331 | N/A | |
Weekly Dispatch | 35,420 | 51,570 | |
Bell's Life in London | 27,200 | 20,000 | |
Sunday Times | 8,500 | 13,365 | |
Weekly Chronicle | N/A | N/A | 32,327 |
Bell's Weekly Messenger | N/A | N/A | 17,274 |
Regional newspapers[edit]
Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
Title | 2011[80] | 1994[81] | 1980[49] | 1956[50] | 1948[82] | 1945[81] | 1939[82] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Express & Star (Wolverhampton) | 113,174 | 217,000 | 149,000 | ||||
Manchester Evening News | 90,973 | 214,000 | 331,000 | 250,000 | |||
Liverpool Echo | 85,463 | 173,000 | 236,000 | 284,000 | |||
Shropshire Star | 55,606 | 97,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Newcastle Evening Chronicle | 52,486 | 121,000 | 190,000 | ||||
Glasgow Evening Times | 52,400 | 148,000 | 295,515 | 293,000 | |||
Leicester Mercury | 51,150 | 122,000 | 100,000 | ||||
The Sentinel (Staffordshire) | 50,792 | 99,000 | 72,000 | ||||
Evening Express (Aberdeen) | 47,849 | 70,000 | 114,700 | 67,000 | 104,322 | ||
Birmingham Mail | 47,217 | 200,000 | 296,259 | 200,000 | |||
The Irish News | 43,647 | ||||||
Hull Daily Mail | 43,523 | 94,000 | 95,000 | ||||
Eastern Daily Press (Norfolk) | 42,632 | ||||||
The News (Portsmouth) | 41,442 | 80,000 | 81,000 | ||||
Evening Gazette (Teesside) | 40,546 | 70,000 | 69,000 | ||||
South Wales Evening Post (Swansea) | 40,149 | 70,000 | 47,000 | ||||
Edinburgh Evening News | 39,947 | 92,000 | 129,000 | ||||
Yorkshire Post | 39,698 | 151,524 | 79,912 | ||||
Bristol Evening Post | 38,344 | 93,000 | 110,000 | 109,000 | |||
The Star (Sheffield) | 37,255 | 105,000 | 156,000 | ||||
Yorkshire Evening Post | 36,512 | 114,000 | 250,877 | 204,000 | 185,519 | ||
Nottingham Post | 35,361 | 113,000 | 90,000 | ||||
Coventry Telegraph | 34,359 | 85,000 | 50,000 | ||||
Sunderland Echo | 32,771 | 62,000 | 57,000 | ||||
South Wales Echo (Cardiff) | 32,754 | 82,000 | 132,000 | ||||
Derby Telegraph | 32,356 | 67,000 | 46,000 | ||||
Southern Daily Echo (Southampton) | 31,964 | 64,000 | 60,000 | ||||
Echo (Southend) | 30,108 | 55,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
The Argus (Brighton) | 29,949 | 68,000 | 42,000 | ||||
The Herald (Plymouth) | 29,709 | 58,000 | 62,000 | ||||
Bournemouth Daily Echo | 26,818 | 50,000 | 45,000 | ||||
Telegraph & Argus (Bradford) | 26,766 | 63,000 | 103,000 | ||||
The Press (York) | 25,989 | 50,000 | 44,000 | ||||
Lancashire Evening Post | 23,183 | 68,000 | 88,000 | ||||
Bolton News | 21,940 | 46,000 | 65,000 | ||||
Evening Standard (London) | 662,608 | 780,820 | 384,419 | ||||
Evening News (London) | N/A | N/A | 1,121,195 | 1,652,646 | 837,638 | ||
Liverpool Post | N/A | N/A | N/A | 382,169 | 236,986 | ||
The Star (London) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 926,884 | 1,081,812 | 488,419 | |
Manchester Evening Chronicle | N/A | N/A | N/A | 224,000 | |||
Glasgow Evening Citizen | N/A | N/A | N/A | 144,000 | |||
Birmingham Evening Despatch | N/A | N/A | N/A | 138,000 | |||
Yorkshire Evening News | N/A | N/A | N/A | 122,000 | |||
Glasgow Evening News | N/A | N/A | N/A | 99,000 | |||
Liverpool Evening Express | N/A | N/A | N/A | 89,000 | |||
St Helens Reporter | 27,000 | 23,000 | 22,000 | 60,000 |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: Volume XIV - The Victorian Age, Part Two
- ^ a b c d e John B. Thomson, Ideology and Modern Culture
- ^ Robert L. Bishop, "The Decline of National Newspapers in the UK", International Communication Gazette 1983: 31, p.206
- ^ "Sundays get a roasting]". Press Gazette. 11 May 2001.
- ^ "UK newspaper readership falls twice as fast as circulation", 28 August 2014
- ^ "The Sun slips below 2m daily sale for the first time in 43 years", The Guardian, 7 November 2014
- ^ http://www.mediareform.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Who_owns_the_UK_media-report_plus_appendix.pdf
- ^ a b "National press print ABCs for January: Mirror losing ground against cut-price Star ahead of new launch", Press Gazette, 18 February 2016
- ^ a b "ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation January 2015", Press Gazette, 06 February 2015
- ^ "ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation January 2014", The Guardian, 14 February 2014
- ^ a b "UK national newspaper sales: Relatively strong performances from Sun and Mirror", Press Gazette, 8 February 2013
- ^ "First official figures give The Sun Sunday 3.2m circ", Press Gazette, 9 March 2012
- ^ a b Oliver Luft, "ABC: i debuts with daily circulation of 133,472 in January", Press Gazette, 11 February 2011
- ^ a b "ABCs: Sun back over 3m but Star is only climber", Press Gazette, 12 February 2010
- ^ a b Oliver Luft, "ABC: Telegraph drops below 700,000", Press Gazette, 12 February 2010
- ^ http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/19154156.pdf
- ^ "Regional Publications Certificate of Circulation: London Evening Standard: January 2015", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ "Regional Publications Certificate of Circulation: London Evening Standard: January 2014", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ "Regional Publications Certificate of Circulation: London Evening Standard: January 2013", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ "Regional Publications Certificate of Circulation: London Evening Standard: January 2012", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ "London Evening Standard Certificate of Circulation", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ Daily Paid & Free, Newspaper Society
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/05/04/trinity-mirror-to-close-the-new-day-just-10-weeks-after-launchin/
- ^ Paul McNally, "January ABCs: Daily Star is lone riser after price cut", Press Gazette, 6 February 2009
- ^ a b Oliver Luft, "ABC bulks probe: National sales figures revised", Press Gazette, 14 August 2009
- ^ "January ABCs: Sun sales back above three million", Press Gazette, 8 February 2008
- ^ a b c "Multi Platform Monthly Report: January 2008", Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b c d Dominic Ponsford, "January ABCs: Observer up 21 per cent following relaunch to 542,000 sales", Press Gazette, 17 February 2006
- ^ "National daily newspaper circulations: January 2004", Media Guardian
- ^ "National daily newspaper circulations: January 2003", Media Guardian, 12 February 2003
- ^ "National daily newspaper circulations: January 2002", Media Guardian, 11 February 2002
- ^ a b The Sun, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Daily Mail, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Daily Mirror, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Daily Telegraph, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Daily Star, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Daily Express, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Times, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Financial Times, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Guardian, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b c d Owen Amos, "January ABCs: Scotland's best performance is 9.3% fall", Press Gazette, 6 February 2009
- ^ a b Daily Record, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ Dominic Ponsford, "January ABCs: Standard losing sales at rate of 14.5%", Press Gazette, 6 February 2009
- ^ a b c d e Evening Standard, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Independent, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b John Frain, Introduction to Marketing, p.372
- ^ Ivor Crewe, Brian Gosschalk, Political Communications, p.172
- ^ a b c d e f g h Justin Fisher, D. T. Denver and John Benyon, Central Debates in British Politics, p.197
- ^ a b c d e United Newspapers PLC and Fleet Holdings PLC, Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1985), pp.5–16
- ^ a b c Tony Shaw, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media, p.197
- ^ Crewe and Gosschalk give a figure of 3,660,756 for the Mirror and Record combined. This is an approximate figure found by subtracting the Record circulation given by Seawright and rounding to the nearest 100,000.
- ^ a b c David Seawright, An Important Matter of Principle, p.183
- ^ a b c d D. T. Denver, Hugh Bochel, Scotland decides, p.79
- ^ Andreas H. Jucker, Social Stylistics, p.47
- ^ a b c James Curran et al., Impacts and Influences, p.29
- ^ a b c d British Political Facts 1900-1968, p.284
- ^ a b Samuel Rhoads and Enoch Lewis, Friends' Review, p.603
- ^ a b William Turner Coggeshall, The Newspaper Record, pp.87–89. Figures for newspapers published outside London are calculated from annual sales assuming 312 issues per year.
- ^ a b The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Difussion of Useful Knowledge, pp.195
- ^ a b c Viscount Camrose, British Newspapers and their Controllers
- ^ "ABCs: National Sunday newspaper circulation January 2014", The Guardian, 14 February 2014
- ^ http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=48913&c=1
- ^ Owen Amos, "January ABCs: Sindy slumps 25% with drops all round", Press Gazette, 6 February 2009
- ^ "National Sunday newspaper circulations: January 2004", Media Guardian
- ^ "National Sunday newspaper circulation January 2003", Media Guardian, 12 February 2003
- ^ "National newspaper circulation: Sundays: January 2002", Media Guardian, 11 February 2002
- ^ a b News of the World, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Mail on Sunday, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Sunday Mirror, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Sunday Times, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Sunday Express, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Sunday Telegraph, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The People, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b Sunday Mail, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b The Observer, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ a b c d e f g Sunday Post, Audit Bureau of Circulations. Note that circulation figures for the Sunday Post before October 2006 were given biannually; the figure given is that for the first half of the year in each case.
- ^ a b Independent on Sunday, Audit Bureau of Circulations
- ^ "National Sunday newspaper circulation January 2005, Media Guardian
- ^ The Political Quarterly 1935, pp.112–113
- ^ Andrew Pugh, "Regional ABCs: circulation falls on 83 of 86 dailies", Press Gazette, 31 August 2011
- ^ a b Colin Seymour-Ure, The British Press and Broadcasting since 1945, pp.274-276
- ^ a b ABC Net Sales 1939-1948