Murray Gell-Mann (/ˈmʌri ˈɡɛl ˈmæn/; born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. He is the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.[1] Gell-Mann has spent several periods at CERN, among others as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1972.[2]
He introduced, independently of George Zweig, the quark—constituents of all hadrons—having first identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of hadrons. This symmetry is now understood to underlie the light quarks, extending isospin to include strangeness, a quantum number which he also discovered.
He developed the V−A theory of the weak interaction in collaboration with Richard Feynman. In the 1960s, he introduced current algebra as a method of systematically exploiting symmetries to extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of reliable dynamical theory. This method led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment and provided starting points underpinning the development of the standard theory of elementary particles.
Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions. Modifying the integer-charged quark model of Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu, Harald Fritzsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics, although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom. In 1969 he received the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.[3]
Gell-Mann is responsible, together with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky, and independently of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanovic, Sheldon Lee Glashow, and Tsutomu Yanagida, for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the large scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino. He is also known to have played a large role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s and early 1980s, supporting that line of research at a time when it was unpopular.
Gell-Mann is a proponent of the consistent histories approach to understanding quantum mechanics.
Contents
Early life and education[edit]
Gell-Mann was born in lower Manhattan into a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[4][5] His parents were Pauline (née Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gell-Mann, who taught English as a Second Language (ESL).[6]
Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature and mathematics, he graduated valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School and subsequently entered Yale at the age of 15 as a member of Jonathan Edwards College. At Yale, he participated in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Henry O. Pollak) that won the second prize in 1947. Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Yale in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT in 1951. His advisor at MIT was Victor Weisskopf.[citation needed]
Physics career[edit]
In 1958, Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, in parallel with the independent team of George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction in physics. This work followed the experimental discovery of the violation of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested by Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, theoretically.
Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. Classifying these particles led him to propose that a quantum number called strangeness would be conserved by the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the weak interactions. Another of Gell-Mann's ideas is the Gell-Mann-Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula based on empirical results, but was later explained by his quark model. Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining several puzzling aspects of the physics of these particles.
In 1961, this led him (and Kazuhiko Nishijima) to introduce a classification scheme for hadrons, elementary particles that participate in the strong interaction. (This scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman.) This scheme is now explained by the quark model. Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the Eightfold Way, because of the octets of particles in the classification. (The term is a reference to the eightfold way of Buddhism.)
In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which the hadrons of this scheme are composed. The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4.) Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces",[7] but Gell-Mann's name caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, and gluons were soon established as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1969 for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.[8]
In 1972 he and Harald Fritzsch introduced the conserved quantum number "color charge", and later, together with Heinrich Leutwyler, they coined the term quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the gauge theory of the strong interaction. The quark model is a part of QCD, and it has been robust enough naturally to accommodate the discovery of new "flavors" of quarks, which superseded the eightfold way scheme.
During the 1990s, Gell-Mann's interest turned to the emerging study of complexity. He played a central role in the founding of the Santa Fe Institute, where he continues to work as a distinguished professor.
He wrote a popular science book about these matters, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. The title of the book is taken from a line of a poem by Arthur Sze: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night".[9]
The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, which is titled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics, which Dr. Gell-Mann has criticized as inaccurate. The Nobel Prize–winning physicist Philip Anderson, in his chapter on Gell-Mann,[10] says that Johnson's biography is excellent. Both Anderson and Johnson say that Gell-Mann is a perfectionist and that his semibiographical, The Quark and the Jaguar is consequently incomplete.
Personal life[edit]
Gell-Mann married Marcia Southwick in 1992, after the death of his first wife, J. Margaret Dow (d. 1981), whom he married in 1955. His children are Elizabeth Sarah Gell-Mann (b. 1956) and Nicholas Webster Gell-Mann (b. 1963); and he has a stepson, Nicholas Southwick Levis (b. 1978).
Gell-Mann has interests in birdwatching, collecting antiques, ranching, historical linguistics, archaeology, natural history, the psychology of creative thinking, other subjects connected with biological, and cultural evolution and with learning.[3][11] Along with S. A. Starostin, he established the Evolution of Human Languages project[12] at the Santa Fe Institute.
He is currently the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at California Institute of Technology as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California. He is a member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico—to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.
He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951, and a visiting research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953. He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University and an associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1954–55 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until he retired in 1993.
As a humanist and an agnostic, Gell-Mann is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.[13][14]
Gell-Mann endorsed Barack Obama for the United States presidency in October 2008.[15]
Awards and honors[edit]
- Nobel Prize in Physics (1969)
- Ernest O. Lawrence Award (1966)
- Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award (1962)
- Albert Einstein Medal (2005)
- Yale University – D.Sc (h.c.), 1959
- American Physical Society – Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 1959
- University of Chicago – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1967
- Franklin Medal, 1967
- National Academy of Sciences – John J. Carty Award, 1968[16]
- University of Illinois – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
- Wesleyan University – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
- Research Corporation Award, 1969
- University of Turin, Italy – Honorary Doctorate, 1969
- University of Utah – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1970
- Columbia University – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1977
- University of Cambridge, England – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1980
- United Nations Environment Programme Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (The Global 500), 1988
- World Federation of Scientists – Erice Prize, 1990
- University of Oxford, England – D.Sc.(h.c.), 1992
- Southern Illinois University – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1993
- University of Florida – Sc.D.(h.c.), Doctorate of Natural Resources, 1994
- Southern Methodist University – Sc.D.(h.c.), 1999
- American Humanist Association – Humanist of the Year, 2005
- Helmholtz-Medal of the Berlin-Brandenberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2014[17]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Nobel Prize Winner Appointed Presidential Professor at USC".
- ^ "CERN-affiliated article by Gell-Mann". Springer. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ a b http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/gell-mann-bio.html
- ^ M. Gell-Mann (October 1997). "My Father". Web of Stories. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ J. Brockman (2003). "The Making of a Physicist: A talk with Murray Gell-Mann". Edge.org. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ Profile, imdb.com; accessed April 26, 2015.
- ^ G. Zweig (1980) [1964]. "An SU(3) model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking II". In D. Lichtenberg and S. Rosen. Developments in the Quark Theory of Hadrons 1. Hadronic Press. pp. 22–101.
- ^ [1] Nobel Prize in Physics, 1969
- ^ "Murray Gell-Mann – Physicist – The decision to write "The Quark and the Jaguar" - Web of Stories".
- ^ Anderson, Philip W. (2011). "Ch. V Genius. Search for Polymath's Elementary Particles". More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon. World Scientific. pp. 241–2. ISBN 978-981-4350-14-3.Philip Anderson, More and Different, Chapter V, World Scientific, 2011.
- ^ SANTA FE, New Mexico (NM) Political Contributions by Individuals
- ^ Peregrine, Peter Neal (2009). Ancient Human Migrations: A Multidisciplinary Approach. University of Utah Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-87480-942-8.
"Sergei+Starostin+and+I+established+the+Evolution+of+Human+Languages+project" "Sergei Starostin and I established the Evolution of Human Languages project"
- ^ The International Academy of Humanism at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved 18 October 2007. Some of this information is also at the International Humanist and Ethical Union website
- ^ Herman Wouk (2010). The Language God Talks: On Science and Religion. Hachette Digital, Inc. ISBN 9780316096751.
Feynman, Gell-Man, Weinberg, and their peers accept Newton's incomparable stature and shrug off his piety, on the kindly thought that the old man got into the game too early. ...As for Gell-Mann, he seems to see nothing to discuss in this entire God business, and in the index to The Quark and the Jaguar God goes unmentioned. Life he called a "complex adaptive system" which produces interesting phenomena such as the jaguar and Murray Gell-Mann, who discovered the quark. Gell-Mann is a Nobel-class tackler of problems, but for him the existence of God is not one of them.
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFaTrOFXrs8
- ^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ http://www.bbaw.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilungen/portal_factory/PDFs/bbaw-10-2014
Further reading[edit]
- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- Encyclopædia Britannica's Biography of Murray Gell-Mann
- Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (26 November 1973). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture" (PDF). Physics Letters B 47 (4): 365–8. Bibcode:1973PhLB...47..365F. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4.
- Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M. (1972). "Current algebra- quarks and what else?". In Jackson, J.D.; Roberts, A.; International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on High Energy Physics 2. National Accelerator Laboratory. pp. 135–165. OCLC 57672574.
- Murray Gell-Mann tells his life story at Web of Stories
- Strange Beauty home page
- The Making of a Physicist: A Talk With Murray Gell-Mann
- Berreby, D. (8 May 1994). "The Man Who Knows Everything". New York Times.
- The Man With Five Brains
- The many worlds of Murray Gell-Mann[dead link]
- The Simple and the Complex, Part I: The Quantum and the Quasi-Classical with Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.
- Nobel Prize Biography
External links[edit]
- Inspire profile of Murray Gell-Mann's publication (nuclear and particle physics)
- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Department of Energy, Office of Scientific & Technical Information
- Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI
- Murray Gell-Mann at TED
- Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990
- Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)
- Murray Gell-Mann at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Scientific publications of M. Gell-Mann on INSPIRE-HEP
|
