Notes: "Holocene subfossil sites can be divided into four different types of deposits": caves, marsh deposits in highland regions, coastal marsh deposits, and riverine deposits. It might be good to classify the sites... if we can. At the very least, these four categories and their descriptions should be included in the introduction. – VisionHolder « talk » 21:34, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

I'm afraid we'd be unable to classify many sites. But it's certainly something to mention in the lead. Ucucha 18:45, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

A few minor things we'd better work out now:

• What citation format are we using?

Your style is fine. I only ask that lemur articles follow my style since I hope to standardize them all. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

• Should all species be linked on every occurrence?

I would prefer that we do not... but in lists like this, I really don't know what's best. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

We probably should, especially if we make the list sortable. Ucucha 19:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

• I think we should also subdivide reptiles and amphibians if we're doing that for mammals. Arguably, we should also do that for birds, especially as some sites have lots and lots of them, but bird classification is such a mess that natural groups are hard to think of.

If you feel comfortable subdividing them, then go for it. As you pointed out, the birds will be a big mess, but I'm not sure if most readers would care much. Distinguishing snakes from lizards, though, might be more helpful. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

"Lizard" is not a natural group, so I'd prefer avoiding it. Anyway, we have only one site with squamates so far, so the issue isn't really significant yet. Ucucha 19:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Ucucha 18:45, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Source:

• Goodman, S.M., Ganzhorn, J.U., and Rakotondravony, D. Chapter 13: Introduction to the Mammals in "The Natural History of Madagascar" (2003) ISBN: 0-226-30306-3

Key[edit]

?† – extinct species possibly occurred there

†? – possibly extinct species

List[edit]

Name		Alternative names	Fauna	Elevation	Age	Coordinates	Map
Ambararata[1][2][3]		Ambararata-Mahabo[1]	Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]			20°42′S, 44°53′E[1][2][3]
Ambatomainty			Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis,[4] †Nesomys narindaensis[5]			15°36′S 46°37′E[6] *estimate - Google Earth*
Ambolisatra		Andolonomby,[7] Amboulitsate,[8] Amboulisatse[7]	Turtles: Testudo grandidieri, Astrochelys radiata[9] Geochelone abrupta[7] Crocodiles: †Voay robustus[9] Birds: †Aepyornis ingens, †Aepyornis maximus, †Centrornis sp.[9] Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Tenrecs: Tenrec ecaudatus[9] Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox[9] Hippopotamuses: Hippopotamus sp.[7] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1] Introduced mammals: Canis lupus, Bos taurus[9]	2[7]	4965–1720 BP[7]	23°04'S, 43°45'E[7]
Ambongonambakoa			Nesomyines: †Nesomys narindaensis[5] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus[1]			15°31'S, 46°41'E[6] *estimate - Google Earth*
Ampamalora			Birds: †Aepyornis sp.[7]		1970 BP[7]	25°04'S, 46°00'E	**guess**
Ampanihy[1][3]			Lemurs: †Megaladapis edwardsi[1]			24°42′S, 44°44′E[1][3]
Amparihingidro[1][2][3]			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]			15°41′S, 46°22′E[1][2][3]
Ampasambazimba		Itasy[11]	Birds: Alopochon sirabensis,[11] †?Aquila large sp.,[12] †?Aquila small sp.,[13] Stephanoaetus mahery[14] Bibymalagasy: ?†Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae, †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox[15] Lemurs: †Archaeoindris fontoynontii, †Mesopropithecus pithecoides, †Megaladapis grandidieri[11], †Palaeopropithecus maximus, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Pachylemur jullyi[1]	1200[11]	8245–22550 BP[11]	18°54'S, 46°44'E (18 39 S, 46 01 E according to GR242 - where does this come from?)
Ampotaka[1][2][3]						25°28′S, 45°08′E[1][2][3] *estimate - Google Earth* no good options
Ampoza		Village Ampoza[10], Ampoza-Ankazoabo[1][3]	Turtles: †Geochelone abrupta[16] Birds: †Vanellus madagascariensis[17] Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus lemerlei, †Hippopotamus sp.[16] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena[18] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]	570[11]	2760–1350 BP[19]	22°19'S, 44°44'E[11]
Anakao			Birds: †Aepyornis sp.[16]		3960–2375 BP[16]	23°39'S, 43°39'E[16]
Anavoha		Beloha Anavoha[10], (Anavaho?)	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta[1]		1954 BP[16]	25°16′S, 44°39′E[1][2][3]
Andrafiabe			Lemurs: Prolemur simus, †Megaladapis sp.[16]		12760–4560 BP[16]	12°31′S 49°24′E several options	**guess**
Andrahomana			Anurans: Laliostoma labrosum, Ptychadena mascareniensis, Scaphiophryne sp. Turtles: Pelomedusa subrufa, Dipsochelys sp., Astrochelys radiata Squamates: Furcifer cf. verrucosus, Paroedura sp., Zonosaurus cf. trilineatus, Acrantophis sp., Leioheterodon sp. Crocodiles: Crocodylus niloticus, †Voay robustus Birds: †Aepyornis sp., †Mullerornis sp., Centrornis sp., †?Puffinus sp., Falco newtoni, Accipiter francesii, Gallus gallus, Numida meleagris, Turnix nigricollis, Gallinula chloropus, Streptopelia picturata, Fulica cristata, Coracopsis vasa, Coua cursor, Coua cristata, Coua cf. gigas, †Coua sp., Tyto alba, Otus rutilus, Apus sp., Upupa marginata, Mirafra hova, Nesillas cf. lantzii, Thamnornis chloropetoides, cf. Terpsiphone mutata, Zosterops maderaspatana, Vanga curvirostris, Leptopterus viridis, Cyanolanius madagascarinus, Corvus albus, Ploceus sakalava, Foudia madagascariensis[20] Tenrecs: Geogale aurita, Microgale brevicaudata, Microgale longicaudata, †Microgale macpheei, Microgale nasoloi, Microgale principula, Microgale pusilla, Echinops telfairi, Setifer setosus, Tenrec ecaudatus Bats: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis, Hipposideros commersoni, Paratriaenops furculus, Miniopterus gleni, Mormopterus jugularis, Mops leucostigma Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus lemerlei Euplerids: Fossa fossana, †Cryptoprocta spelea, Nesomyines: Eliurus myoxinus, Eliurus sp., Hypogeomys australis, Macrotarsomys bastardi, Macrotarsomys petteri[21] Lemurs: Microcebus sp., Cheirogaleus medius, Lemur catta, †Pachylemur insignis, Propithecus verreauxi, Avahi laniger, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis[21][1] Introduced mammals: Suncus madagascariensis, Bos indicus, Canis lupus, Mus musculus, Rattus sp.[21]	10[16]	6724–1536 BP[16]	25°12'S, 46°38'E[22]
Andranovato[1][2][3]			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Megaladapis edwardsi[1]			22°55′S, 43°30′E[1][2][3] *estimate - Google Earth* uncertain
Anjajavy[2]						15°02′S, 47°14′E[2]
Anjohibe	OLD SE	Tsinjomitondraka, grottes d'Andranoboka[23]	Bats: Eidolon dupreanum, Hipposideros cf. commersoni, †Triaenops goodmani, Triaenops sp.[24]		≤10 ka[25]	15°32′S, 46°53′E[1][2][3]
	TW-10		Bats: †Hipposideros besaoka[26]		≤10 ka[25]
	NCC-1		Bats: Hipposideros commersoni, Triaenops sp., Rousettus cf. madagascariensis[27]		87–70 ka[28]
	SS2		Bats: Hipposideros cf. commersoni, Rousettus madagascariensis, Myotis goudoti[29]		Unknown[28]
	Unspecified		Birds: Buteo brachypterus, Falco newtoni, Coturnix sp., Numida meleagris, Turnix nigricollis, Coracopsis vasa, Tyto alba, Otus rutilus, Merops superciliosus, Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Foudia madagascariensis[30] Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Babakotia radofilai, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis[1]
Anjohikely[1]			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi[1]			15°35′S, 46°49′E[1] *estimate - Google Earth*
Ankarana			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus maximus, †Babakotia radofilai, †Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur jullyi[1]			13°5′S, 48°55′E[1][2][3]
Ankazoabo		(Ankazoabo-Grotte?)[1]	Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena[31], Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori[1]			24°34'S, 43°55'E[31]
Ankevo		Ankavo[32]	Bibymalagasy: ?†Plesiorycteropus sp.[10]			20°36'S, 44°07'E	**guess**
Ankilitelo[1][3]			Tenrecs: Tenrec ecaudatus, Setifer setosus, Echinops telfairi, Geogale aurita, Microgale brevicaudata, Microgale nasoloi, Microgale cf. majori[33] Bats: Miniopterus gleni, Otomops madagascariensis, Mormopterus jugularis[33] Carnivores: Cryptoprocta ferox, Galidia elegans, Galidictis grandidieri, Mungotictis decemlineata[33] Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus sp.[33] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena, Macrotarsomys bastardi, Macrotarsomys petteri, Eliurus myoxinus, Eliurus sp. Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis,[1] †Daubentonia robusta, †Pachylemur sp., Microcebus griseorufus, Microcebus murinus, Lepilemur leucopus, Lemur catta, Eulemur rufus, Propithecus verreauxi[33] Introduced mammals: Mus musculus, Rattus rattus[33]			23°28′S, 44°32′E[1][3]
Ankomaka[1]			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Megaladapis edwardsi[1]			23°32′S, 43°55′E[1] *estimate - Google Earth*
Antanimbaribe[1][2][3]						20°32′S, 45°43′E not 100% certain - coordinates may be east of location shown on source maps
Antsingiavo		Antsingiavo-A & Antsingiavo-B[34][6]	Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis,[4] †Nesomys narindaensis[5] Lemurs: †Archaeolemur sp.[34]			15°06'S, 47°12'E *estimate - Google Earth*
Antsirabe		Sirabe, Sirabé,[32] marshes of Sirabé[10]	Crocodiles: †Voay robustus[35] Birds: †Aepyornis hildebrandti, †Aepyornis mulleri, †Mullerornis agilis, †Centrornis majori, †Alopochen sirabensis, Anas erythrorhyncha, Anas melleri, †Hovacrex roberti, Ardea intermedia, cf. "Platalea tenuirostris", "Astur sp.", "Plotus nanus" (a Mauritian species, but apparently based on misidentified cormorant material, according to Darter)[36] (M. betsilei according to Brodkorb, 1963, p. 206) Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys australis[18] Lemurs: †Megaladapis grandidieri, †Pachylemur jullyi[1]			19°51'S, 47°02'E[18]
Antsiranana[3]		Diégo-Suarez[3]				12°16′S, 49°17′E[3]
Belo		Belo-sur-Mer[1][32]	Invertebrates: Cardisoma carnifex[37] Birds: †Coua primaeva[37] Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis[10] Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1] |			20°44′S, 44°0′E[1][2][3]
Belobaka			Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis[4] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus[1]			15°41′S, 46°25′E[1][6]
Beloha			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys australis[38]			25°10'S, 45°03'E[38]
Bemafandry			Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]			25°6′S, 44°16′E[1][2][3]
Bemaraha[1] (3 clustered sites on source map)						18°44′S, 44°47′E[1] *Google Earth*
Bemavo[1][2][3]						21°37′S, 45°23′E
Betioky			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea[15]			24°36′S, 44°45′E several options	**guess**
Bevoalavao-Ouest[1][3]		Bevoalavo-Ouest[2]				24°59′S, 44°16′E[1][2][3] *estimate - Google Earth* coordinates appear to be here, but won't load
Bevoha		Beavoha[1]	Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis[1]			24°40′S, 44°46′E[1][2][3]
Bungo Tsimanindroa[1]			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori[1]			15°03′S, 47°18′E[1] *estimate - Google Earth*
Cape Sainte-Marie			Birds: †Aepyornis medius[8]
Gouffre de Tolikisy[1]						23°49′S, 44°03′E[1] *estimate - Google Earth*
Itampolo[1][2][3]						24°41′S, 43°57′E
Itampolobe[1][3]			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis[1]			22°14′S, 43°15′E[1][3] *estimate - Google Earth*
Itampulu Vé		Itampolo, Itampolobe?	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus[8]
Lakaton'ny akanga			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea[15]			"in the far north near Antsiranana"[39]	**unknown**
Lamboharana[1][3]		Lambohorano[2]	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus,[8] Vanellus madagascariensis,[17] †?Aquila small sp.[13] Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta[1]		3495–1220 BP[13]	22°11′S, 43°14′E[1][2][3] *estimate - Google Earth*
Lelia			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox[15]			24°34′S, 43°58′E	**guess**
Manombo		Manombo-Toliara[1]	Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea[15]			"Excavations in the southwestern Madagascar date back at least to the White/Ramamonjy expedition to Manombo in 1929"[2], suggests "Manombo-Toliara" one of these choices However, I suspect it is close to the city of Toliara	**unknown**
Masikoro		Machicora[8]	Birds:' Aepyornis maximus[8]
Masinandraina		Masinandreina,[10] Masinandriana[3]	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi[1]			19°59′S, 47°34′E[1][3]
Mitoho			Birds: †?Aquila large sp.[12] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena[31]			24°03'S, 43°45'E[31] (edge of Lac Tsimanampetsotsa, SW Mad.)[12]
Morarano[1][2][3]		Morarano-Betafo, Betafo[1]	Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis grandidieri, †Pachylemur jullyi[1]			Morarano: 19°59′S, 46°59′E *estimate - Google Earth* uncertain Betafo: 19°50′S, 46°51′E[1][2][3]	Morarano Betafo
Mouroundava		"southwest coast near Mouroundava"	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus,[8] †Mullerornis agilis[40] Also (B206) M. rudis from "west coast between Bélo and Mouroundava" and (B207) A. maximus there. See Andrews 1894. Also probably A. medius (ME & Grand)
Mt. des Français[1] (same as Andrafiabe?)			Lemurs: †Megaladapis madagascariensis[1]			12°31′S, 49°19′E[1] *estimate - Google Earth*
Sambaina[1][2][3]			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi[1]			18°54′S, 47°47′E[1][2][3]
Sirave		Tsiravé,[15][3] Tsirave,[10][1][2] Tsirave Beroroha[10]	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp.[10] Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox[15] Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena[18] Lemurs: †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta[1]			21°50'S, 45°07'E[18]
Taolambiby[1][2][3]			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]			23°38′S, 44°34′E[1][2][3] *estimate - Google Earth*
Tsiandroina			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea[15] Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis[1]			24°34′S, 44°06′E[1][3] *estimate - Google Earth*

Notes[edit]

Elephant bird nomenclature after Brodkorb (1963):

• Mullerornis (type M. betsilei) = Flacourtia (type M. rudis)
  • M. betsilei (Antsirabé)
  • M. agilis (near Mouroundava)
  • M. rudis (betw. B & M)
• Aepyornis (type A. maximus) = Aepiornis, Epiornis, Epyornis
  • A. maximus = A. modestus = A. titan = A. ingens (Ambolisatra, Masikoro, Mouroundava, betw. B & M, Itampulu Vé, Lamboharana)
  • A. medius = A. grandidieri = A. cursor = A. lentus (Cape Sainte-Marie; prob. betw. Bélo & Mouroundava)
  • A. hildebrandti = A. mulleri (Antsirabe)
  • A. gracilis (apparently no precise localities)

References[edit]

Literature cited[edit]

• Andrews, C.W. 1897. On some fossil remains of carinate birds from central Madagascar. Ibis (7)3:343–359.
• Brochu, C.A. 2007. Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150(4):835–863.
• Goodman, S.M. 1996. Description of a new species of subfossil lapwing (Aves, Charadriiformes, Charadriidae, Vanellinae) from Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4)18C(4):607–614.
• Goodman, S.M. and Rakotozafy, L.M.A. 1995. Evidence for the existence of two species of Aquila on Madagascar during the Quaternary (subscription required). Geobios 28(2):241–246.
• Grandidier, G. 1900. Note sur des ossements d'animaux disparus, provenant d'Ambolisatra, sur la côte sud-est de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 6:214–218.
• Milne-Edwards, A. and Grandidier, A. 1895. Sur des ossements d'oiseaux provenant des terrains récents de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 1:9–11.
• Mlikovský, J. 2006. Subfossil birds of Andrahomana, southeastern Madagascar. Annales des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 107A:87–92.
• Muldoon, K.M., de Blieux, D.D., Simons, E.L. and Chatrath, P.S. 2009. The subfossil occurrence and paleoecological significance of small mammals at Ankilitelo Cave, southwestern Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 90(5):1111–1131.

To look at:

• Brodkorb, P. 1965. New taxa of fossil birds. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 28:197–198. (should have something on Antsirabe)
• Goodman, S.M. 1994a. The enigma of antipredator behavior in lemurs: evidence of a large extinct eagle on Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 15:129–134.
• Goodman, S.M. 1994b. Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: Stephanoaetus (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 107:421–428.
• Goodman, S.M. and Ravoavy, F. 1993. Identification of bird subfossils from cave surface deposits at Anjohibe, Madagascar, with a description of a new giant Coua (Cuculidae: Couinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106:24–33.
• Howard, H. 1964. Fossil Anseriformes. Pp. 233–326 in Scott, P. (ed.). The waterfowl of the world. Volume 4. London: Coutry Life.
• Olson, S.L. 1977. A synopsis of the fossil Rallidae. Pp. 339–373 in Ripley, S.D. (ed.). Rails of the world. Boston: David R. Godine.