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#REDIRECT [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} |
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{{Expand Polish|Służba Bezpieczeństwa (PRL)|date=May 2013}} |
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{{one source|date=March 2012}} |
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{{Infobox government agency |
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| name = Security Service SB |
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| native_name = Służba Bezpieczeństwa SB |
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| native_name_a = |
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| native_name_r = |
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| agency_type = [[Secret police]], [[intelligence agency]] |
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| logo = Herb prl 1980.png |
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| logo_width = 150px |
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| logo_caption = Arms of the Polish People's Republic used by the UB and SB |
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| image = |
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| image_size = |
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| image_caption = |
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1956}}<!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} OR --> |
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| preceding1 = [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]] (UB) |
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| dissolved = 1990 |
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| superseding1 = |
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| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= --> |
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| jurisdiction = [[Polish People's Republic]] |
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| headquarters = [[Warsaw]] |
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| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} --> |
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| motto = |
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| employees = 24,300 (1989) |
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| budget = |
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| chief1_name = Jerzy Karpacz |
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| chief1_position = |
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| deputy = |
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| parent_department = |
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| parent_agency = Ministry of Interior |
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| child1_agency = |
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| child2_agency = <!-- up to |child25_agency= --> |
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| website = |
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}} |
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The '''Security Service''' ({{lang-pl|Służba Bezpieczeństwa}}; {{IPA-pl|ˈswuʐba bɛspʲeˈt͡ʂɛɲstfa}}), in full '''Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs''' and commonly known as '''SB''', was a [[secret police]] force established in the [[Polish People's Republic]] in 1956 as a successor to the repressive [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland|Ministry of Public Security (UB)]]. The SB was the chief foreign and domestic [[Intelligence agency|security organization]] in Poland from 1956 until the fall of communism in 1989. |
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The parent agency of SB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, had been established in 1954, but the Ministry did not play a significant role until the winding-up of the Committee for Public Safety in 1956. |
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==History== |
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The <nowiki/>post-[[World War II]] [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]] (UB) was responsible for security, intelligence and [[counterintelligence]]. It controlled over 41,000 soldiers of the [[Internal Security Corps]], 57,500 members of the [[Milicja Obywatelska|Citizens' Militia]], 32,000 border troops, 10,000 [[prison officer]]s and 125,000 members of the Volunteer Reserve Citizen Militia. |
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After the 1954 defection to the [[Western Bloc|West]] of [[Józef Światło]] (born Izaak Fleischfarb), a high-ranking [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]] officer instrumental in arresting Cardinal [[Stefan Wyszyński]], this Ministry of Public Security was abolished. |
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In December 1954, the [[Communism in Poland|Communist Party]] divided the old UB into two parts: the Committee for Public Security (''Komitet do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego'', or KDSBP) and the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Poland)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] (MSW). The former was a [[secret police]] responsible for internal and external [[intelligence]] and [[counterintelligence]] to fight underground movements and the influence of the [[Catholic Church]]. The MSW was responsible for administrative duties, and eventually controlled the Internal Security Corps, militia, border troops, prison guards and the Volunteer Reserve Citizen Militia. |
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==1956 reform== |
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The year 1956 brought change to Polish politics. Recently released from prison, [[Władysław Gomułka]] became the [[Secretary (title)|first secretary]] of the [[Central Committee]] of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]]. Reforms were made in the structure of state security. The Committee of Public Safety was abolished, and its duties were taken over by the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Poland)|MSW]]. |
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The introduction of Security Service to the Interior Ministry (which was already in the Polish public safety system since 1954), came as a result of directive number 00238/56 made by [[Władysław Wicha]] on 29 November 1956. Wicha was a Polish [[communist]] and politician [[PZPR]] member and then the first Minister of Internal Affairs from 1954 to 1964. After that his directive, the MSW was the only security body in Poland. |
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Officers working in the Security Service were nicknamed "SB-eks" (<u>S</u>łużba <u>B</u>ezpieczeństwa agents). SB also contracted individuals as secret collaborators ([[:pl:Tajny współpracownik|Tajny Współpracownik]] or TW), who usually received money for the services rendered. |
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==Tasks and organizational structure== |
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The tasks of the Security Service were identical to that of its predecessors (MBP, UB and KdsBP): to protect the communist system in the country (and beyond) through control and penetration into all structures of social life in Poland and abroad. The centrally-based MSW was divided into departments, bureaus, sections and directorates. In 1956, the central organization was composed of: |
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* Units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs |
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*[[Milicja Obywatelska|Headquarters of the Citizens' Militia]] |
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*Fire Service Headquarters |
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*Defense Field Headquarters |
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*Administration of [[Geodesy]] and Cartography |
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*Central Board of Health |
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*Organizational Units of Internal Forces |
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*Internal Security Corps Command |
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*Command of Border Troops |
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*[[Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego|Information Directorate for Internal Forces]] (counterintelligence for internal troops) |
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Associated units were: |
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*Cabinet minister |
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*Chief Inspector |
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*Department I (Intelligence) |
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*Department II (counter-espionage) |
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*Department III (anti-state activities) |
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*Social and Administrative Department |
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*Military Department |
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*Office of Oversight (penal-administrative law) |
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*Office of Foreign Passports |
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*Bureau of Government Protection |
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*Bureau Technical Operations |
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*Bureau of Operations Records |
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*Bureau "A" (ciphers) |
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*Bureau "B" (observation) |
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*Bureau "W" (oversight of correspondence) |
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*Bureau of Investigation |
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*Department of Personnel and Training |
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*Independent Organization Section |
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*Finance Department |
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*Investment Department |
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*Supply Directorate |
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*Transport Directorate |
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*Directorate of Communications |
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*Ordnance Department |
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*Organizational and Military Directorate |
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*Directorate of Social Affairs and Culture |
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*Central Archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs |
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*Chief Inspectorate for Industry Protection |
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*Administration and Economic Management |
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*Office of the Chief, Flood Committee |
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=={{anchor|SB activities}}Activities== |
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After it was renamed the SB in 1956, it entered a period of relative inactivity during the era of reform instituted by [[Władysław Gomułka]]. However, after 1968 it was revived as a stronger body responsible for [[political repression]] (most notably of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement, the leader of which, [[Lech Wałęsa]], was under constant SB surveillance until its replacement by the ''[[Urząd Ochrony Państwa]]'' in 1990 after the [[fall of communism]]). |
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=={{anchor|SB victims}}Victims== |
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An infamous case was the torture and execution by the SB of Catholic priest [[Jerzy Popiełuszko]] in 1984. Since 1990, several SB operatives have been tried for their crimes. The SB is also suspected of killing [[Stanisław Pyjas]] and Catholic priest Stefan Niedzielak. It is reported to have abused priest [[Roman Kotlarz]], who died mysteriously<ref>KOR, A history of the Worker's Defense Committee in Poland, 1976 – 1981, by Jan Jósef Lipski, Translated by Olga Amsterdamska and Gene M. Moore, University of California Press, 1985, page 36</ref> after a beating. |
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==In popular culture== |
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The SB is featured in the Polish TV series ''[[1983 (TV series)|1983]]'' which is set in an [[alternate history|alternative]] 2003 where Poland is still a communist country. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Czesław Kiszczak]] |
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* [[Marian Zacharski]] |
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* [[Sławomir Petelicki]] |
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* [[Eastern Bloc politics]] |
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* [[Grzegorz Przemyk]] |
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* [[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]] |
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* [[Montelupich prison]] |
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* [[Polish United Workers' Party]] |
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* [[Rakowiecka prison]] |
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* [[Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Henryk Piecuch, ''Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych'' (seria: ''Tajna Historia Polski'') (''Dirty Games: the Last Special Services Operations'' [''Secret History of Poland'' series]). Warsaw: Agencja Wydawnicza CB (1998). |
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{{Secret police of Communist Europe}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Polish intelligence agencies}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa}} |
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[[Category:1954 establishments in Poland]] |
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[[Category:1990 disestablishments in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Defunct Polish intelligence agencies]] |
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[[Category:Collaborators with the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Eastern Bloc]] |
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[[Category:Polish People's Republic]] |
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[[Category:Human rights abuses]] |
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[[Category:Law enforcement in communist states]] |
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[[Category:Secret police]] |
Revision as of 15:00, 19 April 2020
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