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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox artist
{{Infobox artist
| name = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis<br><small>Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis</small>
|name = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis<br><small>Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis</small>
| image = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis photo portrait.jpg
|image = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis photo portrait.jpg
| birth_name = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
|birth_name = Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1875|9|22}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1875|9|22}}
|birth_place = [[Senoji Varėna]] <br />{{small|({{lang-bat-smg|Senuojė Variena}}, {{lang-pl|Orany I., Stare Orany}}, {{lang-ru|Ора́ны, Варена́}}, {{lang-be|Ара́ны}}, {{lang-de|Warnen}})|}}, [[Vilna Governorate]] ([[Lithuania Governorate]]), [[Northwestern Krai]] (former [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand-Ducal Lithuania]]), [[Russian Empire|Imp.Russia]]
| birth_place = [[Senoji Varėna|Stare Orany]], [[Vilna Governorate]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1911|4|10|1875|9|22}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1911|4|10|1875|9|22}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Marki]], [[Congress Poland]]}}
|death_place = {{nowrap|[[Marki]] (({{lang-ru|Марки}}, {{lang-lt|Markos}}), [[Wołomin County|Wołomin Co.]], [[Masovian Voivodeship|Mazowia]]), [[Warsaw Governorate
]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire|Imp.Russia]]}}
| nationality = [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]]
|nationality = [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]]
| field = [[Painting]], [[musical composition]]
|field = [[painting]], [[musical composition]]
| training = {{plainlist|
|training = {{plainlist|
* [[Warsaw Conservatory]]
* [[Warsaw Conservatory]]
* [[Leipzig Conservatory]]
* [[Leipzig Conservatory]]
* [[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw|Warsaw School of Fine Arts]]
* [[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw|Warsaw School of Fine Arts]]
}}
}}
| movement = {{hlist | [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] | [[Art nouveau]] }}
|movement = {{hlist|[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]|[[Art nouveau]] }}
| works = {{hlist | ''Spring Sonata'' | ''In the Forest'' }}
|works = {{hlist|''Spring Sonata''|''In the Forest'' }}
}}
}}


'''Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis''' ({{lang-pl|Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis}}; {{OldStyleDate|22 September|1875|10 September}} &ndash; {{OldStyleDate|10 April|1911|28 March}}) was a [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] painter, composer and writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciurlionis.eu/en/|title=Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis|publisher=Lithuanian National Čiurlionis Museum|accessdate=}}</ref>
'''Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis''' ({{lang-pl|Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis}}, {{lang-ru|Николай Константинович Чурлянис}}; {{OldStyleDate|22 September|1875|10 September}} {{ndash}} {{OldStyleDate|10 April|1911|28 March}}) was a [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] painter, composer and writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciurlionis.eu/en/|title=Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis|publisher=Lithuanian National Čiurlionis Museum|accessdate=}}</ref>


Čiurlionis contributed to [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and [[art nouveau]] and was representative of the [[fin de siècle]] epoch. He has been considered one of the pioneers of [[abstract art]] in Europe.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/M_K_Ciurlionis_1875_1911.html?id=rGS6ygAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Aleksis Rannit, ''M. K. Ciurlionis 1875-1911: pionnier de l'art abstrait : discours prononcé au 2ème Congrès International des Critiques d'Art, Maison de l'UNESCO'', Paris, 1949]</ref> During his short life he composed about 400 pieces of music and created about 300 paintings, as well as many literary works and poems. The majority of his paintings are housed in the [[M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum]] in [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]. His works have had a profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture.
Čiurlionis contributed to [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and [[art nouveau]] and was representative of the [[fin de siècle]] epoch. He has been considered one of the pioneers of [[abstract art]] in Europe.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/M_K_Ciurlionis_1875_1911.html?id=rGS6ygAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Aleksis Rannit, ''M. K. Ciurlionis 1875{{ndash}}1911: pionnier de l'art abstrait : discours prononcé au 2ème Congrès International des Critiques d'Art, Maison de l'UNESCO'', Paris, 1949]</ref> During his short life he composed about 400 pieces of music and created about 300 paintings, as well as many literary works and poems. The majority of his paintings are housed in the [[M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum]] in [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]. His works have had a profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture.


==Biography==
== Biography ==
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis was born in [[Senoji Varėna]], a town in southeastern Lithuania that at the time was in the Russian Empire. He was the oldest of nine children of his father, Konstantinas, and his mother, Adelė née Radmanaitė (Radmann), who was descended from a Lutheran family of Bavarian origin. Like many educated Lithuanians of the time, Čiurlionis's family spoke Polish, and he began learning [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] only after meeting his fiancée in 1907.<ref name=snyder/> In 1878 his family moved to [[Druskininkai]], 30&nbsp;mi. (50&nbsp;km) away, where his father went on to be the town organist.
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis was born in [[Senoji Varėna]] {{small|({{lang-bat-smg|Senuojė Variena}}, {{lang-pl|Orany I., {{illm|Stare Orany|pl|display=1}}|}}, {{lang-ru|Ора́ны, Варена́}}, {{lang-be|Ара́ны}}, {{lang-de|{{illm|Warnen|de|Warnen (Begriffsklärung)|display=1}}|}})|}}, a town in southeastern Lithuania that at the time was in the Russian Empire. He was the oldest of nine children of his father, Konstantinas, and his mother, Adelė née Radmanaitė (Radmann), who was descended from a Lutheran family of [[Bavarian]] origin. Like many educated Lithuanians of the time, Čiurlionis's family spoke Polish, and he began learning [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] only after meeting his fiancée in 1907.<ref name=snyder/> In 1878 his family moved to [[Druskininkai]], 30&nbsp;mi. (50&nbsp;km) away, where his father went on to be the town organist.
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - FAIRY TALE (FAIRY TALE OF KINGS) - 1909.jpg|thumb|236px|Kings' Fairy Tale (1908-1909)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - FAIRY TALE (FAIRY TALE OF KINGS) - 1909.jpg|thumb|236px|Kings' Fairy Tale (1908-1909)]]


Čiurlionis was a musical prodigy: he could play by ear at age three and could [[Sight-reading#In music|sight-read]] music freely by age seven. Three years out of primary school, he went to study at the musical school of Polish Prince Michał Ogiński in [[Plungė]], where he learned to play several instruments, in particular the flute, from 1889 to 1893. Supported by Prince Ogiński's 'scholarship' Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at [[Warsaw Conservatory]] from 1894 to 1899.<ref name="Dziębowska">{{cite book |title=Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM: część biograficzna, Volume 2: cd |editor1-first=Elżbieta |editor1-last=Dziębowska |year=1984 |publisher=Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne |location=Kraków |isbn=83-224-0223-6 |pages=207–209}}</ref> For his graduation, in 1899, he wrote a [[cantata]] for mixed chorus and symphonic orchestra titled ''De Profundis'', with the guidance of the composer [[Zygmunt Noskowski]]. Later he attended composition lectures at the [[Leipzig Conservatory]] from 1901 to 1902.
Čiurlionis was a musical prodigy: he could play by ear at age three and could [[Sight-reading#In music|sight-read]] music freely by age seven. Three years out of primary school, he went to study at the musical school of Polish Prince Michał Ogiński in [[Plungė]], where he learned to play several instruments, in particular the flute, from 1889 to 1893. Supported by Prince Ogiński's 'scholarship' Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at [[Warsaw Conservatory]] from 1894 to 1899.<ref name="Dziębowska">{{cite book|title=Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM: część biograficzna, Volume 2: cd|editor1-first=Elżbieta|editor1-last=Dziębowska|year=1984|publisher=Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne|location=Kraków|isbn=83-224-0223-6|pages=207–209}}</ref> For his graduation, in 1899, he wrote a [[cantata]] for mixed chorus and symphonic orchestra titled ''De Profundis'', with the guidance of the composer [[Zygmunt Noskowski]]. Later he attended composition lectures at the [[Leipzig Conservatory]] from 1901 to 1902.


He returned to Warsaw in 1902 and studied drawing at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts from 1904 to 1906<ref name="Dziębowska"/> and became a friend with a Polish composer and painter Eugeniusz Morawski-Dąbrowa. After the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], which resulted in the loosening of cultural restrictions on the Empire's minorities, he began to identify himself as a Lithuanian.<ref name=snyder>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&pg=PA100&dq=%C4%8Ciurlionis+lithuanian+1905&hl=en&ei=yF58TJiXLMadnAe2tPmWCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999|author=[[Timothy Snyder]]|page=100|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2004|ISBN=978-0-300-10586-5}}</ref>
He returned to Warsaw in 1902 and studied drawing at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts from 1904 to 1906<ref name="Dziębowska"/> and became a friend with a Polish composer and painter Eugeniusz Morawski-Dąbrowa. After the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], which resulted in the loosening of cultural restrictions on the Empire's minorities, he began to identify himself as a Lithuanian.<ref name=snyder>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&pg=PA100&dq=%C4%8Ciurlionis+lithuanian+1905&hl=en&ei=yF58TJiXLMadnAe2tPmWCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999|author=[[Timothy Snyder]]|page=100|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2004|ISBN=978-0-300-10586-5}}</ref>
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Čiurlionis felt that he was a [[Synesthesia in art|synesthete]]; that is, he perceived colors and music simultaneously. Many of his paintings bear the names of musical pieces: [[sonata]]s, [[fugue]]s, and [[Prelude (music)|prelude]]s.
Čiurlionis felt that he was a [[Synesthesia in art|synesthete]]; that is, he perceived colors and music simultaneously. Many of his paintings bear the names of musical pieces: [[sonata]]s, [[fugue]]s, and [[Prelude (music)|prelude]]s.


==Posthumous recognition==
== Posthumous recognition ==
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - LIGHTNING - 1909.jpg|thumb|Lightning (1909)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - LIGHTNING - 1909.jpg|thumb|Lightning (1909)]]
In 1911 the first posthumous exhibition of Čiurlionis's art was held in Vilnius and Kaunas. During the same year an exhibition of his art was held in Moscow, and in 1912 his works were exhibited in St. Petersburg. In 1957 the Lithuanian community in [[Chicago]] opened the Čiurlionis Art Gallery, hosting collections of his works. In 1963 the Čiurlionis Memorial Museum was opened in Druskininkai, in the house where Čiurlionis and his family lived. This museum holds biographical documents as well as photographs and reproductions of the artist's works. The [[National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art]] in Vilnius was named after him in 1965.<ref>[http://www.cmm.lt/lt/mokykla/istorija.html M. K. Čiurlionis School Of Art website] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120729175750/http://www.cmm.lt/lt/mokykla/istorija.html |date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>
In 1911 the first posthumous exhibition of Čiurlionis's art was held in Vilnius and Kaunas. During the same year an exhibition of his art was held in Moscow, and in 1912 his works were exhibited in St. Petersburg. In 1957 the Lithuanian community in [[Chicago]] opened the Čiurlionis Art Gallery, hosting collections of his works. In 1963 the Čiurlionis Memorial Museum was opened in Druskininkai, in the house where Čiurlionis and his family lived. This museum holds biographical documents as well as photographs and reproductions of the artist's works. The [[National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art]] in Vilnius was named after him in 1965.<ref>[http://www.cmm.lt/lt/mokykla/istorija.html M. K. Čiurlionis School Of Art website] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120729175750/http://www.cmm.lt/lt/mokykla/istorija.html|date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - MISTS - 1906.jpg|thumbnail|Mists (1906)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - MISTS - 1906.jpg|thumbnail|Mists (1906)]]


Čiurlionis inspired the Lithuanian composer [[Osvaldas Balakauskas]]' work ''Sonata of the Mountains'' (1975), and every four years junior musical performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in the Čiurlionis Competition. Čiurlionis's name has been given to cliffs in [[Franz Josef Land]], a peak in the [[Pamir Mountains]], and to [[2420 Čiurlionis|asteroid #2420]], discovered by the Crimean astrophysicist [[Nikolaj Cernych]].
Čiurlionis inspired the Lithuanian composer [[Osvaldas Balakauskas]]' work ''Sonata of the Mountains'' (1975), and every four years junior musical performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in the Čiurlionis Competition. Čiurlionis's name has been given to cliffs in [[Franz Josef Land]], a peak in the [[Pamir Mountains]], and to [[2420 Čiurlionis|asteroid #2420]], discovered by the Crimean astrophysicist {{illm|Nikolaj Černych|ru|Черных, Николай|display=1}}.


Čiurlionis's works have been displayed at international exhibitions in Japan, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. His paintings were featured at "Visual Music" fest, an homage to synesthesia that included the works of [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[James Abbott McNeill Whistler|James McNeill Whistler]], and [[Paul Klee]], at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.stevebeck.tv/press/VMreleasefinal.pdf Visual Music, 13 February through 22 May 2005, MOCA Grand Avenue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710035704/http://www.stevebeck.tv/press/VMreleasefinal.pdf |date=10 July 2007 }}</ref>
Čiurlionis's works have been displayed at international exhibitions in Japan, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. His paintings were featured at "Visual Music" fest, an homage to synesthesia that included the works of [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[James Abbott McNeill Whistler|James McNeill Whistler]], and [[Paul Klee]], at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.stevebeck.tv/press/VMreleasefinal.pdf Visual Music, 13 February through 22 May 2005, MOCA Grand Avenue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710035704/http://www.stevebeck.tv/press/VMreleasefinal.pdf|date=10 July 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - DELUGE (I) - 1904, Varsuva.jpg|thumb|Deluge - I (1904)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - DELUGE (I) - 1904, Varsuva.jpg|thumb|Deluge - I (1904)]]


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[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - FAIRY TALE (CASTLE FAIRY TALE) - 1909.jpg|thumb|Fairy Tale Castle (1909)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - FAIRY TALE (CASTLE FAIRY TALE) - 1909.jpg|thumb|Fairy Tale Castle (1909)]]


==Musical works==
== Musical works ==
The precise number of Čiurlionis musical compositions is not known – substantial part of his manuscripts did not survive, while others, assumingly, perished in the fire during the war, or were lost. The ones available for us today include sketches, rough drafts, and fragments of his musical ideas. The nature of the archive determined the fact that Čiurlionis’ works were finally published only hundred years after the composer’s death. Today, the archive amounts to almost 400 music compositions major part of which are works for piano, but also significant opuses for symphony orchestra (symphonic poems In the Forest and The Sea, overture, cantata for choir and orchestra), string quartet, works for various choirs (original compositions and Lithuanian folk song arrangements), as well as works for organ.
The precise number of Čiurlionis musical compositions is not known – substantial part of his manuscripts did not survive, while others, assumingly, perished in the fire during the war, or were lost. The ones available for us today include sketches, rough drafts, and fragments of his musical ideas. The nature of the archive determined the fact that Čiurlionis’ works were finally published only hundred years after the composer’s death. Today, the archive amounts to almost 400 music compositions major part of which are works for piano, but also significant opuses for symphony orchestra (symphonic poems In the Forest and The Sea, overture, cantata for choir and orchestra), string quartet, works for various choirs (original compositions and Lithuanian folk song arrangements), as well as works for organ.


Some of his most-performed musical works include:
Some of his most-performed musical works include:
*[http://open.spotify.com/track/5r4eqTuQ5uVvltAG7AKX0Q Nocturne in C sharp minor]
* [http://open.spotify.com/track/5r4eqTuQ5uVvltAG7AKX0Q Nocturne in C sharp minor]
*Prelude in F sharp major
* Prelude in F sharp major
*[http://open.spotify.com/track/7CMvX8mrhMjqETpOwz30qJ Nocturne in F minor]
* [http://open.spotify.com/track/7CMvX8mrhMjqETpOwz30qJ Nocturne in F minor]
*[http://open.spotify.com/track/197UrTR9JvGJDTx5aRGUHk Impromptu in F sharp minor]
* [http://open.spotify.com/track/197UrTR9JvGJDTx5aRGUHk Impromptu in F sharp minor]
*String Quartet in C minor
* String Quartet in C minor
*Prelude in A major
* Prelude in A major
*[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-187.mp3 Prelude in D flat major]
* [http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-187.mp3 Prelude in D flat major]
*Fugue in B minor
* Fugue in B minor
*[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-254.mp3 Prelude in H minor]
* [http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-254.mp3 Prelude in H minor]
*[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-344.mp3 Prelude in D minor]
* [http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Preliudas-344.mp3 Prelude in D minor]
*''Karalaitės kelionė: Pasaka'' (''The Princess's Journey: A Fairy Tale'')
* ''Karalaitės kelionė: Pasaka'' (''The Princess's Journey: A Fairy Tale'')
*Seven fugues for organ ([http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Fuga_g-moll.mp3 Fugue in G minor])
* Seven fugues for organ ([http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Fuga_g-moll.mp3 Fugue in G minor])
*Folk songs for choir
* Folk songs for choir
*De Profundis, for choir and orchestra
* De Profundis, for choir and orchestra
*''[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Miske.mp3 Miške]'' (''In the Forest''), symphonic poem for orchestra (posthumous)
* ''[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Miske.mp3 Miške]'' (''In the Forest''), symphonic poem for orchestra (posthumous)
*''[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Jura.mp3 Jūra]'' (''The Sea''), symphonic poem for orchestra (posthumous)
* ''[http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/Muzika/Jura.mp3 Jūra]'' (''The Sea''), symphonic poem for orchestra (posthumous)


==Paintings==
== Paintings ==
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - SPARKS (III) - 1906.jpg|thumb|Sparks (1906)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - SPARKS (III) - 1906.jpg|thumb|Sparks (1906)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - DAY - 1904 - 5, Varsuva.jpg|thumb|A Day (1904)]]
[[File:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - DAY - 1904 - 5, Varsuva.jpg|thumb|A Day (1904)]]
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The most famous Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis paintings include:
The most famous Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis paintings include:


*''The Gift of Friendship'' (1906)
* ''The Gift of Friendship'' (1906)
*Cycle ''Winter'' (1906–1907)
* Cycle ''Winter'' (1906–1907)
*Cycle ''The Zodiac'' (1907)
* Cycle ''The Zodiac'' (1907)
*''Sonatas'' (1907–1908)
* ''Sonatas'' (1907–1908)
*Cycle ''Fairy-Tale'' (1909)
* Cycle ''Fairy-Tale'' (1909)
* Creation of the World
* Creation of the World
* Sonata of the Spring (1907)
* Sonata of the Spring (1907)
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{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


==Gallery==
== Gallery ==

<gallery perrow="5">
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Laivas.Debesys.jpg|Cloud Boat (1906)
File:Laivas.Debesys.jpg|Cloud Boat (1906)
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[List of things named after Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis]]
* [[list of things named after Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis]]
*[[Rokas Zubovas]]
* [[Rokas Zubovas]]


==Notes==
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==References==
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*Stasys Goštautas (editor), ''Čiurlionis: Painter and Composer'', Vaga, Vilnius, 1994
* {{ill|Stasys Goštautas|lt}} (editor), ''Čiurlionis: Painter and Composer'', Vaga, Vilnius, 1994
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
[[File:Czerwony Dwór Marki.JPG|thumb|Place of Čiurlionis death - Red Manor in [[Marki, Poland]].]]
[[File:Czerwony Dwór Marki.JPG|thumb|Place of Čiurlionis death - Red Manor in [[Marki, Poland]].]]
{{Commons category|Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis}}
{{Commons category|Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis}}


* [http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/index_en.html Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis: Life, Paintings, Music]
* [http://ciurlionis.licejus.lt/index_en.html Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis: Life, Paintings, Music]
*[http://www.mic.lt/en/persons/info/ciurlionis Biography at the Lithuanian Music Information and Publishing Centre]
* [http://www.mic.lt/en/persons/info/ciurlionis Biography at the Lithuanian Music Information and Publishing Centre]
*{{IMSLP|id=Čiurlionis, Mikalojus Konstantinas}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Čiurlionis, Mikalojus Konstantinas}}
*[http://harmonies.com/releases/19923.htm The complete Piano Music of Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis: Nikolaus Lahusen/Rokas Zubovas]
* [http://harmonies.com/releases/19923.htm The complete Piano Music of Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis: Nikolaus Lahusen/Rokas Zubovas]
*{{allmusicguide|id=mikalojus-konstantinas-ciurlionis-mn0001178320}}
* {{allmusicguide|id=mikalojus-konstantinas-ciurlionis-mn0001178320}}
*{{findagrave|3981}}
* {{findagrave|3981}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Lithuanian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Lithuanian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish people]]
[[Category:Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni]]
[[Category:Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau painters]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau painters]]
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[[Category:Lithuanian painters]]
[[Category:Lithuanian painters]]
[[Category:Male classical composers]]
[[Category:Male classical composers]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Varėna District Municipality]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Vilna Governorate]]
[[Category:Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn]]
[[Category:Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn]]
[[Category:Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Symbolist painters]]
[[Category:Symbolist painters]]
[[Category:Lithuanian people of German descent]]
[[Category:People of Bavarian descent]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Vilna Governorate]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Varėna District Municipality]]

Revision as of 09:41, 4 February 2018

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis
Born
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis

(1875-09-22)22 September 1875
Senoji Varėna
(Samogitian: Senuojė Variena, Polish: Orany I., Stare Orany, Russian: Ора́ны, Варена́, Belarusian: Ара́ны, German: Warnen), Vilna Governorate (Lithuania Governorate), Northwestern Krai (former Grand-Ducal Lithuania), Imp.Russia
Died10 April 1911(1911-04-10) (aged 35)
Marki ((Russian: Марки, Lithuanian: Markos), Wołomin Co., Mazowia), [[Warsaw Governorate ]], Congress Poland, Imp.Russia
NationalityLithuanian
Education
Known forpainting, musical composition
Notable work
  • Spring Sonata
  • In the Forest
Movement

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (Polish: Mikołaj Konstanty Czurlanis, Russian: Николай Константинович Чурлянис; 22 September [O.S. 10 September] 1875 – 10 April [O.S. 28 March] 1911) was a Lithuanian painter, composer and writer.[1]

Čiurlionis contributed to symbolism and art nouveau and was representative of the fin de siècle epoch. He has been considered one of the pioneers of abstract art in Europe.[2] During his short life he composed about 400 pieces of music and created about 300 paintings, as well as many literary works and poems. The majority of his paintings are housed in the M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania. His works have had a profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture.

Biography

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis was born in Senoji Varėna (Samogitian: Senuojė Variena, Polish: Orany I., Stare Orany [pl], Russian: Ора́ны, Варена́, Belarusian: Ара́ны, German: Warnen [de]), a town in southeastern Lithuania that at the time was in the Russian Empire. He was the oldest of nine children of his father, Konstantinas, and his mother, Adelė née Radmanaitė (Radmann), who was descended from a Lutheran family of Bavarian origin. Like many educated Lithuanians of the time, Čiurlionis's family spoke Polish, and he began learning Lithuanian only after meeting his fiancée in 1907.[3] In 1878 his family moved to Druskininkai, 30 mi. (50 km) away, where his father went on to be the town organist.

Kings' Fairy Tale (1908-1909)

Čiurlionis was a musical prodigy: he could play by ear at age three and could sight-read music freely by age seven. Three years out of primary school, he went to study at the musical school of Polish Prince Michał Ogiński in Plungė, where he learned to play several instruments, in particular the flute, from 1889 to 1893. Supported by Prince Ogiński's 'scholarship' Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at Warsaw Conservatory from 1894 to 1899.[4] For his graduation, in 1899, he wrote a cantata for mixed chorus and symphonic orchestra titled De Profundis, with the guidance of the composer Zygmunt Noskowski. Later he attended composition lectures at the Leipzig Conservatory from 1901 to 1902.

He returned to Warsaw in 1902 and studied drawing at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts from 1904 to 1906[4] and became a friend with a Polish composer and painter Eugeniusz Morawski-Dąbrowa. After the 1905 Russian Revolution, which resulted in the loosening of cultural restrictions on the Empire's minorities, he began to identify himself as a Lithuanian.[3]

M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania.

He was one of the initiators of, and a participant in, the First Exhibition of Lithuanian Art in 1907 at Vileišis Palace, Vilnius. Soon after this event the Lithuanian Union of Arts was founded, and Čiurlionis was one of its 19 founding members.

In 1907 he became acquainted with Sofija Kymantaitė (1886–1958), an art critic. Through this association Čiurlionis learned to speak better Lithuanian. Early in 1909 he married Sofija. At the end of that year he traveled to St. Petersburg, where he exhibited some of his paintings. On Christmas Eve Čiurlionis fell into a profound depression and at the beginning of 1910 was hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital "Czerwony Dwór" (Red Manor) in Marki, Poland, northeast of Warsaw. While a patient there he died of pneumonia in 1911 at 35 years of age. He was buried at the Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius. He never saw his daughter Danutė (1910–1995).

Čiurlionis felt that he was a synesthete; that is, he perceived colors and music simultaneously. Many of his paintings bear the names of musical pieces: sonatas, fugues, and preludes.

Posthumous recognition

Lightning (1909)

In 1911 the first posthumous exhibition of Čiurlionis's art was held in Vilnius and Kaunas. During the same year an exhibition of his art was held in Moscow, and in 1912 his works were exhibited in St. Petersburg. In 1957 the Lithuanian community in Chicago opened the Čiurlionis Art Gallery, hosting collections of his works. In 1963 the Čiurlionis Memorial Museum was opened in Druskininkai, in the house where Čiurlionis and his family lived. This museum holds biographical documents as well as photographs and reproductions of the artist's works. The National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art in Vilnius was named after him in 1965.[5]

Mists (1906)

Čiurlionis inspired the Lithuanian composer Osvaldas Balakauskas' work Sonata of the Mountains (1975), and every four years junior musical performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in the Čiurlionis Competition. Čiurlionis's name has been given to cliffs in Franz Josef Land, a peak in the Pamir Mountains, and to asteroid #2420, discovered by the Crimean astrophysicist Nikolaj Černych [ru].

Čiurlionis's works have been displayed at international exhibitions in Japan, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. His paintings were featured at "Visual Music" fest, an homage to synesthesia that included the works of Wassily Kandinsky, James McNeill Whistler, and Paul Klee, at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 2005.[6]

Deluge - I (1904)

A commemorative plaque has been placed on the building of the former hospital in Marki, Poland where Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis died in 1911.

Čiurlionis's life was depicted in the 2012 film Letters to Sofija directed by Robert Mullan.

Fairy Tale Castle (1909)

Musical works

The precise number of Čiurlionis musical compositions is not known – substantial part of his manuscripts did not survive, while others, assumingly, perished in the fire during the war, or were lost. The ones available for us today include sketches, rough drafts, and fragments of his musical ideas. The nature of the archive determined the fact that Čiurlionis’ works were finally published only hundred years after the composer’s death. Today, the archive amounts to almost 400 music compositions major part of which are works for piano, but also significant opuses for symphony orchestra (symphonic poems In the Forest and The Sea, overture, cantata for choir and orchestra), string quartet, works for various choirs (original compositions and Lithuanian folk song arrangements), as well as works for organ.

Some of his most-performed musical works include:

Paintings

Sparks (1906)
A Day (1904)

The most famous Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis paintings include:

  • The Gift of Friendship (1906)
  • Cycle Winter (1906–1907)
  • Cycle The Zodiac (1907)
  • Sonatas (1907–1908)
  • Cycle Fairy-Tale (1909)
  • Creation of the World
  • Sonata of the Spring (1907)
  • Sonata of the Summer (1908)
  • Sonata of the Sun (1907)
  • Sonata of the Sea (1908)
  • Sonata of the Pyramids (1908)
  • Sonata of the Stars (1908)
  • Sonata of the Serpent (1908)
  • Diptych "Prelude and Fugue" (1908)
  • Triptych "Fantasy" (1908)
  • Other Preludes and Fugues
    • Winter - Cycle of Eight Pictures (1906-7)
    • Spring - Four Pictures (1907-8)
    • Summer - Cycle of Three Pictures (1907-8)

Gallery

  • Cloud Boat (1906)
    Cloud Boat (1906)
  • Andante - IV (1908)
    Andante - IV (1908)
  • Cliff at the Seaside (1905)
    Cliff at the Seaside (1905)
  • Bridges (1904)
    Bridges (1904)
  • Angel (1908)
    Angel (1908)
  • Pyramids (1908)
    Pyramids (1908)
  • Creation of the World - II (1905–06)
    Creation of the World - II (1905–06)
  • Creation of the World - III (1905–06)
    Creation of the World - III (1905–06)
  • Creation of the World - V (1905)
    Creation of the World - V (1905)
  • Creation of the World - VI (1905–06)
    Creation of the World - VI (1905–06)
  • Creation of the World - VII (1905–06)
    Creation of the World - VII (1905–06)
  • Creation of the World - XII (1906-1907)
    Creation of the World - XII (1906-1907)
  • Sonata - II (1907)
    Sonata - II (1907)
  • Sonata of the Sea. Finale (1908)
    Sonata of the Sea. Finale (1908)
  • Finale - III (1908)
    Finale - III (1908)
  • Fairy Tale - I (1907)
    Fairy Tale - I (1907)
  • Fairy Tale - III (1907)
    Fairy Tale - III (1907)
  • Forest (1907)
    Forest (1907)
  • The Past (1907)
    The Past (1907)
  • The Zodiac cycle - Aries (1907)
    The Zodiac cycle - Aries (1907)
  • Morning Fantasy (1904)
    Morning Fantasy (1904)
  • The Gift of Friendship (1906)
    The Gift of Friendship (1906)
  • Paradise (1909)
    Paradise (1909)
  • Evening (1907)
    Evening (1907)
  • Rural Cemetery (1909)
    Rural Cemetery (1909)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis". Lithuanian National Čiurlionis Museum.
  2. ^ Aleksis Rannit, M. K. Ciurlionis 1875–1911: pionnier de l'art abstrait : discours prononcé au 2ème Congrès International des Critiques d'Art, Maison de l'UNESCO, Paris, 1949
  3. ^ a b Timothy Snyder (2004). The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5.
  4. ^ a b Dziębowska, Elżbieta, ed. (1984). Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM: część biograficzna, Volume 2: cd. Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne. pp. 207–209. ISBN 83-224-0223-6.
  5. ^ M. K. Čiurlionis School Of Art website Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today
  6. ^ Visual Music, 13 February through 22 May 2005, MOCA Grand Avenue Archived 10 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine

References

External links

Place of Čiurlionis death - Red Manor in Marki, Poland.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F823937607

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