THC Science

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian-language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Ukrainian makes contrasts between palatalized "soft" and unpalatalized "hard" consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript ‹j› / ʲ /, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the ‹y› sound in yes. All Ukrainian consonants except /j/ have a soft and hard variant, however this distinction is phonemic for only nine pairs—for the others the distinction can be ignored.

See Ukrainian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximations
b	б	boot; beautiful
d	д	do
dʲ	дь	dew
d͡z	дз	pads
d͡zʲ	дзь	pads
d͡ʒ	дж	jump; ridge
f	ф	fool; few
ɡ	ґ	goo; ague
ɦ	г	behind
k	к	cooper; cute
l	л^[1]	leg
lʲ	ль	least
m	м	moot; mute
n	н	noon
nʲ	нь	new
p	п	poo; pew
r	р	trilled r, like in Spanish
rʲ	рь	trilled r, like in Spanish
s	с	soup
sʲ	сь	super
ʃ	ш	shop
t	т	tool
tʲ	ть	tune
t͡s	ц	cats
t͡sʲ	ць	cats
t͡ʃ	ч	choose
β̞	в	between baby and bevy^[2]
x	х	Bach; loch
z	з	zoo
zʲ	зь	azure
ʒ	ж	measure; garage

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Stressed
ɑ	а, я	father
ɛ	е, є	met
i	і, ї	key
ɪ^[3]	и	six
ɔ	о	born
u	у, ю	hook
Unstressed
ɐ	а, я	cut

Semivowels
IPA	Examples	English equivalent
j	й^[4]	yes

Other symbols
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
ː	Gemination^[5] (doubled consonant)

Notes

^ Oleksa Syniavsky. The Norms of the Standard Ukrainian Language.: "The hard л is almost always pronounced as the "middle" (l)."
^ S. Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: The [в] sound is normally a voiced bilabial fricative consonant for the typical Ukrainian pronunciation.
^ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
^ The "soft" vowel letters ‹є, ї, ю, я› represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels. Ukrainian may also possess allophones before or between palatalized consonants: /e/, /ʉ/, /æ/ respectively.
^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: багаття /bɑˈɦɑtʲːɑ/ bonfire, подружжя /pɔˈdruʒːɑ/ married couple, обличчя face. Geminates also occur at the start of a few words: лляний /ˈlʲːænɪj/ flaxen, forms of the verb лити to pour (ллю /lʲːʉ/, ллєш /lʲːeʃ/ etc.), ссати /ˈsːɑtɪ/ to suck and derivatives.^{[citation needed]}

[1] Oleksa Syniavsky. The Norms of the Standard Ukrainian Language.: "The hard л is almost always pronounced as the "middle" (l)."

[2] S. Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: The [в] sound is normally a voiced bilabial fricative consonant for the typical Ukrainian pronunciation.

[3] Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14

[4] The "soft" vowel letters ‹є, ї, ю, я› represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels. Ukrainian may also possess allophones before or between palatalized consonants: /e/, /ʉ/, /æ/ respectively.

[5] In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: багаття /bɑˈɦɑtʲːɑ/ bonfire, подружжя /pɔˈdruʒːɑ/ married couple, обличчя face. Geminates also occur at the start of a few words: лляний /ˈlʲːænɪj/ flaxen, forms of the verb лити to pour (ллю /lʲːʉ/, ллєш /lʲːeʃ/ etc.), ссати /ˈsːɑtɪ/ to suck and derivatives.^{[citation needed]}

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximations
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
 |'''б'''
 |'''b'''oot; '''b'''eautiful
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
 |'''д'''
 |'''d'''o
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 |'''d'''ew
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|d̪͡z̪|d͡z}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|d͡z}}</big>
 | '''дз'''
 |rowspan="2"|pa'''ds'''
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 | '''дзь'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}</big>
 | '''дж'''
 |'''j'''ump; ri'''dge'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
 |'''ф'''
 |'''f'''ool; '''f'''ew
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
 | '''ґ'''
 |'''g'''oo; a'''g'''ue
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
 | '''г'''
 | be'''h'''ind
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
 |'''к'''
 |'''c'''ooper; '''c'''ute
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
 |'''л'''<ref>[http://r2u.org.ua/guides/synyavsky/litery_i_zvuky Oleksa Syniavsky. The Norms of the Standard Ukrainian Language.]: "The hard л is almost always pronounced as the "middle" (l)."</ref>
 |'''l'''eg
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ|lʲ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʎ|lʲ}}</big>
 |'''ль'''
 |'''l'''east
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
 |'''м'''
 |'''m'''oot; '''m'''ute
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|n̪|n}}</big>
 |'''н'''
 |'''n'''oon
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ|nʲ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɲ|nʲ}}</big>
 |'''нь'''
 |'''n'''ew
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
 |'''п'''
 |'''p'''oo; '''p'''ew
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|r|r~ɾ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|r|r}}</big>
 |'''р'''
 | rowspan="2" | [[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA|rʲ~ɾʲ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA|rʲ}}</big>
 |'''рь'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big>
 |'''с'''
 |'''s'''oup
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 |'''s'''uper
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
 |'''ш'''
 | '''sh'''op
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
 |'''т'''
 |'''t'''ool
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 |'''t'''une
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}}</big>
 |'''ц'''
 |rowspan="2"|ca'''ts'''
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 |'''ць'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}</big>
 |'''ч'''
 |'''ch'''oose'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|β̞}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|β̞}}</big>
 |'''в'''
 |between ba'''b'''y and be'''v'''y<ref>[http://sum.in.ua/s/frykatyvnyj S. Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language]: The [в] sound is normally a voiced bilabial fricative consonant for the typical Ukrainian pronunciation.</ref>
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
 |'''х'''
 |Ba'''ch'''; lo'''ch'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|z̪|z}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big>
 |'''з'''
 |'''z'''oo
@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 |a'''z'''ure
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
 |'''ж'''
 |mea'''s'''ure; gara'''ge'''
@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
 !colspan=3|Stressed
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɑ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɑ}}</big>
 | '''а''', '''я'''
 |f'''a'''ther
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
 | '''е, є'''
 |m'''e'''t
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
 | '''і''', '''ї'''
 | k'''ey'''
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big><ref>Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14</ref>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big><ref>Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14</ref>
 | '''и'''
 |s'''i'''x
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
 | '''о'''
 |b'''o'''rn
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
 | '''у''', '''ю'''
 |h'''oo'''k
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 !colspan=3|Unstressed
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
 | '''а, я'''
 | c'''u'''t
@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 ! English equivalent
 |-
-| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
+| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
 | '''й'''<ref>The "soft" vowel letters ‹є, ї, ю, я› represent a {{IPA|/j/}} plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels. Ukrainian may also possess allophones before or between palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ʉ/}}, {{IPA|/æ/}} respectively.</ref>
 |'''y'''es

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