Benin City
Major city
Statue on King's Square (Ring Road) in Benin City
Country	Nigeria
State	Edo State
Population  (2006)
• Total	1,147,188

Benin City, is a city (2006 est. pop. 1,147,188) and the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a city approximately 25 miles north of the Benin River. It is situated 200 miles by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.^[1]

History

The original people and founders of the Benin Empire, the Edo people, were initially ruled by the Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo. The rulers or kings were commonly known as Ogiso. Igodo, the first Ogiso, wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler. He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere, his eldest son. In the 12th century, a great palace intrigue and battle for power erupted between the warrior crown prince Ekaladerhan son of the last Ogiso and his young paternal uncle. In anger over an oracle, Prince Ekaladerhan left the royal court with his warriors. When his old father the Ogiso died, the Ogiso dynasty was ended as the people and royal kingmakers preferred their king's son as natural next in line to rule. The exiled Prince Ekaladerhan who was not known in Yoruba land, somehow earned the title of Oni Ile-fe Izoduwa which is now corrupt to yoruba language as Ooni (Oghene) of Ile-Ife Oduduwa and refused to return, then sent his son Oranmiyan to become king. Prince Oranmiyan took up his abode in the palace built for him at Usama by the elders (now a coronation shrine). Soon after his arrival he married a beautiful lady, Erinmwinde, daughter of Osa-nego, was the ninth Enogie (Duke) of Ego, by whom he had a son. After some years residence here he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office, remarking that the country was a land of vexation, Ile-Ibinu (by which name the country was afterward known) and that only a child born, trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people. He caused his son born to him by Erinmwinde to be made King in his place, and returned to Yoruba land Ile-Ife. After some years in Ife, he left for Oyo, where he also left a son behind on leaving the place, and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Alafin of Oyo of the present line, while Oranmiyan himself was reigning as Oni of Ife. Therefore, Oranmiyan of Ife, the father of Eweka I, the Oba of Benin, was also the father of Ajaka, the first Alafin of Oyo. Oni of Ife and Alafe of Oyo is a Bini spoken language all the Kings title in Southerner are Edo Language. In Nigeria Edo has the greatest and rich culture and most influence in West Africa and powerful King in Nigeria. Allegedly Oba Eweka later changed the name of the city of Ile-Binu, the capital of the Benin kingdom, to "Ubinu." This name would be reinterpreted by the Portuguese as "Benin" in their own language. Around 1470, Ewuare changed the name of the state to Edo.^[2] This was about the time the people of Okpekpe migrated from Benin City.

The Portuguese visited Benin City around 1485. Benin grew rich during the 16th and 17th centuries due to trade within southern Nigeria, as well as through trade with Europeans, mostly in pepper and ivory. In the early 16th century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the King of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century. Many Portuguese loan words can still be found today in the languages of the area.

On 17 February 1897, Benin City fell to the British.^[1] In the "Punitive Expedition", a 1,200-strong British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered and razed the city after all but two men from a previous British expeditionary force led by Acting Consul General Philips were killed.^[3] Alain Boisragon, one of the survivors of the Benin Massacre, includes references to the practice of human sacrifice in the city in a firsthand account written in 1898 (one year after the Punitive Expedition).^[4] James D. Graham notes that although "there is little doubt that human sacrifices were an integral part of the Benin state religion from very early days," firsthand accounts regarding such acts often varied significantly, with some reporting them and others making no mention of them.^[5]

The "Benin Bronzes", portrait figures, busts and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called "bronze"), were taken from the city by the British and are currently displayed in various museums around the world.^[1] Some of the bronzes were auctioned off to compensate for the expenses incurred during the invasion of the city. Most of these artifacts can be found today in British museums and other parts of the world. In recent years, various appeals have gone to the British government to return such artifacts. The most prominent of these artifacts was the famous Queen Idia mask used as a mascot during the Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) held in Nigeria in 1977 now known as "Festac Mask".

The capture of Benin paved the way for British military occupation and the merging of later regional British conquests into the Niger Coast Protectorate, the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and finally, into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The British permitted the restoration of the Benin monarchy in 1914, but true political power still lay with the colonial administration of Nigeria.

Following Nigeria's independence from British rule in 1960, Benin City became the capital of Mid-Western Region when the region was split from Western Region in June 1963; it remained the capital of the region when the region was renamed Bendel State in 1976, and became the state capital of Edo State when Bendel was split into Delta and Edo states in 1991.

Education

Benin City is home to some of Nigeria's institutions of higher learning, namely, the University of Benin located at Ugbowo, the College of Education Ekiadolor, Igbinedion University, the Benson Idahosa University and wellspring university - renowned for its advancement in information technology, entrepreneurship and leadership development. Benin City also has some of the best secondary schools in Nigeria and these include, Edo College, Western Boys High School,Garrick Memorial secondary school.. Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Niger College, Presentation National High School, [http://www.iccoba.com/members.htm Immaculate conception College, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School, University Preparatory Secondary School, Benin Technical College, Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools,Lydia Group of schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City Paragon Comprehensive College, Itohan Girls Grammar School. Some of the vocational schools in Benin City include Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology and Training Center, etc.

Culture

Attractions in the city include the National Museum Benin city, the Oba Palace, Igun Street (-famous for bronze casting and other metal works for centuries). Other attractions include various festivals and the Benin Moats (measuring about 20 to 40 ft), the famous King's Square on Ring Road and its traditional markets.

The Binis are known for bronze sculpture, its casting skills and their arts and craft. Benin city is also the home of one of the oldest sustained monarchies in the world. Various festivals are held in Benin city yearly to celebrate various historic occasions and seasons. Igue festival is the most popular of the festivals where the Oba celebrates the history and culture of his people and blesses the land and the people. It is celebrated at a time between Christmas and New Year.

Bini market days

The Bini people have four market days: Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado and Eken.

Recent development

Since Adams Oshiomole assumed office in August 2008, the city has embarked on construction of new roads, ringroad beautification and job creation. A bustling commercial centre has developed. Economic and efficient buses were bought by the current administration to ease traffic congestion.^{[citation needed]}

Notable residents

• Oba of Benin
• Archbishop Benson Idahosa
• Chief G.O. Aiwerioba, FNSE, OON, First president & one of the founding fathers of the Nigerian Society of Engineers. Former Commissioner of Works and Transport & Permanent Secretary to the military Governor in the then Midwest State of Nigeria.
• Late Professor Ambrose Alli, Former governor of the defunct Bendel State. He created the Bendel State University now named after him.
• Chief H.I. Igiehon, Engineer and two term president of the Nigerian society of Engineers, Former Chairman of Delta Steel Company
• Professor Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, Vice Chancellor of University of Benin
• Chief D.N. Oronsaye, politician instrumental in creation of Midwest region and junior Minister of Finance
• Jacob U. Egharevba, a Bini historian and traditional chief
• Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
• Late Chief Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
• Professor Emmanuel Emovon, first Nigerian Ph.D. in chemistry from the University College London and former Minister of Science and Technology of Nigeria
• Late Professor Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
• Odia Ofeimun, poet and former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors
• Tiamiyu Bello-Osagie, medical practitioner and long-running gynaecologist to several first families of Nigeria
• Late Dr Abel Guobadia, educator and former Nigerian ambassador to the Republic of Korea
• General Godwin Abbe, Former Nigerian Minister for Interior and Defence
• Sir Victor Uwaifo, musician
• Sonny Okosun, musician
• Felix Idubor, artist
• K.O. Giuseppe, Author
• Barrister Charles Idehen,Ex NBA & ABA president
• Festus Idehen, sculptor
• Erhabor Emokpae, painter, sculptor, and graphic designer
• Solomon Irein-Wangboje, painter
• Ben Osawe, sculptor
• Dominic Osaghae, Medical Doctor, former National Chairman, Nigerian Medical Association
• Festus Ezeli, basketball player with the Golden State Warriors
• Dr. Tunde Obanor, Medical Practitioner, Activist
• Modupe Ozolua, Body Enhancement and Reconstructive Surgery
• Chief Tony Anenih, Chairman Board of trustee (PDP) former Minister of Works.
• Dr Tonnie Iredia, former Director-General of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
• Gabriel Igbinedion, business mogul and Benin traditional chief
• Late Prof. Omo Omoruyi, Political Scientist and former Director General, Center for Democratic Studies

References

Bibliography

• Bondarenko D. M. A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the Thirteenth - Nineteenth Centuries. Social Evolution & History. 2005. Vol. 4, No 2. P. 18-88.

External links

• WorldStatesmen- Nigeria
• The Fall of Benin
• Benin kingdom/Edo state tourism