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[[Image:Kamień upamiętniający Pawła Frenkela i Dawida Moryca Apfelbauma na ul. Zamenhofa w Warszawie.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A memorial stone for the leaders of ŻZW in |
[[Image:Kamień upamiętniający Pawła Frenkela i Dawida Moryca Apfelbauma na ul. Zamenhofa w Warszawie.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A memorial stone for the leaders of ŻZW in the Warsaw Ghetto Paweł Frenkiel and Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum on ul. Dubois (Dubois Street) in Warsaw. (Part of the [[Memorial Route of Jewish Martyrdom and Struggle in Warsaw]])]] |
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[[Image:Commemorative plaque Paweł Frenkel Grzybowska 5A Warsaw.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A plaque in memory of Paweł Frenkel at 5A Grzybowska Street in Warsaw]] |
[[Image:Commemorative plaque Paweł Frenkel Grzybowska 5A Warsaw.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A plaque in memory of Paweł Frenkel at 5A Grzybowska Street in Warsaw]] |
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'''Paweł Frenkiel''' (sometimes also '''Frenkel''', {{lang-he|פאוול פרנקל}}; |
'''Paweł Frenkiel''' (sometimes also '''Frenkel''', {{lang-he|פאוול פרנקל}}; |
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Following the outbreak of [[World War II]], [[September Campaign|German conquest of Poland]] and the start of German repressions against the Jewish population of Poland, he joined the Jewish Military Union and became one of its' highest-ranking members. It is unclear what his exact capacity was.<ref name="Apfelbaum">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=[[Marian Apfelbaum]] |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Two Flags: Return to the Warsaw Ghetto |trans_title= |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=2007 |publisher=Gefen Publishing House |location= |isbn=9789652293565 |oclc= |pages=56, 61}}</ref> Earlier publications and accounts by [[Tadeusz Bednarczyk]],<ref name="Bednarczyk">{{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Życie codzienne warszawskiego getta; warszawskie getto i ludzie (1939-1945 i dalej) |trans_title=Everyday life of the Warsaw Ghetto: Warsaw Ghetto and its' people |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1995 |publisher=Ojczyzna |location=Warsaw |isbn=8386449020 |oclc= |pages= }}</ref> [[Henryk Iwański]] and [[Kałmen Mendelson]] assert, that Paweł Frenkel was one of the deputies of JMU's commander [[Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum]]. However, other accounts, including those by [[Dawid Wdowiński]]<ref name="Wdowiński">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=David Wdowinski |coauthors=Chaim Lazar |editor= |others=Morris Chariton |title=And we are not saved |trans_title= |edition=2 |series= |volume= |year=1985 |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=0802224865 }}</ref> and [[Cezary Szemley]] suggest, that Frenkiel was indeed the leader of the entire organisation.<ref name="Apfelbaum"/> In recent years some historians went as far as to suggest that Apfelbaum did not even exist at all.<ref name="Więź">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author1 =Dariusz Libionka | author2=[[Laurence Weinbaum]] | year =2007 | month = | title =Pomnik Apfelabuma, czyli klątwa "majora" Iwańskiego | trans_title=Monument to Apfelbaum, or the curse of "Major" Iwański | journal =[[Więź]] | volume = | issue =4 | pages =100–111 | issn =0511-9405 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Libionka">The controversy surrounding Apfelbaum's existence is further discussed in: {{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1=Dariusz Libionka |coauthors=Laurence Weinbaum |title=Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego |trans_title=Heroes, Liars, Story-tellers: around the Jewish Military Union |year=2011 |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] |location=Warsaw |isbn=9788393220281 |oclc= |pages= }}</ref> |
Following the outbreak of [[World War II]], [[September Campaign|German conquest of Poland]] and the start of German repressions against the Jewish population of Poland, he joined the Jewish Military Union and became one of its' highest-ranking members. It is unclear what his exact capacity was.<ref name="Apfelbaum">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=[[Marian Apfelbaum]] |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Two Flags: Return to the Warsaw Ghetto |trans_title= |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=2007 |publisher=Gefen Publishing House |location= |isbn=9789652293565 |oclc= |pages=56, 61}}</ref> Earlier publications and accounts by [[Tadeusz Bednarczyk]],<ref name="Bednarczyk">{{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Życie codzienne warszawskiego getta; warszawskie getto i ludzie (1939-1945 i dalej) |trans_title=Everyday life of the Warsaw Ghetto: Warsaw Ghetto and its' people |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1995 |publisher=Ojczyzna |location=Warsaw |isbn=8386449020 |oclc= |pages= }}</ref> [[Henryk Iwański]] and [[Kałmen Mendelson]] assert, that Paweł Frenkel was one of the deputies of JMU's commander [[Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum]]. However, other accounts, including those by [[Dawid Wdowiński]]<ref name="Wdowiński">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=David Wdowinski |coauthors=Chaim Lazar |editor= |others=Morris Chariton |title=And we are not saved |trans_title= |edition=2 |series= |volume= |year=1985 |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=0802224865 }}</ref> and [[Cezary Szemley]] suggest, that Frenkiel was indeed the leader of the entire organisation.<ref name="Apfelbaum"/> In recent years some historians went as far as to suggest that Apfelbaum did not even exist at all.<ref name="Więź">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author1 =Dariusz Libionka | author2=[[Laurence Weinbaum]] | year =2007 | month = | title =Pomnik Apfelabuma, czyli klątwa "majora" Iwańskiego | trans_title=Monument to Apfelbaum, or the curse of "Major" Iwański | journal =[[Więź]] | volume = | issue =4 | pages =100–111 | issn =0511-9405 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Libionka">The controversy surrounding Apfelbaum's existence is further discussed in: {{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1=Dariusz Libionka |coauthors=Laurence Weinbaum |title=Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego |trans_title=Heroes, Liars, Story-tellers: around the Jewish Military Union |year=2011 |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] |location=Warsaw |isbn=9788393220281 |oclc= |pages= }}</ref> |
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In any way, it is probable that Paweł Frenkiel personally commanded one of the armed companies of armed fighters during the ill-fated [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] of 1943. According to a widespread opinion he was [[killed in action]] while defending the headquarters of the Jewish Military Union at #7 [[Muranów|Muranów Square]]. According to some other sources he was killed on 19 June 1943 in Grzybowska Street in Warsaw.<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1=Dariusz Libionka |coauthors=Laurence Weinbaum |title=Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego |trans_title=Heroes, Liars, Story-tellers: around the Jewish Military Union |year=2011 |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] |location=Warsaw |isbn=9788393220281 |oclc= |pages= |
In any way, it is probable that Paweł Frenkiel personally commanded one of the armed companies of armed fighters during the ill-fated [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] of 1943. According to a widespread opinion he was [[killed in action]] while defending the headquarters of the Jewish Military Union at #7 [[Muranów|Muranów Square]]. According to some other sources he was killed on 19 June 1943 in Grzybowska Street in Warsaw.<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1=Dariusz Libionka |coauthors=Laurence Weinbaum |title=Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego |trans_title=Heroes, Liars, Story-tellers: around the Jewish Military Union |year=2011 |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] |location=Warsaw |isbn=9788393220281 |oclc= |pages=534–535}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 08:26, 12 September 2013
Paweł Frenkiel (sometimes also Frenkel, Hebrew: פאוול פרנקל; 1920-1943) was a Polish Jewish youth leader in Warsaw and one of the senior commanders of the Jewish Military Union, or the ŻZW. Although one of the most important leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Jewish resistance in the months preceding April 1943, Frenkiel is also one of the least well-known to historians and both his earlier life and his ultimate fate are a subject of some controversy.[1]
Paweł Frenkiel was born in Warsaw, Poland. At the age of 18 he joined the revisionist Zionist youth movement Betar.[2]
Following the outbreak of World War II, German conquest of Poland and the start of German repressions against the Jewish population of Poland, he joined the Jewish Military Union and became one of its' highest-ranking members. It is unclear what his exact capacity was.[3] Earlier publications and accounts by Tadeusz Bednarczyk,[4] Henryk Iwański and Kałmen Mendelson assert, that Paweł Frenkel was one of the deputies of JMU's commander Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum. However, other accounts, including those by Dawid Wdowiński[5] and Cezary Szemley suggest, that Frenkiel was indeed the leader of the entire organisation.[3] In recent years some historians went as far as to suggest that Apfelbaum did not even exist at all.[6][7]
In any way, it is probable that Paweł Frenkiel personally commanded one of the armed companies of armed fighters during the ill-fated Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943. According to a widespread opinion he was killed in action while defending the headquarters of the Jewish Military Union at #7 Muranów Square. According to some other sources he was killed on 19 June 1943 in Grzybowska Street in Warsaw.[8]
References
- ^ Template:Pl icon various authors (2007). Dariusz Libionka (ed.). Zagłada Żydów: studia i materiały (Holocaust: studies and materials; journal of the Polish Center for Holocaust Research) (3). Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk: 320–331. ISSN 1895-247X.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon "Żydowski Związek Wojskowy". Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN. Warsaw: PWN. 2005.
- ^ a b Template:En icon Marian Apfelbaum (2007). Two Flags: Return to the Warsaw Ghetto. Gefen Publishing House. pp. 56, 61. ISBN 9789652293565.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|coauthors=and|trans_title=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Życie codzienne warszawskiego getta; warszawskie getto i ludzie (1939-1945 i dalej). Warsaw: Ojczyzna. 1995. ISBN 8386449020.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:En icon David Wdowinski (1985). And we are not saved. Morris Chariton (2 ed.). New York: Philosophical Library. ISBN 0802224865.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|trans_title=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Dariusz Libionka; Laurence Weinbaum (2007). "Pomnik Apfelabuma, czyli klątwa "majora" Iwańskiego". Więź (4): 100–111. ISSN 0511-9405.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ The controversy surrounding Apfelbaum's existence is further discussed in: Template:Pl icon Dariusz Libionka (2011). Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9788393220281.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Dariusz Libionka (2011). Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 534–535. ISBN 9788393220281.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)
