Cannabis Ruderalis

thcscience_admin
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by Makecat (talk) to last version by MarshalN20
mNo edit summary
Line 349: Line 349:
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Irven Avila]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|7|2}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Sporting Cristal]]|clubnat=PER}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Irven Avila]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|7|2}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Sporting Cristal]]|clubnat=PER}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Yordy Reyna]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|17}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Alianza Lima]]|clubnat=PER}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Yordy Reyna]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|17}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[Alianza Lima]]|clubnat=PER}}
{{nat fs g end}}
|}

{{collapse top|title=Recent call-ups}}
{{collapse top|title=Recent call-ups}}
*<sup>INJ</sup> Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
*<sup>INJ</sup> Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
Line 403: Line 402:
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[José Carlos Fernández (Peruvian footballer)|José Carlos Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|5|14}}|caps=6|goals=2|club=[[Asociación Atlética Argentinos Juniors|Argentinos Juniors]]|clubnat=ARG|latest= vs {{fb|URU}}, June 10, 2012}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[José Carlos Fernández (Peruvian footballer)|José Carlos Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|5|14}}|caps=6|goals=2|club=[[Asociación Atlética Argentinos Juniors|Argentinos Juniors]]|clubnat=ARG|latest= vs {{fb|URU}}, June 10, 2012}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Hernán Rengifo]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|4|18}}|caps=22|goals=6|club=[[Sporting Cristal]]|clubnat=PER|latest= vs {{fb|CHI}}, April 11, 2012}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Hernán Rengifo]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|4|18}}|caps=22|goals=6|club=[[Sporting Cristal]]|clubnat=PER|latest= vs {{fb|CHI}}, April 11, 2012}}
{{nat fs g end}}
|}
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse bottom}}


Revision as of 05:35, 6 April 2013

Peru
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)La Blanquirroja
(The White and Red)
AssociationPeruvian Football Federation
ConfederationCONMEBOL
(South America)
Head coachUruguay Sergio Markarián
CaptainClaudio Pizarro
Most capsRoberto Palacios (128)
Top scorerTeófilo Cubillas (26)[1]
Home stadiumEstadio Nacional
FIFA codePER
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current41
Highest25 (July 2011)
Lowest91 (September 2009)
First international
Peru Peru 0–4 Uruguay 
(Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927)
Biggest win
Peru Peru 9–1 Ecuador 
(Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938)
Biggest defeat
 Brazil 7–0 Peru Peru
(Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997)
World Cup
Appearances4 (first in 1930)
Best resultQuarter Finals, 1970 and 1978
Copa América
Appearances34 (first in 1927)
Best resultWinners, 1939 and 1975
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Appearances1 (first in 2000)
Best resultThird (shared), 2000
Medal record
Bolivarian Games
Gold medal – first place 1938 Bogotá NA
Gold medal – first place 1947–48 Lima NA
Bronze medal – third place 1951 Caracas NA
Gold medal – first place 1961 Barranquilla NA
Gold medal – first place 1973 Panama City NA
Bronze medal – third place 1977 La Paz NA
Gold medal – first place 1981 Barquisimeto NA
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Bronze medal – third place 2000 Gold Cup NA
Copa Centenario de Armenia
Bronze medal – third place 1989 Armenia NA
Kirin Cup
Gold medal – first place 1999 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2005 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2011 Japan NA
Marlboro Cup
Silver medal – second place 1989 New York NA
Men's Pre-Olympic Football
Silver medal – second place 1960 Peru NA
Bronze medal – third place 1964 Peru NA
Bronze medal – third place 1980 Colombia NA
Nike United States Cup
Bronze medal – third place 1997 U.S. Cup NA

The Peru national football team represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America. The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent, although it is considered to have enjoyed two successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[2]

Founded in 1927, the Peru national football team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. Peru has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup tournaments, and participated in two Olympic tournaments. Peru's traditional footballing rival is Chile,[3] but the team also has a prominent rivalry with Ecuador. The classic colors of the team are white and red, the colors of the Peruvian flag, and the team is commonly known as la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[4]

Early in its history, Peru participated in World Cup tournaments and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[2] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought Peru back to world recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[5][6] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.

Peru's 1982 World Cup participation was its last to date: the national team has not since won a major tournament or participated in a World Cup tournament. The team was temporarily suspended from international participation by FIFA in late 2008 due to allegations of corruption involving government sport authorities and the FPF. Peru has currently appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, seeks to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

History

Main article: History of the Peru national football team

Football was introduced in Peru during the nineteenth century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[7] In 1859, the British community of Lima (Peru's capital) founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club dedicated to the practice of cricket, hockey, tennis, and football.[A][8][9] In the nearby port city of Callao, English sailors played the sport with the local chalaco workers.[B] Sports rivalries arose in Callao, between chalacos and foreigners, and in Lima, between elites and urban workers. Overtime, this became a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[11][7][12] Due to these several factors, including the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (thanks to the foundation of Alianza Lima in 1901), Peru formed the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[13]

The Peruvian Football League tournament was organized in 1912, but conflicts among the teams caused its demise in 1921.[14] Consequently, a central organization was created in 1922, the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[C] which took charge of the troubled Peruvian Football League tournament in 1926.[15] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, but financial problems prevented the formation of a national football team until 1927.[16] Peru debuted internationally in the 1927 South American Championship.[17]

During the 1930s, Peruvian football entered its first golden era.[2] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, various Peruvian clubs triumphantly toured throughout Latin America. One of these tours, Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935, saw the formation of "The Black Roller" (Spanish: El Rodillo Negro) composed by players such as Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Teodoro Fernández.[18][19] Sports historian Richard Witzig writes that these players "formed a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time".[2] Peru, which had a prior fair performance at the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930,[20] with El Rodillo Negro awed audiences at the 1936 Summer Olympics and finished the decade as winners of the first Bolivarian Games and as South American champions.[D][21][22]

File:Marokko1970.png
Peru defeated Morocco (3–0) at the Mexico 1970 FIFA World Cup.

After nearly four decades of sparse achievements and narrow eliminations in World Cup qualifiers (1958, 1962, and 1966), Peru entered another golden era in late 1969, qualifying for the Mexico 1970 World Cup at the expense of Bolivia and Argentina.[23] In the tournament, Peru reached the quarterfinals and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[6][24] Afterwards, Peru won its second Copa América in 1975 and qualified for the Argentina 1978 World Cup, eliminating rivals Chile and Ecuador.[25] In this World Cup, Peru ended as group leaders, but were eliminated in the second round.[26]

The team next qualified for the Spain 1982 World Cup, eliminating Uruguay (the 1980 Mundialito winners) and Colombia.[27] The team then prepared by touring Europe and Africa, defeating Hungary (1–2) and France (0–1), and tying Algeria (1–1); upon returing home, Peru defeated Romania (2–0).[24] However, Peru was eliminated in the World Cup's Group Stage, ending a period when the team's "flowing football was admired across the globe."[28]

Subsequent years proved unfavorable to Peru. The national side missed the Mexico 1986 World Cup after losing a play-off match against Chile. Tragedy struck on December 8, 1987, when the aircraft carrying Alianza Lima's team and coaching staff crashed into the Pacific Ocean, with several young national team members and coach Marcos Calderón perishing as a result.[29] Despite earning second place at the 1989 Marlboro Cup and placing third at the 1997 U.S. Cup,[30][31] Peru did not get close to qualifying for a World Cup again until 1998, when it was eliminated due to a goal difference with Chile.[32] Afterwards, Peru won two Kirin Cup competitions (1999 and 2005), and earned third place at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[33]

At present, Peru remains unable to qualify for a World Cup and has struggled with various player indiscipline scandals. Much of the blame for Peru's performance is placed on FPF President Manuel Burga.[34][35][36] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and made his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[37] After Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) president Arturo Woodman agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, FIFA President Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[38] With FIFA's approval, the FPF later reappointed Burga.[39]

On July 2, 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián took charge of the national team tasked with leading Peru in the 2011 Copa América and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[40] His work with the squad received positive comments from Pelé,[41] and Peru won the Kirin Cup for a third time.[42] Markarián's first challenge was another indiscipline scandal; Markarián temporarily banned Reimond Manco and John Galliquio.[43] Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa América, even though several of the team's key players were unavailable because of injuries.[44]

FIFA World Cup record

Main article: Peru at the FIFA World Cup
File:1982-paraguay-wm-spain-1-peru.JPG
Peruvian team featured in a Paraguayan stamp of the Spain 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Peru has played at four FIFA World Cup finals, the first in 1930 and the last in 1982.[45] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first World Cup goal in the 1930 match against Romania.[46] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in two competitions.

In 1930, Peru were eliminated in the group stage after losing to Romania (1–3) and Uruguay (0–1). During the match against Romania, Peru's Plácido Galindo became the first player to be sent off during a World Cup.[47] The squad next qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup, overcoming a 1–2 loss to Bolivia in a match fixed by referee Sergio Chechelev in favor of Argentina, and tying in Argentina with the locals 2–2.[E][48][49] In the World Cup, Peru defeated Bulgaria 3–2 after trailing 0–2 at half-time,[50] beat Morocco (3–0), lost to West Germany (1–3), and were eliminated by Brazil (2–4) in the quarterfinals.[51][52]

Peru next qualified for the 1978 cup held in Argentina, finishing as group leader after defeating Scotland (3–1) and Iran (4–1),[53][54] and drawing with the Netherlands (0–0).[55][56] In the second round, rumors circulated that Peru had been paid by the Argentine military government to play poorly and concede the goals Argentina needed to reach the final. None of the allegations could be proven, and Argentina won the tournament.[57] Before the Spain 1982 World Cup came, Peru embarked on a successful practice tour in Europe and Africa,[24] but were eliminated early after draws with Cameroon (0–0) and Italy (1–1), and a loss to Poland (5–1).[58]

FIFA World Cup record
Year Round Position GP W D* L GS GA
Uruguay 1930 Group Stage 10th 2 0 0 2 1 4
Italy 1934 Withdrew
France 1938 Did Not Enter
Brazil 1950 Withdrew
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958 Did Not Qualify
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970 Quarter-Final 6th 4 2 0 2 9 9
West Germany 1974 Did Not Qualify
Argentina 1978 Second Group Stage 8th 6 2 1 3 7 12
Spain 1982 Group Stage 20th 3 0 2 1 2 6
Mexico 1986 Did Not Qualify
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
South Korea Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014 To Be Determined
Russia 2018
Qatar 2022
Total Quarter-Final 4/19 15 4 3 8 19 31
*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Template:Peru FIFA World Cup Squads

Copa América record

Main article: Peru at the Copa América
Peru prior to its inaugural match, against Uruguay, in the 1927 South American Championship.

Peru hosted the Copa América in 1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004; and won it in 1939 and 1975. Demetrio Neyra scored the national team's first goal in the 1927 edition held in Lima.[59] The team boasts three tournament top scorers: Teodoro Fernández (7 goals, 1939), Eduardo Malásquez (3 goals, 1983), and Paolo Guerrero (5 goals, 2011).[60] Peru also has three hat-trick scorers: Teodoro Fernández (1939 and 1941), Miguel Loayza (1959), and Paolo Guerrero (2011).[61]

In 1939, Peru achieved its first Copa América title, defeating Ecuador 5–2, Chile 3–1, and Paraguay 3–0 to reach the final. With players Teodoro Fernández and Jorge Alcalde, Peru defeated Uruguay in the final by 2–1.[62] In 1975, Peru won the first Copa América held without a fixed venue. The team defeated Chile and Bolivia in the group stages, and Brazil at the Mineirão (1–3) in the semifinals. After being randomly chosen in a CONMEBOL-sponsored lottery, ordered after Brazil defeated Peru in Lima by 0–2 (equalizing the amount of points between the two squads),[63] Peru defeated Colombia in two of three games played for the final. The squad lost the first leg of the final played in Colombia (0–1), but won the second match in Lima (2–0) and a final match at Caracas (1–0).[63]

Peru's highest non-winning place in the tournament is third place, which it achieved five times; two at home (1927 and 1935), one in Brazil (1949), one in Chile (1955), and the latest in Argentina (2011). In 2011, Peru also obtained five LG Corp. Player of the Game awards, twice for Paolo Guerrero and Juan Manuel Vargas, and once for William Chiroque, the most awarded to a national team in the tournament.

Copa América/South American Championship
Total: 2 Titles
Year Position Year Position Year Position
1916–1926 Absent Brazil 1949 Third Place Argentina 1987 Round 1
Peru 1927 Third Place Peru 1953 Fifth Place Brazil 1989 Round 1
Argentina 1929 Fourth Place Chile 1955 Third Place Chile 1991 Round 1
Peru 1935 Third Place Uruguay 1956 Sixth Place Ecuador 1993 Quarterfinals
Argentina 1937 Sixth place Peru 1957 Fourth Place Uruguay 1995 Round 1
Peru 1939 Winners Argentina 1959 Fourth Place Bolivia 1997 Fourth Place
Chile 1941 Fourth Place Bolivia 1963 Fifth place Paraguay 1999 Quarterfinals
Uruguay 1942 Fifth place Uruguay 1967 Withdrew Colombia 2001 Quarterfinals
Chile 1945 Withdrew 1975 Winners Peru 2004 Quarterfinals
Argentina 1946 Withdrew 1979 Semifinals Venezuela 2007 Quarterfinals
Ecuador 1947 Fifth Place 1983 Semifinals Argentina 2011 Third Place

Template:Peru Copa América Champion Squads

Olympic record

See also: Peru at the Olympics and Peru v Austria (1936)

Peru was the only South American football team to compete in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[2] Players for Peru included Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Adelfo Magallanes.[64] The IFFHS considers this Peruvian side to have been "a technically excellent and strong attacking side" that had "everything to be a finalist."[65]

The team began the tournament well, defeating Finland by 7–3. The Peruvians next eliminated the Austrian Wunderteam, favorites to win the tournament, defeating them 4–2 in extra time. However, after the game, the Austrian team alleged that the Peruvian players had manhandled them and that Peruvian spectators, one brandishing a revolver, had invaded the pitch during overtime.[66] However, Peru - the away team - had few supporters, and the nationalities or identities of the spectators who entered the field during the regular time were never discovered.[67] Despite the lack of concrete evidence, the International Olympic Committee, presided by Jules Rimet,[68] nullified the result and ordered a re-match behind closed doors. The Peruvian and Colombian delegations forfeited the games in protest.[66] The story was told differently by European and South American media; the exact details of the incident remain unknown.[64] Nowadays, the IFFHS is the only international football organization to condemn the actions taken against Peru in the tournament.[68]

During the 1960s, Peru won the Bolivarian Games in Barranquilla and qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[69]

Stadium

Main article: Estadio Nacional (Lima)
The renovated Estadio Nacional meets FIFA's highest requirements.[70]

The Estadio Nacional (National Stadium), also known as the Coloso de José Díaz, is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that acts as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the National Stadium of Peru.[71] The stadium, a gift from England, opened on July 18, 1897, as the Estadio Guadalupe.[72][73] The Peruvian Football League (which later became the Peruvian Football Federation) used it for the first official football tournaments, which were held in Lima. In 1921, as part of President Augusto B. Leguía's embellecimiento (beautification) program, the stadium was renovated and renamed the Estadio Nacional de Peru.[73] During the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952.[74] Under the government of Alan García, the stadium was renovated and re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[71]

In preparation for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, artificial turf was installed as a means of improving the stadium's aesthetic appeal; the surface was left in place after the tournament. In 2005, the stadium was one of Peru's four "Star II" (the highest certification granted to artificial pitches) stadiums.[75] Nonetheless, the surface received heavy criticisms from Peruvian First Division clubs, due to player injuries for which it was allegedly responsible.[76] In 2011, the artificial ground was removed as part of stadium's the renovation process. Additional improvements include a modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system which complies with FIFA's norms for high-definition transmissions, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats, and 375 private suites.[70][71]

The national team occasionally selects other stadiums as its home venue. The thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages against certain rivals.[77] Other stadiums in Lima are sometimes used to bring the team closer to certain communities in the city, such as Alianza Lima's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva.[78] During the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U" was often selected for home matches due to controversy over the National Stadium's playing surface.[76]

Uniform

Segundo Castillo Varela, former midfielder wearing the original design of 1936.

Peru's national colors are red and white.[79] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship; it consisted of white shorts and a shirt with red vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship; a horizontal red stripe was added. Peru's current uniform was designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics; a red stripe crosses the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the hip's right.[4] In 2010, the ESPN television network placed Peru's 1978 jersey first in a list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time," praising its "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design."[80]

Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Brazilian company Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), Calvo Sportwear (1987), and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995), and Umbro (1996–1997). It also had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010). Among other designs, Walon produced the 1998 version with folkloric designs and the 2003 version that was similar to the Adidas kits.[4] Since 2010, Umbro has produced the kits for Peru. The new uniform was presented on September 4, 2010, in a friendly against Canada.[81]

  • Peru's 1927 uniform
    Peru's 1927 uniform
  • Peru's 1930 uniform
    Peru's 1930 uniform
  • Peru's 1935 uniform
    Peru's 1935 uniform
  • Peru's current uniform (1936 – present)
    Peru's current uniform (1936 – present)
  • Alternate uniform
    Alternate uniform

Players

Main article: List of Peru international footballers

The current Peru national football team is made up of the following players, who were called-up for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Chile on March 22, 2013, and for the Friendly Match against Trinidad and Tobago on March 26, 2013. All caps and goals are updated as of March 26, 2013.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1GK Raúl Fernández (1985-10-06) October 6, 1985 (age 38) 23 0 United States FC Dallas
1GK Diego Penny (1984-04-22) April 22, 1984 (age 40) 12 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
1GK Salomón Libman (1984-02-25) February 25, 1984 (age 40) 6 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo
2DF Alberto Rodríguez (1984-03-31) March 31, 1984 (age 40) 44 0 Portugal Rio Ave
2DF Christian Ramos (1988-11-04) November 4, 1988 (age 35) 26 0 Peru Juan Aurich
2DF Yoshimar Yotún (1990-04-07) April 7, 1990 (age 34) 26 0 Brazil Vasco da Gama
2DF Luis Advíncula (1990-03-02) March 2, 1990 (age 34) 24 0 Germany Hoffenheim
2DF Carlos Zambrano (1989-07-10) July 10, 1989 (age 34) 22 2 Germany Eintracht Frankfurt
2DF Roberto Guizasola (1984-08-21) August 21, 1984 (age 39) 10 0 Peru Juan Aurich
2DF Jhoel Herrera (1980-07-09) July 9, 1980 (age 43) 6 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
2DF Jesús Álvarez (1981-08-26) August 26, 1981 (age 42) 5 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
2DF Néstor Duarte (1990-09-08) September 8, 1990 (age 33) 3 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes
2DF Rafael Farfán (1975-12-28) December 28, 1975 (age 48) 2 0 Peru Sport Huancayo
2DF Jair Céspedes (1984-05-22) May 22, 1984 (age 40) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich
2DF Edwuin Gómez (1993-03-04) March 4, 1993 (age 31) 1 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes
3MF Jefferson Farfán (1984-10-26) October 26, 1984 (age 39) 60 16 Germany Schalke 04
3MF Juan Manuel Vargas (1983-10-05) October 5, 1983 (age 40) 42 4 Italy Genoa
3MF Rinaldo Cruzado (1984-09-21) September 21, 1984 (age 39) 28 2 Argentina Newell's Old Boys
3MF Carlos Lobatón (1980-02-06) February 6, 1980 (age 44) 28 1 Peru Sporting Cristal
3MF Luis Ramírez (1984-11-10) November 10, 1984 (age 39) 25 2 Brazil Ponte Preta
3MF Juan Carlos Mariño (1982-08-19) August 19, 1982 (age 41) 22 3 Mexico Querétaro
3MF Paolo Hurtado (1990-07-27) July 27, 1990 (age 33) 6 1 Portugal Paços de Ferreira
3MF Álvaro Ampuero (1992-09-25) September 25, 1992 (age 31) 6 0 Italy Parma
3MF Edwin Retamoso (1982-02-23) February 23, 1982 (age 42) 5 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
3MF Alfredo Rojas (1991-05-01) May 1, 1991 (age 33) 2 0 Peru Juan Aurich
3MF Christofer Gonzáles (1992-10-12) October 12, 1992 (age 31) 1 1 Peru Universitario de Deportes
3MF Paulo Albarracín (1989-11-30) November 30, 1989 (age 34) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima
3MF Luis García (1988-06-15) June 15, 1988 (age 35) 1 0 Peru Unión Comercio
4FW Claudio Pizarro (1978-10-03) October 3, 1978 (age 45) 68 17 Germany Bayern Munich
4FW Paolo Guerrero (1984-01-01) January 1, 1984 (age 40) 45 19 Brazil Corinthians
4FW Daniel Chávez (1988-01-08) January 8, 1988 (age 36) 13 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo
4FW André Carrillo (1991-06-14) June 14, 1991 (age 32) 10 1 Portugal Sporting
4FW Irven Avila (1990-07-02) July 2, 1990 (age 33) 8 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
4FW Yordy Reyna (1993-09-17) September 17, 1993 (age 30) 2 1 Peru Alianza Lima
Recent call-ups
  • INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
  • WD Player withdrew from the squad due to personal reason.
Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Carlos Cáceda (1991-09-27) September 27, 1991 (age 32) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
GK José Carvallo (1986-03-01) March 1, 1986 (age 38) 2 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
GK Joel Pinto (1980-06-05) June 5, 1980 (age 43) 0 0 Peru Sport Huancayo vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
GK Leao Butrón (1977-03-06) March 6, 1977 (age 47) 39 0 Peru FBC Melgar vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
DF Santiago Acasiete (1977-10-22) October 22, 1977 (age 46) 43 2 Peru Cienciano vs  Chile, March 22, 2013
DF Renzo Revoredo (1986-05-11) May 11, 1986 (age 38) 20 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
DF Aurelio Saco Vértiz (1989-05-30) May 30, 1989 (age 34) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
DF Werner Schuler (1990-07-27) July 27, 1990 (age 33) 1 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
DF Jean Pierre Cáncar (1987-07-08) July 8, 1987 (age 36) 0 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
DF John Galliquio (1979-12-01) December 1, 1979 (age 44) 41 1 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Argentina, September 11, 2012
DF José Canova (1992-09-30) September 30, 1992 (age 31) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Costa Rica, August 15, 2012
DF Giancarlo Carmona (1985-10-08) October 8, 1985 (age 38) 5 0 Argentina San Lorenzo vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
DF Walter Vílchez (1982-02-20) February 20, 1982 (age 42) 64 1 United States Chivas USA vs  Chile, April 11, 2012
DF Orlando Contreras (1982-06-11) June 11, 1982 (age 41) 6 1 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Chile, April 11, 2012
DF Jaime Vásquez (1991-02-21) February 21, 1991 (age 33) 1 0 Peru Unión Comercio vs  Chile, April 11, 2012
MF Christian Cueva (1991-11-23) November 23, 1991 (age 32) 6 0 Chile Unión Española vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Juan Morales (1989-03-06) March 6, 1989 (age 35) 2 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Osnar Noronha (1991-12-17) December 17, 1991 (age 32) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Joel Sánchez (1989-06-11) June 11, 1989 (age 34) 2 0 Peru Universidad San Martín vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
MF Josepmir Ballón (1988-03-21) March 21, 1988 (age 36) 21 0 Peru Universidad San Martín vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
MF Michael Guevara (1984-06-10) June 10, 1984 (age 39) 13 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
MF Juan Cominges (1983-10-01) October 1, 1983 (age 40) 14 0 Brazil Guarani vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Julio Edson Uribe (1982-05-09) May 9, 1982 (age 42) 2 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Cristian García (1981-03-02) March 2, 1981 (age 43) 0 0 Peru Cienciano vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Carlos Zegarra (1977-03-02) March 2, 1977 (age 47) 24 1 Peru Sport Huancayo vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Rainer Torres (1980-01-12) January 12, 1980 (age 44) 23 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Antonio Gonzales (1986-05-16) May 16, 1986 (age 38) 10 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Renzo Sheput (1980-11-08) November 8, 1980 (age 43) 2 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Nigeria, May 23, 2012
MF Paolo de la Haza (1983-11-30) November 30, 1983 (age 40) 24 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Chile, April 11, 2012
FW Junior Ross (1986-02-19) February 19, 1986 (age 38) 12 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
FW Raúl Ruidíaz (1990-07-25) July 25, 1990 (age 33) 7 0 Brazil Coritiba vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
FW Jhonny Vidales (1992-04-22) April 22, 1992 (age 32) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
FW William Chiroque (1980-03-10) March 10, 1980 (age 44) 18 1 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
FW Wilmer Aguirre (1983-05-10) May 10, 1983 (age 41) 8 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
FW Andy Pando (1983-07-28) July 28, 1983 (age 40) 0 0 Spain Las Palmas vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
FW José Carlos Fernández (1983-05-14) May 14, 1983 (age 41) 6 2 Argentina Argentinos Juniors vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
FW Hernán Rengifo (1983-04-18) April 18, 1983 (age 41) 22 6 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Chile, April 11, 2012

Managers

Main article: List of managers of the Peru national football team
File:Sergiomarkarian.jpg
Sergio Markarián, the current manager of Peru.

Peru's first manager, Uruguayan Pedro Olivieri, was appointed for the 1927 South American Championship held in Peru.

Two managers have led Peru to CONMEBOL tournament victories, Englishman Jack Greenwell and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1975). In 1939, Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated South American Championship run. In 1975, Calderón took Peru to victory in the newly renamed Copa América tournament.

Four managers have led Peru in the FIFA World Cup competition: Spaniard Francisco Bru (1930),[82] Brazilians Valdir Pereira (1970) and Elba de Pádua Lima (1982),[83][84] and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1978).[85] Pereira's 1970 squad reached the quarter-finals; the team's furthest progression in the World Cup.

In the Kirin Cup invitational tournament, Peru has obtained three titles under separate management. The first was obtained in 1999 under Colombian Francisco Maturana, the second in 2005 under Peruvian Freddy Ternero, and the third in 2011 under Uruguayan Sergio Markarián.

Rivalries

See also: Chile and Peru football rivalry and Ecuador and Peru football rivalry
Raúl Toro (Chile) and Teodoro Fernandez (Peru), opponents during the 1937 South American Championship.

The Peruvian team has regional rivalries with Chile and Ecuador. Territorial, maritime, and cultural disputes have led to a large football rivalry between Chile and Peru since the ending of the War of the Pacific. Both nations dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick.[86][87] Matches between Chile and Peru, considered by CNN (Cable News Network) to be among the top ten rivalries in the world,[87] are nicknamed the Clásico del Pacífico (Derby of the Pacific). A trophy named the Copa del Pacífico (Cup of the Pacific) is awarded whenever Chile and Peru play against each other.[3][24] Peru's rivalry with Ecuador, derived from historical border conflicts, is not as large as that with Chile, but is of competitive importance to both nations.[88]

Youth squads

Main articles: Peru national under-17 football team and Peru national under-20 football team

Records and Fixtures

Main articles: Peru national football team records and Peru national football team results
Peru lost against Romania (3–1) at the inaugural Uruguay 1930 FIFA World Cup.

Peru has played 525 official matches, including friendlies, since 1927. According to CONMEBOL, Peruvian teams play with much technique and elegance, generally making them one of the finest exponents of South American football.[89] Peru has a good performance record against Asian, African, Caribbean, and Central American teams. [90] The highest scoring victory achieved by the Peruvian squad is a 9–1 score against Ecuador in the inaugural Bolivarian Games. The team's biggest defeat occurred in the 1997 Copa América, when Brazil defeated Peru by 7–0.[24] Peru was the first team to receive a FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Peru being the only team that received no yellow or red cards in their games.[91]

Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances is second and Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[92] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[92] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; Pizarro also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[93]

Alejandro Villanueva, Teodoro Fernández, and Juan Valdivieso were part of the Combinado del Pacífico,[F] a united Peruvian-Chilean squad that toured England, Germany, France, and Spain. The Combinado ended with 13 games won, 13 tied, and 13 lost; Fernández was top scorer with 48 goals.[94] Hugo Sotil, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Teófilo Cubillas were selected from the Peruvian football team to join the starting line-up of the South America XI that played against the Europe XI in 1973 at the Nou Camp of FC Barcelona. Sotil scored South America's second goal, and Chumpitaz's goal evened the score (4–4); South America beat Europe 7–6 in the penalty rounds.[95]

Notes

  1. ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club also claims the title of being oldest football club in the Americas.
  2. ^ Chalaco is the demonym of the people from Callao. During these games, the Peruvians possibly invented the move known as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao"), or bicycle kick.[10]
  3. ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
  4. ^ Peru became the fourth nation to win the South American championship (later renamed Copa América), after Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
  5. ^ Peru prevented Argentina's World Cup qualification for the first and only time in its history.
  6. ^ The Combinado del Pacifico was known by the European media as the "Peru-Chile XI" and "All-Pacific".[94]

References

  1. ^ "Goalscoring for Peru National Team". José Luis Pierrend. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e Witzig 2006, p. 349.
  3. ^ a b "High Alert for Chile-Peru Qualifier". thestar.com.my. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Template:Es icon"La Blanquiroja". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  5. ^ "Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  6. ^ a b "The slide of Peruvian football". BBC. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  7. ^ a b "La difusión del fútbol en Lima" (in Spanish). sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  8. ^ Higgins 2005, p. 130.
  9. ^ "El Club: Datos y Anécdotas" (in Spanish). Clublimacricket.com. Retrieved 2013-19-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 100.
  11. ^ Goldblatt 2008, pp. 135–136.
  12. ^ Stein 2011, pp. 3–4.
  13. ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 135.
  14. ^ Murray 1994, p. 127.
  15. ^ Template:Es icon"Historia". fpf.org.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  16. ^ Template:Es icon"La Seleccion Peruana de 1924". Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  17. ^ LaBlanc & Henshaw 1994, p. 237.
  18. ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4671–4673.
  19. ^ Miró 1958, p. 66.
  20. ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4672–4673.
  21. ^ Thorndike 1978, p. 158.
  22. ^ Waldemar Iglesias. "Cuando Perú Humilló a Hitler". Clarín.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  23. ^ "The silence of the Bombonera". FIFA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Peru International Results". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  25. ^ "Southamerican Championship 1975". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  26. ^ "World Cup 1978 Finals". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  27. ^ "Mundialito 1980 (Montevideo, Uruguay)". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  28. ^ Soccer: The Ultimate Guide Page 75
  29. ^ Template:Es icon"Trágicos accidentes se han llevado dos planteles de fútbol en el Perú: el de Alianza Lima y el de Juan Aurich de Chiclayo". Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  30. ^ "Marlboro Cups (USA) 1987–1990". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  31. ^ "USA Cup 1997". Rsssf.com. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  32. ^ "World Cup 1998 qualifications". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  33. ^ Template:Es icon"2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup". Terra.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  34. ^ Template:Es icon"Perú cae ante Chile en Lima y confirma por qué es último en Sudamérica". Peru.com. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
  35. ^ Template:Es icon"José "Chemo" del Solar bate un récord con Perú". Peru.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  36. ^ Template:Es icon"Prensa concuerda que Perú es el peor equipo de la historia". Peru.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  37. ^ "Suspension of the Peruvian FA". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  38. ^ Template:Es icon"La FIFA Levanta La Sancion al Futbol Peruano". Peru.com. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
  39. ^ Template:Es icon"Woodman: "La FPF es la única responsable de la pérdida del Sudamericano"". Elcomercio.com. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  40. ^ Template:Es icon"Markarian, nuevo técnico de Perú". Espndeportes.espn.go.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  41. ^ "Pelé: "Perú tiene chances de ir al Mundial"". Peru.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  42. ^ "Perú campeón de la Copa Kirin". Peru.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  43. ^ "Perú: Markarián indultó a Farfán, Manco y Galliquio". Goal.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  44. ^ "Perú Se Reinventa Por Las Lesiones". El Universal. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  45. ^ "Peru (PER)". FIFA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  46. ^ Escrito por José Augusto Giuffra. "Luis de Souza Ferreira: Primero, el ingeniero - De Chalaca | Fútbol para el que la conoce". De Chalaca. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  47. ^ "101 Facts" (PDF). FIFA.com. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  48. ^ Template:Es icon"Grandes Broncas del Futbol Peruano". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  49. ^ Template:Es icon"El día que Perú enmudeció a la Bombonera". Fifa.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  50. ^ Template:Es icon"Mundial de Fútbol 1970 México – Primera Ronda". Infofutbolonline.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  51. ^ Template:Es icon"Teófilo Cubillas y Héctor Chumpitaz en el equipo ideal de Sudamérica según revista deportiva". Perucampeon.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  52. ^ Template:Es iconDeportes, BBC (June 18, 2007). "Cubillas: "Un trampolín para jugadores"". News.bbc.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  53. ^ "Peru – Scotland". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  54. ^ Template:Es icon"Perú-Escocia (1978)". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  55. ^ "Peru – Iran". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  56. ^ "Netherlands – Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  57. ^ Template:Es icon"El Argentina – Perú del Mundial del 78. La otra historia". Perucampeon.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  58. ^ "Poland – Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  59. ^ "En 1928 empiezan los Campeonatos de la Federación y en la final nacen los Clásicos Alianza-"U"..." Cronicaviva.com.pe. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  60. ^ Template:Es icon"FUTBOL-DATOS-Lista de goleadores históricos de la Copa América". Reuters Mexico. July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  61. ^ "Paolo Guerrero está junto a "Lolo" Fernández y al "Mago" Loayza en la historia de la Copa América | Copa América 2011". Libero.pe. July 23, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  62. ^ Template:Es icon"Perú y su primera Copa América". Peru.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  63. ^ a b Template:Es icon"Copa América 1975: Peru campeon!". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  64. ^ a b Template:Es icon"Controversia | Berlín 36. Un mito derrumbado". LaRepublica.pe. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  65. ^ Witzig, p. 350
  66. ^ a b Template:Es icon"Las Olimpiadas de Berlín". Peru.com. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  67. ^ Witzig, pp. 352–358
  68. ^ a b Witzig, p. 358
  69. ^ "Bolivarian Games: Soccer Tournament". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  70. ^ a b http://www.libero.pe/de-otro-mundo-mira-en-360-grados-el-estadio-nacional-2011-07-26
  71. ^ a b c "Estadio Nacional de Lima: el renacer de un gigante del fútbol". Conmebol.com. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  72. ^ http://www.conmebol.com/eliminatoriamundialfifa/El-renacer-de-un-gigante-del-futbol-20110726-0002.html
  73. ^ a b Goldblatt
  74. ^ Template:Es icon"Estadio Nacional Cumple 54 Años de Vida". ipd.gov.pe. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  75. ^ Template:Es icon"Cuatro Estadios Peruanos con Certificacion FIFA". elregionalpiura.com.pe. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  76. ^ a b Template:Es icon"Vuelven las quejas por el sintético del Nacional". Peru.com. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
  77. ^ Template:Es icon"Sporting Cristal inicia el torneo en el horno de Iquitos". Peru.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  78. ^ Template:Es icon"Conmebol confirma Estadio Nacional". elcomercio.com.pe. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  79. ^ "National Teams – Team Colors". Rsssf.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  80. ^ "Best World Cup jerseys of all time". ESPN. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  81. ^ "Selección estrenará camiseta en amistoso". Peru.com. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  82. ^ "1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  83. ^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  84. ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  85. ^ "1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  86. ^ Template:Es icon"¿Chilena o chalaca?... esa es la cuestión". Elperiodicodemexico.com. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
  87. ^ a b "Top 10 international rivalries". CNN. November 6, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  88. ^ "La "U" un Campeon con Altura, y Peru Rumbo al Mundial..." Peru.com. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  89. ^ "Peruvian football federation". conmebol.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  90. ^ "Peru v Caribbean teams". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
    "Peru v Asian teams 1967–2005". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
    "Peru v African teams 1970–1982". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
    "Peru v Central American teams". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  91. ^ Template:Es icon"La Lista No. 5 (Especial del Mundial), México 1970". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  92. ^ a b "Peru – Record International Players". Rsssf.com. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
  93. ^ "Gol de "Cachito" es el tercer tanto más rápido de la blanquirroja | LÍBERO WEB". Libero.pe. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  94. ^ a b "European Tour of the "Combinado del Pacífico" 1933–34". Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  95. ^ Template:Es icon"El Numéro Diez, Peruanos en Resto del Mundo". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved March 14, 2009.

Bibliography

  • Basadre, Jorge (1964). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Lima: Talleres Graficos P.L. Villanueva S.A. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • DK Publishing (2011). Essential Soccer Skills. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-5902-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Goldblatt, David (2008). The Ball is Round. New York: Riverhead Trade. ISBN 1-59448-296-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Higgins, James (2005). Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books Limited. ISBN 1-902669-98-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • LaBlanc, Michael; Henshaw, Richard (1994). The World Encyclopedia of Soccer. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 0-810394-42-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Miró, César Míro (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-859280-91-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Roel, Virgilio (1986). Historia Social y Económica del Perú en el Siglo XIX (in Spanish). Lima: Librería El Alba. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Thorndike, Guillermo (1978). El Revés de Morir (in Spanish). Lima: Mosca Azul Editores. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Achievements
Preceded by
Inaugural Champions
 Bolivarian Champions
1938 (First title)
1947–48 (Second title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by South American Champions
1939 (First title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bolivarian Champions
1961 (Third title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bolivarian Champions
1973 (Fourth title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by South American Champions
1975 (Second title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bolivarian Champions
1981 (Fifth title) 		Succeeded by
U-20 Tournaments
Preceded by
1998 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
1999 (First title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2000 Slovakia 
Preceded by
2004 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2005 (Second title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2006 Scotland 
Preceded by
2009 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2011 (Third title, shared) 		Succeeded by
Current holders
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F548947987

Leave a Reply