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{{distinguish2|the [[Creek people]]}}
{{distinguish2|the [[Creek people]]}}


'''Cree''' is one of the largest group of [[First Nations]]/[[Native Americans in the United States|Aboriginal]]s in [[North America]], located mainly across [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml |title=Culture Areas Index |work=the Canadian Museum of Civilization }}</ref> and historically in the [[United States]] from [[Minnesota]] westward but are found today in [[Montana]].<ref name="three">{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0000e.shtml |work=Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |title=Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage}}</ref>
'''Cree''' is one of the largest group of [[First Nations]]/[[Native Americans in the United States|Aboriginal]]s in [[North America]], located mainly across [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml |title=Culture Areas Index |work=the Canadian Museum of Civilization }}</ref> In the [[United States]], this Algonquian-speaking people lived historically from [[Minnesota]] westward. Today they live mostly in [[Montana]].<ref name="three">{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0000e.shtml |work=Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |title=Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage}}</ref>


The Cree are generally divided into 8 major groups: [[Naskapi]], [[Montagnais]], [[Attikamekw]], [[James Bay Cree]], [[Moose Cree]], [[Swampy Cree]], [[Woods Cree]] and [[Plains Cree]]. However, among the Cree, they usually referred to themselves collectively as ''Nēhilawē''<ref>"[T]heir native name", see ''David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812''.</ref> (those who speak our language); they called themselves "Cree" only when speaking English or French.<ref>David Pentland, "Synonymy" in [[Handbook of North American Indians]], vol. 6, June Helm, ed., [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington (1981), 227.</ref>
The Cree are generally divided into 8 major groups: ''[[Naskapi]]'', ''[[Montagnais]]'', ''[[Attikamekw]]'', [[James Bay Cree]], [[Moose Cree]], [[Swampy Cree]], [[Woods Cree]] and [[Plains Cree]]. However, the Cree referred to themselves collectively as ''Nēhilawē''<ref>"[T]heir native name", see David Thompson, ''Travels in Western North America 1784-1812''</ref> (those who speak our language). They called themselves "Cree" only when speaking [[English]] or [[French]].<ref>David Pentland, "Synonymy", in [[Handbook of North American Indians]], vol. 6, June Helm, ed., Washington, DC: [[Smithsonian Institution]], 1981, p. 227.</ref>


Skilled [[American bison]] hunters and horsemen, the Plains Cree were allied to the [[Assiniboine]] and the [[Saulteaux]] before encountering English, Scottish (especially [[Orkney|Orcadian]]) and French settlers in the 16th century.
Skilled [[American bison]] hunters and horsemen, the Plains Cree were allied with the ''[[Assiniboine]]'' and the ''[[Saulteaux]]'' before encountering [[English]], [[Scots]] (especially [[Orkney|Orcadian]]) and French settlers in the 16th century.


==Name==
==Name==
[[File:CreeCamp1871.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cree camp south of Vermilion, Alberta, September 1871]]
[[File:CreeCamp1871.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cree camp south of Vermilion, Alberta, September 1871]]
The name "Cree" is an [[exonym]] derived from the French "Christenaux" (also as "Knistenaux", "Cristeneaux" and many other variations) that is commonly shortened to "Cri",<ref>[[David Thompson]] recorded "The French Canadians...call them 'Krees', a name which none of the Indians can pronounce...", "Life with the Nahathaways" in ''David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812'', Victor G. Hopwood, ed., [[Macmillan of Canada]], Toronto (1971), p. 109.</ref> after their village of ''Kenisteniwak''.<ref>[http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.18.book.00000089&volume=18 Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian - Uncorrected OCR Text for volume 18]</ref> However, among the Cree, depending on the community, they may call themselves as the Nehiyaw, Nehithaw, Nehilaw, Nehinaw, Ininiw, Ililiw, [[Iynu]] or Iyyu. These peoples can be divided into two major groups, those who identify themselves using a derivative of their historical [[appellation]] ''Nēhilawē'' (meaning "[those who] speak our Nation's language") and those identifying themselves using a derivative of their historical appellation ''Iliniw'' (meaning "person" or "man").<ref>David H. Pentland, "Synonymy" in "West Main Cree", in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', June Helm, ed., Smithsonian Institution 1981, Washington, D.C., v. 6, p. 227.</ref> Both groups share a common ancestry but are now divided mainly along linguistic lines. Those residing west of the [[Ontario]] border (except for the Rocky Cree sub-group of the Swampy Cree, and one group residing in [[Quebec]] mistakenly called [[Attikamek]] but who self-identify as [[Nehiraw]]) all the way to the [[Rocky Mountains]] tend to refer to themselves using the first name, "Nehilaw". The second group includes the Rocky Cree and all the groups east of [[James Bay]], who tend to use the term for man "Iliniw". {{Fact|date=March 2008}}
The name "Cree" is an [[exonym]] derived from the French ''Christenaux]] (also as ''Knistenaux'', ''Cristeneaux'' and many other variations) that is commonly shortened to "Cri",<ref>[[David Thompson]] recorded "The French Canadians...call them 'Krees', a name which none of the Indians can pronounce...", "Life with the Nahathaways", in ''David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812'', Victor G. Hopwood, ed., Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1971, p. 109.</ref> after their village of ''Kenisteniwak''.<ref>[http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.18.book.00000089&volume=18 Edward S. Curtis, ''The North American Indian'' - Uncorrected OCR Text for volume 18]</ref> However, among the Cree, depending on the community, they may call themselves as the Nehiyaw, Nehithaw, Nehilaw, Nehinaw, Ininiw, Ililiw, [[Iynu]] or Iyyu. These peoples can be divided into two major groups, those who identify themselves using a derivative of their historical [[appellation]] ''Nēhilawē'' (meaning "[those who] speak our Nation's language") and those identifying themselves using a derivative of their historical appellation ''Iliniw'' (meaning "person" or "man").<ref>David H. Pentland, "Synonymy", in "West Main Cree", in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', June Helm, ed., Smithsonian Institution 1981, Washington, D.C., v. 6, p. 227.</ref>
Both groups share a common ancestry but are now divided mainly along linguistic lines. Those residing west of the [[Ontario]] border (except for the Rocky Cree sub-group of the Swampy Cree, and one group residing in [[Quebec]] mistakenly called [[Attikamek]] but who self-identify as [[Nehiraw]]) to the [[Rocky Mountains]] tend to refer to themselves using the first name, "Nehilaw". The second group includes the Rocky Cree and all the groups east of [[James Bay]], who tend to use the term for man "Iliniw". {{Fact|date=March 2008}}


==Language==
==Language==
{{main|Cree language}}
{{main|Cree language}}
[[File:Crimapo.png|thumb|right|200px|Linguistic divisions in Canada]]
[[File:Crimapo.png|thumb|right|200px|Linguistic divisions in Canada]]
The Cree language (also known as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) is the name for a group of closely related [[Algonquian languages]] spoken by approximately 117,000 people across [[Canada]], from [[the Northwest Territories]] to [[Labrador]], making it by far the most widely spoken [[Native American languages|aboriginal language]] in Canada.<ref name="census">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Statistics Canada: 2006 Census]</ref> Despite numerous speakers within this wide-ranging area, the only region where Cree has any [[official language|official status]] is in the Northwest Territories alongside 8 other aboriginal languages.<ref name="lang">[http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988] (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)</ref><ref>The western group of languages includes Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree, and the eastern language is called Moose Cree; see "Languages of Canada", Ethnologue Languages of the World, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=canada, accessed 21 September 2008.</ref>
The Cree language (also known as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) is the name for a group of closely related [[Algonquian languages]] spoken by approximately 117,000 people across [[Canada]], from [[the Northwest Territories]] to [[Labrador]], making it the most widely spoken [[Native American languages|aboriginal language]] in Canada.<ref name="census">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Statistics Canada: 2006 Census]</ref> Despite numerous speakers within this wide area, the only region where Cree has [[official language|official status]] is in the Northwest Territories alongside eight other aboriginal languages.<ref name="lang">[http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988] (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)</ref><ref> The western group of languages includes Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree. The eastern language is called Moose Cree. See "Languages of Canada", ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=canada, accessed 21 September 2008.</ref>


The arfore mentioned two major groups speak a mutually-intelligible Cree [[dialect continuum]], which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Québec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice."<ref>"Cree", http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html, accessed 21 September 2008.</ref>
The aforementioned two major groups speak a mutually intelligible Cree [[dialect continuum]], which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Québec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice."<ref>[http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html "Cree"], Language Geek, accessed 21 September 2008.</ref>


One such major division between both groups, however, is that the Eastern group [[palatalizes]] the sound /k/ to either /ts/ (c) or to /tʃ/ (č) when it precedes [[front vowel]]s. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups there is another set of variation around the pronunciation of the [[Proto-Algonquian]] [[phoneme]] '''*l''', which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/, /n/ or /ð/ (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between /e:/ (ē) and /i:/ (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between /s/ and /ʃ/ (š) has been lost, both merging to the former.
One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group [[palatalizes]] the sound /k/ to either /ts/ (c) or to /tʃ/ (č) when it precedes [[front vowel]]s. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen around the pronunciation of the [[Proto-Algonquian]] [[phoneme]] '''*l''', which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/, /n/ or /ð/ (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between /e:/ (ē) and /i:/ (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between /s/ and /ʃ/ (š) has been lost, both merging to the former.


If you compare the consonants /p/ /t/ /c/ and /k/*<ref>* Most dialects have these consonants.
If you compare the consonants /p/ /t/ /c/ and /k/*<ref>* Most dialects have these consonants.
</ref> to their English counterparts, it is noticeable that there is little distinction of voicing. In English voicing marks the difference of meaning in words such as bin : pin. Since there is not distinction of voicing in Cree, it is common for variants of /t/ to sound more like /d/ without any difference in meaning. <ref>Wolfart, H. C., and Janet F. Carroll. Meet Cree: A Guide to the Language : Second Edition. New York: University of Alberta P, 1981</ref>
</ref> to their English counterparts, it is noticeable that there is little distinction of voicing. In English, voicing marks the difference of meaning in words such as bin : pin. Since there is not distinction of voicing in Cree, it is common for variants of /t/ to sound more like /d/ without any difference in meaning. <ref>Wolfart, H. C., and Janet F. Carroll. ''Meet Cree: A Guide to the Language : Second Edition'', New York: University of Alberta, 1981</ref>


== In Canada ==
== In Canada ==
[[Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 095.jpg|thumb|Nehiyaw Girl (1928).]]
[[Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 095.jpg|thumb|Nehiyaw Girl (1928).]]
The Cree are the largest group of [[First Nations]] in Canada, with over 200,000 members and 135 registered bands.<ref name ="cangeo">[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/justthefacts.asp Source:] [[Canadian Geographic]]</ref> This large number may be due to the Cree's traditional openness to inter-tribal marriage. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.<ref name ="cangeo"/> The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations [[Iroquois]] is the [[Lac_La_Ronge_First_Nation|Lac La Ronge Band]] in northern [[Saskatchewan]].
The Cree are the largest group of [[First Nations]] in Canada, with over 200,000 members and 135 registered bands.<ref name ="cangeo">[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/justthefacts.asp Source:] [[Canadian Geographic]]</ref> This population may be due to the Cree's traditional openness to inter-tribal marriage. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.<ref name ="cangeo"/> The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations [[Iroquois]] is the [[Lac_La_Ronge_First_Nation|Lac La Ronge Band]] in northern [[Saskatchewan]].


The [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] (from French Métis - any person of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and [[French people|French]], [[English people|English]], or [[Scottish people|Scottish]] heritage. According to [[Indian and Northern Affairs Canada]], the [[Metis]] were historically the children of French fur traders and Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and Northern [[Dene]] women ([[Anglo-Métis]]). It is now generally accepted though in academic circles that the term [[Métis]] can be used to refer to any combination of persons of mixed Native American and European heritage, although historical definitions for [[Metis]] remain. Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs specifically but broadly define [[Metis]] to be those persons of mixed First Nation and European ancestry.
The [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] (from French Métis - any person of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry, such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and [[French people|French]], [[English people|English]], or [[Scottish people|Scottish]] heritage. According to [[Indian and Northern Affairs Canada]], the Métis were historically the children of French fur traders and Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and northern [[Dene]] women ([[Anglo-Métis]]). Generally in academic circles, the term [[Métis]] can be used to refer to any combination of persons of mixed Native American and European heritage, although historical definitions for Métis remain. Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs broadly define Métis as those persons of mixed First Nation and European ancestry.


==In the United States ==
==In the United States ==
Though at one time located in northern [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]] and [[Montana]], today the Cree population in the United States can be found as part of the [[Chippewa Cree]] tribe, located on the [[Rocky Boy Indian Reservation]] in Montana. The reservation is shared with a [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians|Pembina band of Chippewa Indians]] who form the "Chippewa" half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. Traditionally, the southern limits of the Cree Territory in the United States were the [[Missouri River]] and the [[Milk River (Montana-Alberta)|Milk River]] in Montana.
Though at one time located in northern [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]] and [[Montana]], today the Cree population in the United States can be found as part of the [[Chippewa Cree]] tribe, located on the [[Rocky Boy Indian Reservation]] in Montana. The reservation is shared with the [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians]] who form the "Chippewa" half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. Traditionally, the southern limits of the Cree Territory in the United States were the [[Missouri River]] and the [[Milk River (Montana-Alberta)|Milk River]] in Montana.


==Cree First Nations==
==Cree First Nations==

Revision as of 19:56, 6 November 2009

For other uses, see Cree (disambiguation).
Cree
Nēhilawē
Nēhiyaw camp near Vermilion, Alberta
Regions with significant populations
Canada, United States
Languages
Cree, English, French
Related ethnic groups
Métis, Oji-Cree, Ojibwe, Innu

Template:Distinguish2

Cree is one of the largest group of First Nations/Aboriginals in North America, located mainly across Canada.[1] In the United States, this Algonquian-speaking people lived historically from Minnesota westward. Today they live mostly in Montana.[2]

The Cree are generally divided into 8 major groups: Naskapi, Montagnais, Attikamekw, James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree. However, the Cree referred to themselves collectively as Nēhilawē[3] (those who speak our language). They called themselves "Cree" only when speaking English or French.[4]

Skilled American bison hunters and horsemen, the Plains Cree were allied with the Assiniboine and the Saulteaux before encountering English, Scots (especially Orcadian) and French settlers in the 16th century.

Name

Cree camp south of Vermilion, Alberta, September 1871

The name "Cree" is an exonym derived from the French Christenaux]] (also as Knistenaux, Cristeneaux and many other variations) that is commonly shortened to "Cri",[5] after their village of Kenisteniwak.[6] However, among the Cree, depending on the community, they may call themselves as the Nehiyaw, Nehithaw, Nehilaw, Nehinaw, Ininiw, Ililiw, Iynu or Iyyu. These peoples can be divided into two major groups, those who identify themselves using a derivative of their historical appellation Nēhilawē (meaning "[those who] speak our Nation's language") and those identifying themselves using a derivative of their historical appellation Iliniw (meaning "person" or "man").[7]

Both groups share a common ancestry but are now divided mainly along linguistic lines. Those residing west of the Ontario border (except for the Rocky Cree sub-group of the Swampy Cree, and one group residing in Quebec mistakenly called Attikamek but who self-identify as Nehiraw) to the Rocky Mountains tend to refer to themselves using the first name, "Nehilaw". The second group includes the Rocky Cree and all the groups east of James Bay, who tend to use the term for man "Iliniw". [citation needed]

Language

Main article: Cree language
File:Crimapo.png
Linguistic divisions in Canada

The Cree language (also known as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Labrador, making it the most widely spoken aboriginal language in Canada.[8] Despite numerous speakers within this wide area, the only region where Cree has official status is in the Northwest Territories alongside eight other aboriginal languages.[9][10]

The aforementioned two major groups speak a mutually intelligible Cree dialect continuum, which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Québec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice."[11]

One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group palatalizes the sound /k/ to either /ts/ (c) or to /tʃ/ (č) when it precedes front vowels. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen around the pronunciation of the Proto-Algonquian phoneme *l, which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/, /n/ or /ð/ (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between /e:/ (ē) and /i:/ (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between /s/ and /ʃ/ (š) has been lost, both merging to the former.

If you compare the consonants /p/ /t/ /c/ and /k/*[12] to their English counterparts, it is noticeable that there is little distinction of voicing. In English, voicing marks the difference of meaning in words such as bin : pin. Since there is not distinction of voicing in Cree, it is common for variants of /t/ to sound more like /d/ without any difference in meaning. [13]

In Canada

Nehiyaw Girl (1928).

The Cree are the largest group of First Nations in Canada, with over 200,000 members and 135 registered bands.[14] This population may be due to the Cree's traditional openness to inter-tribal marriage. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.[14] The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan.

The Métis (from French Métis - any person of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry, such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and French, English, or Scottish heritage. According to Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Métis were historically the children of French fur traders and Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and northern Dene women (Anglo-Métis). Generally in academic circles, the term Métis can be used to refer to any combination of persons of mixed Native American and European heritage, although historical definitions for Métis remain. Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs broadly define Métis as those persons of mixed First Nation and European ancestry.

In the United States

Though at one time located in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana, today the Cree population in the United States can be found as part of the Chippewa Cree tribe, located on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation in Montana. The reservation is shared with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians who form the "Chippewa" half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. Traditionally, the southern limits of the Cree Territory in the United States were the Missouri River and the Milk River in Montana.

Cree First Nations

A Nehiyaw woman (right)

Notable Cree

Mähsette Kuiuab, chief of the Cree indians

See: Cree people

See also

References

  1. ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
  2. ^ "Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation.
  3. ^ "[T]heir native name", see David Thompson, Travels in Western North America 1784-1812
  4. ^ David Pentland, "Synonymy", in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6, June Helm, ed., Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1981, p. 227.
  5. ^ David Thompson recorded "The French Canadians...call them 'Krees', a name which none of the Indians can pronounce...", "Life with the Nahathaways", in David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812, Victor G. Hopwood, ed., Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1971, p. 109.
  6. ^ Edward S. Curtis, The North American Indian - Uncorrected OCR Text for volume 18
  7. ^ David H. Pentland, "Synonymy", in "West Main Cree", in Handbook of North American Indians, June Helm, ed., Smithsonian Institution 1981, Washington, D.C., v. 6, p. 227.
  8. ^ Statistics Canada: 2006 Census
  9. ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)
  10. ^ The western group of languages includes Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree. The eastern language is called Moose Cree. See "Languages of Canada", Ethnologue: Languages of the World, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=canada, accessed 21 September 2008.
  11. ^ "Cree", Language Geek, accessed 21 September 2008.
  12. ^ * Most dialects have these consonants.
  13. ^ Wolfart, H. C., and Janet F. Carroll. Meet Cree: A Guide to the Language : Second Edition, New York: University of Alberta, 1981
  14. ^ a b Source: Canadian Geographic
  15. ^ Moose Cree First Nation community profile

Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree. James R. Stevens, McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 1971

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F324332568

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