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Revision as of 21:46, 14 October 2007
Benin City, a city (2006 est. pop. 1,147,188) in Edo State, southern Nigeria, is a port on the Benin River. It is situated 200 miles by road east of Lagos. Benin is the center of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is still an important traditional industry.[1]
History
Founded around the 10th century, Benin served as the capital of the Kingdom of Benin, the empire of the Oba of Benin, which flourished from the 14th through the 17th century. No trace remains of the structures admired by European travelers to "the Great Benin." After Benin was visited by the Portuguese in about 1485, historical Benin grew rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe, carried in Dutch and Portuguese ships, as well as through the export of some tropical products.[1]
The Bight of Benin's shore was part of the so-called "Slave Coast", from where many West Africans were sold (usually by local rulers) to foreign slave traders. In the early 16th century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the King of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century.
The city and kingdom of Benin declined after 1700, with the decline in the European slave trade, but revived in the 19th century with the development of the trade in palm products with Europeans. To preserve Benin's independence, bit by bit the Oba banned the export of goods from Benin, until the trade was exclusively in palm oil.
On 1 February 1852 the whole Bight of Benin became a British protectorate, where a Consul (representative) represented the protector, until on 6 August 1861 the Bights of Biafra and Benin became a united British protectorate, again under a British Consul.
In the "Punitive Expedition" of 1897, a 1200-strong British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered and burned the city, destroying much of the country’s treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained. The "Benin Bronzes": portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called "bronze") made in Benin are displayed in museums around the world.
After the fall of Benin in 1897, the British set apart Warri Province, to punish the Oba of Benin and curb his imperial power. The Benin monarchy was restored in 1914, but true power lay with the colonial administration of Nigeria.
In September 1967, the city was part of the short-lived secessionist Republic of Biafra and Benin City should not be confused with Benin Republic, a Francophone country bordering Nigeria to the west.
The Fall of Benin
On February 17, 1897, Benin City fell to the British.[1] On that fateful day in history, the city of Benin lost its independence, its sovereignty, its Oba (king), and its control of trade. The aptly-named "punitive expedition" profoundly damaged the cutural foundation of the city. Civic structures were looted and burned to the ground. The ivory at the palace was seized. Nearly 2500 of the famous Benin bronzes and other valuable works of art, including the magnificently carved palace doors, were carried back to Europe. Today, many European & American museums house art treasures from the conquest of Benin City.[1]
The defeat, capture and subjugation of Benin paved the way for British military occupation and the merging of later regional British conquests into the Niger Coast Protectorate, the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and finally, into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.
Features
The University of Benin and Benson Idahosa University are situated in the city and Edo State boasts of being the only state in Nigeria with 4 Universities (University of Benin; Benson Idahosa University, Benin City; Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma; and Igbenedion University, Okada).
Attractions in the city include the Benin City National Museum, the Oba’s Palace, and various festivals.
The Republic of Benin never had a secessionist period. Benin was occupied in 1967 by the secessionist "Republic of Biafra" during the Nigerian Civil War which lasted from 1967 to 1970.
References
- ^ a b c d Benin, City, Nigeria, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright, 2005 Columbia University Press. Retrieved February 18, 2007