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'''Hereditary chiefs''' in [[Canada]] are leaders within some{{which|date=December 2020}} [[First Nations in Canada]] who represent different houses or clans and who, according to some interpretations of case law from the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], have jurisdiction over [[List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America|territories]] that fall outside of [[Band government|band]]-controlled [[Indian reserve|reservation land]].<ref name="Hyslop">{{cite news |last1=Hyslop |first1=Katie |title=Wet'suwet'en Crisis: Whose Rule of Law? |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2020/02/14/Wetsuweten-Crisis-Whose-Rule-Law/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Tyee |date=14 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CHONFeb2020">{{cite news |title=Wet'suwet'en Hereditary Chiefs - elected Band Council - it is complicated |url=http://www.chonfm.com/news/chon-fm-northern-news/wetsuweten-hereditary-chiefs-it-is-complicated/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=CHON-FM |date=20 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Passed down intergenerationally, hereditary chieftaincies are rooted in traditional forms of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] governance models which predate [[Settler colonialism|colonization]].<ref name="Joseph">{{cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Bob |title=Hereditary Chief definition and 5 FAQs |url=https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/hereditary-chief-definition-and-5-faqs |website=www.ictinc.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Abedi">{{cite news |last1=Abedi |first1=Maham |title=Band councils, hereditary chiefs — here's what to know about Indigenous governance |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4833830/band-councils-hereditary-chiefs-indigenous-governance/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=Global News |date=10 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Act]] (1876), still in force today, imposed electoral systems to fill band council positions.<ref name="Henderson">{{cite web |last1=Henderson |first1=William B. |title=Indian Act |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2006}}</ref><ref name="CTVNewsBC2019">{{cite news |title=Elected vs. hereditary chiefs: What's the difference in Indigenous communities? |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/elected-vs-hereditary-chiefs-what-s-the-difference-in-indigenous-communities-1.4247466 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=CTV News |date=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Although recognized by and accountable to the [[Government of Canada]], band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge keepers responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's [[Traditional knowledge|traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Amanda |title=Chief |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chief |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Joseph" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Neel|first1=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951203045|title=Our Chiefs and Elders: Words and Photographs of Native Leaders.|last2=Harper|first2=Chief Elijah|publisher=UBC Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7748-5656-0|location=Vancouver|pages=78|language=en|oclc=951203045}}</ref> |
'''Hereditary chiefs''' in [[Canada]] are leaders within some{{which|date=December 2020}} [[First Nations in Canada]] who represent different houses or clans and who, according to some interpretations of case law from the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], have jurisdiction over [[List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America|territories]] that fall outside of [[Band government|band]]-controlled [[Indian reserve|reservation land]].<ref name="Hyslop">{{cite news |last1=Hyslop |first1=Katie |title=Wet'suwet'en Crisis: Whose Rule of Law? |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2020/02/14/Wetsuweten-Crisis-Whose-Rule-Law/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Tyee |date=14 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CHONFeb2020">{{cite news |title=Wet'suwet'en Hereditary Chiefs - elected Band Council - it is complicated |url=http://www.chonfm.com/news/chon-fm-northern-news/wetsuweten-hereditary-chiefs-it-is-complicated/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=CHON-FM |date=20 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Passed down intergenerationally, hereditary chieftaincies are rooted in traditional forms of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] governance models which predate [[Settler colonialism|colonization]].<ref name="Joseph">{{cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Bob |title=Hereditary Chief definition and 5 FAQs |url=https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/hereditary-chief-definition-and-5-faqs |website=www.ictinc.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Abedi">{{cite news |last1=Abedi |first1=Maham |title=Band councils, hereditary chiefs — here's what to know about Indigenous governance |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4833830/band-councils-hereditary-chiefs-indigenous-governance/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=Global News |date=10 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Act]] (1876), still in force today, imposed electoral systems to fill band council positions.<ref name="Henderson">{{cite web |last1=Henderson |first1=William B. |title=Indian Act |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2006}}</ref><ref name="CTVNewsBC2019">{{cite news |title=Elected vs. hereditary chiefs: What's the difference in Indigenous communities? |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/elected-vs-hereditary-chiefs-what-s-the-difference-in-indigenous-communities-1.4247466 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=CTV News |date=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Although recognized by and accountable to the [[Government of Canada]], band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge keepers responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's [[Traditional knowledge|traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Amanda |title=Chief |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chief |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Joseph" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Neel|first1=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951203045|title=Our Chiefs and Elders: Words and Photographs of Native Leaders.|last2=Harper|first2=Chief Elijah|publisher=UBC Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7748-5656-0|location=Vancouver|pages=78|language=en|oclc=951203045}}</ref> |
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When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, [[Judith Guichon]] postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada's |
When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, [[Judith Guichon]] postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada's family dictatorship]], being the representative of "sober second thought and wisdom, not the next political cycle; but, rather, enduring truths and the evolution of our nation through generations."<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Royal_Progress/nHebDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1| editor-last=Jackson| editor-first=D. Michael| title=Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption| last=Jakson| first=D. Michael| chapter=Introduction: The Crown in a Time of Transition| publisher=Dundurn| location=Toronto| isbn=9781459745759| accessdate=1 May 2023}}</ref> |
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It was hereditary chiefs of the [[Gitxsan]] and [[Wetʼsuwetʼen]] who acted as plaintiffs in the [[Delgamuukw v British Columbia]] decision (1997) of the Supreme Court of Canada. The ruling, overturning a lower court decision, has been important to ongoing definition of the protection of Aboriginal title in relation to [[Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982|section 35]] of Canada's ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]],'' and also significant in accepting the standing of the hereditary chiefs as plaintiffs, relying on their authority to speak for their communities and nations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCreary|first=Tyler|date=2014|title=The Burden of Sovereignty: Court Configurations of Indigenous and State Authority in Aboriginal Title Litigation in Canada|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nad.12016|journal=North American Dialogue|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=64–78|doi=10.1111/nad.12016|issn=1556-4819|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301163324/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nad.12016|via=Academia.edu|archive-date=March 1, 2020}} [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39593861/McCreary-2014-North_American_Dialogue.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Burden_of_Sovereignty_Court_Configur.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200301%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200301T162729Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=cafd46f6710a328e2d3b21771bc4ade1f64f0506dfcee891723d5c914c41ad63 Alt URL]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=Alfred|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27223013|title=The spirit in the land: statements of the Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, 1987-1990|last2=Uukw|first2=Delgam|date=1992|publisher=Reflections|isbn=978-0-9692570-4-2|location=Gabriola, B.C.|language=en|oclc=27223013}}</ref> |
It was hereditary chiefs of the [[Gitxsan]] and [[Wetʼsuwetʼen]] who acted as plaintiffs in the [[Delgamuukw v British Columbia]] decision (1997) of the Supreme Court of Canada. The ruling, overturning a lower court decision, has been important to ongoing definition of the protection of Aboriginal title in relation to [[Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982|section 35]] of Canada's ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]],'' and also significant in accepting the standing of the hereditary chiefs as plaintiffs, relying on their authority to speak for their communities and nations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCreary|first=Tyler|date=2014|title=The Burden of Sovereignty: Court Configurations of Indigenous and State Authority in Aboriginal Title Litigation in Canada|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nad.12016|journal=North American Dialogue|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=64–78|doi=10.1111/nad.12016|issn=1556-4819|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301163324/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nad.12016|via=Academia.edu|archive-date=March 1, 2020}} [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39593861/McCreary-2014-North_American_Dialogue.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Burden_of_Sovereignty_Court_Configur.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200301%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200301T162729Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=cafd46f6710a328e2d3b21771bc4ade1f64f0506dfcee891723d5c914c41ad63 Alt URL]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=Alfred|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27223013|title=The spirit in the land: statements of the Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, 1987-1990|last2=Uukw|first2=Delgam|date=1992|publisher=Reflections|isbn=978-0-9692570-4-2|location=Gabriola, B.C.|language=en|oclc=27223013}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 10:44, 20 June 2023
| Indigenous peoples in Canada |
|---|
 |
 Indigenous North Americas Canada portal |
Hereditary chiefs in Canada are leaders within some[which?] First Nations in Canada who represent different houses or clans and who, according to some interpretations of case law from the Supreme Court of Canada, have jurisdiction over territories that fall outside of band-controlled reservation land.[1][2] Passed down intergenerationally, hereditary chieftaincies are rooted in traditional forms of Indigenous governance models which predate colonization.[3][4] The Indian Act (1876), still in force today, imposed electoral systems to fill band council positions.[5][6] Although recognized by and accountable to the Government of Canada, band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge keepers responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices.[7][3][8]
When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, Judith Guichon postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of Canada's family dictatorship, being the representative of "sober second thought and wisdom, not the next political cycle; but, rather, enduring truths and the evolution of our nation through generations."[9]
It was hereditary chiefs of the Gitxsan and Wetʼsuwetʼen who acted as plaintiffs in the Delgamuukw v British Columbia decision (1997) of the Supreme Court of Canada. The ruling, overturning a lower court decision, has been important to ongoing definition of the protection of Aboriginal title in relation to section 35 of Canada's Constitution Act, 1982, and also significant in accepting the standing of the hereditary chiefs as plaintiffs, relying on their authority to speak for their communities and nations.[10][11]
See also
References
- ^ Hyslop, Katie (14 February 2020). "Wet'suwet'en Crisis: Whose Rule of Law?". The Tyee. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Wet'suwet'en Hereditary Chiefs - elected Band Council - it is complicated". CHON-FM. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b Joseph, Bob. "Hereditary Chief definition and 5 FAQs". www.ictinc.ca. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Abedi, Maham (10 January 2019). "Band councils, hereditary chiefs — here's what to know about Indigenous governance". Global News. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Henderson, William B. (2006). "Indian Act". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Elected vs. hereditary chiefs: What's the difference in Indigenous communities?". CTV News. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Robinson, Amanda (6 November 2018). "Chief". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Neel, David; Harper, Chief Elijah (1992). Our Chiefs and Elders: Words and Photographs of Native Leaders. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7748-5656-0. OCLC 951203045.
- ^ Jakson, D. Michael, "Introduction: The Crown in a Time of Transition", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.), Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption, Toronto: Dundurn, ISBN 9781459745759, retrieved 1 May 2023
- ^ McCreary, Tyler (2014). "The Burden of Sovereignty: Court Configurations of Indigenous and State Authority in Aboriginal Title Litigation in Canada". North American Dialogue. 17 (2): 64–78. doi:10.1111/nad.12016. ISSN 1556-4819. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 – via Academia.edu. Alt URL[permanent dead link]
- ^ Joseph, Alfred; Uukw, Delgam (1992). The spirit in the land: statements of the Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, 1987-1990. Gabriola, B.C.: Reflections. ISBN 978-0-9692570-4-2. OCLC 27223013.