The term kamifūsen (紙風船, literally: "paper balloon") refers to several types of paper balloons in Japanese culture. They are simple toys for children, advertising give-aways for traditional medicine companies, and illuminated flying balloons at festivals.
Smaller kamifūsen are popular as traditional children's toys in Japan. These have an open hole, and reinflate as they are bounced in play. The balloon is made of glassine paper known as washi, which is air-resistant, glossy and thin, and which has sufficient plasticity to allow it to be formed into a new shape, which it can then retain.[1] The properties of these paper balloon toys are of interest to scientists.[citation needed]
Traditionally, kamifūsen were sold in dagashiya, small shops selling candy, snacks and inexpensive toys to schoolchildren as an alternative to the more expensive rubber balloon.[2] They are now sold in souvenir shops and online.
Another variation, known as the kakufūsen (角風船, literally: "angled balloon") is in the shape of a cube rather than a sphere, and is associated with the marketing campaigns of traditional medicine companies. Much larger kamifūsen, resembling sky lanterns, are flown each year at the Kamihinokinai Paper Balloon Festival (上桧木内の紙風船上げ) in Semboku, Akita.
Physics[edit]
Toy kamifūsen display some counterintuitive properties that have been studied by scientists. Even though they have an open hole, they tend to inflate rather than deflating when bounced up by a person's hands. According to Ichiro Fukumori of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Despite the open hole visible in the silver patch, the kamifūsen stays inflated when bounced on the palm of one’s hand. Moreover, repeated bouncing causes a deflated kamifūsen to swell by itself to its fully inflated condition. The elastic rebound of the balloon paper is not enough to explain the full inflation; a batted kamifūsen actually sucks in air from the atmosphere."[1]
Variations[edit]
Some kamifūsen intended for decoration are made in the shapes of animals, birds and fruits.[1]
A kakufūsen (角風船) (kaku means "angled") is a paper balloon in the shape of a cube rather than a sphere, often used for commercial marketing purposes. Door-to-door salesmen called baiyaku-san (売薬さん) from the traditional medicine companies of Toyama used to give out kakūfūsen printed with drug company advertising.[1][3] Small chests filled with various medicines and bandages were left at no initial cost with customers, and the salesman would return from time to time, to restock the cabinet and collect payment. This system of "use first, pay later" marketing of medicines is called "okigusuri".[4]
The Kamihinokinai Paper Balloon Festival (上桧木内の紙風船上げ) is held in Semboku, Akita on February 10 each year. Hundreds of very large hot-air kamifūsen, resembling sky lanterns, are flown for good luck in the coming year.[5][6] The festival has mythical origins, and was suspended during World War II. It was revived in 1974.[7] According to tradition, Hiraka Gennai (1728-1780), a scientist in the Edo era, introduced paper balloons as markers for the copper mines in the mountains of the region, and also as entertainment.[8]
In Japanese culture[edit]
Two major Japanese films have featured kamifūsen in their titles. Humanity and Paper Balloons (人情紙風船 Ninjō Kami Fūsen) is an acclaimed 1937 drama film, and Torasan and a Paper Balloon つらいよ 寅次郎紙風船 Otoko wa Tsurai yo: Torajirō Kamifūsen) is a 1981 comedy.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Fukumori, Ichiro (1 January 2017). "Kamifusen, the self-inflating Japanese paper balloon: Unlike a rubber balloon, a kamifusen has a hole left open to the surrounding air. So why doesn't it collapse when you bat it around?". Physics Today. 70 (1). doi:10.1063/PT.3.3437.
- ^ "你認識這個為人們帶來平靜氛圍的日本紙氣球「紙風船」嗎？". 日本訊息 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ "置き薬・くすり屋のおまけ・景品シリーズ 19". Kitatama Pharmaceutical Association (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ Gordenker, Alice (18 June 2013). "Okigusuri". Japan Times. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "A Festival of Floating Lights". All About Japan. 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
The participants begin by gluing paper together, then decorating them with colorful designs such as beautiful women or samurai, and finally placing bamboo rings into the balloons for structure. On the evening of the 10th, cloth balls soaked in oil are placed at the mouths of the balloons and ignited, lifting these ornate, delicate hot air balloons high into the night sky by the hundreds.
- ^ "The fantastical "Paper Balloon Festival of Kamihinokinai"". Japan Monthly Web Magazine. Japan National Tourism Organization. November 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "Paper Balloon Festival of Kamihinokinai". Semboku City. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ Landry, Janessa (17 February 2014). "Akita Big Paper Balloon Festival: Watch the Kamifusen Festival light up the night sky". Japan Travel. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
Further reading[edit]
Barrett, Timothy (2005). Japanese Papermaking: Traditions, Tools, Techniques. Floating World Editions. ISBN 9781891640261.