The Caletes or Caleti (Gaulish: Caletoi "the hard [stubborn, tough] ones"; Latin: Calētēs or Calētī) were a Belgic or Gallic tribe dwelling in Pays de Caux, in present-day Normandy, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Name[edit]
They are mentioned as Caletes (var. Caletos, Cadetes) by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[1] as Káletoi (Κάλετοι) and Kalétous (Καλέτους) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[2] as Galetos (var. Galletos) by Pliny (1st c. AD),[3] as Kalē̃tai (Καλη̃ται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[4] and as Caleti by Orosius (early 5th c. AD).[5][6]
The Gaulish ethnonym Caletoi literally means 'the hard ones', that is to say 'the stubborn' or 'the tough'. It derives from the Proto-Celtic stem *kaleto- ('hard, cruel, strong'; cf. Old Irish calath 'heroic', Middle Welsh caled 'hard'), itself from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelto-, meaning 'cold' (cf. Avest. sarǝta- 'cold', OEng. haeled 'hero', Lat. callēre 'to be hardened [by the experience], insensible').[7]
The Pays de Caux, attested in 843 as Pago Calcis (Kaleto in 1206), is named after the Gallic tribe.[8][9]
Geography[edit]
The territory of the Calates closely corresponded to the Pays de Caux.[8] They dwelled north of the neighbouring Veliocasses, and were separated from the Ambiani in the northeast by a minor tribe, the Catoslugi.[9]
They occupied a section of the coast, between the Sequana and the Phrudis rivers. Harfleur (Caracotinum) was their principal port.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Whether the Catales should be regarded as Gallic or Belgic is debatable.[9] Caesar appears to attribute them to Belgica, their coins were of Belgic type, and they joined the Belgic opposition to Rome 57 BC. But, elsewhere, Caesar lists them along Armorican peoples, and they were not, unless briefly, part of the province of Gallia Belgica under the Roman Empire.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 2:4, 7:75, 8:7.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:1:14; 4:3:5.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:106.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:8:4.
- ^ Orosius. Historiae Adversus Paganos, 6:7.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Caletes.
- ^ Lambert 1994, p. 34; Delamarre 2003, p. 98; Busse 2006, p. 199; Matasović 2009, p. 185
- ^ a b Nègre 1990, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d Wightman 1985, p. 27.
Bibliography[edit]
- Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2.
- Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
- Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
- Wightman, Edith M. (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05297-0.
