Zimbabwean presidential election, 2013

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File:Welshman-Ncube.jpg Nominee Robert Mugabe Morgan Tsvangirai Welshman Ncube Party ZANU–PF MDC–T MDC–N Popular vote 2,110,434 1,172,349 92,637 Percentage 61.09% 34.94% 2.68%   Nominee Dumiso Dabengwa Kisinoti Mukwazhe Party ZAPU Zimbabwe Development Party Popular vote 25,416 9,931 Percentage 0.74% 0.29%

Composition of the House of Assembly

President before election Robert Mugabe ZANU–PF Elected President Robert Mugabe ZANU–PF

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General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 31 July 2013.^[1] The incumbent President, Robert Mugabe, was re-elected, whilst his Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front party won a two-thirds majority in the House of Assembly.

Background

This was the first election held under the new constitution approved in a referendum in March 2013^[2] and signed into law by President Robert Mugabe on 22 May.^[3] The Supreme Court ruled on 31 May that President Mugabe should set a date as soon as possible, and that presidential and parliamentary elections must be held by 31 July.^[4] The ruling followed an application to the court by a Zimbabwean citizen, Jealousy Mawarire,^[5] demanding that the country's president set the date for elections before the expiry of the tenure of the seventh parliament, on 29 June 2013. Under the new constitution the winner of the presidential election will serve a five-year term.

Candidates

Presidential candidates

• Robert Mugabe, ZANU-PF^[6]
• Welshman Ncube, MDC-N^[7]
• Morgan Tsvangirai, MDC-T^[8]
• Dumiso Dabengwa, ZAPU^[9]
• Kisinoti Mukwazhe (also spelt Kisnot Mukwazhi), ZDP.^[10] Candidacy later withdrawn.^[11][12]

Parliamentary candidates

Most of Zimbabwe's 2010 districts had candidates from all of the three major parties: ZANU-PF, one of the two formulations of the MDC, and ZAPU. Minor party candidates and independents rounded out the field in some districts.

Campaign

In accepting the election date, Tsvangirai said that reforms should have preceded the election, as he began his election campaign. He also claimed that the country wanted to vote Mugabe out.^[13] Launching his election campaign, Mugabe called it "a do or die struggle" while making a strong appeal for a peaceful campaign. In the same speech, he warned that he could take Zimbabwe out of SADC "if SADC decides to do stupid things".^[14] Although there were initial discussions about forming a grand coalition between the two MDC parties and other opposition parties,^[15][16] by 9 July two separate coalitions had been formed, one comprising MDC-T, Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn and ZANU-Ndonga,^[17] and the other coalition comprising MDC and ZAPU.^[18]

Regalia

During the campaign, party regalia was supplied by the two main political parties in huge quantities. MDC-T supporters wore red apparel,^[19] whilst ZANU-PF supporters wore a variety of colours borrowed from the national flag.^[20]

Accusations of unfairness

Allegations were made in 2011, that a third of registered voters were dead or aged 120 (in a country with a life expectancy of 44).^[21] These accusations were repeated in 2013, with the additional claim that a considerable number of young voters had not been registered.^[22] The Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), a local observer group with 7,000 monitors, listed a litany of offences, including state media bias, a campaign of intimidation in rural areas, and the rushed electoral process before key reforms to the security services were in place. But the most effective measure was tampering with the electoral rolls. Held back until the day before the election – thus avoiding proper scrutiny – the roll revealed an estimated one million invalid names, including many deceased voters. And it excluded up to one million real ones, mostly in urban areas where the MDC support is strongest.^[23]

On the day of the elections, one of Zimbabwe's electoral commissioners resigned. In his resignation letter, Mkhululi Nyathi of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission wrote, "I do not wish to enumerate the many reasons of my resignation, but they all have to do with the manner the Zimbabwe 2013 harmonised elections were proclaimed and conducted".^[24]

The Electoral Commission later reported that approximately 305,000 voters were turned away from polls, with an additional 207,000 voters being "assisted" on casting their ballots.^[25]

On August 9th 2013, the Movement for Democratic Change, sought to have the results declared null and void. ^[26]

Results

Robert Mugabe won 61 percent of the vote to claim a seventh term as president. Morgan Tsvangirai finished second with 34 percent of the vote. Mugabe's Zanu-PF party also dominated the parliamentary election winning 160 seats. Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change party won 49 seats.^[27]

Reports by the Zimbabwe Election Support Network monitoring group said as many as one million people, mostly in urban areas (which tend to favour the MDC), were unable to cast votes.^[27] Other reports suggested that people had been forced to vote for Mugabe.^[28] The African Union also had monitors in place and said the election could have been handled better, but that initial reports indicated a fair election had occurred. Western groups were not allowed to send monitors.^[27]

President

House of Assembly

Senate

Reactions

Domestic

The elections were called a "huge farce" by Tsvangirai who said the country was "in mourning" about the results. He claimed over a million voters were turned away from the polling stations, and said the Movement for Democratic Change would no longer work with Mugabe nor participate in government institutions.^[27][29] He promised to fight the results in court and diplomatically.^[27]

International

• File:African Union flag.svg African Union - The African Union declared that the elections were "free, honest and credible."^[30]
•  South Africa - President Jacob Zuma congratulated Mugabe on securing a seventh term in office. A statement was issued by the South African Foreign Ministry saying: "President Zuma urges all political parties in Zimbabwe to accept the outcome of the elections as election observers reported it to be an expression of the will of the people."^[31]
•  SADC - The Southern African Development Community called the election "free and peaceful" but reserved judgement on its fairness.
•  Australia - Foreign Minister Bob Carr was critical of the election stating: "These appear to have disenfranchised large numbers of voters and raised doubts about the credibility of the election results. Given our doubts about the results, Australia calls for a re-run of the elections based on a verified and agreed voters roll." ^[31]
•  European Union - The European Union^[who?] said it had concerns over "alleged irregularities and reports of incomplete participation".
•  United Kingdom - Foreign Secretary William Hague voiced "grave concerns" about the conduct of the election. Hague said there were "serious" questions about the credibility of the election, because of irregularities both in the run-up to the ballot and on polling day.^[32]
•  United States - The United States said the results were not a "credible expression of the will of the Zimbabwean people".^[27]

References