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War in North-West Pakistan
Part of the War on Terrorism
District map of NWFP and FATA.
Date March 2004–ongoing Location Federally Administered Tribal Areas and North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan Result Ongoing
Belligerents
Pakistan Pro-government tribes  United States	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, al-Qaeda, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2007)
Commanders and leaders
Asif Ali Zardari, General Ashfaq Kayani, Lt Gen Masood Aslam, Maj Gen Tariq Khan, Maj Gen Nasser Janjua, Maj Gen Javed Iqbal Former commanders Gen Pervez Musharraf, Lt Gen Safdar Hussain, Maj Gen Alam Khattak, Maj Gen A Shuja Pasha	Baitullah Mehsud, Hafiz Gul Bahadur, Faqir Mohammed, Maulana Fazlullah, Mangal Bagh Fugitives Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, Mullah Mohammed Omar, Jalaluddin Haqqani, Tohir Yo‘ldosh
Strength
80,000 Pakistani troops[1], ~80,000 Frontier Corps	Unknown
Casualties and losses
1,558+ soldiers and policemen killed, 175+ tribesmen killed, 345+ soldiers and policemen captured (official)[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] 1,895 soldiers and policemen killed, 245 tribesmen killed, 831 soldiers and policemen missing or captured (Media claims)	5,111+ militants killed[16][17] (809 foreign fighters [18][19])
5,517 civilians killed, 26 foreigners killed (11 Frenchmen, 10 Americans, 4 Chinese, 1 Czech, 1 Dane, 1 Turk and 1 Vietnamese)[20][21][22]

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Template:FixBunching Template:Campaignbox War on Terrorism Template:FixBunching

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The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistani Army and Islamist militants made up by local tribesmen, the Taliban and foreign extremists.^[23][24][25] It began in 2004 when tensions rooted in the Pakistani Army's search for al-Qaeda members in Pakistan's mountainous Waziristan area (in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas) escalated into armed resistance by local tribesmen.

Clashes erupted between the Pakistani troops and al-Qaeda's and other militants joined by local rebels and pro-Taliban forces. The Pakistani actions were presented as a part of the War on Terrorism, and had connections to the war and Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan.^[26][27]

After a truce in September 2006, clashes escalated again in 2007, with local tribesmen ousting militant Uzbeks and attacking the Pakistani security forces again in July 2007.

Since the conflict began, Pakistan has lost more than twice the number of its soldiers compared to the number of US troops killed in Afghanistan. However, as of December 2008, the confirmed bodycount of militants killed by the Pakistan Army reached the 5,000 mark.^[28]

Background

July 2002: Initial troop movements

In July 2002, Pakistani troops entered the Tirah Valley in the Khyber Agency for the first time since Pakistan independence in 1947. They proceeded to move into the Shawal Valley of North Waziristan, and later South Waziristan. This was made possible after long negotiations with various tribes, who reluctantly agreed to allow the military's presence on the assurance that it would bring in funds and development work.

However, once the military action started in South Waziristan a number of Waziri sub-tribes viewed the action as an attempt to subjugate them. As attempts to persuade them to hand over the foreign militants failed, and missteps by the authorities increased feelings of ill-will, the security campaign against suspected al-Qaeda militants turned into an undeclared war in 2004 between the Pakistani military and the rebel tribesmen.

December 2003: Waziri attempts on President Musharraf's life

In December 2003, two assassination attempts against President Pervez Musharraf were traced to Waziristan. The government responded by intensifying military pressure on the area, however the fighting was costly and government forces would sustain heavy casualties throughout 2004 and into early 2005 when the government switched to a tactic of negotiation instead of direct conflict.^[29]

Timeline

March 2004–September 2006 phase

2004: Fighting breaks out

In March 2004, heavy fighting broke out at Azam Warsak, near the South Waziristan town of Wana. Pakistani troops faced an estimated 400 militants holed up in several fortified settlements. It was speculated at the time that Osama bin Laden's deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri was among those trapped by the Pakistani Army, but he either escaped or was never among these fighters.

Peace deals with Taliban

In April 2004 the Government of Pakistan signed the first of three peace agreements with militants in South Waziristan. It was signed with Taliban commander Nek Muhammad Wazir, but was immediately abrogated once Nek Muhammad was killed by American Hellfire missile in June 2004. The second was signed in February 2005 with Nek's successor Baitullah Mehsud, which brought relative calm in the South Waziristan region. This deal will be later mimicked in the neighboring North Waziristan territory in September 2006 as the third and final truce between the government and the militants. However, all of these truces would not have a substantial effect in reducing bloodshed.^[29] The later two deals were officially broken in August 2007 after the Lal Masjid episode raising the suicide attacks on forces and civilians ten-fold throughout the country.

2005

On May 4, 2005, Pakistani commandos captured Abu Faraj al-Libbi after a raid outside the town of Mardan, 30 miles north of Peshwar. Abu Farraj al-Libbi was a high ranking al-Qaeda official, rumored to be third after Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Al-Libbi replaced Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after his arrest in March 2003 in connection with the September 11th attacks. The Pakistani government arrested al-Libbi and held him on charges in relation to being a chief planner in two assassination attempts on the life of President Pervez Musharraf in December 2003.^[30]

2006

On January 13, 2006, the U.S. launched an airstrike on the village of Damadola. The attack occurred in the Bajaur tribal area, about 7 km (4.5 miles) from the Afghan border, and killed at least 18 people. The attack again targeted Ayman al-Zawahiri, but later evidence suggests he was not there.

On March 4, 2006, Pakistani forces started a massive assault on pro-Taliban elements in the region. Pakistani officials said 46 militants and five soldiers died after fighting erupted, although some reports put the death toll at over 70.^{[citation needed]}

On June 21, 2006, pro-Taliban militants in the Bannu region of North Waziristan stated they shot down a military helicopter that was reported to have crashed. The government denied missile fire as the cause, stating it was due to technical faults. On the same day militants killed an inspector and two constables on a road connecting Bannu and the main town of Miranshah; the police officers were reportedly ambushed and killed while praying alongside their vehicle.^[31]

June 2006: Ceasefire

Also on June 21, 2006 the military head of the Taliban in Waziristan, Sirajuddin Haqqani, issued a decree that it was no longer Taliban policy to fight the Pakistan Army. This marked the end of significant fighting in South Waziristan, however the Taliban intentionally did not circulate the decree in North Waziristan thereby keeping pressure on the Government as the terms for a comprehensive accord were worked out.^[32]

On June 26, 2006, a suicide car bomber killed nine Pakistani soldiers. Officials say that the explosives-laden vehicle detonated about six kilometres (four miles) east of Miranshah, the main town in the North Waziristan region.^[33]

September 2006: Waziristan peace accord signed

On September 5, 2006, the Waziristan Accord, an agreement between tribal leaders and the Pakistani government was signed in Miranshah, North Waziristan.^[34] to end all fighting. The agreement includes the following provisions:^[35]

• The Pakistani Army will help reconstruct infrastructure in tribal areas of North and South Waziristan.
• The Pakistani Military will not tolerate any assistance to intruders in North Waziristan, and will monitor actions in the region.
• The Pakistan government is to compensate tribal leaders for the loss of life and property of innocent tribesmen.
• “Foreigners” (informally understood to be foreign jihadists) are not allowed to use Pakistani territory for any terrorist activity anywhere in the world.
• 2,500 foreigners who were originally held on suspicion of having links to the Taliban^[36] were to be detained for necessary action against them.

The agreement, dubbed the Waziristan accord, has been viewed by some political commentators as a success for Pakistan.^[37] Further details of the agreement, as well as comments on the agreement made by US, Pakistani, and Taliban spokesmen is available in the Waziristan accord article.

October 2006: The madrassa air strike

On October 30, 2006, the Pakistani army conducted an air strike, with possible U.S. involvement, against a madrassa in the Bajaur region bordering Afghanistan. The madrassa was destroyed killing 70 to 80 people.

In retaliation for the attack the militants conducted a suicide bombing on an army camp on November 8, 2006, killing 42 Pakistani soldiers and wounding 20.

March–April 2007 phase

In March, Pakistan signed a peace treaty with Faqir Mohammed, the Taliban leader in Bajaur.^[38][39] The Taliban now held three districts in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas: South Waziristan, North Waziristan and Bajaur Agency.^[40]

Waziri-Uzbek tensions

Reportedly, the fighting sparked by the killing of Saiful Adil, an al-Qaeda-linked Arab, blamed on the Uzbeks by Maulavi Nazir, described as a top pro-Taliban militant commander in the region. According to the other version, fighting started after Mullah Nazir, whom the government says has come over to its side, ordered the Uzbek followers of Tohir Yo‘ldosh, formerly a close confidant of Osama bin Laden, to disarm. It was also preceded by the clashes between the IMU and a pro-government tribal leader in Azam Warsak, in which 17 to 19 people died before a ceasefire was announced.^[41]

Defeat of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

Sirajuddin Haqqani, the son of Taliban leader Jalaluddin Haqqani, tried to stop the fighting but failed. Local Taliban militants allied to the tribesmen were reported attacking and seizing the IMU's private jail in Azam Warsak. The Pakistan Army said did not intend to step in, but witnesses say government artillery fired on the Uzbek bunkers they set up to fight the tribesmen.

Heavy fighting resumed on March 29, ending a week-long ceasefire between tribal fighters and foreign militants. According to initial reports, tribesmen attacked a checkpoint manned by Uzbek militants and captured two of them. The clashes also left one tribal fighter dead and three wounded. The following day, a senior Pakistani official announced that 52 people were killed during the past two days, 45 of them Uzbeks and the rest tribesmen. One of Maulvi Nazir's aides put the death toll at 35 Uzbeks and 10 tribal fighters. However, residents in the area said that the death toll on both sides was inflated.

The conflict further escalated on April 2 when a council of elders declared jihad against foreign militants and started to raise an army of tribesmen. According to Pakistani security officials, heavy fighting concentrated in the village of Doza Ghundai left more than 60 people dead, including 50 foreigners, 10 tribal fighters and one Pakistani soldier. He also said that "dozens" of Uzbeks had surrendered to tribal forces and that many bunkers used by militants were seized or destroyed.

On April 12, 2007 the army general in charge of South Waziristan said that tribal fighters had cleared the Uzbeks out of the valleys surrounding Wana and the foreign militants had been pushed back into the mountains on the Afghan border.^[42] Four days later, the local tribesmen has urged Islamabad to resume control of law and order in the area.^[43]

July 2007–February 2008 phase

Lal Masjid siege

On July 3, 2007, the militant supporters of Lal Masjid and Pakistani security forces clashed in Islamabad after the students from the mosque attacked a nearby government ministry building. The Pakistani security forces immediately put up a siege around the mosque complex which lasted until July 11 and resulted in 108 deaths. This represented the main catalyst for the conflict and eventual breakdown of the truce that existed between Pakistan and the Taliban in the northwest. Already during the siege there were several attacks in Waziristan in retaliation for the siege.

Truce in Waziristan broken

As the siege in Islamabad ensued, several attacks on Pakistani troops in Waziristan were reported. On July 14, 2007, a suicide bomber attacked a Pakistani Army convoy killing 26 soldiers and wounding 54. On July 15, 2007, two suicide bombers attacked another Pakistani Army convoy killing 16 soldiers and 5 civilians and wounding another 47 people. And in a separate incident a fourth suicide bomber attacked a police headquarters killing 28 police officers and recruits and wounding 35 people.^[44][45]

The assault on the Red Mosque prompted pro-Taliban rebels along the border with Afghanistan to scrap the controversial Waziristan Accord with the government. ^[46]

The new war in Waziristan

The Army moved large concentration of troops into Waziristan and engaged in fierce clashes with militants in which at least 100 militants were killed including wanted terrorist and former Guantanamo Bay detainee, Abdullah Mehsud.^[47] The militants also struck back by attacking Army convoys, security check points and sending suicide bombers killing dozens of soldiers and police and over 100 civilians. In one month of fighting during the period from July 24 to August 24, 2007, 250 militants and 60 soldiers were killed.

On September 2, 2007, just a few dozen militants led by Baitullah Mehsud managed to ambush a 17-vehicle army convoy and captured an estimated 247 soldiers in it, without a shot being fired; an event that shocked the nation.^[48] Several officers were among the captured.

After the army returned to Waziristan, they garrisoned the areas and set up check-points, but the militants hit hard. In mid-September Taliban forces attacked a number of Pakistani army outposts all across North and South Waziristan. This resulted in some of the heaviest fighting of the war. On September 12, 2007, the first outpost was attacked and overrun by the Taliban resulting in the capture of 12 Pakistani soldiers. The next day on September 13, 2007, a suicide bomber in Ghazi Tarbela attacked a Pakistani army base, destroying the main mess hall and killing 20 members of the Karar commando group; Pakistan's most elite army unit. Another 29 soldiers were wounded. A series of attacks ensued and by September 20, 2007 a total of five Pakistani Army military outposts had been overrun and more than 25 soldiers captured. More than 65 soldiers were either killed or captured and almost 100 wounded.

A little over two weeks later, the Army responded with helicopter gunships, jet fighters and ground troops. They hit militant positions near the town of Mir Ali. In heavy fighting over four days between October 7 and October 10, 2007, 257 people were killed, including 175 militants, 47 soldiers and 35 civilians.

Battle of Swat Valley

By the end of October fighting erupted in the Swat district of the North-West Frontier Province, with a large Taliban force, under the command of Maulana Fazlullah, trying to impose Sharia law. Around 3,000 paramilitary soldiers were sent to confront them. After almost a week of heavy fighting the battle came to a standstill with both sides suffering heavy casualties. Then on November 1 and November 3, 220 paramilitary soldiers and policemen surrendered or deserted after a military position on a hill-top and two police stations were overrun. This left the Taliban in control of most of the Swat district.

The fighting in Swat is the first serious insurgent threat from pro-Taliban forces in what is known as a settled area of Pakistan. Forces loyal to Maulana Fazlullah, including some foreign fighters, after taking control of a series of small towns and villages, tried to implement strict Islamic law in November 2007. In mid-November the regular army was deployed with the help of helicopter gunships to crush the uprising. The Pakistan Army deployed over 2,500 men. By the beginning of December the fighting had ended and the Army recaptured Swat. Almost 400 pro-Taliban fighters were dead along with 15 Pakistani soldiers and 20 civilians in the military offensive.^[49]

The Rawalpindi attacks

The city of Rawalpindi, which is the military headquarters of the Pakistan Armed Forces, was an attractive target for the militants and they were planning to hit the city.^{[citation needed]} On September 3, two suicide bombers targeted a military intelligence (ISI) bus and a line of cars carrying ISI officers. The bus attack killed a large number of Defence Ministry workers and the other attack killed an Army colonel. In all 31 people, 19 soldiers and 12 civilians, were killed.

Over two months later on November 24, in a similar fashion a pair of suicide bombers struck. Again, one of the targets was a military intelligence bus. Almost everyone on the bus was killed. The other bomber blew up at a military checkpoint. 35 people were killed, almost all military.^{[citation needed]}

State of emergency

The 2007 Pakistani state of emergency was declared by Pervez Musharraf on 2007-11-03 and lasted until 2007-12-15. During this time the constitution of the country was suspended.^[50][51] This action and its responses are generally related to the controversies surrounding the re-election of Musharraf during the presidential election that had occurred on 2007-10-06, and also was claimed by the government to be the reaction to the actions by Islamic militants in Waziristan.^[52]

Benazir Bhutto's assassination

On December 27, 2007, Pakistani opposition leader Benazir Bhutto was killed upon leaving a political rally for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.^[53][54] A suicidal assassin reportedly fired shots in Bhutto's direction just prior to detonating an explosive pellet-laden vest, killing approximately 24 people and wounding many more.^[55][56][57] Musharraf and the army blamed the attack on Al-Qaida, but the following day a statement by Commander Baitullah Mehsud was sent to the media saying that he and Al-Qaida had no involvement in the murder of the former Prime Minister, he briefed that these were the crimes of Musharraf and the army. The killing was followed by a wave of violence across the country that left 58 people dead, including four police officers. Most of the violence was directed at Musharraf and the pro-Musharraf political party, Pakistan Muslim League (Q). The public chanted slogans against the army and Musharraf: "Musharraf Dog", "General is a murderer", "uniform (army) wearing murderers", etc. Bhutto had previously survived an assassination attempt made on her life during her homecoming which left 139 people dead and hundreds wounded.^[58]

More fighting in South Waziristan

In January 2008, pro-Taliban militants overran Sararogha Fort, and may have overrun a fort in Ladah as well. Both forts are in South Waziristan, and were held by the Pakistani army.^[59] Gunmen fired on a children's aid group in in the North West Frontier Province February 25, 2008, leaving four staffers dead. On the same day as the children's aid group attack, another suicide bomber struck in the garrison-town of Rawalpindi killing Pakistani Lt. Gen. Mushtaq Baig along with two more soldiers and five civilians. Baig was the army's surgeon general and the highest-level military official to be assassinated since Pakistan joined the U.S.-led war on terror.^[60]

At least 45 people died and 82 were wounded in a suicide attack on the funeral February 29, 2008 of a district superintendent of police – killed earlier in the day in a separate attack – in northwest Pakistan's Swat province.^[61]

Peace agreement

On February 7, 2008, a leading militant group led by Baitullah Mehsud offered a truce and peace negotiations resulting in a suspension of violence.^[62]

On May 21, 2008 Pakistan signed a peace agreement with Taliban fighters. Pakistan's government promised to "gradually" pull out troops from the northwestern valley of Swat. In return the Taliban were due to shut down training camps, hand over foreign fighters and halt suicide attacks on government installations and security forces under the 15-point pact.^[63]

June 2008 - Present

Despite the agreement sporadic fighting continued until late June and escalated with the takeover of the town of Jandola on June 24, by the militants. 22 pro-government tribal fighters were captured and executed by the Taliban at that time.^[64]

There had been growing concern about threats to Peshawar from Taliban fighters. In early June, a Taliban force from Khyber entered the city and seized 16 Christians, before later releasing them. Mahmood Shah, a former security chief in the tribal regions, said: "The situation is such that [the Taliban] are all around Peshawar. They are on our doorstep."^[65]

On June 28, 2008, Pakistan's Army started an offensive against Taliban fighters in Khyber. The military took control of a key town and demolished an insurgent group's building. 1 militant was reportedly killed while 2 soldiers died in Swat valley.^[66] The operation was halted in early July.

On July 6, 2008, a suicide bomber attacked a police station in Islamabad killing 12 policemen and seven civilians. Another 53 people were wounded. The police were part of a protection cordon set up by the government for a rally which was attended by about 12,000 people who were marking the first anniversary of government forces storming Islamabad's Red Mosque, or Lal Masjid.^[67]

On July 12, 2008, militants ambushed a military convoy killing 17 soldiers.^{[citation needed]}

On July 19, 2008, clashes erupted between the Taliban and a rival faction of alleged pro-government Taliban militants. 10-15 of the pro-government fighters were killed and another 120 were captured. Among the captured were two commanders who were tried under "Islamic" law by the Taliban and then executed.

On July 21, 2008, heavy fighting in Baluchistan killed 32 militants, 9 soldiers and 2 civilians. More than two dozen militants were captured and a large weapons cache was found.^[68]

Between July 28 and August 4, 2008, heavy fighting flared up in the northwestern Swat valley leaving 94 militants and 22 soldiers and policemen dead. Another 28 civilians were also killed.^[69]

Heavy fighting erupted on August 6, 2008, in the Loisam area of Bajaur district. Loisam lies on the strategically important road leading towards the main northwestern city of Peshawar. The fighting started when hundreds of militants poured into the area attacking government forces. After four days of fighting on August 10 the military withdrew from the area. 100 militants and 9 soldiers were confirmed killed and another 55 soldiers were missing, at least three dozen of them captured by the militants.^[70][71] While the fighting was going on in Bajaur, in the Buner area of North West Frontier Province militants killed at least nine policemen in an attack on a check post.^[72] The checkpoint was then abandoned, and the local Pakistani forces withdrew to Khar, the main town of Bajaur Agency. There were reports that the town of Khar was then besieged by tribal militants. ^[73]

On August 23, 2008, at least 15 people were killed in a suicide attack at a police check post in Char Bagh area of Swat. Also, three persons including two kids were killed in a bomb blast in Abuha.^[74]

Tribesmen declare war against the Taliban

By the beginning of September 2008, Pakistani tribal elders began organising a private army of approximately 30,000 tribesmen to fight the taliban. A lashkar, or private army, composed of Pakistani tribesmen, began torching the houses of Taliban commanders in Bajaur, near the Afghan border, vowing to fight them until they are expelled.

A local jirga decided to form the lashkar in the wake of the increasing presence of the local Taliban in the area. The lashkar began torching houses, including the house of a local Taliban commander named Naimatullah, who had occupied several government schools and converted them into seminaries.

A tribal elder named Malik Munsib Khan, who heads the lashkar, said that tribesmen would continue their struggle until the Taliban were expelled from the area, adding that anyone found sheltering Taliban militants would be fined one million rupees and their houses will be torched. The tribesmen also torched two important centres of the Taliban in the area and gained control of most of the tehsil.

The main reasons for this was that the operations that were taking place in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas had displaced some 300,000 people while dozens of citizens have been killed in clashes between the militants and military. This showcases why the Taliban have become highly unpopular with the tribal elders and their tribesmen.^[75][76][76]

US support and aid for Pakistani tribesmen

Recent American military proposals outlines an intensified effort to enlist tribal leaders in the frontier areas of Pakistan in the fight against Al Qaeda and the Taliban, as part of a broader effort to bolster Pakistani forces against militancy in the region.

The proposal is modeled in part on a similar effort by American forces in Iraq that has been hailed as a great success in fighting foreign insurgents there. But it raises the question of whether such partnerships can be forged without a significant American military presence in Pakistan. And it is unclear whether enough support can be found among the tribes. Small numbers of United States military personnel have served as advisers to the Pakistani Army in the tribal areas, giving planning advice and helping to integrate American intelligence. Under this new approach, the number of advisers would increase.

American officials said these security improvements complemented a package of assistance from the Agency for International Development and the State Department for the seven districts of the tribal areas that amounted to $750 million over five years, and would involve work in education, health and other sectors. The State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs is also assisting the Frontier Corps with financing for counternarcotics work.^[77][78][79]

Islamabad Marriott Hotel Bombing

On September 23, 2008, the Pakistani Army, backed by helicopter gunships and artillery killed more than 60 insurgents in northwest Pakistan in offensives as the response to the Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing over the weekend at the Marriott hotel in the capital Islamabad that killed 53 people. In the nearby Bajur tribal region, the Army killed at least 10 militants during an ongoing offensive there, according to government officials.^[80]

The Bajur operations, which the army says has left more than 700 suspected militants dead, has won praise from U.S. officials who are worried about rising violence in Pakistan and Afghanistan.^[81]

Renewed Bajaur offensive

Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari publicly vowed revenge in response to the Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing. By September 26, 2008, Pakistani troops had successfully conducted and completed a major offensive in the Bajaur and the Tang Khata regions of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Pakistani troops had killed over 1,000 militants in a huge offensive, a day after President Asif Ali Zardari lashed out at US forces over a clash on the Afghan border.

Tariq Khan, Inspector General of the Paramilitary Frontier Corps, mentioned to journalists that since the beginning of the Bajaur operations, there were up to 2,000 militant fighters including hundreds of foreigners who were fighting with the soldiers and the security forces. The overall death toll was over 1,000 militants and also adding that 27 Pakistani soldiers had also been killed with 111 soldiers seriously wounded.^[82][83]

Five top Al-Qaeda and Taliban commanders were among those killed in a month-long operation in Bajaur. Of the five militant commanders killed, four appeared to be foreigners: Egyptian Abu Saeed Al-Masri; Abu Suleiman, an Arab; an Uzbek commander named Mullah Mansoor; and an Afghan commander called Manaras. The fifth was a Pakistani commander named only Abdullah, a son of ageing hardline leader Maulvi Faqir Mohammad who is based in Bajaur and has close ties to Al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri.^[84][85]

On September 27, 2008, Pakistani troops killed at least 16 militants after coming under attack in a tribal region near the Afghan border. Militants attacked three military posts near Khar, the main town in the restive Bajaur tribal district but soldiers repulsed them with artillery and mortar fire. There were no reports of military casualties.^[86][87]

On October 3, 2008, Pakistani troops, backed by artillery, killed 25 Taliban militants after militants attacked security checkposts in four villages in the restive region. Separately, the local government ordered Afghan refugees in Bajaur to leave the area within three days. In other violence, a suicide bomber blew himself up as he tried to storm the house of Asfandyar Wali Khan, head of the Awami National Party and who is also a member of Pakistan's ruling coalition in the western town of Charsadda, killing four people but missing the politician.^[88][89]

On October 10, 2008, Islamic militants beheaded four kidnapped pro-government tribal elders in the Charmang area of Bajaur on Friday. The militants had slit the throats of the elders for being pro-Government.^[90][91]

On October 11, 2008, a suicide bomber struck an anti-Taliban gathering of tribal elders, killing at least 110 anti-taliban tribesmen and wounding 125 others. The suicide bomber drove his car into the gathering itself and blew himself up. The attack on the tribal council took place in Orakzai, normally a relatively quiet corner of the nation's restive tribal areas. Hundreds of people had gathered for the outdoor meeting in the remote village of Ghiljo, at which elders of the Alizai tribe were making plans to raise a fighting force and attack a base belonging to the militants.^[92][10]

On October 12, 2008, Pakistani helicopter gunships bombed a meeting of Islamic militants linked to Al-Qaeda in the northwestern district of Orakzai, near the border with Afghanistan. Among the dead in the attack were two Taliban commanders and about 12 potential suicide bombers.^[93]

On October 14 2008, the Pakistan Army killed 27 militants, including 12 would-be suicide bombers, in an airstrike in the Orakzai tribal area in the northwest region. The attack destroyed the home of local Taliban leader Maulvi Abdul Salam. The fate of Salam was unknown.^[94]

On October 15 2008, Pakistani Army killed at least eight pro-Taliban militants, including two important commanders, in the troubled north-western valley of Swat. On the same day, Pakistani helicopter gunships and artillery pounded militant hideouts in the tribal district of Bajaur, which resulted in twenty-two militants killed and numerous injured in the action.^[95]

On October 16 2008, four security officials were killed and 26 wounded in an attack on a police station in the troubled northern Swat region. The police station in Mingora, the district headquarters of Swat, had come under attack from a barrage of rocket-propelled grenades which was then followed by a suicide bombing.^[96] On the same day, a suspected U.S. missile strike near the headquarters of a top Taliban leader in Pakistan's tribal areas killed six people and injured five others, according to Pakistani intelligence officials and residents.^[97]

On October 18 2008, Pakistani troops, backed by helicopter gunships and artillery pounded militant positions in northwest Pakistan, killing 60 fighters and wounding many others. The assault occurred in the Swat valley. There were no losses among the army or government forces.^[98] On the same day, the Pakistan Army, backed by jet fighters, gunship helicopters and artillery heavily targeted militants hideouts in parts of Bajaur Agency, killing at least twelve more militants in the ongoing operation. The jet fighters and chopper gunship targeted hideouts of militants in Charmang, Chinar, Loisam, Sarlara and in other areas.^[99]

On October 19 2008, The Pakistan Army was locked in a fierce battle with the Taliban to keep open the fuel and arms supply routes to British and American forces in Afghanistan. For months, the Taliban have been trying to either attack or seal off the supply routes. The army claim that Mohammad Tariq Alfridi, the militant commander, has seized terrain around the mile-long Kohat tunnel, south of Peshawar, three times since January. He had coordinated suicide bomb attacks and rocket strikes against convoys emerging from it. Maulvi Omar, a Taliban spokesman, said that his fighters would lay down their arms if the Pakistan Army ceased fighting. The Pakistan Army ignored his offer. The battle for the tunnel began at the start of the year when Taliban fighters seized five trucks carrying weapons and ammunition. They held the tunnel for a week before they were driven out in fierce fighting with the Army. Since then, Tariq and his men have returned several times to attack convoys. The army launched its latest onslaught after a suicide bomb attack at one of its bases near the tunnel six weeks ago. Five people were killed and 45 were injured, including 35 soldiers, when a pickup truck packed with explosives was driven into a checkpoint.^[100]

The previous week, Pakistani troops launched a series of raids on villages around Peshawar, capital of the North West Frontier Province, in pursuit of a Taliban commander blamed for bomb attacks that have destroyed more than 40 fuel tankers supplying Nato troops in Afghanistan.

On October 20, 2008, more than 20 Taliban fighters were killed in an air raid in Pakistan's volatile Swat Valley. Ten other Taliban militants were injured in another offensive in the Tehsil Kabal region of Swat district on Monday.^[101]

On October 22, 2008, at least five security personnel and seven Taleban militants were killed in clashes in the north-western Swat region of Pakistan. Clashes began after militants attacked a convoy carrying goods and ammunition near Ser Santri. Militants blew up two of the trucks with roadside bombs before launching their attack.^[102] On the same day, at least 16 militants were killed and 10 others injured in operations by Pakistani security forces backed by gunship helicopters and jets in the restive Bajaur and Khyber tribal regions. The air strikes were carried out in the Nawagai and Mamond sub-districts of Bajaur Agency. The troops destroyed several centres of Taliban fighters at Charmang, Chinar and Zorbandar and had inflicted heavy losses on them.^[103]

On October 23, 2008, Pakistani Police arrested 32 suspected foreign militants near a check-post in northwestern Pakistan. The militants were taken into custody near the Kohat Friendship Tunnel check-post, which recently witnessed rocket attacks.^[104]

On October 24, 2008, Security forces backed by gunship helicopters on Friday continued their military operation in Bajaur agency and killed 10 more militants. Gunship helicopters started shelling in Charming, Cheenar, Kohiand Babarha areas of Nawagai and Mamund Tehsil of Bajaur agency, destroying various underground hideouts and bunkers of militants. The security forces had also taken control of different areas of Loisam, the headquarters of militants, and advanced towards other areas for complete control.^[105]

On October 26, 2008, suspected US spy drones fired missiles into a militant training camp in a stronghold of Pakistan's top Taliban commander, killing at least 10 people. It targeted a compound near the town of Ladha, one of the main sectors held by Taliban leader Baitullah Mehsud, who has been accused of masterminding the assassination of former Pakistani premier Benazir Bhutto.^[106]

On October 27, 2008, five suspected militants were killed and several others injured as security forces continued pounding militant hideouts in the Bajaur Agency.^[107]

On October 29, 2008, four more Taliban were killed in fighting with security forces in Bajaur Agency.^[108]

On October 31, 2008, Al-Qaeda leader, Abu Akash, was killed in an airstrike by a suspected CIA Predator drone in the North Waziristan tribal area bordering Afghanistan. Along with the leader, 21 others also died in the strike.^[109]

Intensified US. strikes

Since the end of August, the United States has stepped up its attacks in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, following the change of the country's President.^[110] On September 3 a commando attack took place in a village near the Afghan border in South Waziristan, and there have been 3 strikes from unmanned drones in North Waziristan, culminating on the morning of September 8, 2008, when a United States Air Force drone aircraft fired a number of missiles at a "guest house for militants arriving in North Waziristan", which unsuccessfully targeted Jalaluddin Haqqani, killed 23 people.^[111]

On September 25, 2008, following exchanges of gunfire between US and Pakistani forces on the frontier on Thursday, President Zardari told the United Nations that Pakistan would not tolerate violations of its sovereignty, even by its allies. The incident happened after two US military helicopters came under fire from the Pakistani side, a US military spokesman said, insisting that they had been about a mile and a half inside Afghanistan.

President Zardari told the United Nations, "Just as we will not let Pakistani's territory to be used by terrorists for attacks against our people and our neighbours, we cannot allow our territory and our sovereignty to be violated by our friends," he said, without citing the United States or the border flareup.^[84]

[Mr Fasihuddin][6] President Pakistan Society of criminology in his article "US-Nato Airstrikes and Missile Attacks on Pakistan’s Tribal Areas." posted on the societies website ^[112] has critically analized the airstrikes in detail and ends the article with the following paragraph
The sensational news about any secret deal of US with Pakistani government for such air-strikes will continue to appear in the media; the raids will continue with some phenomenon success against senior Al-Qaeda foreign elements; Pakistan’s paper condemnation, resentment and helpless protest will consequently appear after each strike; peace deals with militants will remain indecisive and of no tangible importance; the confusion will become greater and deeper; the masses will suffer more and more; the diplomacy will stagger amid unfriendly reports and statements from both sides calling each other ‘Great Satan’ (USA) and International Migraine (Pakistan); and the ‘Long War on Terror’ may one day become truly and seriously ‘long’ for all world players and might become a ‘lost war’.

Casualties

There has been no conclusive reports on the casualties of the war, though some authors, especially Pakistani writers, have estimated that the total casualties on both sides to be more than 1,000 by 2006.^[113]

On September 13, 2007, then-U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte noted during a visit to Islamabad that Pakistan lost 1,000 soldiers fighting the militants since joining the war on terrorism.^[114]

On November 14, 2007, senior Pakistan Army officials told at a news conference that a total of 28 suicide attacks killed some 600 Pakistani security men, in addition to 1,300 civilians in the period after the Lal Masjid siege. It also said that from 2001 till November 14, 2007, at least 966 military men were killed and 2,259 others were injured; 488 foreign extremists were killed, 24 others were arrested and 324 foreign extremists were injured^[18]

Some have speculated that the unofficial number of Pakistani soldiers killed in action to be somewhere around 3,000 by the late 2006.^[115][116] A Pakistan writer, Ayaz Amir states that the army's "Casualties were high, perhaps unsustainable, although we’ll never know the exact figures, the Pakistan army not given to embarrassing disclosures.".^[117]
Mr. Naushad Ali Khan^[118] Superintendent of Research and Analysis, ^[119]NWFP Police in his article "SUICIDE AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AND POLICE ACTIONS IN NWFP, PAKISTAN" ^[120]has provided details of different activities of the terrorists during 2008. Accordingly 483 cases were registered with 533 deaths and 1290 injured. Similarly 29 suicidal cases were registered that resulted in the death of 247 persons while 695 persons sustained injuries. During the same period 83 attempts of terrorisam were foiled by the NWFP Police.

United States role

US Role in NWFP goes back to more than half a century ago when CIA used to carry out covert U-2 flights from Peshawar Air Base over the Soviet Union. The then Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened the existence of Pakistan when American Pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down during his mission over the Soviet Union after he took off from Peshawar during the reign of military dictator Ayub Khan. During the cold war miltary dictator Zia ul Haq allowed his country to become a front line state against the Soviet Union. Had Pakistan been a democracy during the Cold War, they may not have allowed this or they may have insisted on a economic plan similar to the “Marshall Plan” after the end of the Cold War and prevented the setup of training camps to train extremist mujahedeen to fight against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan during the cold war. Had Pakistani leaders at that time negotiated a better economic return for being a front line State during the cold war it may have served both the Pakistani interests and American interests and may have prevented 911.

Pakistan received about $4 billion from the United States for the logistical support it provided for the counter-terrorism operations from 2002 to 2006, and for its own military operation mainly in Waziristan and other tribal areas along the Durand line, according to a report of the Asian Development Bank. The Bush administration also offered a $3 billion five-year aid package to Pakistan for becoming a frontline ally in its 'war on terror'. Annual instalments of $600 million each split evenly between military and economic aid, began in 2005.^[121]

In his autobiography, President Musharraf wrote that the United States had paid millions of dollars to the Pakistan government as bounty money for capturing al-Qaeda operators from tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. About 359 of them were handed over to the US for prosecution. ^[121]

Unfortunately both for the people of United States and Pakistan the country has been a military dictatorship for most of the times which did not allow a debate on public policy. US policy planners who have looked at their short term interests of winning war on the cheap have been able to get away with their goals without much debate on the Pakistani side.

The currect policy in Afghanistan of supporting minority Tajiks, Hazara, Uzbeks and others through Northern Alliance and Karzai (token Pashtun) rule over the majority Pashtun population is fundamentally flawed and increasing terrorism in the region.

The amount of money military dictator Musharaf accepted is a small fraction of the amount required by Pakistan to support the US logistical operation, keep the military mobilised in the region and support the social programs required for such a operation.

See also

• Sectarian violence in Pakistan
• Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
• Taliban insurgency
• War on Terrorism
• List of wars 2003–current

References

External links

• Pakistan's undeclared war by Zaffar Abbas, BBC News, Friday, September 10, 2004
• Dozens killed in Pakistan clashes, BBC News, Friday, March 5, 2006
• A brief description of the Waziristan War which began in 2004 in Northwest Pakistan. From the History Guy Website
• U.S. Al-Qaida shifting to Pakistan
• Changing ways of Pakistan's militants
• Pakistan Is Threatened