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"Falklands" and "Malvinas" redirect here. For other uses of Falklands, see Falkland (disambiguation). For other uses of Malvinas, see Malvinas (disambiguation).
Falkland Islands
Motto: "Desire the right"
Anthem: God Save the Queen  (official)
Song of the Falklands [a]
Location of the Falkland Islands.
Location of the Falkland Islands.
Capital
and largest city
Stanley
Official languagesEnglish
Demonym(s)Falkland Islander
GovernmentBritish Overseas Territory[b]
• Monarch
Elizabeth II
• Governor
Nigel Haywood[1]
Keith Padgett[2]
• Responsible Minister (UK)
Hugo Swire MP
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
Establishment
1833
1841
1981[c]
2002
2009
Area
• Total
12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi) (162nd)
• Water (%)
0
Population
• 2012 estimate
2,932[3] (220th)
• Density
0.26/km2 (0.7/sq mi) (241st)
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
$164.5 million[4] (222nd)
• Per capita
$55,400[4] (9th)
CurrencyFalkland Islands pound[d] (FKP)
Time zoneUTC−3 (FKST[e])
Driving sideleft
Calling code500
ISO 3166 codeFK
Internet TLD.fk
  1. ^ Song of the Falklands is used as the islands' anthem at sporting events.
  2. ^ Parliamentary democratic dependency under constitutional monarchy.
  3. ^ Interrupted by Argentine military government in 1982.
  4. ^ Fixed to the Pound sterling (GBP).
  5. ^ The Falklands has been on FKST year-round since September 2010.[5]

The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas) are an archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 310 miles (500 kilometres) east of the Patagonian coast at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago which has an area of 4,700 square miles (12,173 square kilometres) comprises East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 smaller islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the islands enjoy a large degree of internal self-governance with the United Kingdom guaranteeing good government and taking responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.

Controversy exists over the Falklands' original discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain re-established its rule in 1833, though the islands continue to be claimed by Argentina. In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the surrender of all Argentine forces and the return of the islands to British administration.

The population, estimated at 2,932 in 2012, primarily consists of native Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a former population decline. The predominant and official language is English. Under the British Nationality Act of 1983, Falkland Islanders are legally British citizens.

The islands lie on the boundary of the subarctic and temperate maritime climate zones with both major islands having mountain ranges reaching to 2,300 feet (700 m). The islands are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands because of the effects of introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism, sheep farming with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports, and oil exploration. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.

Etymology

See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames

The Falkland Islands are named after the Falkland Sound, a strait that separates the archipelago's two main islands.[7] The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, the captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honor of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who had sponsored the long journey.[8][9] The Viscount's title in turn comes from the town of Falkland, Scotland, whose name comes from the term "folkland" (meaning land held by folkright).[9] Nevertheless, the name would not be applied to the islands until 1765, when British admiral John Byron claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands".[9][10]

The Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, comes from the French Îles Malouines, the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[11] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo, the point of departure for his ships and colonists.[9][11] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was in turn named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[12]

The United Nations uses both the Spanish and English names "when referring to the islands";[13] its official designation for the territory is "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)".[14]

History

Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

While Amerindians from Patagonia could have visited the Falklands,[15] the islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans.[16] Controversy exists as to who first discovered the Falkland Islands with competing Portuguese, Spanish, and British claims dating back to the 16th century.[17][18] Although the islands may have been sighted and named by English explorers in two independent occasions in 1592 and 1594,[A] and likely discovered and named "Sebald Islands" (or "Sebaldines") by Dutch seafarer Sebald de Weert in 1600,[B] no clear consensus exists in academia "if any of them actually located the Falklands or other south Atlantic islands".[20]

In 1690, Captain John Strong of the Welfare en route to Puerto Deseado was driven off course and reached the Falkland Islands instead, landing at Bold Cove.[21] In 1764, French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville founded the first settlement on Berkeley Sound, in present-day Port Louis, East Falkland.[22] In 1765, British captain John Byron explored and claimed Saunders Island on West Falkland, where he named the harbour Port Egmont and a settlement was constructed in 1766.[23] Unaware of the French presence, Byron claimed the island group for King George III. Spain acquired the French colony in 1767, and placed it under a governor subordinate to the Buenos Aires colonial administration.[24]

In 1770, Spain attacked Port Egmont and expelled the British presence, bringing the two countries to the brink of war. War was avoided by a peace treaty and the British return to Port Egmont.[24] In 1774, economic pressures leading up to the American Revolutionary War forced Great Britain to withdraw from many overseas settlements.[24][25] Upon withdrawal, the British left behind a plaque asserting Britain's continued claim. Spain maintained its governor until 1806 who, on his departure, left behind a plaque asserting Spanish claims. The remaining settlers were withdrawn in 1811.[24]

In 1820, storm damage forced the privateer Heroína to take shelter in the islands.[26] Her captain David Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and read a proclamation claiming the islands.[26] This became public knowledge in Buenos Aires nearly a year later after the proclamation was published in the Salem Gazette.[26] After several failures, Luis Vernet established a settlement in 1828 with authorisation from the Republic of Buenos Aires and from Great Britain.[27] In 1829, after asking for help from Buenos Aires, he was instead proclaimed Military and Civil Commander of the islands.[27] Additionally, Vernet asked the British to protect his settlement if they returned.[28]

View of Port Louis, probably 1838 or 1839.[29]

A dispute over fishing and hunting rights resulted in a raid by the US warship USS Lexington in 1831.[30][31] The log of the Lexington reports only the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the settlement was destroyed.[30] (Compensation was rejected by the US Government of President Cleveland in 1885.) Lexington's Captain declared the islands "free from all government", and the seven senior members of the settlement were arrested for piracy[32] and taken to Montevideo,[31] where they were released without charge on the orders of Commodore Rogers.[33]

In November 1832, Argentina sent Commander Mestivier as an interim commander to found a penal settlement, but he was killed in a mutiny after four days.[34] The following January, British forces returned and requested the Argentine garrison leave. Don Pinedo, captain of the ARA Sarandi and senior officer present, protested but ultimately complied. Vernet's settlement continued, with the Irishman William Dickson[35] tasked with raising the British flag for passing ships.[36][37] Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned and was encouraged by the British to continue the enterprise. The settlement continued until August 1833, when the leaders were killed in the so-called Gaucho murders. Subsequently, from 1834 the islands were governed as a British naval station until 1840 when the British Government decided to establish a permanent colony.[38]

Naval confrontation during the 1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands. Painting by William Lionel Wyllie.

A new harbour was built in Stanley,[39] and the islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn. A World War I naval battle, the Battle of the Falkland Islands, took place in December 1914, with a British victory over the smaller Imperial German Asiatic Fleet.[40] During World War II, Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the 1939 Battle of the River Plate.[41]

Sovereignty over the islands again became an issue in the second half of the 20th century, when Argentina saw the creation of the United Nations as an opportunity to pursue its claim. Talks between British and Argentine foreign missions took place in the 1960s, but failed to come to any meaningful conclusion. A major sticking point in all the negotiations was that the inhabitants preferred that the islands remain British territory.[42]

A result of these talks was the establishment of the islands' first air link. In 1971, the Argentine state airline LADE began a service between Comodoro Rivadavia and Stanley. A temporary strip was followed by the construction of a permanent airfield and flights between Stanley and Comodoro Rivadavia continued until 1982.[43][44][45] Further agreements gave YPF, the Argentine national oil and gas company, a monopoly over the supply of the islands' energy needs.[46] The Times in its obituary of Rex Hunt states that it was generally accepted by the Foreign Office that when Hunt was appointed governor part of his brief was "to soften up the island's 1800 inhabitants to the idea that British sovereignty could not be taken as given in perpetuity". In his first dispatch back to the Foreign Office he wrote "There is no way we will convince these islanders that they will be better off as part of Argentina".[47]

Falklands War and its aftermath

Main article: Falklands War

On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and other British territories in the South Atlantic. By exploiting the long-standing feelings of Argentines towards the islands, the nation's ruling military junta sought to divert public attention from Argentina's poor economic performance and growing internal opposition.[48] The United Kingdom's reduction of military capacity in the South Atlantic is considered to have encouraged the invasion.[49][50][51]

On 3 April 1982, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 502, calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the islands and for both parties to seek a diplomatic solution.[52] International reaction ranged from support for Argentina in most of Latin America, to opposition in the Commonwealth and most of Western Europe. Chile was the only Latin American country that provided overt support to the British by allowing ports of call and airport logistics. In contrast, Peru was the only Latin American country that provided war material to the Argentinian military, including Mirage aircraft, parts, and Exocet missiles. A divided United States administration, initially publicly neutral, eventually came out in support of the United Kingdom.[53][54]

The United Kingdom sent an expeditionary force to retake the islands. After short but fierce naval and air battles, the British forces landed at San Carlos Water on 21 May, and a land campaign followed leading to the British taking the high ground surrounding Stanley on 11 June. The Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June 1982. The war resulted in the deaths of 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as 3 civilian Falklanders.[55]

After the war, the British increased their military presence on the islands, constructing RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the military garrison.[56] Although the United Kingdom and Argentina resumed diplomatic relations in 1990, no further negotiations on sovereignty have taken place.[57] It is believed that 19,000 Argentine land mines[58][59] across an area of 13 square kilometres remain from the 1982 war dispersed in a number of minefields around Stanley, Port Howard, Fox Bay and Goose Green.[60] Information is available from the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operation Centre in Stanley.[60] In 2009, mine clearance began at Surf Bay, and clearances took place at Sapper Hill, Goose Green and Fox Bay. Further clearance work was due to begin in 2011.[61]

Government

Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands
The Government House of the Falkland Islands is the Governor's official residence.

The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[62] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have greater democratic autonomy, "while retaining sufficient powers for the UK Government to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory".[63] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, but executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The islands' Chief Executive, appointed by the Governor, is the head of government.[64] The islands' current Governor, Nigel Haywood, was appointed on October 2010;[1] the current Chief Executive, Keith Padgett, was appointed on March 2012.[2]

The Governor acts on the advice of the islands' Executive Council, composed by the Chief Executive, the Director of Finance, three elected members of the Legislative Assembly, and the Governor as chairman.[64] The Legislative Assembly, a unicameral legislature, consists of the Chief Executive, the Director of Finance, and eight members (five from Stanley and three from Camp) elected for four-year terms by universal suffrage.[64] All politicians in the Falkland Islands are independents; no political parties exist in the islands.[1]

The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, is largely based on English statutory law. Crime control and prisons are under the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP).[65] Military defense of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.[66] A British military garrison is stationed in the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional company-sized light infantry unit of defense.[67]

Sovereignty dispute

Main article: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
File:Malvinas cartel - Puerto Iguazú.jpg
A sign in Argentina proclaims "The Malvinas are Argentine". Signs like this exist throughout Argentina.

The United Kingdom and Argentina both claim ownership for the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on continuous administration of the islands since 1833 (apart from 1982) and the islanders having a "right to self determination, including their right to remain British if that is their wish".[68] Argentina posits that it gained the Falkland Islands from Spain, upon becoming independent from it in 1816, and that the UK illegally occupied them in 1833.[69]

The present dispute began in 1945, shortly after the formation of the United Nations, when Argentina reasserted its claim of sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and its dependencies (primarily South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).[70] In 1964, the United Nations passed a resolution calling on the UK and Argentina to proceed with negotiations over the sovereignty dispute.[71]

Later that decade, intending to improve its relations with South America by transferring the Falkland Islands (with provisions to protect the islanders' way of life), the United Kingdom secretly discussed the subject with Argentina. However, when the news became public, the Falklanders protested against the plans. As a result, the UK increased its focus on the Islanders' self-determination; Argentina disagreed, and negotiations effectively remained at a stalemate.[72][73] Subsequent talks between the two nations took place until 1981, but they failed to reach a conclusion on sovereignty.[74]

Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina, which were severed at the outbreak of the Falklands War in 1982, were re-established in 1990.[57] In 2007, Argentina reasserted its claim over the Falkland Islands, asking for the UK to resume talks on sovereignty.[75] In 2009, British prime minister Gordon Brown met with Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and declared that there would be no talks over the future sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.[76] As far as the United Kingdom and the Falkland Islands are concerned, no pending issue to resolve exists.[77][78][79]

Modern Falkland Islanders continue to reject the Argentine sovereignty claim. In 2010, Falklands correspondent Tom Leonard of The Daily Telegraph, wrote that "The 3,000-strong community is already proudly British [...]. The younger islanders may not share the older generation’s memories but there is clearly no love lost with the Argentines among them."[77] On 10 and 11 March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum over its political status, and voters favoured (99.8%) remaining under British rule.[80][81]

Contemporary Argentine policy maintains the position that modern Falkland Islanders do not have a right to self-determination. Argentina claims that, in 1833, the UK expelled Argentine authorities and settlers from the Falklands with a threat of "greater force" and that the UK afterwards barred Argentines from resettling the islands.[69][82] Argentina reiterated its position towards the Falklanders in 2012, after a meeting of the UN Decolonization Committee, when its representatives refused to accept a letter from the Falkland Islands offering the opening of direct talks between both governments.[83] Moreover, in 2013, Argentina dismissed the Falkland Islands' sovereignty referendum. Argentina only recognises the UK government as a legitimate partner in negotiations;[84][85] and considers the islands, along with South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, as part of the Islas del Atlántico Sur department of Tierra del Fuego province.[86]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands
Map of the Falkland Islands.

The Falkland Islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean on a projection of the Patagonian Shelf about 310 miles (500 kilometres) east of the Patagonian coastline and about 280 miles (450 kilometres) north-east of the southerly tip of Tierra del Fuego. In ancient geological time, this shelf was part of Gondwana, which, around 400 million years ago, broke from what is now Africa and drifted westwards relative to Africa.[87]

The Falklands, which have a total land area of 4,700 square miles (12,173 square kilometres) and a coastline estimated at 2,200 miles (3,500 km)[88] comprise two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland and about 776 smaller islands. The two principal islands lie between 51°15′ S and 52°25′ S and between 57°40′ W and 61°05′ W[89] and are 140 miles (220 km) from east to west and 87 miles (140 km) from north to south.[90] They are heavily indented by sounds and fjords and have many natural harbours.[91] The two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound.[92] It is however believed that at times during the Pleistocene era, the seabed was some 46 metres (151 ft) lower than the present time–sufficient for the sound to be bridged.[93]

East Falkland, which contains the capital Stanley and the British military base at Mount Pleasant, is the more populous of the two main islands.[94]

Both West Falkland and the northern part of East Falkland have mountain ranges that are underlaid with Palaeozoic rock, which, as a result of secondary forces associated with continental drift are at 120° to each other.[95] The highest point of the islands is Mount Usborne, 2,313 feet (705 m) on East Falkland, while Mount Adam on West Falkland is only 16 feet (5 m) lower.[94]

The southern part of East Falkland, the Lafonia Peninsula, which is connected to the rest of the island by a 2.5 miles (4 km) narrow isthmus, is dissimilar to the rest of the island. Most of Lafonia is a flat plain underlain by younger Mesozoic rock, but in the north west is Permian rock which is similar to that of parts of Ecca Pass in South Africa.[95][96]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands lie on the transition area between maritime subarctic climates (Köppen cfc) and polar tundra climate (Köppen ET) zones[97] that is very much influenced by the proximity of the Andes, the cool South Atlantic ocean with its northerly Patagonian current and the Antarctic Peninsula land mass some 680 miles (1,100 km) to the south[90] giving the islands a narrow annual temperature range. The January average maximum temperature is about 15°C (59°F), and the July maximum average temperature is about 5°C (41°F). The average rainfall in Stanley is 604 millimetres (23.8 in);[98] in East Falkland as a whole it is 534 millimetres (21.0 in); and in West Falkland as a whole it is 555 millimetres (21.9 in); with the flat areas (and in particular Lafonia, where the average annual rainfall falls to 400 mm or lower) being much drier than the mountainous areas.[99][100] Humidity and winds are however constantly high. Snow and sleet are frequent in winter, although snowfall is rarely deep. Gales are very frequent, particularly in winter.[101]

Weather conditions are known to be extremely changeable, with it not being unusual to face all four seasons in one afternoon. The reason for this is the many wind directions resulting in many air masses mixing at the Drake Passage, which is often an area of low pressures.

While being located as far south as the UK is north, the absence of a warming current like the Gulf Stream means temperatures are considerably colder than comparable areas in North West Europe. Weather forecasts are given by a local branch of the UK's Met Office.[102]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of the Falkland Islands
Penguins at Saunders Island.

Biogeographically, the Falkland Islands are classified as part of the Antarctic ecozone[103] and Antarctic Floristic Kingdom.[104] Strong connections exist with the flora and fauna of Patagonia in South America.[87] The only terrestrial mammal upon the arrival of Europeans was the warrah, a fox-like canid found on both major islands.[96][105] It became extinct in the mid 19th century.[94][106] 14 species of marine mammals frequent the surrounding waters.[107] The elephant seal, the fur seal, and the sea lions all breed on the islands, and the largest elephant seal breeding site has over 500 animals in it.[108] 227 bird species have been seen on the islands,[87] over 60 of which are known to breed on the islands.[108] There are two endemic species of bird, and 14 endemic subspecies.[87] There are five penguin species breeding on the islands, and over 60% of the global black-browed albatross population also breed in the area.[107]

There are no native reptiles or amphibians on the islands. Over 200 species of insects have been recorded, along with 43 spider species and 12 worm species. Only 13 terrestrial invertebrates are recognised as endemic, although information on many species is lacking and it is suspected up to two thirds of species found are actually endemic. Due to the island environment, many insect species have developed reduced or absent wings. There are around 129 freshwater invertebrates, the majority being rotifer; however, the identification of some species remains in dispute.[87] Six species of fish are found in freshwater areas, including zebra trout (aplochiton zebra) and falklands minnows (Galaxias maculatus).[87] Different species of krill are found in Falkland waters, with lobster krill inhabiting the warmer waters in the north.[95]

There are no native tree species on the archipelago, although two species of bushes, fachine (Chiliotrichum diffusum)[109] and native box are found. Other vegetation consists of grasses and ferns.[94] Around 363 species of vascular plants, 21 species of ferns and clubmosses and 278 species of flowering plants have been recorded on the islands. Of the vascular plants, 171 are believed to be native and 13 to be endemic.[87] Some bogs and fens exist and support some freshwater plant species, but these are not common on the islands.[95] Tussac grass, which averages 6.6 ft (2 m) in height but can reach up to 13 ft (4 m), is found within 300 m (1,000 ft) of the coast where it forms bands around larger islands. The dense canopies formed create an insulated micro-climate suitable for many birds and invertebrates.[95] The pale maiden (Olsynium filifolium) is the islands' proposed national flower.[108]

There is little long-term data on habitat changes, so the extent of human impact is unclear.[87] Vegetation such as tussac grass, fachine, and native box have been heavily impacted by introduced grazing animals. Many breeding birds similarly only live on offshore islands, where introduced animals such as cats and rats are not found.[95] Virtually the entire area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. There is also an introduced reindeer population, which was brought to the islands in 2001 for commercial purposes.[110] Rats[96] and Grey foxes have been introduced and are having a detrimental impact on birds that nest on the shores, as are feral cats. 22 introduced plant species are thought to provide a significant threat to local flora.[87]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands
Port Stanley is the main financial center of the Falkland Islands' economy.[111]

The economy of the Falkland Islands is classified as the 222nd largest in the world by GDP (PPP), and ranks 9th in the globe by GDP (PPP) per capita.[4] The Falkland Islands' primary economic output comes from sheep farming and fishing.[112] Based on 2010 data, the islands have a very high Human Development Index of .874,[113] but a medium Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17.[114]

Economic development was historically advanced by ship resupplying and sheep farming for high-quality wool.[115][116] By the 1980s, while synthetic fibers and ranch underinvestment considerably hurt the sheep farming sector, the Falkland Islands government found a major source of profit through the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licenses to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".[115] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity has increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism.[117]

Demographics

See also: Falkland Islanders and Origins of Falkland Islanders
Christ Church Cathedral, Stanley, with an arch made of whale bone. One of the earliest economic activities on the islands was whaling.

The population of the Falkland Islands is primarily of British descent (about 70 percent of the population), mainly as a result of Scottish and Welsh immigration to the islands.[118] In the 2012 census, 59% of residents described their national identity as ‘Falkland Islander’, 29% considered themselves British, 9.8% St Helenian and 5.4% Chilean.[3] In the 2006 census, some Islanders identified themselves as of French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian descent.[119] Although the 2006 census indicated that only a third of residents were born on the islands, many people from other countries, including Chile and Saint Helena, have settled in the Falklands and become assimilated into the local population.[120] There is also a small number of Argentine nationals currently residing in the islands,[121] including Maria Strange, wife of the author and historian Ian Strange.[122]

Residents of the Falklands are often called "Kelpers"[123] or "Islanders".[124] The legal term for having the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".[64] From 1 January 1983, as provided in the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, the islanders have been full British citizens.[125]

A population decline leading up to the Falklands War has reversed, with the population bolstered by immigration from the British island of Saint Helena, and Chile[123] though figures for immigration are skewed by including children born to Falkland Islander women who for medical reasons travelled abroad for their confinement as being "born abroad".[119] Historical census figures show that the population rose from an estimate of 287 in 1851 to 2,272 in 1911. The population was 2,094 in 1921 and 2,392 in 1931, but it then declined to 1,813 in 1980.[119] However, the population recorded in the 2001 census was higher than at any previous point in history.[126] By 2006 the population had increased to 2,955 of whom 2,115 lived in Stanley and 477 in Mount Pleasant, 194 in the rest of East Falkland, 127 in West Falkland and 42 in the other islands. These figures excluded all military personnel and their families, but included 477 people who were present in the Falkland Islands in connection with the military garrison.[119] In 2012, the usual daily population of the Falkland Islands stood at 2,932 (excluding British Ministry of Defence personnel and families based at RAF Mount Pleasant), the small drop since 2006 being attributed to a decline in the number of contractors associated with the air base. Excluding these contractors, the true population stood at 2,563. A breakdown of the figures showed that Stanley had a population of 2,121, Camp had a population of 351 and contractors at Mount Pleasant made up 369. 91 residents were overseas when the 2012 census was taken.[3]

The age distribution of the islands residents is skewed towards people of working age (20–60) – 65% as opposed to 21% aged below 20 and 14% aged above 60. Males outnumber females by 53% to 47% with the deviation being most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[119] In the 2006 census, 67.2% of the islanders identified themselves as being Christians, 31.5% either declined to answer or had no religious affiliation and the remaining 1.3% (39 individuals) identified themselves as adherents of other faiths.[119] The islands have three churches, one for each of the Church of England, Roman Catholic and United Free Church communities.[68]

Education

Main article: Education in the Falkland Islands

The islands have approximately 380 children between the ages of 5 and 16 (excluding families of military personnel).[127] Their education, which follows the English system, is free and compulsory. Primary education is available at Stanley where there are boarding facilities, at RAF Mount Pleasant for children of service personnel and at a number of rural settlements where remote learning is supported by the Stanley based Camp Education Unit. The Islands' only secondary school is in Stanley and offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to GCSE level. After 16, suitably qualified students may study at two colleges in England for their A-levels or for vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend higher education, usually in the UK.[128]

Culture

An icon depicting St. Nicholas, the patron saint of fishermen, located located at the premises of the Falklands Legislative Assembly at Gilbert House in Stanley

Media

The islands have two weekly newspapers, the The Penguin News which is funded by the Falklands Media Trust and the Teaberry Express which is published by the Falkland Islands News Network.[129]

Falkland Islands technical standards for radio and television are identical to those in the United Kingdom or, in the case of Medium Wave broadcasts, the Americas. There are approximately 1000 television sets and 1000 radio receivers on the islands.[129] Five terrestrial television are broadcast by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS), BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, BFBS Extra and Sky News[130] while KTV Ltd. relays a number of satellite services such as BBC World News, BBC Entertainment, CNN International, HBO, ESPN and Discovery Channel via cable to subscribers in Stanley.[131] Radio broadcasting is supported by seven FM radio stations and one AM radio station. The first broadcasting service, the Falkland Islands Broadcasting Service, established in 1929 used landlines connected to a speaker in people's homes. This was upgraded to wireless in 1942 and a 5 kW medium wave transmitter installed in 1954. VHF was introduced in 1999. In 2005 the service was privatised and renamed Falkland Islands Radio Service (FIRS).[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ British toponymist Adrian Room claims that "[t]he islands' original name was Davis Land, for their discoverer [John Davis] in 1592." He further adds that, in 1594, Sir Richard Hawkins named them Hawkins Maidenland "in honor of Elizabeth I, the Virgin ('Maiden') Queen."[9]
  2. ^ Historian Bernadette Hince asserts that "[t]he first definite sighting of the islands was in about 1600, by the Dutch navigator Sebald de Weert."[11] Historian John Dunmore also supports this idea and further contends that "they appeared under this name [Sebald Islands] on Dutch maps, and their existence was confirmed in 1614 by the expedition of Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire."[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency 2011, p. "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) - Government".
  2. ^ a b "Keith Padgett, first Falklands' government CE recruited in the Islands". MercoPress. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b c "Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Falkland Islands will remain on summer time throughout 2011". MercoPress. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  6. ^ Joshua Project. "Ethnic People Groups of Falkland Islands". Joshua Project. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  7. ^ Jones 2009, p. 73.
  8. ^ Dotan 2010, p. 165.
  9. ^ a b c d e Room 2006, p. 129.
  10. ^ Paine 2000, p. 45.
  11. ^ a b c Hince 2001, p. 121.
  12. ^ Balmaceda 2011, p. Chapter 36.
  13. ^ Osmańczyk 2003, p. 1373.
  14. ^ "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications". United Nations Statistics Division. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
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  16. ^ "Culture of Falkland Islands – history, people, clothing, beliefs, food, life, immigrants, population, religion". Retrieved 17 March 2011.
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  18. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. xiv–xv
  19. ^ Dunmore 2005, p. 93.
  20. ^ Michael White (2 Feruary 2012). "Who first owned the Falkland Islands?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "The Discovery of the Falkland Islands". Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  22. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 226
  23. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 232,269
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  26. ^ a b c Tatham, 2008, pp. 308–309
  27. ^ a b Peter Pepper, Graham Pascoe (2008). "Luis Vernet". In David Tatham (ed.). The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981. D. Tatham. pp. 540–546. ISBN 978-0-9558985-0-1.
  28. ^ Mary Cawkell (2001). The history of the Falkland Islands. Anthony Nelson. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-904614-55-8. "On this visit he met Woodbine Parish who expressed great interest in his venture and asked Vernet to prepare a full report on the islands to submit to the British government. On his side Vernet expressed the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection."
  29. ^ The date of this picture is unknown, but the artist, Lt Lowcay, was the offical British resident in the islands from 1838 to 1839 (see "Part 33 - Louis Vernet: The Great Entrepreneur". A Brief History of the Falkland Islands. Falklands.info. Retrieved 28 November 2012.).
  30. ^ a b Peter Pepper, Graham Pascoe (2008). "Luis Vernet". In David Tatham (ed.). The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981. D. Tatham. pp. 541–544. ISBN 978-0-9558985-0-1.
  31. ^ a b "A brief history of the Falkland Islands Part 3". Falklands.info. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  32. ^ "Silas Duncan and the Falklands' Incident". USS Duncan Reunion Association. 2001. Retrieved 25 August 2011. The letters show that the USS Lexington, under the command of Silas Duncan, visited the Falklands in December, 1831, to investigate complaints by American fishermen that a "band of pirates" was operating from the islands. After finding what he considered proof that at least four American fishing ships had been captured, plundered, and even outfitted for war, Duncan took seven prisoners aboard Lexington and charged them with piracy. The leaders of the prisoners was Louis Vernet, a German, and Matthew Brisbane, an Englishman both of Buenos Aries.
  33. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 117
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  35. ^ Edmundo Murray (1 November 2005). "The Irish in Falkland/Malvinas Islands". Society for Irish Latin American Studies. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
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  38. ^ Lewis, Jason. "A Brief History of the Falkland Islands, Part 4 – The British Colonial Era". Retrieved 2 September 2011. In 1839 a British merchant adventurer, G.T. Whittington, formed the Falkland Islands Commercial Fishery and Agricultural Association and tried to put pressure on the British government to proceed with the colonisation of the Falkland Islands. He published a leaflet entitled 'The Falkland Islands' containing material acquired indirectly from Vernet, and then presented to the government a petition signed by owner a hundred London merchants, shipowners and traders demanding that a public meeting be held to discuss the future of the Falkland Islands. In April 1840 he wrote to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Russell, proposing that the islands be colonised by his Association. In May the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners decided that the Falkland Islands were suitable for colonisation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  40. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 510–511
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Bibliography

  • Avakov, Alexander (2013). Quality of Life, Balance of Powers, and Nuclear Weapons. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-963-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Balmaceda, Daniel (2011). Historias Inesperadas de la Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3390-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Cahill, Kevin (2010). Who Owns the World: The Surprising Truth About Every Piece of Land on the Planet. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-55139-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Calvert, Peter (2004). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Latin America. London: Europa Publications. ISBN 0-203-40378-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Doltan, Yossi (2010). Watercraft on World Coins: America and Asia, 1800-2008. Vol. 2. Portland: The Alpha Press. ISBN 978-1-898595-50-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hemmerle, Oliver Benjamin (2005). R.W. McColl (ed.). Falkland Islands. Vol. 1. New York: Golson Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-8160-5786-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  • Jones, Roger (2009). What's Who? A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They are Named After. Leicester: Matador. ISBN 978-1848760-479. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Osmańczyk, Edmund (2003). Anthony Mango (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415939224. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World (2nd ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Royle, Stephen (2001). A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-16036-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sainato, Vincenzo (2010). Graeme Newman; Janet Stamatel; Hang-en Sung (eds.). Falkland Islands. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35133-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)

Further reading

External links

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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MarshalN20/Sandbox4&oldid=563765975

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