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"Falklands" and "Malvinas" redirect here. For other uses of Falklands, see Falkland (disambiguation). For other uses of Malvinas, see Malvinas (disambiguation).
Falkland Islands
Motto: "Desire the right"
Anthem: God Save the Queen  (official)
Song of the Falklands [a]
Location of the Falkland Islands.
Location of the Falkland Islands.
Capital
and largest city
Stanley
Official languagesEnglish
Demonym(s)Falkland Islander
GovernmentBritish Overseas Territory[b]
• Monarch
Elizabeth II
• Governor
Nigel Haywood[1]
Keith Padgett[2]
• Responsible Minister (UK)
Hugo Swire MP
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
Establishment
1833
1841
1981[c]
2002
2009
Area
• Total
12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi) (162nd)
• Water (%)
0
Population
• 2012 estimate
2,932[3] (220th)
• Density
0.26/km2 (0.7/sq mi) (241st)
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
$75 million (223rd)
• Per capita
$55,400[4] (7th)
CurrencyFalkland Islands pound[d] (FKP)
Time zoneUTC−3 (FKST[e])
Driving sideleft
Calling code500
ISO 3166 codeFK
Internet TLD.fk
  1. ^ Song of the Falklands is used as the islands' anthem at sporting events.
  2. ^ Parliamentary democratic dependency under constitutional monarchy.
  3. ^ Interrupted by Argentine military government in 1982.
  4. ^ Fixed to the Pound sterling (GBP).
  5. ^ The Falklands has been on FKST year-round since September 2010.[5]

The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas) are an archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 310 miles (500 kilometres) east of the Patagonian coast at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago which has an area of 4,700 square miles (12,173 square kilometres) comprises East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 smaller islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the islands enjoy a large degree of internal self-governance with the United Kingdom guaranteeing good government and taking responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.

Controversy exists over the Falklands' original discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain re-established its rule in 1833, though the islands continue to be claimed by Argentina. In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the surrender of all Argentine forces and the return of the islands to British administration.

The population, estimated at 2,932 in 2012, primarily consists of native Falkland Islanders, the vast majority being of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a former population decline. The predominant and official language is English. Under the British Nationality Act of 1983, Falkland Islanders are legally British citizens.

The islands lie on the boundary of the subarctic and temperate maritime climate zones with both major islands having mountain ranges reaching to 2,300 feet (700 m). The islands are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands because of the effects of introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism, sheep farming with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports, and oil exploration. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.

Etymology

See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames

The Falkland Islands are named after the Falkland Sound, a strait that separates the archipelago's two main islands.[7] The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, the captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honor of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who had sponsored the long journey.[8][9] The Viscount's title in turn comes from the town of Falkland, Scotland, whose name comes from the term "folkland" (meaning land held by folkright).[9] Nevertheless, the name would not be applied to the islands until 1765, when British admiral John Byron claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands".[9][10]

The Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, comes from the French Îles Malouines, the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[11] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo, the point of departure for his ships and colonists.[9][11] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was in turn named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[12]

The United Nations uses both the Spanish and English names "when referring to the islands";[13] its official designation for the territory is "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)".[14]

History

Although the islands may have been sighted and named by English explorers in two independent occasions in 1592 and 1594,[A] and likely discovered and named "Sebald Islands" (or "Sebaldines") by Dutch seafarer Sebald de Weert in 1600,[B] no clear consensus exists in academia "if any of them actually located the Falklands or other south Atlantic islands".[16]

Before the Falklands War

Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

Controversy exists as to who first discovered the Falkland Islands with competing Portuguese, Spanish, and British claims dating back to the 16th century.[17][18] While Amerindians from Patagonia could have visited the Falklands,[19] the islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans.[20] The first reliable sighting is usually attributed to the Dutch explorer Sebald de Weert in 1600, who named the archipelago the Sebald Islands, a name they bore on Dutch maps into the 19th century.[21]

In 1690, Captain John Strong of the Welfare en route to Puerto Deseado was driven off course and reached the Falkland Islands instead, landing at Bold Cove. Sailing between the two principal islands, he called the passage "Falkland Channel" (now Falkland Sound), after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, who as Commissioner of the Admiralty had financed the expedition. The island group takes its English name from this body of water.[22]

In 1764, French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville founded the first settlement on Berkeley Sound, in present-day Port Louis, East Falkland.[23] In 1765, British captain John Byron explored and claimed Saunders Island on West Falkland, where he named the harbour Port Egmont and a settlement was constructed in 1766.[24] Unaware of the French presence, Byron claimed the island group for King George III. Spain acquired the French colony in 1767, and placed it under a governor subordinate to the Buenos Aires colonial administration. In 1770, Spain attacked Port Egmont and expelled the British presence, bringing the two countries to the brink of war. War was avoided by a peace treaty and the British return to Port Egmont.[25]

In 1774, economic pressures leading up to the American Revolutionary War forced Great Britain to withdraw from many overseas settlements.[25][26] Upon withdrawal, the British left behind a plaque asserting Britain's continued claim. Spain maintained its governor until 1806 who, on his departure, left behind a plaque asserting Spanish claims. The remaining settlers were withdrawn in 1811.[25]

In 1820, storm damage forced the privateer Heroína to take shelter in the islands.[27] Her captain David Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and read a proclamation claiming the islands.[27] This became public knowledge in Buenos Aires nearly a year later after the proclamation was published in the Salem Gazette.[27] After several failures, Luis Vernet established a settlement in 1828 with authorisation from the Republic of Buenos Aires and from Great Britain.[28] In 1829, after asking for help from Buenos Aires, he was instead proclaimed Military and Civil Commander of the islands.[28] Additionally, Vernet asked the British to protect his settlement if they returned.[29]

View of Port Louis, probably 1838 or 1839.[30]

A dispute over fishing and hunting rights resulted in a raid by the US warship USS Lexington in 1831.[31][32] The log of the Lexington reports only the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the settlement was destroyed.[31] (Compensation was rejected by the US Government of President Cleveland in 1885.) Lexington's Captain declared the islands "free from all government", and the seven senior members of the settlement were arrested for piracy[33] and taken to Montevideo,[32] where they were released without charge on the orders of Commodore Rogers.[34]

In November 1832, Argentina sent Commander Mestivier as an interim commander to found a penal settlement, but he was killed in a mutiny after four days.[35] The following January, British forces returned and requested the Argentine garrison leave. Don Pinedo, captain of the ARA Sarandi and senior officer present, protested but ultimately complied. Vernet's settlement continued, with the Irishman William Dickson[36] tasked with raising the British flag for passing ships.[37][38] Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned and was encouraged by the British to continue the enterprise. The settlement continued until August 1833, when the leaders were killed in the so-called Gaucho murders. Subsequently, from 1834 the islands were governed as a British naval station until 1840 when the British Government decided to establish a permanent colony.[39]

Naval confrontation during the 1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands. Painting by William Lionel Wyllie.

A new harbour was built in Stanley,[40] and the islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn. A World War I naval battle, the Battle of the Falkland Islands, took place in December 1914, with a British victory over the smaller Imperial German Asiatic Fleet.[41] During World War II, Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the 1939 Battle of the River Plate.[42]

Sovereignty over the islands again became an issue in the second half of the 20th century, when Argentina saw the creation of the United Nations as an opportunity to pursue its claim. Talks between British and Argentine foreign missions took place in the 1960s, but failed to come to any meaningful conclusion. A major sticking point in all the negotiations was that the inhabitants preferred that the islands remain British territory.[43]

A result of these talks was the establishment of the islands' first air link. In 1971, the Argentine state airline LADE began a service between Comodoro Rivadavia and Stanley. A temporary strip was followed by the construction of a permanent airfield and flights between Stanley and Comodoro Rivadavia continued until 1982.[44][45][46] Further agreements gave YPF, the Argentine national oil and gas company, a monopoly over the supply of the islands' energy needs.[47] The Times in its obituary of Rex Hunt states that it was generally accepted by the Foreign Office that when Hunt was appointed governor part of his brief was "to soften up the island's 1800 inhabitants to the idea that British sovereignty could not be taken as given in perpetuity". In his first dispatch back to the Foreign Office he wrote "There is no way we will convince these islanders that they will be better off as part of Argentina".[48]

Falklands War and its aftermath

Main article: Falklands War
British paratroopers guard Argentine prisoners of war.

On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and other British territories in the South Atlantic. By exploiting the long-standing feelings of Argentines towards the islands, the nation's ruling military junta sought to divert public attention from Argentina's poor economic performance and growing internal opposition.[49] The United Kingdom's reduction of military capacity in the South Atlantic is considered to have encouraged the invasion.[50][51][52]

On 3 April 1982, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 502, calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the islands and for both parties to seek a diplomatic solution.[53] International reaction ranged from support for Argentina in most of Latin America, to opposition in the Commonwealth and most of Western Europe. Chile was the only Latin American country that provided overt support to the British by allowing ports of call and airport logistics. In contrast, Peru was the only Latin American country that provided war material to the Argentinian military, including Mirage aircraft, parts, and Exocet missiles. A divided United States administration, initially publicly neutral, eventually came out in support of the United Kingdom.[54][55]

The United Kingdom sent an expeditionary force to retake the islands. After short but fierce naval and air battles, the British forces landed at San Carlos Water on 21 May, and a land campaign followed leading to the British taking the high ground surrounding Stanley on 11 June. The Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June 1982. The war resulted in the deaths of 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as 3 civilian Falklanders.[56]

After the war, the British increased their military presence on the islands, constructing RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the military garrison.[57] Although the United Kingdom and Argentina resumed diplomatic relations in 1990, no further negotiations on sovereignty have taken place.[58] It is believed that 19,000 Argentine land mines[59][60] across an area of 13 square kilometres remain from the 1982 war dispersed in a number of minefields around Stanley, Port Howard, Fox Bay and Goose Green.[61] Information is available from the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operation Centre in Stanley.[61] In 2009, mine clearance began at Surf Bay, and clearances took place at Sapper Hill, Goose Green and Fox Bay. Further clearance work was due to begin in 2011.[62]

Sovereignty dispute

Main article: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
File:Malvinas cartel - Puerto Iguazú.jpg
A sign at the Argentine-Brazilian border proclaims "The Malvinas are Argentine". Signs like this are found throughout Argentina.

The United Kingdom and Argentina both claim ownership for the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on continuous administration of the islands since 1833 (apart from 1982) and the islanders having a "right to self determination, including their right to remain British if that is their wish".[63] Argentina posits that it gained the Falkland Islands from Spain, upon becoming independent from it in 1816, and that the UK illegally occupied them in 1833.[64]

The present dispute began in 1945, shortly after the formation of the United Nations, when Argentina reasserted its claim of sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and its dependencies (primarily South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).[65] In 1964, the United Nations passed a resolution calling on the UK and Argentina to proceed with negotiations over the sovereignty dispute.[66]

Later that decade, intending to improve its relations with South America by transferring the Falkland Islands (with provisions to protect the islanders' way of life), the United Kingdom secretly discussed the subject with Argentina. However, when the news became public, the Falklanders protested against the plans. As a result, the UK increased its focus on the Islanders' self-determination; Argentina disagreed, and negotiations effectively remained at a stalemate.[67][68] Subsequent talks between the two nations took place until 1981, but they failed to reach a conclusion on sovereignty.[69]

Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina, which were severed at the outbreak of the Falklands War in 1982, were re-established in 1990.[58] In 2007, Argentina reasserted its claim over the Falkland Islands, asking for the UK to resume talks on sovereignty.[70] In 2009, British prime minister Gordon Brown met with Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and declared that there would be no talks over the future sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.[71] As far as the United Kingdom and the Falkland Islands are concerned, no pending issue to resolve exists.[72][73][74]

Modern Falkland Islanders continue to reject the Argentine sovereignty claim. In 2010, Falklands correspondent Tom Leonard of The Daily Telegraph, wrote that "The 3,000-strong community is already proudly British [...]. The younger islanders may not share the older generation’s memories but there is clearly no love lost with the Argentines among them."[72] On 10 and 11 March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum over its political status, and voters favoured (99.8%) remaining under British rule.[75][76]

Contemporary Argentine policy maintains the position that modern Falkland Islanders do not have a right to self-determination. Argentina claims that, in 1833, the UK expelled Argentine authorities and settlers from the Falklands with a threat of "greater force" and that the UK afterwards barred Argentines from resettling the islands.[64][77] Argentina reiterated its position towards the Falklanders in 2012, after a meeting of the UN Decolonization Committee, when its representatives refused to accept a letter from the Falkland Islands offering the opening of direct talks between both governments.[78] Moreover, in 2013, Argentina dismissed the Falkland Islands' sovereignty referendum. Argentina only recognises the UK government as a legitimate partner in negotiations;[79][80] and considers the islands, along with South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, as part of the Islas del Atlántico Sur department of Tierra del Fuego province.[81]

Government

Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands
The Government House of the Falkland Islands is the Governor's official residence.

The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[82] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have greater democratic autonomy, "while retaining sufficient powers for the UK Government to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory".[83] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, but executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The islands' Chief Executive, appointed by the Governor, is the head of government.[84] The islands' current Governor, Nigel Haywood, was appointed on October 2010;[85] the current Chief Executive, Keith Padgett, was appointed on March 2012.[86]

The governor acts on the advice of the Executive Council, composed of himself as chairman, the Chief Executive, Director of Finance and three elected Legislative Assembly Members.[84]

The Legislative Assembly consists of the Chief Executive, Director of Finance and the eight members elected for four-year terms by universal suffrage, of whom five are from Stanley and three from Camp.[84] There are no political parties, and no formal opposition. It is presided over by the Speaker,[87] - as of 2012 Keith Biles.[88] The last election, the first under the 2009 constitution, took place on Thursday 5 November 2009.[89]

Justice is administered by a resident senior magistrate and a non-resident Chief Justice of the islands who visits the islands at least once a year. The senior magistrate handles petty criminal cases, civil, commercial, admiralty and family cases and is also the island's coroner. The Chief Justice handles serious criminal cases and hears appeals.[90] The constitution binds the judiciary to comply with decisions of the European Court of Human Rights when hearing cases related to human rights.[84]

Freedom of expression in the Falkland Islands is guaranteed by the constitution, with the United Kingdom's superior courts explicitly empowered to hear appeals.[84] Freedom of the press is comparable to that of the United Kingdom;[91] which, in turn, in the view of many commentators, is significantly better than that of any other South American country.[92][93]

Military

Main article: Military of the Falkland Islands

A British military garrison is stationed on the Falkland Islands, and the islands also have a company-sized light infantry unit (FIDF) that is completely funded by the Falklands government (£400,000 in 2009).[94] The unit is trained under a secondment arrangement with the MOD – as of 2010 the FIDF employed a Royal Marine WO2 as a permanent staff instructor and a major as commanding officer; the rest of the force are part-timers. It is equipped with quad bikes, inflatable boats and Land Rovers and is armed with heavy machine guns, grenade launchers and sniper rifles. In addition to defence duties, the force provides a mountain rescue service and has been trained by the Royal Navy in mounting armed deterrence against illegal fishing activity.[94][95]

Health and education

Education

Main article: Education in the Falkland Islands

The islands have approximately 380 children between the ages of 5 and 16 (excluding families of military personnel).[96] Their education, which follows the English system, is free and compulsory. Primary education is available at Stanley where there are boarding facilities, at RAF Mount Pleasant for children of service personnel and at a number of rural settlements where remote learning is supported by the Stanley based Camp Education Unit. The Islands' only secondary school is in Stanley and offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to GCSE level. After 16, suitably qualified students may study at two colleges in England for their A-levels or for vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend higher education, usually in the UK.[97]

Medical care

The Falkland Islands Government Health and Social Services Department provides free medical and dental care for the islands.[98] The King Edward VII Memorial Hospital (KEMH), completed in 1987, is Stanley's only hospital. It is run jointly by the Falkland Islands Government and the UK Ministry of Defence.[99] Specialist medical care is provided by visiting ophthalmologists, gynaecologists, ENT surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, oral surgeons and psychiatrists from the United Kingdom. Patients needing emergency treatment are air-lifted to the United Kingdom or to Santiago (Chile).[98][100]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands
Map of the Falkland Islands.

The Falkland Islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean on a projection of the Patagonian Shelf about 310 miles (500 kilometres) east of the Patagonian coastline and about 280 miles (450 kilometres) north-east of the southerly tip of Tierra del Fuego. In ancient geological time, this shelf was part of Gondwana, which, around 400 million years ago, broke from what is now Africa and drifted westwards relative to Africa.[101]

The Falklands, which have a total land area of 4,700 square miles (12,173 square kilometres) and a coastline estimated at 2,200 miles (3,500 km)[102] comprise two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland and about 776 smaller islands. The two principal islands lie between 51°15′ S and 52°25′ S and between 57°40′ W and 61°05′ W[103] and are 140 miles (220 km) from east to west and 87 miles (140 km) from north to south.[104] They are heavily indented by sounds and fjords and have many natural harbours.[105] The two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound.[106] It is however believed that at times during the Pleistocene era, the seabed was some 46 metres (151 ft) lower than the present time–sufficient for the sound to be bridged.[107]

East Falkland, which contains the capital Stanley and the British military base at Mount Pleasant, is the more populous of the two main islands.[108]

Both West Falkland and the northern part of East Falkland have mountain ranges that are underlaid with Palaeozoic rock, which, as a result of secondary forces associated with continental drift are at 120° to each other.[109] The highest point of the islands is Mount Usborne, 2,313 feet (705 m) on East Falkland, while Mount Adam on West Falkland is only 16 feet (5 m) lower.[108]

The southern part of East Falkland, the Lafonia Peninsula, which is connected to the rest of the island by a 2.5 miles (4 km) narrow isthmus, is dissimilar to the rest of the island. Most of Lafonia is a flat plain underlain by younger Mesozoic rock, but in the north west is Permian rock which is similar to that of parts of Ecca Pass in South Africa.[109][110]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands lie on the transition area between maritime subarctic climates (Köppen cfc) and polar tundra climate (Köppen ET) zones[111] that is very much influenced by the proximity of the Andes, the cool South Atlantic ocean with its northerly Patagonian current and the Antarctic Peninsula land mass some 680 miles (1,100 km) to the south[104] giving the islands a narrow annual temperature range. The January average maximum temperature is about 15°C (59°F), and the July maximum average temperature is about 5°C (41°F). The average rainfall in Stanley is 604 millimetres (23.8 in);[112] in East Falkland as a whole it is 534 millimetres (21.0 in); and in West Falkland as a whole it is 555 millimetres (21.9 in); with the flat areas (and in particular Lafonia, where the average annual rainfall falls to 400 mm or lower) being much drier than the mountainous areas.[113][114] Humidity and winds are however constantly high. Snow and sleet are frequent in winter, although snowfall is rarely deep. Gales are very frequent, particularly in winter.[115]

Weather conditions are known to be extremely changeable, with it not being unusual to face all four seasons in one afternoon. The reason for this is the many wind directions resulting in many air masses mixing at the Drake Passage, which is often an area of low pressures.

While being located as far south as the UK is north, the absence of a warming current like the Gulf Stream means temperatures are considerably colder than comparable areas in North West Europe. Weather forecasts are given by a local branch of the UK's Met Office.[116]

Climate data for Stanley, Falkland Islands
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29
(84) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		27
(81) 		18
(64) 		14
(57) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		29
(84)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15
(59) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		9
(48) 		6
(43) 		5
(41) 		5
(41) 		5
(41) 		7
(45) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		14
(57) 		10
(50)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7
(45) 		7
(45) 		6
(43) 		4
(39) 		2
(36) 		0
(32) 		0
(32) 		1
(34) 		1
(34) 		3
(37) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		4
(38)
Record low °C (°F) 0
(32) 		0
(32) 		−1
(30) 		−3
(27) 		−6
(21) 		−10
(14) 		−10
(14) 		−8
(18) 		−10
(14) 		−6
(21) 		−2
(28) 		−2
(28) 		−10
(14)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		54
(2.1) 		53
(2.1) 		48
(1.9) 		45
(1.8) 		42
(1.7) 		42
(1.7) 		28
(1.1) 		32
(1.3) 		30
(1.2) 		29
(1.1) 		50
(2.0) 		509
(20.2)
Average precipitation days 24 20 23 24 26 22 23 22 21 21 21 23 270
Source: Weather2[117]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands
Typical Falkland Islands road.

The earliest economic activity on the islands, from 1770 onwards, was whaling and sealing. From the mid nineteenth century onwards, sheep farming played an important part in the island's economy.[118] In more recent years fishing, oil exploration and tourism have played a leading part in the economy of the islands.

Today, apart from defence, the islands are self sufficient with annual exports of $125 million and imports of $90 million (2004 estimate).[119] The Falkland Islands use the Falkland pound, which circulates interchangeably with the pound sterling and which is backed by the pound sterling on a one-for-one basis.[120] Falkland coins are produced in the United Kingdom;[121] coins are identical in size to the United Kingdom currency but with local designs on the reverse. The Falkland Islands also issue their own stamps. Both the coins and stamps are a source of revenue from overseas collectors.[120]

Farmland accounts for 1,123,985 ha (4,339.73 sq mi), more than 90% of the Falklands land area.[122] Since 1984, efforts to diversify the economy have made fishing the largest part of the economy and brought increasing income from tourism.[123] Sheep farming was formerly the main source of income for the islands and still plays an important part with high quality wool exports going to the UK. According to the Falklands Government Statistics there are over 500,000 sheep on the islands with roughly 60% on East Falkland and 40% on West Falkland.[122]

The government has operated a fishing zone policy since 1986 with the sale of fishing licences to foreign countries. These licences have recently raised only £12 to 15 million a year in revenue, as opposed to £20m to £25m annually during the 1990s. Locally registered fishing boats are also in operation. More than 75% of the annual catch of 200,000 tonnes (220,000 short tons) is squid.[124]

Tourism has grown rapidly. The islands have become a regular port of call for the growing market of cruise ships with more than 36,000 visitors in 2004.[125]

A 1995 agreement between the UK and Argentina had set the terms for exploitation of offshore resources including oil reserves[126] as geological surveys had shown there might be up to 60 billion barrels (9.5 billion cubic metres) of oil under the seabed surrounding the islands.[127] However, in 2007 Argentina unilaterally withdrew from the agreement;[128] Falklands Oil and Gas Limited then signed an agreement with BHP Billiton to investigate the potential exploitation of oil reserves.[129] Due to the difficult climatic conditions of the southern seas exploitation will be difficult, though economically viable; the continuing sovereignty dispute with Argentina is also hampering progress.[130]

In February 2010 exploratory drilling for oil was begun by Desire Petroleum,[131] but the results from the first test well were disappointing.[132] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil".[133] Subsequent tests showed it to be a commercially viable find; an appraisal project was launched and on 14 September 2011 Rockhopper Exploration announced that plans were under way for oil production to commence in 2016, through the use of floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) technology.[134]

Telephone

The first telephones in the Falklands were installed by the Falkland Island Company in 1880, with lines to all settlements in Camp being installed by 1907. In 1911, Marconi built a telegraph office that permitted telegrams to be sent to Montevideo. In 1950, the fixed line telephone service to Camp was replaced by a radio service;[135] the 2006 census showed that of the 307 two-metre radio receivers in the islands, 129 were located in Camp.[136] In 1989, Cable and Wireless won the contract to provide the Island's national and international telephone services.[135] In 2006, a GSM 900 mobile network was installed.[137]

In 2006, broadband was successfully implemented in Stanley and Mount Pleasant Complex and was subsequently rolled out across the islands from 2008 to 2009.[135] The International Telecommunication Union figures for 2011 identified the Falkland Islands as having the highest proportion of internet users in the world – 96.38%.[138]

Transport

Main article: Transport in the Falkland Islands

In 1982, the Falkland Islands had no roads outside Stanley, only tracks.[139] By 2007, the Falkland Islands had a road network of 488 miles (786 km) which in 2012 had been extended to 536 miles (862 km) linking to all occupied mainland settlements.[140][141] Speed limits are 25 mph (40 km/h) in built-up areas and 40 mph (64 km/h) elsewhere.[142] As of 2006, the Falkland Islands had 67 motor vehicles per 100 people, with 4x4 vehicles accounting for 66% of the total.[136]

The Falkland Islands have two airports with paved runways – the main international airport RAF Mount Pleasant, 43 kilometres (27 mi) west of Stanley[143] opened in 1986 and the smaller Port Stanley Airport on the outskirts of Stanley, opened in 1979 following the 1971 Anglo-Argentine agreement regarding an air link between the countries.[144] Mount Pleasant is used for military purposes and for heavy aircraft that require long runways, whereas Stanley is used for internal flights and smaller aircraft.

The Royal Air Force operates flights from RAF Mount Pleasant to RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, England, with a refuelling stop at RAF Ascension Island. RAF flights are on TriStars although charter aircraft are often used if the TriStars are required for operational flights.[145] Local military air support – moving of personnel, equipment and supplies around the islands is carried out under contract by British International (BRINTEL) which operates two Sikorsky S61N helicopters. The principal civilian air operator at Mount Pleasant is LAN Airlines which operates weekly flights to Santiago, Chile via Punta Arenas.[140]

The main operator at Port Stanley Airport is the Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) which operates Islander aircraft which can use the grass airstrips at most settlements. Flight schedules, which are broadcast on the radio every evening, are planned on a daily basis according to passenger needs.[146]

Private operators from Stanley include the British Antarctic Survey who operate an air link to the Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula and also serve other British bases in the British Antarctic Territory using a de Havilland Canada Dash 7.

Demographics

See also: Falkland Islanders and Origins of Falkland Islanders
Christ Church Cathedral, Stanley, with an arch made of whale bone. One of the earliest economic activities on the islands was whaling.

The population of the Falkland Islands is primarily of British descent (about 70 percent of the population), mainly as a result of Scottish and Welsh immigration to the islands.[147] In the 2012 census, 59% of residents described their national identity as ‘Falkland Islander’, 29% considered themselves British, 9.8% St Helenian and 5.4% Chilean.[3] In the 2006 census, some Islanders identified themselves as of French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian descent.[136] Although the 2006 census indicated that only a third of residents were born on the islands, many people from other countries, including Chile and Saint Helena, have settled in the Falklands and become assimilated into the local population.[148] There is also a small number of Argentine nationals currently residing in the islands,[149] including Maria Strange, wife of the author and historian Ian Strange.[150]

Residents of the Falklands are often called "Kelpers"[151] or "Islanders".[152] The legal term for having the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".[84] From 1 January 1983, as provided in the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, the islanders have been full British citizens.[153]

A population decline leading up to the Falklands War has reversed, with the population bolstered by immigration from the British island of Saint Helena, and Chile[151] though figures for immigration are skewed by including children born to Falkland Islander women who for medical reasons travelled abroad for their confinement as being "born abroad".[136] Historical census figures show that the population rose from an estimate of 287 in 1851 to 2,272 in 1911. The population was 2,094 in 1921 and 2,392 in 1931, but it then declined to 1,813 in 1980.[136] However, the population recorded in the 2001 census was higher than at any previous point in history.[154] By 2006 the population had increased to 2,955 of whom 2,115 lived in Stanley and 477 in Mount Pleasant, 194 in the rest of East Falkland, 127 in West Falkland and 42 in the other islands. These figures excluded all military personnel and their families, but included 477 people who were present in the Falkland Islands in connection with the military garrison.[136] In 2012, the usual daily population of the Falkland Islands stood at 2,932 (excluding British Ministry of Defence personnel and families based at RAF Mount Pleasant), the small drop since 2006 being attributed to a decline in the number of contractors associated with the air base. Excluding these contractors, the true population stood at 2,563. A breakdown of the figures showed that Stanley had a population of 2,121, Camp had a population of 351 and contractors at Mount Pleasant made up 369. 91 residents were overseas when the 2012 census was taken.[3]

The age distribution of the islands residents is skewed towards people of working age (20–60) – 65% as opposed to 21% aged below 20 and 14% aged above 60. Males outnumber females by 53% to 47% with the deviation being most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[136] In the 2006 census, 67.2% of the islanders identified themselves as being Christians, 31.5% either declined to answer or had no religious affiliation and the remaining 1.3% (39 individuals) identified themselves as adherents of other faiths.[136] The islands have three churches, one for each of the Church of England, Roman Catholic and United Free Church communities.[63]

Culture

Metal icon depicting St Nicholas, the patron saint of fishermen. The icon is located at the premises of the Falklands Legislative Assembly at Gilbert House in Stanley, Falkland Islands

Media

The islands have two weekly newspapers, the The Penguin News which is funded by the Falklands Media Trust and the Teaberry Express which is published by the Falkland Islands News Network.[91]

Falkland Islands technical standards for radio and television are identical to those in the United Kingdom or, in the case of Medium Wave broadcasts, the Americas. There are approximately 1000 television sets and 1000 radio receivers on the islands.[91] Five terrestrial television are broadcast by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS), BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, BFBS Extra and Sky News[155] while KTV Ltd. relays a number of satellite services such as BBC World News, BBC Entertainment, CNN International, HBO, ESPN and Discovery Channel via cable to subscribers in Stanley.[156] Radio broadcasting is supported by seven FM radio stations and one AM radio station. The first broadcasting service, the Falkland Islands Broadcasting Service, established in 1929 used landlines connected to a speaker in people's homes. This was upgraded to wireless in 1942 and a 5 kW medium wave transmitter installed in 1954. VHF was introduced in 1999. In 2005 the service was privatised and renamed Falkland Islands Radio Service (FIRS).[157]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ British toponymist Adrian Room claims that "[t]he islands' original name was Davis Land, for their discoverer [John Davis] in 1592." He further adds that, in 1594, Sir Richard Hawkins named them Hawkins Maidenland "in honor of Elizabeth I, the Virgin ('Maiden') Queen."[9]
  2. ^ Historian Bernadette Hince asserts that "[t]he first definite sighting of the islands was in about 1600, by the Dutch navigator Sebald de Weert."[11] Historian John Dunmore also supports this idea and further contends that "they appeared under this name [Sebald Islands] on Dutch maps, and their existence was confirmed in 1614 by the expedition of Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire."[15]

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference HaywoodGovernor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Robertson, Janet (6 March 2012). "New Chief Executive for Falkland Islands Governmen". Penguin News. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  4. ^ 2002 estimate. "CIA World Factbook 2012". cia.gov. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  5. ^ "Falkland Islands will remain on summer time throughout 2011". MercoPress. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  6. ^ Joshua Project. "Ethnic People Groups of Falkland Islands". Joshua Project. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  7. ^ Jones 2009, p. 73.
  8. ^ Dotan 2010, p. 165.
  9. ^ a b c d e Room 2006, p. 129.
  10. ^ Paine 2000, p. 45.
  11. ^ a b c Hince 2001, p. 121.
  12. ^ Balmaceda 2011, p. Chapter 36.
  13. ^ Osmańczyk 2003, p. 1373.
  14. ^ "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications". United Nations Statistics Division. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  15. ^ Dunmore 2005, p. 93.
  16. ^ Michael White (2 Feruary 2012). "Who first owned the Falkland Islands?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "Who first owned the Falkland Islands?". The Guardian. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  18. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. xiv–xv
  19. ^ G. Hattersley-Smith (1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands". Polar Record. 21 (135). Cambridge University Press: 605–606. doi:10.1017/S003224740002204X. Retrieved 1 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Culture of Falkland Islands – history, people, clothing, beliefs, food, life, immigrants, population, religion". Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  21. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 45–46
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  23. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 226
  24. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 232,269
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  29. ^ Mary Cawkell (2001). The history of the Falkland Islands. Anthony Nelson. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-904614-55-8. "On this visit he met Woodbine Parish who expressed great interest in his venture and asked Vernet to prepare a full report on the islands to submit to the British government. On his side Vernet expressed the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection."
  30. ^ The date of this picture is unknown, but the artist, Lt Lowcay, was the offical British resident in the islands from 1838 to 1839 (see "Part 33 - Louis Vernet: The Great Entrepreneur". A Brief History of the Falkland Islands. Falklands.info. Retrieved 28 November 2012.).
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Bibliography

  • Balmaceda, Daniel (2011). Historias Inesperadas de la Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3390-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Doltan, Yossi (2010). Watercraft on World Coins: America and Asia, 1800-2008. Vol. 2. Portland: The Alpha Press. ISBN 978-1-898595-50-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Jones, Roger (2009). What's Who? A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They are Named After. Leicester: Matador. ISBN 978-1848760-479. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Osmańczyk, Edmund (2003). Anthony Mango (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415939224. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World (2nd ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

External links

51°41′S 59°10′W / 51.683°S 59.167°W / -51.683; -59.167

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MarshalN20/Sandbox4&oldid=563575069

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