{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}

{{for|other uses of "US", "USA", and "United States"|US (disambiguation)|USA (disambiguation)|United States (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox country

|conventional_long_name = United States of America

|common_name = United States

|image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg

|image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg

|symbol_type = Great Seal

|national_motto = <!--Please read the talk page before editing these mottos:--><div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(official)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(traditional)}} <br />{{small|"Out of many, one"}}

</div>

|national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center>

|image_map = USA orthographic.svg

|alt_map = Projection of North America with the United States in green

|map_width = 220px

|capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]

|latd=38 |latm=53 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm=01 |longEW=W

|largest_city = [[New York City]]

|official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}}

|languages_type = [[National language]]

|languages = [[American English]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}

|demonym = [[Americans|American]]

|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]

|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]

|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Barack Obama]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}

|leader_title2 = [[Vice President (United States)|Vice President]]

|leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Joe Biden]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}

|leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]}}

|leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[John Boehner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}

|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice (United States)|Chief Justice]]

|leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]

|legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]

|upper_house = [[Senate (United States)|Senate]]

|lower_house = [[House of Representatives (United States)|House of Representatives]]

|sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Independence]]

|sovereignty_note = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]

|established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declared]]

|established_date1 = July 4, 1776

|established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]]

|established_date2 = September 3, 1783

|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[United States Constitution|Constitution]]}}

|established_date3 = June 21, 1788

|area_magnitude = 1 E12

|area_sq_mi = 3794101

|area_km2 = 9826675

|area_rank = 3rd/4th

|area_footnote = <ref name="WF"/>{{ref label|areabox|c|}}

|percent_water = 6.76

|population_estimate = {{formatnum:{{data United States | Poptoday }} }}<ref name="POP">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=U.S. POPClock Projection}} (figure updated automatically).</ref>

|population_estimate_year = 2013

|population_estimate_rank = 3rd

|population_density_km2 = 34.2

|population_density_sq_mi = 88.6

|population_density_rank = 179th

|GDP_PPP_year = 2013

|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$16.724 trillion<ref name=IMF_GDP>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=72&pr1.y=17&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CLP&grp=0&a= |publisher=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database: United States |month=November |year=2013 |accessdate=November 5, 2013}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}

|GDP_PPP_rank = 1st

|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $52,839<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>

|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 6th

|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$16.724 trillion<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>}}

|GDP_nominal_rank = 1st

|GDP_nominal_year = 2013

|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $52,839<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>

|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9th

|Gini_year = 2011

|Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->

|Gini = 47.7 <!--number only-->

|Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html |title=Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 |work=Newsroom |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |date=September 12, 2012 |accessdate=January 23, 2013}}</ref>

|Gini_rank = 39th (2009)

|HDI_year = 2013

|HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->

|HDI = 0.937 <!--number only-->

|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Complete.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2013 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date= March 14, 2013 |accessdate= March 14, 2013}}</ref>

|HDI_rank = 3rd

|EF_year = 2007

|EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref>

|EF_rank = 6th

|currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($)

|currency_code = USD

|country_code = USA

|utc_offset = −5 to −10

|utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}}

|calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]

|iso3166code = US

|drives_on = right{{ref label|driving|g|}}

|cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}}

|footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} English is the [[Official language of the United States|official language]] of at least 28 states; some sources give higher figures, based on differing definitions of "official".{{big|<ref name=ILW/>}} English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are both official languages in the state of [[Hawaii]].

|footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} English is the ''[[de facto]]'' language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans aged five and older. [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language]].

|footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the United States or [[China]] is larger has been [[List of countries by area|disputed]]. The figure given is from the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The World Factbook]]''. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the [[Territories of the United States|territories]].

|footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is of people whose usual residence is within the 50 states and the District of Columbia, regardless of nationality. It does not include those living in the territories (over 4&nbsp;million people, mostly in [[Puerto Rico]]).

|footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.

|footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Does not include [[insular area]]s and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]], which have their own [[ISO 3166]] codes.

|footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].

}}

The '''United States''', officially the '''United States of America''', is a country in northern [[North America]]. Its [[Contiguous United States|contiguous territory]] is bordered in the north by [[Canada]], in the south by [[Mexico]], in the west by the [[Pacific Ocean]], and in the east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Its non-contiguous territory extends the [[Borders of the United States|country's borders]] worldwide. At {{convert|9.83|sqkm|abbr=off|sigfig=1|disp=flip}} in total, the United States is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fourth-largest country by total area]].

The U.S. mainland was originally inhabited by various [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American civilizations]]. Europeans [[European colonization of the Americas|colonized the region]] beginning in the 16th century. After obtaining [[American Revolution|independence from Great Britain]] in 1783, the United States developed into a major [[regional power]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]], and underwent territorial expansion under the doctrine of [[manifest destiny]]. The territorial integrity of the state was consolidated following a [[American Civil War|civil war]], and the U.S. thereafter entered a [[Gilded Age]] of increasing industrialization, immigration, and social reform. In the twentieth century, the country's leading role in [[World wars#World wars of the 20th century|two world wars]] confirmed its status as a global [[superpower]] and a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. After the end of a decades-long [[Cold War]] with the [[Soviet Union]], the United States became the world's foremost economic, military, and technological power.

The United States is a [[federal republic]] divided into 50 [[U.S. state|states]], 16 [[United States territory|territories]], a [[Federal district (United States)|federal district]], and various overseas [[Territories of the United States#Extraterritorial jurisdiction|extraterritorial jurisdictions]]. Its diverse geography include the vast [[Interior Plains]], arctic [[Alaska]], tropical [[Hawaii]], the valleys of its [[Appalachian highlands]], and the arid deserts of its [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]. It is a [[developed country]] with a very high Human Development Index. Its national economy is the world's largest, and it is fueled by an abundance of natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and a large manufacturing sector.

The U.S. population, estimated at 316 million, is the [[List of countries by population|third largest]] in the world. Americans are multiethnic and multicultural, the product of large-scale [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]]. The main spoken language is English, and a significant number of the nation's inhabitants also speak Spanish. At the forefront of its national identity, the U.S. has traditionally upheld the ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.

==Etymology==

{{See also|Names for United States citizens}}

In 1507, the German [[cartographer]] [[Martin Waldseemüller]] produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere [[Americas|"America"]] after the Italian explorer and cartographer [[Amerigo Vespucci]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm?csp=34 |title= Cartographer Put 'America' on the Map 500 years Ago |work=USA Today |location =Washington, D.C. |date=April 24, 2007 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref>

The first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by [[Stephen Moylan|Stephen Moylan, Esq.]], [[George Washington|George Washingon's]] aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the [[Continental Army]]. Addressed to [[Joseph Reed (jurist)|Lt. Col. Joseph Reed]], Moylan expressed his wish to carry the "full and ample powers of the United States of America" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.<ref>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom. A new find suggests the man might have been George Washington himself." ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).</ref>

The first publicly published evidence of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymously written essay in ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.<ref>''"To the inhabitants of Virginia," by A PLANTER.'' Dixon and Hunter's [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16 Virginia Gazette #1287]&nbsp;– April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Letter is also included in [[Peter Force]]'s ''American Archives'' Vol. 5</ref><ref>Carter, Rusty (August 18, 2012). [http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story "You read it here first"]{{dead link|date=December 2012}}. ''Virginia Gazette''. "He did a search of the archives and found the letter on the front page of the April 6, 1776, edition, published by Hunter & Dixon."</ref> In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson included the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].<ref>DeLear, Byron (August 16, 2012). [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2012/0816/Who-coined-the-name-United-States-of-America-Mystery-gets-new-twist#disqus_thread "Who coined the name 'United States of America'? Mystery gets new twist."] ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).</ref><ref>Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the [http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html Declaration of Independence]</ref> In the final [[Fourth of July]] version of the Declaration, the pertinent section of the title was changed to read, "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America".<!--Do not uppercase "united" here: it is unambiguously lowercased in the Declaration--><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html |title=The Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=June 20, 2007}}</ref>

In 1777 the [[Articles of Confederation]] announced, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'".<ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc|page=18|isbn=9780975385142}}</ref>

The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms include the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names include the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]]", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to Know D.C. |url= http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx|publisher=Historical Society of Washington, D.C. |accessdate= July 11, 2011}}</ref> derives its origin from [[Christopher Columbus]]; it appears in the name "[[District of Columbia]]".

The standard way to refer to a citizen of the United States is as an "[[Americans|American]]". "United States", "American" and "U.S." are used to refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S.&nbsp;forces"). "[[American (word)|American]]" is rarely used in English to refer to subjects not connected with the United States.<ref>Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''The Columbia Guide to Standard American English''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-231-06989-8.</ref>

The phrase "United States" was originally treated as plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1865. It became common to treat it as singular, a single unit—e.g., "the United States is"—after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States".<ref name=zimmer>{{cite web |url= http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html |author=Zimmer, Benjamin |date=November 24, 2005 |title=Life in These, Uh, This United States |publisher=University of Pennsylvania—Language Log |accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref> The difference has been described as more significant than one of usage, but reflecting the difference between a collection of states and a unit.<ref>G. H. Emerson, The Universalist Quarterly and General Review, Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer paper above.</ref>

In non-English languages, the name is frequently translated as the translation of either the "United States" or "United States of America", and colloquially as "America". In addition, an initialism is sometimes used.<ref>For example, the U.S. embassy in Spain calls itself the embassy of the "Estados Unidos", literally the words "states" and "united", and also uses the initials "EE.UU.", the doubled letters implying plural use in Spanish [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/] Elsewhere on the site "Estados Unidos de América" is used [http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/es/educacion/benjamin_2013.html]</ref>

==History==

{{Main|History of the United States|Timeline of United States history}}

{{multiple image

| align = left

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Aerial of Texas Medical Center with Downtown Houston in the background.jpg

| alt1 = Yellow cartouche

| width1 = 200

| caption1 = The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston is the world's largest medical center.

| image2 = Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg

| alt2 = Red cartouche

| width2 = 200

| caption2 = The [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida helped the U.S. [[space exploration|explore outer space]].

}}

{{clear}}

==Government==

{{Main|Federal government of the United States|state governments of the United States|elections in the United States}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Capitol Building Full View.jpg

| alt1 = Yellow cartouche

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| caption1 = U.S. Capitol seats the Congress: the Senate, left; the House, right

| image2 = WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG

| alt2 = Red cartouche

| width2 = 200

| caption2 = The White House used by the U.S. President

| image3 = USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG

| alt3 = Red cartouche

| width3 = 200

| caption3 = Supreme Court and offices for nine Justices

}}

{{clear}}

==States and territories==

{{Main|Political divisions of the United States|U.S. state|Territories of the United States|List of states and territories of the United States}}

{{Further|Territorial evolution of the United States|United States territorial acquisitions}}

{{USA midsize imagemap with state names}}

{{clear}}

==Geography==

{{Main|Geography of the United States|Climate of the United States|Environment of the United States}}

{{multiple image

| align = left

| direction = vertical

| image1 = USA 10654 Bryce Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg

| alt1 = Red cartouche

| width1 = 200

| caption1 = The [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida helped the U.S. [[space exploration|explore outer space]].

| image2 = Willow Flats area and Teton Range in Grand Teton National Park.jpg

| alt2 = Red cartouche

| width2 = 200

| caption2 = The [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida helped the U.S. [[space exploration|explore outer space]].

}}

{{clear}}

==Biodiversity==

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| image1 = Weisskopf Seeadler haliaeetus leucocephalus 2 amk.jpg

| alt1 = Yellow cartouche

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| caption1 = U.S. Capitol seats the Congress: the Senate, left; the House, right

| image2 = American bison k5680-1.jpg

| alt2 = Red cartouche

| width2 = 200

| caption2 = The White House used by the U.S. President

}}

{{clear}}

==Economy==

{{Main|Economy of the United States}}

[[File:Photos NewYork1 032.jpg|thumb|left|235px|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's largest stock exchange per total [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf |title= Market highlights for first half-year 2010 |publisher=World Federation of Exchanges |accessdate=November 22, 2012}}</ref>]]

{{clear}}

==Science and technology==

{{Main|Science and technology in the United States}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Aerial of Texas Medical Center with Downtown Houston in the background.jpg

| alt1 = Yellow cartouche

| width1 = 200

| caption1 = The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston is the world's largest medical center.

| image2 = Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg

| alt2 = Red cartouche

| width2 = 200

| caption2 = The [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida helped the U.S. [[space exploration|explore outer space]].

}}

{{clear}}

==Demographics==

{{Main|Demographics of the United States|Americans|List of United States cities by population}}

[[File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg|thumb|Largest ancestry groups by county, 2000]]

{{clear}}

==Culture==

{{Main|Culture of the United States}}

[[File:EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] in [[New York City]] is a symbol of both the U.S. and ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.<ref>{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| work=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| accessdate = October 20, 2011}}</ref>]]

{{clear}}

==See also==

{{Portal|United States}}

* [[Index of United States-related articles]]

* [[Outline of the United States]]

* [[List of United States cities by population]]

* [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States]]

* [[List of official United States national symbols]]

*{{Wikipedia books link}}

==References==

<!--Please DO ''not'' use a scroll template or form/table for the reflink, please read warning on the scroll template page [[Template:Scroll box#Warning]].-->

{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

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*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=<br>Heritage Books |location=[[Westminister, Maryland|Westminister]], [[Maryland]]}}

*{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=<br>Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780199781423}}

*{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]

*{{cite book |last=Juergens |first=Tom |title=Wicked Puritans of Essex County |ref=Juergens |publisher=<br>The History Press |year=2011 |page=112 |isbn=9781596295667}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0q2GwESzhUwC&vq=slave&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]

*{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=<br>[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=9780816033379 |page=398}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]

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*{{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF]

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*{{cite book |author=Karen Wood Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |year=2005|publisher=<br>[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=214}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book]

*{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |ref=Levenstein |publisher=<br>University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=<br>University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf|accessdate=September 8, 2012}}

*{{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version]

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*{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=2–3}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]

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*{{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=9780252077050}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book]

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*{{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=<br>Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=9781610446945 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book]

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*{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=<br>University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806122205 |page=49}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book]

*{{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=<br>London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-713-99566-4|ref=harv}}

*{{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=<br>North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}

*{{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]

*{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=<br>The Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/rah.2012.0043 |url=http://courses.ttu.edu/secunnin/40.2.williams.pdf |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}

*{{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |year=2005 |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0060838655}}

{{refend}}

===Website sources===

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*{{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July/August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}

*{{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}

*{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=''Peopling of America''s |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |month=June |year=2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}

*{{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}

*{{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society|archiveurl=http://archive.is/GkED4|archivedate=April 15, 2013}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]

*{{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}

*{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}

*{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 9780313290183 |page=442}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |doi=10.1162/152039703322483774 |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/152039703322483774?journalCode=jcws |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}

{{refend}}