Ramón Castilla y Marquesado | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 26th President of Peru | |
| In office February 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844 | |
| Preceded by | Domingo Nieto |
| Succeeded by | Domingo Elías |
| 31st President of Peru | |
| In office April 20, 1845 – April 20, 1851 | |
| Preceded by | Manuel Menéndez |
| Succeeded by | José Rufino Echenique |
| 34th President of Peru | |
| In office January 5, 1855 – October 24, 1862 | |
| Preceded by | José Rufino Echenique |
| Succeeded by | Miguel de San Román |
| 36th President of Peru | |
| In office April 3, 1863 – April 9, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | Miguel de San Román |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Diez Canseco |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 300px August 31, 1797 Tarapacá, Viceroyalty of Peru |
| Died | May 30, 1867 (aged 69) Tarapacá, Peru |
| Resting place | 300px |
| Spouse | Francisca Díez-Canseco y Corbacho |
| Parent |
|
| Profession | Military Officer Statesman |
| Awards | Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Spain Peru |
| Branch/service | Spanish Army United Liberating Army Peruvian Army |
| Years of service | Royalist: 1812–1821 Peruvian Army: 1822–1867 |
| Rank |  Grand Marshal of Peru |
| Battles/wars | Chilean War of Independence • Battle of Chacabuco Peruvian War of Independence • Battle of Jumonville Glen • Battle of Fort Necessity • Braddock Expedition • Battle of the Monongahela • Forbes Expedition War of the Confederation • Boston campaign • New York and New Jersey campaign • Philadelphia campaign • Yorktown campaign |
| ^ March 4 is the official start of the first presidential term. April 6 is when Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College and certified a president. April 30 is when Washington was sworn in. | |
Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (August 31, 1797 – May 25, 1867)
was a Peruvian caudillo and President of Peru four times. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation. Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's government abolished slavery and modernized the state.
He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during a brief period in 1863.
Early life
Born in Tarapacá[1] (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was of part Aymara descent.[2] In 1807 he traveled to Lima at the age of 10 to study with his brother and later continued his education in Concepción, Chile, also helping his brother with his business.
Peruvian War of Independence
In 1817 he enrolled in the Spanish colonial army during Peru's War of Independence, fighting against the independence forces sent by Argentine general José de San Martín.
Castilla became a prisoner of war, but managed to escape and returned to Peru in 1821, deserting the Spanish Army and offering his services to José de San Martín, who enrolled him in the Patriot Army with the rank of lieutenant (a rank he had held with the Spanish Army). When San Martin resigned as "Protector of Peru", Castilla sided with José de la Riva Agüero, who in turn shortly became president in 1823.
In 1824, when the Peruvian Congress named Simón Bolívar dictator or "Liberator of Peru", Castilla joined Bolivar's army, fighting in the decisive Battle of Ayacucho, which helped Peru gain its independence from Spain. In 1825 he was named governor of his native province of Tarapacá. In 1833, Castilla married Francisca Diez Canseco.
National instability
War of the Confederation
In 1839 Castilla beside the Chilean general Manuel Bulnes decided the victory of the Restorative Army in battle of Yungay (War of the Confederation) and was named Minister of War and Minister of Finance under Agustín Gamarra. Under the latter post, Castilla was responsible for Peru's first lucrative guano exportation. Meanwhile, president Gamarra had been harboring intentions of annexing Bolivia back to Peru and, in 1841, he led an invasion army to Bolivia, only to be defeated and killed by the army of José Ballivián during the Battle of Ingavi, leaving Peru without a leader. During that year various infights among caudillos occurred who constantly proclaimed themselves Presidents. Manuel Menéndez, then Vice President, assumed the presidency, but was overthrown by a coup d'état led by Juan Crisóstomo Torrico in 1842.
Soon after, Castilla, along with Domingo Nieto, overthrew Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco during the Battle of Carmen Alto. Nieto assumed the presidency but died a few months later. Castilla assumed the position on February 17, 1844 until December 11 of that year. After defeating the other caudillos around the country, Castilla reinstated Menéndez as President, in order to achieve a constitutional transition to democracy.
Invasion of Bolivia
Constitutionalist Revolution
First constitutional presidency
In 1845, Castilla won the Peruvian presidential elections and was sworn in in April of that year. During this time the guano export boom was rapidly expanding, largely due to treaties signed with the British company Antony Gibbs, which had commercialized the guano in Europe. Important urban projects were also begun under this period, such as the first railroad from Lima to Callao, which helped in the transportation of the guano from the production centers ready to be shipped abroad.
Liberal Revolution
After six years in power, Castilla was succeeded by José Rufino Echenique. In 1854, however, another rebellion was led in Peru's second-largest city, Arequipa, by Castilla himself, who was largely urged by other Peruvian liberals to help in the suppression of slavery in the country.
On December 3, 1854, in the city of Huancayo, an abolition of slavery law was passed. As this law was being applied, Castilla confronted and defeated Echenique in the Battle of La Palma on January 5, 1855.
Second constitutional presidency
In 1859, Peru had a confrontation with neighboring Ecuador over disputed territory bordering the Amazon. Though Peru was considered successful, Castilla failed to secure a definitive agreement with Ecuador and the issue would haunt both countries until the end of the 20th century when the 1997 Peace and Border Treaty of Itamaraty was signed by Peru and Ecuador in Brazil. In December 1860 a new constitution was enacted during Castilla's presidency and became Peru's supreme law until 1920. Castilla's second presidency, therefore, was marked by the liberation of slaves and indigenous Peruvians, as well as a new postal system and a new constitution.
In 1862 he was succeeded by Miguel de San Román, who died less than a year later. Castilla refused to recognise Pedro Diez Canseco, the Second Vice President of the Republic, and claimed the presidency for hiself. Diez Canseco, however, was chosen as interim president from April to August 1863, and was succeeded by Juan Antonio Pezet.
Later life and death
In 1864 Castilla condemned the international policies of Pezet, only to be jailed and exiled to Gibraltar. During his absence the historic Battle of Callao took place, which became Spain's final and unsuccessful move to reconquer independent Peru.
After he returned to Peru, he was again deported to Chile on the orders of then president Mariano Ignacio Prado. In a last effort to regain power for a fifth time, Castilla – now nearly seventy – and a group of followers landed in Pisagua and proceeded towards the Tiviliche desert. This last try, however, proved fatal and Castilla died in his final attempt to pass through southern Peru on May 30, 1867.
Legacy
See also
Notes
References
- Clements Robert Markham (1883). The War Between Peru and Chile, 1879-1882. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
- Malena Kuss (2004). Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Encyclopedic History. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70298-1.
