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'''Killer robots''' nyt<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Markoff|first1=John|last2=Miller|first2=Claier Cain|title=As Robotics Advances, Worries of Killer Robots Rise|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/upshot/danger-robots-working.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=16 June 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSk0SguQ|archivedate=20 June 2014| |
'''Killer robots''' nyt<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Markoff|first1=John|last2=Miller|first2=Claier Cain|title=As Robotics Advances, Worries of Killer Robots Rise|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/upshot/danger-robots-working.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=16 June 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSk0SguQ|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>bbc<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|last1=Bowler|first1=Tim|title=Killer robots': Are they really inevitable?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-27332130|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=21 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSlH4eQI|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>verge<ref name=Verge>{{cite news|last1=Jeffries|first1=Adrianne|title=Only five countries actually want to ban killer robots|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/16/5724538/what-happened-at-the-un-killer-robot-debate|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=''[[The Verge]]|date=16 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSleymWl|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>nbcnews<ref name="NBC News">{{cite news|last1=Wagstaff|first1=Keith|title=Future Tech? Autonomous Killer Robots Are Already Here|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/future-tech-autonomous-killer-robots-are-already-here-n105656|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=14 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSloZ7Tp|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>huffington<ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news|last1=Møller|first1=Michael|title=Killer Robots -- Who Is in Charge?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-moller-/killer-robots--who-is-in_b_5363476.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=21 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSm0xiKi|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>TechRepublic<ref name=TechRepublic>{{cite news|last1=Ranger|first1=Steve|title=Robots of death, robots of love: The reality of android soldiers and why laws for robots are doomed to failure|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/robots-of-death-robots-of-love-the-reality-of-android-soldiers-and-why-laws-for-robots-are-doomed-to-failure/|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[TechRepublic]]|date=December 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSmNEavx|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Wired<ref name=Wired>{{cite news|last1=McDuffee|first1=Allen|title=Killer Robots With Automatic Rifles Could Be on the Battlefield in 5 Years|url=http://www.wired.com/2013/10/weaponized-military-robots/|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''|date=18 October 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSmUTnBD|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>WP<ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=Should the world kill killer robots before it's too late?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/05/12/should-the-world-kill-killer-robots-before-its-too-late/|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=12 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSmlqFh5|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Daily Mail<ref name="Daily Mail">{{cite news|last1=Woollaston|first1=Victoria|title=Is it Judgement Day for the Terminator? UN discusses plans to ban 'killer robots'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2629357/Is-judgement-day-Terminator-UN-discusses-plans-ban-killer-robots.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=15 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSnBwlYW|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Smithsonian<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite news|last1=Rieland|first1=Randy|title=Can Killer Robots Learn to Follow the Rules of War?|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/can-killer-robots-learn-follow-rules-war-180951581/?no-ist|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=29 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSnVgAyi|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Federalist<ref name=Thefederalist.com>{{cite news|last1=Harsanyi|first1=David|title=In Defense Of Killer Robots|url=http://thefederalist.com/2014/06/06/in-defense-of-killer-robots/|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[Thefederalist.com]]|date=6 June 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSnzmGkQ|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Al Jazeera<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news|last1=Kutsch|first1=Tom|title=Killer robots could start new arms race, human rights groups say|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/12/killer-robots-ban.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=12 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSoF1xTQ|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>Phys.org<ref name=Phys.org>{{cite news|last1=Fowler|first1=Jonathan|title=UN talks take aim at 'killer robots' (Update)|url=http://phys.org/news/2014-05-killer-robots.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=[[Phys.org]]|date=13 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSobVWa6|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>foreign policy |
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<ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Jody|title=Even Killer Robots Have a Gender Gap|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/11/even_killer_robots_have_gender_gap_united_nations|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]|date=11 June 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSorX52J|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>The Moscow Times<ref name="The Moscow Times">{{cite news|last1=Eremenko|first1=Alexey|title=Russia Wants In on a Killer Robot Future|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-wants-in-on-a-killer-robot-future/500203.html|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=15 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSp5Jnee|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>NewScientist<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite news|last1=Makin|first1=Simon|title=Why we need to stop military killer robots now|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21829170.300-why-we-need-to-stop-military-killer-robots-now.html#.U6O-8F64lFI|accessdate=20 June 2014|publisher=''[[New Scientist]]''|date=21 May 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSpYk9Xw|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Atlas frontview 2013.jpg|thumb|Front view of the humanoid robot Atlas, created by [[DARPA]] and [[Boston Dynamics]].]] |
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[[File:SWORDS robot.jpg|thumb|upright|The SWORDS system allows soldiers to fire [[small arms]] weapons by remote control from as far as 1,000 meters away. This example is fitted with an [[M249 Squad Automatic Weapon|M249 SAW]].]] |
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[[File:Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.jpg|thumb|Campaign to Stop Killer Robots meeting 2013]] |
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[[File:Paris Air Show 2007-06-24 n25.jpg|thumb|An IAI Harpy antiradar loitering weapon at the 2007 International Paris Air Show at the Le Bourget airport.]] |
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[[File:MQ-1 Lethal Presence.jpg|thumb|An MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft, armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, flies a combat mission over southern Afghanistan. The MQ-1 is deployed in Operation Enduring Freedom providing interdiction and armed reconnaissance against critical, perishable targets.]] |
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==Ethical issues== |
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At the [[United Nations]] meeting in May 2014 in [[Geneva]], nations talked about ethical issues associated with the military use of killer robots. Proponents of killer robots made strategic and ethical arguments for such weapons. They argued that existing law was sufficient to govern the use of killer robots. Opponents <ref name="The Washington Post2">{{cite news|last1=Carpenter|first1=Charli|title=Who's afraid of killer robots? (and why)|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/30/whos-afraid-of-killer-robots-and-why/|accessdate=20 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=30 May 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6QSn0WCA0|archivedate=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Martens Clause=== |
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The [[Martens Clause]] was named after the Russian delegate [[Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens]] who attended the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague conferences of 1899]] and whose ideas the Martens Clause was based on. The 1899 clause states: |
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{{quotation|Until a more complete code of the laws of war is issued, the High Contracting Parties think it right to declare that in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, populations and belligerents remain under the protection and empire of the principles of international law, as they result from the usages established between civilized nations, from the laws of humanity and the requirements of the public conscience.|Convention with respect to the laws of war on land (Hague II), 29 July 1899.<ref name=Hague-II>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague02.htm Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II)]; July 29, 1899. contained in the [[Avalon Project]] archive at [[Yale Law School]]</ref><ref name=RT>Rupert Ticehurst ''[http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNHY The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict]'' 30 April 1997, International Review of the Red Cross no 317, p.125–134</ref>}} |
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The clause was slightly revised at the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|1907 Hague conferences]]: |
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{{quotation|Until a more complete code of the laws of war has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, the inhabitants and the belligerents remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience.|Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 18 October 1907<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV)] 18 October 1907, contained in the [[Avalon Project]] archive at [[Yale Law School]]</ref>}} |
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The Martens Clause did not appear in the [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva Conventions of 1949]] but appears [[Protocol II]] added in 1977. The clause is shortened and two key concepts were removed (i.e., the notions of "laws of war" and "law of nations") leaving:<ref name=http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/kinsella/martens%20clause.pdf>{{cite journal|last1=Meron|first1=Theodor|title=The Martens Clause, Principles of Humanity, and Dictates of Public Conscience|journal=American Journal of International Law|date=200|volume=94|issue=1|pages=78–89|doi=10.2307/2555232 |jstor=2555232 |s2cid=229170521 |url=http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/kinsella/martens%20clause.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> |
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{{quotation|Recalling that, in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Latest revision as of 15:51, 11 June 2022
Killer robots nyt[1]bbc[2]verge[3]nbcnews[4]huffington[5]TechRepublic[6]Wired[7]WP[8]Daily Mail[9]Smithsonian[10]Federalist[11]Al Jazeera[12]Phys.org[13]foreign policy [14]The Moscow Times[15]NewScientist[16]
Ethical issues[edit]
At the United Nations meeting in May 2014 in Geneva, nations talked about ethical issues associated with the military use of killer robots. Proponents of killer robots made strategic and ethical arguments for such weapons. They argued that existing law was sufficient to govern the use of killer robots. Opponents [17]
Martens Clause[edit]
The Martens Clause was named after the Russian delegate Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens who attended the Hague conferences of 1899 and whose ideas the Martens Clause was based on. The 1899 clause states:
Until a more complete code of the laws of war is issued, the High Contracting Parties think it right to declare that in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, populations and belligerents remain under the protection and empire of the principles of international law, as they result from the usages established between civilized nations, from the laws of humanity and the requirements of the public conscience.
The clause was slightly revised at the 1907 Hague conferences:
Until a more complete code of the laws of war has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, the inhabitants and the belligerents remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience.
— Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 18 October 1907[20]
The Martens Clause did not appear in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 but appears Protocol II added in 1977. The clause is shortened and two key concepts were removed (i.e., the notions of "laws of war" and "law of nations") leaving:[21]
Recalling that, in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience
References[edit]
- ^ Markoff, John; Miller, Claier Cain (16 June 2014). "As Robotics Advances, Worries of Killer Robots Rise". New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Bowler, Tim (21 May 2014). "Killer robots': Are they really inevitable?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Jeffries, Adrianne (16 May 2014). "Only five countries actually want to ban killer robots". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Wagstaff, Keith (14 May 2014). "Future Tech? Autonomous Killer Robots Are Already Here". NBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Møller, Michael (21 May 2014). "Killer Robots -- Who Is in Charge?". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Ranger, Steve (December 2013). "Robots of death, robots of love: The reality of android soldiers and why laws for robots are doomed to failure". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ McDuffee, Allen (18 October 2013). "Killer Robots With Automatic Rifles Could Be on the Battlefield in 5 Years". Wired. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (12 May 2014). "Should the world kill killer robots before it's too late?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Woollaston, Victoria (15 May 2014). "Is it Judgement Day for the Terminator? UN discusses plans to ban 'killer robots'". Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Rieland, Randy (29 May 2014). "Can Killer Robots Learn to Follow the Rules of War?". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Harsanyi, David (6 June 2014). "In Defense Of Killer Robots". Thefederalist.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Kutsch, Tom (12 May 2014). "Killer robots could start new arms race, human rights groups say". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Fowler, Jonathan (13 May 2014). "UN talks take aim at 'killer robots' (Update)". Phys.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Williams, Jody (11 June 2014). "Even Killer Robots Have a Gender Gap". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Eremenko, Alexey (15 May 2014). "Russia Wants In on a Killer Robot Future". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Makin, Simon (21 May 2013). "Why we need to stop military killer robots now". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Carpenter, Charli (30 May 2014). "Who's afraid of killer robots? (and why)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899. contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School
- ^ Rupert Ticehurst The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict 30 April 1997, International Review of the Red Cross no 317, p.125–134
- ^ Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV) 18 October 1907, contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School
- ^ Meron, Theodor (200). "The Martens Clause, Principles of Humanity, and Dictates of Public Conscience" (PDF). American Journal of International Law. 94 (1): 78–89. doi:10.2307/2555232. JSTOR 2555232. S2CID 229170521. Retrieved 20 June 2014.