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The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid [[race (classification of human beings)|racial type]] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid ([[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the [[Mongoloid]] and [[Europid]] "great races".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=01LfoBC6jZkC&pg=PA32&dq=turanid+race&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=turanid%20race&f=false Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.]</ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref>
The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid [[race (classification of human beings)|racial type]] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid ([[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the [[Mongoloid]] and [[Europid]] "great races".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=01LfoBC6jZkC&pg=PA32&dq=turanid+race&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=turanid%20race&f=false Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.]</ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref>
The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in [[Pan-Turkism]] or "[[Turanism]]" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period.
The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in [[Pan-Turkism]] or "[[Turanism]]" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period.

⚫
This literature was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], contributing to the idea of an essence of "[[Turkishness]]" (''Türklük'') the honour of which came to be protected under [[Legal system of the Republic of Turkey|Turkish law]] until the revision of [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code]] in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were ''Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux'' (1756–1758) by [[Joseph de Guignes]] (1721–1800), and ''Sketches of Central Asia'' (1867) by [[Ármin Vámbéry]] (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and ''l’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896) by [[Leon Cahun]] (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.<ref>Gülden z Kibris, ''Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü'', Sabanci University (2005)[http://digital.sabanciuniv.edu/tezler/etezfulltext/kibrisg.pdf]</ref> There was also an ideology of [[Hungarian Turanism]].


==Ethnogenetic connections==
==Ethnogenetic connections==
[[Anthropology|Anthropologically]], the Turanid type developed in [[Central Asia]] between 500 BCE to 1000 AD. According to Ginzburg (1966):
[[Anthropology|Anthropologically]], the Turanid type developed in [[Central Asia]] between 500 BCE to 1000 AD. According to Ginzburg (1966):
{{cquote|it developed from the intermixture of the [[Europoid]] [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] type, which had been aboriginal to Central Asia since the [[Bronze age]], and a [[Mongoloid]] type coming from the east, the Andronovo being the basic stratum and the Mongoloid the secondary one (Ismagulov, 1970). In the second half of the 13th century, [[Mongol conquest|Mongol conquerors]] settled on the aboriginal population mainly along the [[Silk Road]] in northeast [[Kazakhstan|Kazahstan]], and [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirghizistan]]. Consequently in these areas a Turanid type with a stronger Mongoloid characteristic became predominant in the 13-16th centuries. In the meantime, the areas of north and south Kazahstan and northern [[Usbekistan|Uzbekstan]], the Turanid form of strongly Europoid characteristics continued to predominate.<ref name="Ginsburg1966">Ginsburg, V.V. (1966) ''Enstehung der mittelasiatischen zwischenstromtipus. Homo'' 17. 172-190, and Ismagulov, O. (1970), ''Naszelenyie Kazahsztana ot epochi bronzu do szovremennosti''. Alma-Atay. In: ''[http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/03/3-08.pdf International Journal of Central Asian Studies]'', Volume 3, 1998. ISSN 1226-4490.</ref>}}
{{cquote|it developed from the intermixture of the [[Europoid]] [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] type, which had been aboriginal to Central Asia since the [[Bronze age]], and a [[Mongoloid]] type coming from the east, the Andronovo being the basic stratum and the Mongoloid the secondary one (Ismagulov, 1970). In the second half of the 13th century, [[Mongol conquest|Mongol conquerors]] settled on the aboriginal population mainly along the [[Silk Road]] in northeast [[Kazakhstan|Kazahstan]], and [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirghizistan]]. Consequently in these areas a Turanid type with a stronger Mongoloid characteristic became predominant in the 13-16th centuries. In the meantime, the areas of north and south Kazahstan and northern [[Usbekistan|Uzbekstan]], the Turanid form of strongly Europoid characteristics continued to predominate. [...]. It is also of utmost importance to realize that the anthropologists of the former [[Soviet Union]] chose to give the Turanid label only to those forms which had stronger Mongoloid characteristics, whereas on the basis of [[History of anthropology|historical anthropological]] studies, it is clear that the form with strongly Andronovo characteristics is the most ancient form of the Turanid type (Ginzburg 1966, Ismagulov 1970).<ref name="Ginsburg1966">Ginsburg, V.V. (1966) ''Enstehung der mittelasiatischen zwischenstromtipus. Homo'' 17. 172-190, and Ismagulov, O. (1970), ''Naszelenyie Kazahsztana ot epochi bronzu do szovremennosti''. Alma-Atay. In: ''[http://www.iacd.or.kr/sub13_3.htm International Journal of Central Asian Studies]'', [http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/03/3-08.pdf Volume 3, 1998]. ISSN 1226-4490.</ref>}}

==Anthropological subdivision==
There are at least five detected subdivision of the Turanid types:<ref>Henkey, Gyula: ''A Karpatmedence es Kozep-Azsia nepesedestorteneti es embertani kapcsolatai'' ["The anthropological and ethnogenetic relationships between the Carpathian Basin and Central Asia"]. Kapu l996, no. 10. 24-29. [[Orazak Ismagulov|Ismagulov, Orazak]]: ''Ethnic anthropology of Kazakhstan: (somatological research)''. Alma-Ata, 1982. In: ''[http://www.iacd.or.kr/sub13_3.htm International Journal of Central Asian Studies]'', [http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/03/3-08.pdf Volume 3, 1998]. ISSN 1226-4490.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! Turanid, strongly Mongoloid
! Turanid, Middle Type
! Turanid, strongly Andronovo
! Turano-Pamirian
! Turanid, undetermined type<br />
|-
| The average dimensions of the head and the [[Zygomatic arch|zygomatic arch]] hardly deviate from the average dimensions of the former type (Henkey l996), the face is slightly higher, the angle of the [[Human mandible|mandible]] less wide, the zygoma is more often strongly forward projecting, the [[Glabella|glabella]] is less developed and the nasal back is more frequently slightly less than moderately pronounced. || The Middle Turanid type stands between the Turanid and the Mongoloid variant of the Turanid. Here the Europoid and Mongoloid features occur in 50-50% proportions. This form was found to occur in about 1% frequency among the [[Hungarians]] of today. || This variant is characterized by the following: tall [[stature]]; proportionately large [[cranium]]; short [[cephalic index]]; very wide and moderately high face; very wide angle of the mandible; moderately frontally projecting zygoma; vertical or semi-vertical forehead profile; moderately developed (in males well-developed), glabella (=the part of the forehead above the root of the nose); moderately, or somewhat less moderately high, straight, or mildly convex nasal back; dark, or greenish [[eye color]]; brown-black [[hair color]]. || Compared to the Turanoid average, the face is slightly higher, the nasal back is somewhat longer and projecting forward a bit more frequently, and mostly slightly convex in shape. Among photos of the Kazakhs of [[Kazakhstan]] (Ismagul l982), there were also forms close to the "[[Great Hungarian Plain|Alföldi]]" Turanid variant. || Unknown characteristics.
|}

==Ottoman period==
⚫
European literature concerning the "Turanid race" was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], contributing to the idea of an essence of "[[Turkishness]]" (''Türklük'') the honour of which came to be protected under [[Legal system of the Republic of Turkey|Turkish law]] until the revision of [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code]] in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were ''Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux'' (1756–1758) by [[Joseph de Guignes]] (1721–1800), and ''Sketches of Central Asia'' (1867) by [[Ármin Vámbéry]] (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and ''l’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896) by [[Leon Cahun]] (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.<ref>Gülden z Kibris, ''Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü'', Sabanci University (2005)[http://digital.sabanciuniv.edu/tezler/etezfulltext/kibrisg.pdf]</ref> There was also an ideology of [[Hungarian Turanism]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 15: Line 30:
*[[Huns]]
*[[Huns]]
*[[Pamirid]]
*[[Pamirid]]
*[[Great Hungarian Plain]]
*[[Szekely]]
*[[Szekely]]
*[[Ural–Altaic languages]]
*[[Ural–Altaic languages]]

Revision as of 14:52, 21 March 2014

Turanid race or Ural-Altaic race is a now obsolete term, originally intended to cover populations of Central Asia and Kazakhstan associated with the spread of the Turanian languages, which are the combination of the Uralic and Altaic families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").[1]

The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid racial type or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (Caucasian) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the Mongoloid and Europid "great races".[2][3] The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in Pan-Turkism or "Turanism" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period.

Ethnogenetic connections

Anthropologically, the Turanid type developed in Central Asia between 500 BCE to 1000 AD. According to Ginzburg (1966):

it developed from the intermixture of the Europoid Andronovo type, which had been aboriginal to Central Asia since the Bronze age, and a Mongoloid type coming from the east, the Andronovo being the basic stratum and the Mongoloid the secondary one (Ismagulov, 1970). In the second half of the 13th century, Mongol conquerors settled on the aboriginal population mainly along the Silk Road in northeast Kazahstan, and Kirghizistan. Consequently in these areas a Turanid type with a stronger Mongoloid characteristic became predominant in the 13-16th centuries. In the meantime, the areas of north and south Kazahstan and northern Uzbekstan, the Turanid form of strongly Europoid characteristics continued to predominate. [...]. It is also of utmost importance to realize that the anthropologists of the former Soviet Union chose to give the Turanid label only to those forms which had stronger Mongoloid characteristics, whereas on the basis of historical anthropological studies, it is clear that the form with strongly Andronovo characteristics is the most ancient form of the Turanid type (Ginzburg 1966, Ismagulov 1970).[4]

Anthropological subdivision

There are at least five detected subdivision of the Turanid types:[5]

Turanid, strongly Mongoloid Turanid, Middle Type Turanid, strongly Andronovo Turano-Pamirian Turanid, undetermined type
The average dimensions of the head and the zygomatic arch hardly deviate from the average dimensions of the former type (Henkey l996), the face is slightly higher, the angle of the mandible less wide, the zygoma is more often strongly forward projecting, the glabella is less developed and the nasal back is more frequently slightly less than moderately pronounced. The Middle Turanid type stands between the Turanid and the Mongoloid variant of the Turanid. Here the Europoid and Mongoloid features occur in 50-50% proportions. This form was found to occur in about 1% frequency among the Hungarians of today. This variant is characterized by the following: tall stature; proportionately large cranium; short cephalic index; very wide and moderately high face; very wide angle of the mandible; moderately frontally projecting zygoma; vertical or semi-vertical forehead profile; moderately developed (in males well-developed), glabella (=the part of the forehead above the root of the nose); moderately, or somewhat less moderately high, straight, or mildly convex nasal back; dark, or greenish eye color; brown-black hair color. Compared to the Turanoid average, the face is slightly higher, the nasal back is somewhat longer and projecting forward a bit more frequently, and mostly slightly convex in shape. Among photos of the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan (Ismagul l982), there were also forms close to the "Alföldi" Turanid variant. Unknown characteristics.

Ottoman period

European literature concerning the "Turanid race" was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into Ottoman Turkish, contributing to the idea of an essence of "Turkishness" (Türklük) the honour of which came to be protected under Turkish law until the revision of article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux (1756–1758) by Joseph de Guignes (1721–1800), and Sketches of Central Asia (1867) by Ármin Vámbéry (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and l’histoire de l’Asie (1896) by Leon Cahun (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.[6] There was also an ideology of Hungarian Turanism.

See also

References

  1. ^ The Races of Europe by Carleton S. Coon
  2. ^ Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.
  3. ^ American anthropologist, American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.
  4. ^ Ginsburg, V.V. (1966) Enstehung der mittelasiatischen zwischenstromtipus. Homo 17. 172-190, and Ismagulov, O. (1970), Naszelenyie Kazahsztana ot epochi bronzu do szovremennosti. Alma-Atay. In: International Journal of Central Asian Studies, Volume 3, 1998. ISSN 1226-4490.
  5. ^ Henkey, Gyula: A Karpatmedence es Kozep-Azsia nepesedestorteneti es embertani kapcsolatai ["The anthropological and ethnogenetic relationships between the Carpathian Basin and Central Asia"]. Kapu l996, no. 10. 24-29. Ismagulov, Orazak: Ethnic anthropology of Kazakhstan: (somatological research). Alma-Ata, 1982. In: International Journal of Central Asian Studies, Volume 3, 1998. ISSN 1226-4490.
  6. ^ Gülden z Kibris, Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü, Sabanci University (2005)[1]
  • Leon Cahun L’histoire de l’Asie (1896).
  • Ilse Schwidetzky, Turaniden-Studien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Verlag, Mainz, (1950).
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turanid_race&diff=600601715&oldid=599935158

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