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Madanay is a "behavioral science and health policy scholar," and her research interests include "healthcare consumerism, judgment and decision-making, and behavioral economics." (see https://www.farrahmadanay.com/about) How did she gain expertise in Holocaust Studies?
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Also in 1986 the book was reviewed by the [[Michael R. Marrus]] for the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]''. He noted that "Lukas tells this story with an outrage properly contained within the framework of a scholarly narrative" but criticized the book he felt was an unjustified "sustained polemic against Jewish historians".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marrus|first=Michael R.|date=March 30, 1986|title=Poland Under the Jackboot|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1986/03/30/poland-under-the-jackboot/64815ab4-0a02-4b29-8f3d-1542d4fbd8a3/}}</ref>
Also in 1986 the book was reviewed by the [[Michael R. Marrus]] for the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]''. He noted that "Lukas tells this story with an outrage properly contained within the framework of a scholarly narrative" but criticized the book he felt was an unjustified "sustained polemic against Jewish historians".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marrus|first=Michael R.|date=March 30, 1986|title=Poland Under the Jackboot|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1986/03/30/poland-under-the-jackboot/64815ab4-0a02-4b29-8f3d-1542d4fbd8a3/}}</ref>


1986 also saw [[Donald E. Pienkos]] publishing a review of the book in the ''[[Slavic Review]]'' which he later described as "generally praising the book".<ref name=":12" /> A year later [[David Engel (historian)|David Engel]] published a more critical review in the same journal, in which he states that while the book purports to counter bias, it is a one-sided rebuke of "Jewish historians". In his 1987 review, he enumerated alleged inaccuracies in the book and viewed it as "not only unreliable but thoroughly tendentious".<ref>Engel, David (1987). "Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity". ''Slavic Review''. 46(3-4): 568–580. {{JSTOR|2498105}}{{pb}}Lukas, Richard C. (1987). "[Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity]: A Response". ''Slavic Review''. 46(3-4): 581–590. {{JSTOR|2498106}}</ref> This started a discussion published in ''Slavic Review'' until 1991, starting with Lukas' reply to Engel that year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lukas|first=Richard C.|date=1987|title=A Response|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/response/701835205B58B209405B041AD7FC13E4|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=3–4|pages=581–590|doi=10.2307/2498106|jstor=2498106|s2cid=251376459 |issn=0037-6779}}</ref> Next year, Pienkos replied to Engel, defending his original review, criticized "Engel's attack upon Lukas's scholarship in his so-called ongoing discussion". Lukas and Engel continued to disagree with regards to the 1987 review with an exchange of several letters, with ''Slavic Review'' publishing the final series of letters (including Pienkos' letter from 1988, as well as letters by [[Shimon Redlich]] and {{ill|Jadwiga Maurer|pl|Jadwiga Maurer}}) in the 1991 issue of the journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1991|title=David Engel Replies to Richard C. Lukas|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/david-engel-replies-to-richard-c-lukas/80D67F1AD898E32D79EC21513C0B3456|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=3|pages=742–747|doi=10.1017/S0037677900115955|s2cid=251235029 |issn=0037-6779}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Maurer criticized Lukas's focus on Jews' "linguistic deficiency" versus other segments of Polish society and their respective dialects and jargons; and his reliance on selected witness statements, rather than on a rich history of Polish literature featuring Jewish characters.<ref name=":12" /> Redlich accepts Engel's critique that Lukas would have benefited from a deeper familiarity with his source material and Lukas's critique that Jewish historians have been "influenced" by the Holocaust, but writes the ultimate truth lies with the likes of [[Jan Błoński]] and [[Jerzy Turowicz]], whose "intellectual integrity and personal courage" allowed them to admit the role of anti-Semitism in Polish society, and its effects on the treatment of Jews during the Holocaust. The polemic series published in the ''Slavic Review'' concludes with Lukas comment that
1986 also saw [[Donald E. Pienkos]] publishing a review of the book in the ''[[Slavic Review]]'' which he later described as "generally praising the book".<ref name=":12" /> A year later [[David Engel (historian)|David Engel]] published a more critical review in the same journal, in which he states that while the book purports to counter bias, it is a one-sided rebuke of "Jewish historians". In his 1987 review, he enumerated alleged inaccuracies in the book and viewed it as "not only unreliable but thoroughly tendentious".<ref>Engel, David (1987). "Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity". ''Slavic Review''. 46(3-4): 568–580. {{JSTOR|2498105}}{{pb}}Lukas, Richard C. (1987). "[Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity]: A Response". ''Slavic Review''. 46(3-4): 581–590. {{JSTOR|2498106}}</ref> This started a discussion published in ''Slavic Review'' until 1991, starting with Lukas' reply to Engel that year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lukas|first=Richard C.|date=1987|title=A Response|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/response/701835205B58B209405B041AD7FC13E4|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=3–4|pages=581–590|doi=10.2307/2498106|jstor=2498106|s2cid=251376459 |issn=0037-6779}}</ref> Next year, Pienkos replied to Engel, defending his original review, criticized "Engel's attack upon Lukas's scholarship in his so-called ongoing discussion". Lukas and Engel continued to disagree with regards to the 1987 review with an exchange of several letters, with ''Slavic Review'' publishing the final series of letters (including Pienkos' letter from 1988, as well as letters by [[Shimon Redlich]] and {{ill|Jadwiga Maurer|pl|Jadwiga Maurer}}) in the 1991 issue of the journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1991|title=David Engel Replies to Richard C. Lukas|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/david-engel-replies-to-richard-c-lukas/80D67F1AD898E32D79EC21513C0B3456|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=3|pages=742–747|doi=10.1017/S0037677900115955|s2cid=251235029 |issn=0037-6779}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Maurer criticized Lukas's focus on Jews' "linguistic deficiency" versus other segments of Polish society and their respective dialects and jargons; and his reliance on selected witness statements, rather than on a rich history of Polish literature featuring Jewish characters.<ref name=":12" /> Redlich accepts Engel's critique that Lukas would have benefited from a deeper familiarity with his source material and Lukas's critique that Jewish historians have been "influenced" by the Holocaust, but writes the ultimate truth lies with the likes of [[Jan Błoński]] and [[Jerzy Turowicz]], whose "intellectual integrity and personal courage" allowed them to admit the role of anti-Semitism in Polish society, and its effects on the treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.

<blockquote>Engel's polemics reveal fault-finding partisanship, and the extraordinarily rancorous tone of his comment strongly suggests personal animosity. Since I have demonstrated that his own scholarship is flawed, one cannot give credence to his sweeping criticisms of my book. Readers interested in the issues discussed in our exchange should read both of our books and draw their own conclusion.<ref name=":12"/></blockquote>


That exchange has been described as "particularly vicious" by [[Marci Shore]].<ref name="Shore2001">{{cite book|last=Shore|first=Marci Lynn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPogAQAAIAAJ&q=vicious|title=Caviar and Ashes: Warsaw's Fin-De-Siècle Generation's Rendezvous with Marxism, 1918–1953|publisher=Stanford University|year=2001|pages=5}}</ref>
That exchange has been described as "particularly vicious" by [[Marci Shore]].<ref name="Shore2001">{{cite book|last=Shore|first=Marci Lynn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPogAQAAIAAJ&q=vicious|title=Caviar and Ashes: Warsaw's Fin-De-Siècle Generation's Rendezvous with Marxism, 1918–1953|publisher=Stanford University|year=2001|pages=5}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:34, 15 February 2023

The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944
AuthorRichard C. Lukas
LanguageEnglish / Polish
SubjectHolocaust in Poland
PublisherUniversity Press of Kentucky (1st English edition)/Hippocrene (2nd and 3rd English editions)
Wydawnictwo Jedność [pl] (1st Polish edition)/Dom Wydawniczy REBIS [pl] (2nd Polish edition)
Publication date
1986
Publication placeUnited States / Poland
Pages358
ISBN0781813026

The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 is a 1986 book by Richard C. Lukas dealing with the topic of occupation of Poland during World War II, with particular focus on the sufferings of ethnic Poles in occupied Poland in 1939–1945 during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.[1] It is Lukas' most famous work.[2][3] It has received a number of positive reviews[4][5][1][6][7] as well as a critical review which resulted in a series of letters published in the Slavic Review between 1987 and 1991.[8] It had new English editions in 1997 and 2012.[9][10] It was translated to Polish with editions in 1995 and 2012 as Zapomniany holokaust: Polacy pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1944.[11]

Subsequent editions contain updates and new content. 1997 edition has a foreword by Norman Davies. The 2012 edition also includes a preface by Lukas and an annotated list of Poles executed by the Germans for attempting to save the Jews.[5]

Lukas noted that he decided to write the book when he realized that among the thousands of books about The Holocaust in Poland, there was not a single publication that discussed the suffering of the ethnic Poles.[12]

The usage of the term Holocaust to refer to non-Jewish victims of the Nazi policies has been noted to be controversial, including by Lukas himself.[13][14]

Content

The book focuses on the "slaughter of Poles by German Nazis", discussing both The Holocaust of Polish Jews as well as other Nazi crimes against the Polish nation targeting the non-Jewish, ethnic Polish population.[5] Lukas notes that although The Holocaust in Poland has been extensively researched, the destruction of the non-Jewish population was under-researched, despite the number of non-Jewish Polish victims of the Nazis is similar to that of the Polish Jewish victims.[5][12] The book also discusses the issue of Polish-Jewish relations during World War II with Lukas tackling difficult topics, such as issues of antisemitism and rescue of Jews by the Poles.[5] One reviewer described the book as an attempt "to restore a balanced record of both Jewish and Christian Polish victimology."[5]

Reviews

Gordon A. Craig writing for The New York Review of Books in 1986 referred to the book as an "absorbing account of wartime Poland".[15]

George Sanford in 1986 writing for the International Affairs notes that in tackling the subject of the suffering of ethnic Poles, Lukas work is "inevitably polemical", even as it is "strictly objective and academic in tone, presentation and content." He concludes that

There is little dramatically new for specialists in this sound study. But Lukas's argument that Jews and Poles were co-victims should be popularized amongst new generations, so that they can resist extremists, on both sides, who use this issue to drum up support for their respective national fanaticisms.[4]

Also in 1986 the book was reviewed by the Michael R. Marrus for the Washington Post. He noted that "Lukas tells this story with an outrage properly contained within the framework of a scholarly narrative" but criticized the book he felt was an unjustified "sustained polemic against Jewish historians".[16]

1986 also saw Donald E. Pienkos publishing a review of the book in the Slavic Review which he later described as "generally praising the book".[8] A year later David Engel published a more critical review in the same journal, in which he states that while the book purports to counter bias, it is a one-sided rebuke of "Jewish historians". In his 1987 review, he enumerated alleged inaccuracies in the book and viewed it as "not only unreliable but thoroughly tendentious".[17] This started a discussion published in Slavic Review until 1991, starting with Lukas' reply to Engel that year.[18] Next year, Pienkos replied to Engel, defending his original review, criticized "Engel's attack upon Lukas's scholarship in his so-called ongoing discussion". Lukas and Engel continued to disagree with regards to the 1987 review with an exchange of several letters, with Slavic Review publishing the final series of letters (including Pienkos' letter from 1988, as well as letters by Shimon Redlich and Jadwiga Maurer [pl]) in the 1991 issue of the journal.[19][8] Maurer criticized Lukas's focus on Jews' "linguistic deficiency" versus other segments of Polish society and their respective dialects and jargons; and his reliance on selected witness statements, rather than on a rich history of Polish literature featuring Jewish characters.[8] Redlich accepts Engel's critique that Lukas would have benefited from a deeper familiarity with his source material and Lukas's critique that Jewish historians have been "influenced" by the Holocaust, but writes the ultimate truth lies with the likes of Jan Błoński and Jerzy Turowicz, whose "intellectual integrity and personal courage" allowed them to admit the role of anti-Semitism in Polish society, and its effects on the treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.

That exchange has been described as "particularly vicious" by Marci Shore.[20]

The Slavic Review also published another review of the book in 1986, by Adam A. Hetnal. Hetnal wrote that the book as "the first attempt in the English language to provide a full and impartial evaluation of Poland under Nazi rule". He noted that "Although Lukas's study is praiseworthy and his assumptions are correct, it does not contain any new revelations for well-informed reader". He also criticized the 1986 edition for "sloppy, careless, and hasty editorial work and proofreading" but concluded that "These shortcomings notwithstanding, Lukas deserves praise for his pioneering attempt to examine a neglected and distorted topic with scholarly impartiality".[21]

Stephen P. Hoffmann writing in 1987 for The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society noted that the book "should further establish [Lukas'] reputation as a scholar who has made important contributions to the study of modern Polish history", praising "the sensitivity of the author, who certainly seems to have no hidden agenda of minimizing the sufferings of the Jews".[22]

Edward D. Wynot, Jr. writing for The American Historical Review in 1987 noted that

Although his observations and conclusions may not be welcome to some readers, they merit serious consideration by those seeking an objective and balanced treatment of this explosive subject. In sum, Lukas has produced a book destined to have a major impact on future studies of wartime Poland... Lukas has succeeded in fashioning a study that should stand the test of time and close scrutiny.[7]

Czesław Madajczyk reviewed the book in 1987 for the Dzieje Najnowsze [pl]. He notes that the book has a number of strengths as well as weaknesses, and concludes that "[it] is a step forward in discussions about Nazi genocide and the fate of Jews".[13]

Keith Sword [Wikidata] reviewing the book in 1988 for The Slavonic and East European Review called the book a "notable contribution" and wrote that "[Lukas] is to be congratulated... for his own attempt to achieve a fair and balanced view", concluding that "His book must surely become required reading for students of the holocaust and of contemporary Polish history for many years to come".[23]

In 1998 Ewa Thompson in the Sarmatian Review praised the book for focusing on under research area of history, not generally known to the American public.[6]

Citing The Forgotten Holocaust, in 2000 Leo Cooper in his book In the Shadow of the Polish Eagle: The Poles, the Holocaust and Beyond criticized it as an example of a work written by "present-day Polish apologists".[24]

John T. Pawlikowski in 2007 in a chapter published in a book Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, writes that The Forgotten Holocaust is the most comprehensive work covering the fate of ethnic Poles under the Nazis, however he criticizes its treatment as "a kind of Bible on the subject" within the Polish-American community. He states that Lukas's "basic error" is treating ethnic Poles and Jews as "coequal victims of the Nazis".[25]

In 2012 Stanisław Salmonowicz reviewing the book for Studia Iuridica Toruniensia called the book "valuable" and suggested it can be seen as a balanced, middle ground treatment of the difficult area of the Polish-Jewish history.[26]

The Polish edition was also well-received in Poland with positive reviews in 2013 in the popular history magazine Histmag and online history portal Historia.org.pl [pl].[27][28][29]

In 2018 Tomasz Szarota reviewing another book for Kwartalnik Historyczny, Im Schatten von Auschwitz. Deutsche Massaker an polnischen Zivilisten 1939–1945 (In the Shadow of Auschwitz. German Massacre of Polish Civilians 1939–1945) by Daniel Brewing, published in 2016, noted that it had been inspired by Lukas' Forgotten Holocaust. Szarota also quoted Brewing's assessment of the book, noting that "Brewing admits that this book's author deserves credit for being the first to provide the western audience with an account of Polish suffering (p. 29)".[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Hetnal, Adam A. (1986). "The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939–1944. By Richard C. Lukas. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. x, 300 pp. Illustrations. $24.00, cloth". Slavic Review. 45 (3): 579–580. doi:10.2307/2499086. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2499086. S2CID 164308089.
  2. ^ "Historian Receives Slotkowski Award | Perspectives on History | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  3. ^ yptadmin. "Richard C. Lukas: World War II Historian". Richard C. Lukas: World War II Historian, Author | OFFICIAL WEBSITE. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  4. ^ a b Sanford, George (1986-01-01). "The forgotten holocaust: the Poles under German occupation 1939–1944". International Affairs. 63 (1): 125. doi:10.2307/2620272. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 2620272.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Madanay, Farrah (2014). "The Forgotten Holocaust The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944". The Sarmatian Review. XXXIV (3): 1867–1869. ISSN 1059-5872. Alt URL
  6. ^ a b Thompson, Ewa M. (1998). "Reflections on Richard Lukas' The Forgotten Holocaust". The Sarmatian Review. XVIII (2).
  7. ^ a b Wynot, Edward D.; Lukas, Richard C. (February 1987). "The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944". The American Historical Review. 92 (1): 172. doi:10.2307/1862884. JSTOR 1862884.
  8. ^ a b c d Pienkos, Donald; Engel, David; Redlich, Shimon; Maurer, Jadwiga; Lukas, Richard C. (1991). "Ongoing Discussion". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 738–752. doi:10.2307/2499914. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2499914.
  9. ^ Norman Davies, Foreword, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Rev. ed.; New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997), p. x.
  10. ^ Norman Davies, Foreword, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (3d ed.; New York: Hippocrene Books, 2012), p. xi.
  11. ^ Formats and Editions of Zapomniany holokaust: Polacy pod okupacją niemiecką 1939-1944. WorldCat. OCLC 932181649. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  12. ^ a b Zychowicz, Piotr (2015-06-09). "Ofiary drugiej kategorii". Do Rzeczy (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  13. ^ a b Madajczyk, Czesław (1987). "Zapomniany holocaust". Dzieje Najnowsze (in Polish). 19 (4): 83–89.
  14. ^ Lukas, Richard C. "Controversy". Richard C. Lukas: World War II Historian, Author | OFFICIAL WEBSITE. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  15. ^ Craig, Gordon A. (1986-04-10). "Schreibt un Farschreibt!". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  16. ^ Marrus, Michael R. (March 30, 1986). "Poland Under the Jackboot". The Washington Post.
  17. ^ Engel, David (1987). "Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity". Slavic Review. 46(3-4): 568–580. JSTOR 2498105
    Lukas, Richard C. (1987). "[Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity]: A Response". Slavic Review. 46(3-4): 581–590. JSTOR 2498106
  18. ^ Lukas, Richard C. (1987). "A Response". Slavic Review. 46 (3–4): 581–590. doi:10.2307/2498106. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2498106. S2CID 251376459.
  19. ^ "David Engel Replies to Richard C. Lukas". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 742–747. 1991. doi:10.1017/S0037677900115955. ISSN 0037-6779. S2CID 251235029.
  20. ^ Shore, Marci Lynn (2001). Caviar and Ashes: Warsaw's Fin-De-Siècle Generation's Rendezvous with Marxism, 1918–1953. Stanford University. p. 5.
  21. ^ Hetnal, Adam A. (1986). "The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939–1944. By Richard C. Lukas. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. x, 300 pp. Illustrations. $24.00, cloth". Slavic Review. 45 (3): 579–580. doi:10.2307/2499086. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2499086. S2CID 164308089.
  22. ^ Hoffmann, Stephen P. (1986). "Review of Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 84 (4): 442–444. ISSN 0023-0243. JSTOR 23380962.
  23. ^ Sword, Keith (1988). "Review of Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944". The Slavonic and East European Review. 66 (2): 316–318. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4209789.
  24. ^ Cooper, Leo (2000). In the shadow of the Polish eagle: the Poles, the Holocaust, and beyond. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave. p. 71. ISBN 9780333992623. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  25. ^ Pawlikowski, John T. (2007). "The Holocaust: A Continuing Challenge for Polish-Jewish Relations". In Cherry, Robert; Orla-Bukowska, Annamaria (eds.). Rethinking Poles and Jews : Troubled Past, Brighter Future. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-7425-4666-0. OCLC 866438798.
  26. ^ Salmonowicz, Stanisław (2012-12-01). "Tragiczna noc okupacji niemieckiej : o problematyce "kolaboracji oddolnej" w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (1939–1945)". Studia Iuridica Toruniensia (in Polish). 11: 146–172. doi:10.12775/SIT.2012.023. ISSN 2391-7873.
  27. ^ "'Zapomniany Holokaust. Polacy pod okupacją niemiecką 1939-1944' – R. C. Lukas – recenzja | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  28. ^ "'Zapomniany Holokaust. Polacy pod okupacją niemiecką 1939−1944' - R.C. Lukas - recenzje (2) | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  29. ^ Gadziński, Michał (2013). "Richard C. Lukas - "Zapomniany holokaust" – recenzja i ocena". histmag.org (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  30. ^ Szarota, Tomasz (2018). "D. Brewing, Im Schatten von Auschwitz. Deutsche Massaker an polnischen Zivilisten 1939–1945" (PDF). Kwartalnik Historyczny (in Polish). CXXV (2): 178–183.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Forgotten_Holocaust&diff=prev&oldid=1139455260&diffmode=source

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