THC Science

The Tea Party movement is an American political movement that advocates a version of constitutional originalism for interpreting the United States Constitution,^[1]^[2] and reducing U.S. government spending and taxes,^[3]^[4] and reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit.^[3] The movement has been called partly conservative,^[5] partly libertarian,^[6] and partly populist.^[7] The movement has sponsored protests and supported political candidates since 2009.^[8]^[9]^[10]

The name of the movement is derived from the Boston Tea Party of 1773, an iconic event in American history.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Anti-tax protesters in the United States have often referred to the original Boston Tea Party for inspiration.^[15]^[16]^[17] References to the Boston Tea Party were part of Tax Day protests held throughout the 1990s and earlier.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] By 2001, a custom had developed among some conservative activists of mailing tea bags to legislators and other officials as a symbolic act.^[22]

Agenda

The Tea Party movement is not easily defined, primarily because it comprises hundreds of groups at the grassroots level, of varying size, influence and priorities. It is highly factionalized, with no clear leadership or centralized structure. This is highlighted by the fact that it is not uncommon for different groups affiliating themselves with the movement to adopt disparate stances with respect to a given issue. Nonetheless, the generally consistent recourse to the Constitution across the movement with respect to various issues has helped facilitate scholarly examination of the movement.

While not uniformly so, the Tea Party movement tends to be anti-government, anti-spending, anti-Obama, anti-tax, nationalistic, in favor of strict immigration legislation^[23] and against compromise politics. Since the 2012 elections, many local Tea Party factions have shifted their focus to state nullification of the health care law, and protesting the United Nations Agenda 21.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] The Tea Party is skeptical towards the courts, shows a commitment to individualism and takes an originalist view in constitutional interpretation.^[30] The Tea Party is opposed to the bailouts, stimulus packages, and has expressed an interest in repealing the sixteenth and seventeenth amendments^[31] to the Constitution. It is also in favor of amending the Constitution to grant states the right to veto federal laws. It is known as the Repeal Amendment.^[32]

Contract from America

The Contract from America was the idea of Houston-based lawyer Ryan Hecker. He stated that he developed the concept of creating a grassroots call for reform prior to the April 15, 2009, Tax Day Tea Party rallies. To promote his idea, he launched a website, ContractFromAmerica.com, which encouraged people to offer possible planks for the contract. The top ten planks were decided by online voting at Hecker's website (approval rates shown in parentheses below):

Identify constitutionality of every new law: Require each bill to identify the specific provision of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do what the bill does (82.03%).
Reject emissions trading: Stop the "cap and trade" administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. (72.20%).
Demand a balanced federal budget: Begin the Constitutional amendment process to require a balanced budget with a two-thirds majority needed for any tax modification. (69.69%)
Simplify the tax system: Adopt a simple and fair single-rate tax system by scrapping the internal revenue code and replacing it with one that is no longer than 4,543 words – the length of the original Constitution. (64.9%).
Audit federal government agencies for constitutionality: Create a Blue Ribbon taskforce that engages in an audit of federal agencies and programs, assessing their Constitutionality, and identifying duplication, waste, ineffectiveness, and agencies and programs better left for the states or local authorities. (63.37%).
Limit annual growth in federal spending: Impose a statutory cap limiting the annual growth in total federal spending to the sum of the inflation rate plus the percentage of population growth. (56.57%).
Repeal the health care legislation passed on March 23, 2010: De-fund, repeal, and replace the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. (56.39%).
Pass an "all-of-the-above" energy policy: Authorize the exploration of additional energy reserves to reduce American dependence on foreign energy sources and reduce regulatory barriers to all other forms of energy creation. (55.5%).
Reduce earmarks: Place a moratorium on all earmarks until the budget is balanced, and then require a two-thirds majority to pass any earmark. (55.47%).
Reduce taxes: Permanently repeal all recent tax increases, and extend permanently the George W. Bush temporary reductions in income tax, capital gains tax, and estate taxes, currently scheduled to end in 2011. (53.38%).

Though the Tea Party Patriots asked both Democrats and Republicans to sign on to the Contract, no Democrats signed, and the contract met resistance from a number of Republicans, who subsequently created the Pledge to America. Brendan Buck, a spokesman for that agenda explained that the Contract was too narrow in focus, and not exactly what the Republican party would include in its own top-10 list of priorities.^[33] Candidates in the 2010 elections who signed the Contract from America included Utah's Mike Lee, Nevada's Sharron Angle, Sen. Coburn (R-OK), and Sen. DeMint (R-SC).^[34]

Foreign policy

Sarah Palin stated during a June, 2010 interview with Katie Couric that focused on foreign policy, "I see the United States as being a force for good in the world. And as Ronald Reagan used to talk about, America being the beacon of light and hope for those who are seeking democratic values and tolerance and freedom." When asked why she supported additional U.S. troops for Afghanistan, Palin replied, "Because we can't afford to lose in Afghanistan, as we cannot afford to lose in Iraq, either, these central fronts on the war on terror. ... Specifically, we will make every effort possible to help spread democracy for those who desire freedom, independence, tolerance, respect for equality. That is the whole goal here in fighting terrorism also. It's not just to keep the people safe, but to be able to usher in democratic values and ideals around this, around the world."^[35]

In an August 2010 article for Foreign Policy magazine, Ron Paul outlined foreign policy views the Tea Party movement should emphasize: "[W]e cannot stand against big government at home while supporting it abroad. We cannot talk about fiscal responsibility while spending trillions on occupying and bullying the rest of the world ... I see tremendous opportunities for movements like the Tea Party to prosper by capitalizing on the Democrats' broken promises to overturn the George W. Bush administration's civil liberties abuses and end the disastrous wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. A return to the traditional U.S. foreign policy of active private engagement but government noninterventionism is the only alternative that can restore our moral and fiscal health."^[36]

Walter Russell Mead analyzes the foreign policy views of the Tea Party movement in a 2011 essay published in Foreign Affairs. Mead says that Jacksonian populists, such as the Tea Party, combine a belief in American exceptionalism and its role in the world with skepticism of American's "ability to create a liberal world order". When necessary, they favor total war and unconditional surrender over "limited wars for limited goals". Mead identifies two main trends, one somewhat personified by Ron Paul and the other by Sarah Palin. "Paulites" have a Jeffersonian approach that seeks to avoid foreign military involvement. "Palinites", while seeking to avoid being drawn into unnecessary conflicts, favor a more aggressive response to maintaining America's primacy in international relations. Mead says that both groups share a distaste for "liberal internationalism".^[37]

Some Tea Party affiliated Republicans, such as Michele Bachmann, Jeff Duncan, Connie Mack IV, Jeff Flake, Tim Scott, Joe Walsh, Allen West, and Jason Chaffetz voted for progressive Dennis Kucinich's resolution to withdraw from Libya.^[38] In the Senate, three Tea Party backed Republicans, Jim DeMint, Mike Lee and Michael Crapo, voted to limit foreign aid to Libya, Pakistan and Egypt.^[39] Tea Partiers in both houses of Congress have shown willingness to cut foreign aid.

Organization

The Tea Party movement is composed of a loose affiliation of national and local groups that determine their own platforms and agendas without central leadership. The Tea Party movement has been cited as an example of grassroots political activity, although it has also been described as an example of astroturfing.^[40]

The Tea Party movement is not a national political party; polls show that most Tea Partiers consider themselves to be Republicans^[41]^[42] and the movement's supporters have tended to endorse Republican candidates.^[43] Commentators, including Gallup editor-in-chief Frank Newport, have suggested that the movement is not a new political group but simply a re-branding of traditional Republican candidates and policies.^[41]^[44]^[45] An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 87% saying "dissatisfaction with mainstream Republican Party leaders" was "an important factor in the support the group has received so far".^[46]

The Tea Party movement's membership includes notable Republican politicians Sarah Palin, Dick Armey, Michele Bachmann, Marco Rubio, and Ted Cruz. In July 2010, Bachmann formed the Tea Party Congressional Caucus;^[47] however, the caucus has been defunct since July 2012.^[48] An article in Politico reported that many Tea Party activists were skeptical of the caucus, seeing it as an effort by the Republican Party to hijack the movement. Utah congressman Jason Chaffetz refused to join the caucus, saying

Structure and formality are the exact opposite of what the Tea Party is, and if there is an attempt to put structure and formality around it, or to co-opt it by Washington, D.C., it’s going to take away from the free-flowing nature of the true tea party movement.^[49]

Journalist Joshua Green has said Ron Paul is not the Tea Party's founder, or its culturally resonant figure, but has become the "intellectual godfather" of the movement as many now agree with his long-held beliefs.^[50]

Etymology

The name "Tea Party" is a reference to the Boston Tea Party, a protest by colonists who objected to a British tax on tea in 1773 and demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor.^[51] Some commentators have referred to the Tea in "Tea Party" as the backronym "Taxed Enough Already".^[52]^[53]

History

Commentaries on origin

Fox News commentator Juan Williams argues that the Tea Party movement emerged from the "ashes" of Ron Paul's 2008 presidential primary campaign.^[54] Others have argued that the Koch brothers were essential in fostering the movement.^[55]^[56] In 2013, a study published in the journal Tobacco Control concluded that organizations within the movement were connected with non-profit organizations that the tobacco industry and other corporate interests worked with and provided funding for,^[57]^[58] including groups Citizens for a Sound Economy (founded by the Koch brothers).^[59]^[60] Al Gore cited the study and said that the connections between "market fundamentalists", the tobacco industry and the Tea Party could be traced to a 1971 memo from tobacco lawyer Lewis F. Powell, Jr. who advocated more political power for corporations. Gore said that the Tea Party is an extension of this political strategy "to promote corporate profit at the expense of the public good."^[61]

Early local protest events

On January 24, 2009, Trevor Leach, chairman of the Young Americans for Liberty in New York State organized a "Tea Party" to protest obesity taxes proposed by New York Governor David Paterson and call for fiscal responsibility on the part of the government. Several of the protesters wore Native American headdresses similar to the band of 18th century colonists who dumped tea in Boston Harbor to express outrage about British taxes.^[62]

Some of the protests were partially in response to several Federal laws: the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008,^[63] the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,^[64]^[65] and a series of healthcare reform bills.^[66]

New York Times journalist Kate Zernike reported that leaders within the Tea Party credit Seattle blogger and conservative activist Keli Carender with organizing the first Tea Party in February 2009, although the term "Tea Party" was not used.^[67] Other articles, written by Chris Good of The Atlantic^[68] and NPR's Martin Kaste,^[69] credit Carender as "one of the first" Tea Party organizers and state that she "organized some of the earliest Tea Party-style protests".

Carender first organized what she called a "Porkulus Protest" in Seattle on Presidents Day, February 16, the day before President Barack Obama signed the stimulus bill into law.^[70] Carender said she did it without support from outside groups or city officials. "I just got fed up and planned it." Carender said 120 people participated. "Which is amazing for the bluest of blue cities I live in, and on only four days notice! This was due to me spending the entire four days calling and emailing every person, think tank, policy center, university professors (that were sympathetic), etc. in town, and not stopping until the day came."^[67]^[71]

Contacted by Carender, Steve Beren promoted the event on his blog four days before the protest^[72] and agreed to be a speaker at the rally.^[73] Carender also contacted conservative author and Fox News contributor Michelle Malkin, and asked her to publicize the rally on her blog, which Malkin did the day before the event.^[74] The following day, the Colorado branch of Americans for Prosperity held a protest at the Colorado Capitol, also promoted by Malkin.^[75] Carender held a second protest on February 27, 2009, reporting "We more than doubled our attendance at this one."^[67]

According to pollster Scott Rasmussen, the bailouts of banks by the Bush and Obama administrations triggered the Tea Party's rise. The interviewer^{[clarification needed]} added that the movement's anger centers on two issues, quoting Rasmussen as saying, "They think federal spending, deficits and taxes are too high, and they think no one in Washington is listening to them, and that latter point is really, really important."^[76]

First national protests

On February 19, 2009,^[77] in a broadcast from the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, CNBC Business News editor Rick Santelli criticized the government plan to refinance mortgages, which had just been announced the day before. He said that those plans were "promoting bad behavior"^[78] by "subsidizing losers' mortgages". He suggested holding a tea party for traders to gather and dump the derivatives in the Chicago River on July 1.^[79]^[80]^[81] A number of the floor traders around him cheered on his proposal, to the amusement of the hosts in the studio. Santelli's "rant" became a viral video after being featured on the Drudge Report.^[82]

Overnight, websites such as ChicagoTeaParty.com (registered in August 2008 by Chicagoan Zack Christenson, radio producer for conservative talk show host Milt Rosenberg,) were live within 12 hours.^[83] About 10 hours after Santelli's remarks, reTeaParty.com was bought to coordinate Tea Parties scheduled for Independence Day and, as of March 4, was reported to be receiving 11,000 visitors a day.^[83]

According to The New Yorker writer Ben McGrath^[77] and New York Times reporter Kate Zernike,^[67] this is where the movement was first inspired to coalesce under the collective banner of "Tea Party". By the next day, guests on Fox News had already begun to mention this new "Tea Party".^[84]

As reported by The Huffington Post, a Facebook page was developed on February 20 calling for Tea Party protests across the country.^[85] Soon, the "Nationwide Chicago Tea Party" protest was coordinated across over 40 different cities for February 27, 2009, thus establishing the first national modern Tea Party protest.^[86]^[87] The movement has been supported nationally by at least 12 prominent individuals and their associated organizations.^[88]

Fox News called many of the protests in 2009 "FNC Tax Day Tea Parties" which it promoted on air and sent speakers to.^[89]^[90] This was to include then-host Glenn Beck, though Fox came to discourage him from attending later events.^[91]

Health care bill

Opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has been consistent within the Tea Party movement.^[66]^[92]^[93]

U.S. elections

Aside from rallies, some groups affiliated with the Tea Party movement began to focus on getting out the vote and ground game efforts on behalf of candidates supportive of their agenda starting in the 2010 elections.

Various Tea Party groups have endorsed candidates in the elections. In the 2010 midterm elections, The New York Times identified 138 candidates for Congress with significant Tea Party support, and reported that all of them were running as Republicans—of whom 129 were running for the House and 9 for the Senate.^[94] The Wall Street Journal–NBC News poll in mid October showed 35% of likely voters were Tea-party supporters, and they favored the Republicans by 84% to 10%.^[95] The first Tea Party affiliated candidate to be elected into office is believed to be Dean Murray, a Long Island businessman, who won a special election for a New York State Assembly seat in February 2010.^[96]

According to statistics on an NBC blog, overall, 32% of the candidates that were backed by the Tea Party or identified themselves as a Tea Party member won election. Tea Party supported candidates won 5 of 10 Senate races (50%) contested, and 40 of 130 House races (31%) contested.^[97] In the primaries for Colorado, Nevada and Delaware the Tea-party backed Senate Republican nominees defeated "establishment" Republicans that had been expected to win their respective Senate races, but went on to lose in the general election to their Democrat opponents.^[98]

Tea Party candidates were less successful in the 2012 election, winning four of 16 Senate races contested, and losing approximately 20% of the seats in the House that had been gained in 2010. Tea Party Caucus founder Michele Bachmann was re-elected to the House by a narrow margin.^[99]^[100]^[101]^[102]

Current status

Tea Party activities have declined since 2010.^[103]^[104] According to Harvard professor Theda Skocpol, the number of Tea Party chapters across the country has slipped from about 1,000 to 600, but that this is still "a very good survival rate." Mostly, Tea Party organizations are said to have shifted away from national demonstrations to local issues.^[103] A shift in the operational approach used by the Tea Party has also affected the movement's visibility, with chapters placing more emphasis on the mechanics of policy and getting candidates elected rather than staging public events.^[105]^[106]

The tea party's involvement in the 2012 GOP presidential primaries was minimal, owing to divisions over whom to endorse as well as lack of enthusiasm for all the candidates.^[104] Which is not to say the 2012 GOP ticket hasn't had an influence on the Tea Party: following the selection of Paul Ryan as Mitt Romney's vice-presidential running mate, the New York Times declared that the once fringe of the conservative coalition, Tea Party lawmakers are now "indisputably at the core of the modern Republican Party."^[107]

IRS scandal

In May 2013, the Associated Press and The New York Times reported that the Internal Revenue Service inappropriately "flagged" Tea Party groups and other conservative groups for review of their applications for tax-exempt status during the 2012 election. This led to both political and public condemnation of the agency, and triggered multiple investigations.^[108]

Some groups were asked for donor lists, which is usually a violation of IRS policy. Groups were also asked for details about family members and about their postings on social networking sites. Lois Lerner, head of the IRS division that oversees tax-exempt groups, apologized on behalf of the IRS and stated, "That was wrong. That was absolutely incorrect, it was insensitive and it was inappropriate."^[109]^[110] Testifying before Congress in March 2012, IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman denied that the groups were being targeted based on their political views.^[109]^[110]

Tom Zawistowski, who served as president of an Ohio coalition of Tea Party groups, said, "I don't think there's any question we were unfairly targeted." Zawistowski's group applied for tax-exempt status in July 2009, but it wasn't granted until December 2012, one month after the election.^[109] Lerner stated that about 300 groups were "flagged" for additional review, and about one quarter of these were due to the use of "tea party" or "patriot" in their applications.^[109]^[110] Jenny Beth Martin, national coordinator for Tea Party Patriots, called on the Obama Administration to apologize to these groups for "harassment by the IRS in 2012," and "ensure this never happens again."^[109]

Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah, the ranking Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, rejected the apology as insufficient, demanding “ironclad guarantees from the I.R.S. that it will adopt significant protocols to ensure this kind of harassment of groups that have a constitutional right to express their own views never happens again.”^[110]

On June 9, 2013, Congressman Elijah Cummings (D-MD) released portions of an interview transcript wherein an anonymous IRS manager who described himself as a "conservative Republican", told Congressional investigators that it was he who had initiated the targeted reviews, without any involvement from the White House, and that the extra scrutiny was not politically motivated. ^[111]^[112]^[113]

Composition

Membership and demographics

Several polls have been conducted on the demographics of the movement. Though the various polls sometimes turn up slightly different results, they tend to show that Tea Party supporters tend more likely than Americans overall to be white, male, married, older than 45, regularly attending religious services, conservative, and to be more wealthy and have more education.^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117]^[118]

According to The Atlantic, the three main groups that provide guidance and organization for the protests, FreedomWorks, dontGO, and Americans for Prosperity, state that the demonstrations are an organic movement.^[119] Law professor and commentator Glenn Reynolds, best known as author of the Instapundit political blog, argued in the New York Post that: "These aren't the usual semiprofessional protesters who attend antiwar and pro-union marches. These are people with real jobs; most have never attended a protest march before. They represent a kind of energy that our politics hasn't seen lately, and an influx of new activists."^[120] Conservative political strategist Tim Phillips, now head of Americans for Prosperity, has remarked that the Republican Party is "too disorganized and unsure of itself to pull this off".^[121]

Patrik Jonsson of the Christian Science Monitor has noted that Tea Party activists "have been called neo-Klansmen and knuckle-dragging hillbillies" and adding that "demonizing tea party activists tends to energize the Democrats' left-of-center base". He notes that "polls suggest that tea party activists are not only more mainstream than many critics suggest, but that a majority of them are women (primarily mothers), not angry white men".^[122] Jonsson quotes Juan Williams as saying that the Tea Party's opposition to health reform was based on self-interest rather than racism.^[122]

A Gallup poll conducted in March 2010 found that—other than gender, income and politics—self-described Tea Party members were demographically similar to the population as a whole.^[123]

When surveying supporters or participants of the Tea Party movement, polls have shown that they are to a very great extent more likely to be registered Republican, have a favorable opinion of the Republican Party and an unfavorable opinion of the Democratic Party.^[118]^[124]^[125] The Bloomberg National Poll of adults 18 and over showed that 40% of Tea Party supporters are 55 or older, compared with 32% of all poll respondents; 79% are white, 61% are men and 44% identify as "born-again Christians",^[126] compared with 75%,^[127] 48.5%,^[128] and 34%^[129] for the general population, respectively.

According to Susan Page and Naomi Jagoda of USA Today in 2010, the Tea Party was more "a frustrated state of mind" than "a classic political movement".^[130] Tea party members "are more likely to be married and a bit older than the nation as a whole".^[130] They are predominantly white, but other groups make up just under one-fourth of their ranks.^[130] They believe that the federal government has become too large and powerful.^[130]

Polling of supporters

An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 99% said "concern about the economy" was an "important factor".^[46] Various polls have also probed Tea Party supporters for their views on a variety of political and controversial issues. On the question of whether they think their own income taxes this year are fair, 52% of Tea Party supporters told pollsters for CBS/New York Times that they were, versus 62% in the general population (including tea party supporters).^[124] A Bloomberg News poll found that Tea Partiers are not against increased government action in all cases. "The ideas that find nearly universal agreement among Tea Party supporters are rather vague," says J. Ann Selzer, the pollster who created the survey. "You would think any idea that involves more government action would be anathema, and that is just not the case."

In advance of a new edition of their book American Grace, political scientists David E. Campbell of Notre Dame and Robert D. Putnam of Harvard published in a The New York Times opinion the results of their research into the political attitudes and background of Tea Party supporters. Using a pre-Tea Party poll in 2006 and going back to the same respondents in 2011, they found the supporters to be not "nonpartisan political neophytes" as often described, but largely "overwhelmingly partisan Republicans" who were politically active prior to the Tea Party. The survey found Tea Party supporters "no more likely than anyone else" to have suffered hardship during the 2007–2010 recession. Additionally, the respondents were more concerned about "putting God in government" than with trying to shrink government.^[131]^[132]

The 2010 midterm elections demonstrated considerable skepticism within the Tea Party movement with respect to the dangers and the reality of global warming. A New York Times/CBS News Poll during the election revealed that only a small percentage of Tea Party supporters considered global warming a serious problem, much less than the portion of the general public that does. The Tea Party is strongly opposed to government-imposed limits on carbon dioxide emissions as part of emissions trading legislation to encourage use of fuels that emit less carbon dioxide.^[133] An example is the movement's support of California Proposition 23, which would suspend AB32, the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.^[134] The proposition failed to pass, with less than 40% voting in favor.^[135]

Many of the movement's members also favor stricter measures against illegal immigration.^[136]

Polls found that just 7% of Tea Party supporters approve of how Obama is doing his job compared to 50% (as of April 2010) of the general public,^[124] and that roughly 77% of supporters had voted for Obama's Republican opponent, John McCain in 2008.^[117]^[118]

A University of Washington poll of 1,695 registered voters in the state of Washington reported that 73% of Tea Party supporters disapprove of Obama's policy of engaging with Muslim countries, 88% approve of the controversial Arizona immigration law enacted in 2010 which requires police to question people they suspect are illegal immigrants for proof of legal status, 54% feel that immigration is changing the culture in the U.S. for the worse, 82% do not believe that gay and lesbian couples should have the legal right to marry, and that about 52% believed that "Compared to the size of the group, lesbians and gays have too much political power".^[137]^[138]^[139]

Leadership and groups

An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of 647 local Tea Party organizers asked "which national figure best represents your groups?" and got the following responses: no one 34%, Sarah Palin 14%, Glenn Beck 7%, Jim DeMint 6%, Ron Paul 6%, Michele Bachmann 4%.^[46]

The success of candidates popular within the Tea Party movement has boosted Sarah Palin's visibility.^[140] Rasmussen and Schoen (2010) conclude that "She is the symbolic leader of the movement, and more than anyone else has helped to shape it."^[141]

The movement has been supported nationally by prominent individuals and organizations,^[142]^[143] including:

501(c)(4) non-profit organizations:

Tea Party Patriots, an organization with more than 1,000 affiliated groups across the nation^[144] that proclaims itself to be the "Official Home of the Tea Party Movement".^[145]
Americans for Prosperity, an organization founded by David H. Koch in 2003, and led by Tim Phillips. The group has over 1 million members in 500 local affiliates, and led protests against health care reform in 2009.^[142]
FreedomWorks, an organization led Matt Kibbe. Like Americans for Prosperity, the group has over 1 million members in 500 local affiliates. It makes local and national candidate endorsements.^[142]
Tea Party Express, a national bus tour run by Our Country Deserves Better PAC, itself a conservative political action committee created by Sacramento-based Republican consulting firm Russo, Marsh, and Associates.^[146]^[147]^[148]^[149]

For-profit businesses:

Tea Party Nation, which sponsored the National Tea Party Convention that was criticized for its $549 ticket price.^[150]^[151]^[152]^[153] and because Sarah Palin was apparently paid $100,000 USD for her appearance (which she put towards SarahPAC^[154]).^[155]

Informal organizations and coalitions:

The National Tea Party Federation, formed on April 8, 2010, by several leaders in the Tea Party movement to help spread its message and to respond to critics with a quick, unified response.^[156]
The Nationwide Tea Party Coalition, a loose national coalition of several dozen local tea party groups.^[157]

Prominent individuals:

In July 2010, Rep. Michele Bachmann, a Minnesota Republican, formed the House congressional Tea Party Caucus. This congressional caucus, which Bachmann chairs, is devoted to the Tea Party's stated principles of "fiscal responsibility, adherence to the Constitution, and limited government".^[158] As of March 31, 2011, the caucus consisted of 62 Republican representatives.^[48] Rep. Jason Chaffetz and Melissa Clouthier have accused them of trying to hijack or co-opt the grassroots Tea Party Movement.^[159]

Student movement:

Tea Party Students organized the 1st National Tea Party Students Conference, which was hosted by Tea Party Patriots at its American Policy Summit in Phoenix on February 25–27, 2011. The conference included sessions with Campus Reform, Students For Liberty, Young America’s Foundation, and Young Americans for Liberty.^[160]

Fundraising and support

Sarah Palin headlined four "Liberty at the Ballot Box" bus tours, to raise money for candidates and the Tea Party Express. One of the tours visited 30 towns and covered 3,000 miles.^[161] Following the formation of the Tea Party Caucus, Michele Bachmann raised $10 million for a political action committee, MichelePAC, and sent funds to the campaigns of Sharron Angle, Christine O'Donnell, Rand Paul, and Marco Rubio.^[162] In September 2010, the Tea Party Patriots announced it had received a $1,000,000 USD donation from an anonymous donor.^[163]

In an April 2009 New York Times opinion column, contributor Paul Krugman wrote that "the tea parties don't represent a spontaneous outpouring of public sentiment. They're AstroTurf (fake grassroots) events, manufactured by the usual suspects. In particular, a key role is being played by FreedomWorks, an organization run by Richard Armey."^[164] The same month, then Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-California) stated "It's not really a grassroots movement. It's astroturf by some of the wealthiest people in America to keep the focus on tax cuts for the rich instead of for the great middle class"^[165]^[166]

Influence of Koch Industries

In an August 30, 2010, article in The New Yorker, Jane Mayer said that the billionaire brothers David H. Koch and Charles G. Koch and Koch Industries are providing financial and organizational support to the Tea Party movement through Americans for Prosperity, which David founded.^[167]^[168] The AFP's "Hot Air Tour" was organized to fight against taxes on carbon use and the activation of a cap and trade program.^[169] In 1984, David Koch also founded Citizens for a Sound Economy,^[170] part of which became FreedomWorks in a 2004 split, another group that organized and supports the movement.^[171] Koch Industries issued a press release stating that the Kochs have "no ties to and have never given money to FreedomWorks".^[172] Former ambassador Christopher Meyer writes in the Daily Mail that the Tea Party movement is a mix of "grassroots populism, professional conservative politics, and big money", the last supplied in part by Charles and David Koch.^[173] Jane Mayer says that the Koch brothers' political involvement with the Tea Party has been so secretive that she labels it "covert".^[174]

Public opinion

2010 polling

A USA Today/Gallup poll conducted in March 2010, found that 28% of those surveyed considered themselves supporters of the Tea Party movement, 26% were opponents, and 46% were neither.^[175] These figures remained stable through January 2011, but public opinion of the movement changed by August 2011. In the USA Today/Gallup poll conducted in January 2011, approximately 70% of adults, including approximately 9 out of 10 Republicans, feel Republican leaders in Congress should give consideration to Tea Party movement ideas.^[176] In August 2011, 42% of registered voters, but only 12% of Republicans, said Tea Party endorsement would be a "negative" and that they would be "less likely" to vote for such a candidate.^[177]

A Gallup Poll of April 2010 found 47% of Americans had an "unfavorable" image of the Tea Party movement, as opposed to 33% who had a favorable opinion. ^[178] A 2011 opinion survey by political scientists David E. Campbell and Robert D. Putnam found the Tea Party ranked at the bottom of a list of "two dozen" American "religious, political, and racial groups" in terms of favorability – "even less liked than Muslims and atheists."^[132]^[179] In November 2011 the New York Times cited opinion polls showing that support for the Tea Party had "fallen sharply even in places considered Tea Party strongholds." It quoted a pollster (Andrew Kohut, president of the Pew Research Center) speculating that the Tea Party position in congress was perceived as "too extreme and not willing to compromise.”^[180]

A CBS News/New York Times poll in September 2010, showed 19% of respondents supported the movement, 63% did not, and 16% said they did not know. In the same poll, 29% had an unfavorable view of the Tea Party, compared to 23% with a favorable view.^[181] The same poll retaken in August 2011 found that 20% of respondents had a "favorable" view of the Tea Party and 40% had an "unfavorable" view.^[182] A CNN/ORC poll taken September 23–25, 2011, found that the favorable/unfavorable ratio was 28% versus 53%.^[183]

An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll later in September 2010 found 27% considered themselves Tea Party supporters. In that poll, 42% said the Tea Party has been good for the U.S. political system; 18% called it a bad thing. Those with an unfavorable view of the Tea Party outnumbered those with a favorable view 36–30%. In comparison, the Democratic Party was viewed unfavorably by a 42–37% margin, and the Republican Party by 43–31%.^[184]

A poll conducted by the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute in March 2010 found that only 13% of national adults identified themselves as part of the Tea Party movement but that the Tea Party had a positive opinion by a 28–23% margin with 49% who did not know enough about the group to form an opinion.^[118] A similar poll conducted by the Winston Group in April 2010 found that 17% of American registered voters consider themselves part of the Tea Party movement.^[125]

After debt-ceiling crisis

After the mid-2011 debt-ceiling crisis, polls became more unfavorable to the Tea Party.^[185]^[186] According to a Gallup poll, 28% of adults disapproved of the Tea Party compared to 25% approving, and noted that "[t]he national Tea Party movement appears to have lost some ground in popular support after the blistering debate over raising the nation's debt ceiling in which Tea Party Republicans...fought any compromise on taxes and spending".^[185] Similarly, a Pew poll found that 29% of respondents thought Congressional tea party supporters had a negative effect compared to 22% thinking it was a positive effect. It noted that "[t]he new poll also finds that those who followed the debt ceiling debate very closely have more negative views about the impact of the Tea Party than those who followed the issue less closely."^[186] A CNN/ORC poll put disapproval at 51% with a 31% approval.^[187]

2012 polling

A Rasmussen Reports poll conducted in April 2012 shows 44% of Likely U.S. Voters hold at least a somewhat favorable view of Tea Party activists, while 49% share an unfavorable opinion of them. When asked if the Tea Party movement will help or hurt Republicans in the 2012 elections, 53% of Republicans said they see the Tea Party as a political plus.^[188]

Symbols and names

Symbols

Beginning in 2009, the Gadsden flag had become widely used as a protest symbol by Tea Party protesters nationwide.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192] It was also seen being displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party rallies.^[193] Some lawmakers have dubbed it a political symbol due to the Tea Party connection^[191] and the political nature of Tea Party supporters.^[194]

The Second Revolution flag gained national attention on January 19, 2010.^[195] It is a version of the Betsy Ross flag with a Roman numeral "II" in the center of the circle of 13 stars symbolizing a second revolution in America.^[196] The Second Revolution flag has been called synonymous with Tea Party causes and events.^[197]

Use of term "teabagger"

The term teabagger was initially used to refer to Tea Partiers after conservatives used tea bag as a verb on protest signs and websites. Some members of the movement adopted the term as a verb, and a few others referred to themselves as "teabaggers."^[198]^[199]^[200] News media and progressive commentators outside the movement began to use the term mockingly and derisively, alluding to the sexual connotation of the term when referring to Tea Party protesters. Most conservatives do not use the term with its double entendre meaning; rather it seems the political left has adopted the derogatory joke.^[201]^[202]^[200] It has been used by several media outlets to humorously refer to Tea Party-affiliated protestors.^[203] Some conservatives have advocated that the non-vulgar meaning of the word be reclaimed.^[200] Grant Barrett, co-host of the A Way with Words radio program, has listed teabagger as a 2009 buzzword meaning, "a derogatory name for attendees of Tea Parties, probably coined in allusion to a sexual practice".^[204]

Commentaries on the movement

Commentary by the Obama administration

On April 29, 2009, Obama commented on the Tea Party protests publicly during a townhall meeting in Arnold, Missouri, saying: "let me just remind them that I am happy to have a serious conversation about how we are going to cut our health care costs down over the long term, how we're going to stabilize Social Security. Claire (McCaskill) and I are working diligently to do basically a thorough audit of federal spending. But let's not play games and pretend that the reason is because of the recovery act, because that's just a fraction of the overall problem that we've got. We are going to have to tighten our belts, but we're going to have to do it in an intelligent way. And we've got to make sure that the people who are helped are working American families, and we're not suddenly saying that the way to do this is to eliminate programs that help ordinary people and give more tax cuts to the wealthy. We tried that formula for eight years. It did not work. And I don't intend to go back to it."^[205]^[206]

On April 15, 2010, Obama touted his administration's tax cuts, noting the passage of 25 different tax cuts over the past year, including tax cuts for 95% of working Americans. He then remarked, "So I've been a little amused over the last couple of days where people have been having these rallies about taxes. You would think they would be saying thank you. That's what you'd think."^[207]^[208]

On September 20, 2010, at a townhall discussion sponsored by CNBC, Obama said healthy skepticism about government and spending was good, but it was not enough to just say "Get control of spending", and he challenged the Tea Party movement to get specific about how they would cut government debt and spending: "And so the challenge, I think, for the Tea Party movement is to identify specifically what would you do. It's not enough just to say, get control of spending. I think it's important for you to say, I'm willing to cut veterans' benefits, or I'm willing to cut Medicare or Social Security benefits, or I'm willing to see these taxes go up. What you can't do—which is what I've been hearing a lot from the other side—is say we're going to control government spending, we're going to propose $4 trillion of additional tax cuts, and that magically somehow things are going to work."^[209]^[210]

Media coverage

US News and World Report reported that the nature of the coverage of the protests has become part of the story.^[211] On CNN's Situation Room, journalist Howard Kurtz commented that "much of the media seems to have chosen sides". He says that Fox News portrayed the protests "as a big story, CNN as a modest story, and MSNBC as a great story to make fun of. And for most major newspapers, it's a nonstory."^[211] There are reports that the movement has been actively promoted by the Fox News Channel.^[212]^[213]

Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington, September 12, 2009.

According to Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a progressive media watchdog, there is a disparity between large coverage of the Tea Party movement and minimal coverage of larger movements. In 2009, the major Tea Party protests were quoted twice as often as the National Equality March despite a much lower turnout.^[214] In 2010, a Tea Party protest was covered 59 times more than the US Social Forum (177 Tea Party mentions versus 3 for Social Forum) despite an attendance that was 25 times smaller in size (600 Tea Party attendees versus at least 15,000 for Social Forum).^[215]

In April 2010, responding to a question from the media watchdog group Media Matters posed the previous week, Rupert Murdoch, the chief executive of News Corporation, which owns Fox News, said, "I don't think we should be supporting the Tea Party or any other party." That same week Fox News canceled an appearance by Sean Hannity at a Cincinnati Tea Party rally.^[216]

Following the September 12 Taxpayer March on Washington, Fox News said it was the only cable news outlet to cover the emerging protests and took out full-page ads in The Washington Post, the New York Post, and The Wall Street Journal with a prominent headline reading, "How did ABC, CBS, NBC, MSNBC, and CNN miss this story?"^[217] CNN news anchor Rick Sanchez disputed Fox's assertion, pointing to various coverage of the event.^[218]^[219]^[220] CNN, NBC, CBS, MSNBC, and CBS Radio News provided various forms of live coverage of the rally in Washington throughout the day on Saturday, including the lead story on CBS Evening News.^[218]^[220]^[221]^[222]

James Rainey of the Los Angeles Times said MSNBC's attacks on the tea parties paled compared to Fox's support, but that MSNBC personalities Keith Olbermann, Rachel Maddow and Chris Matthews were hardly subtle in disparaging the movement.^[223] Howard Kurtz has said that, "These [FOX] hosts said little or nothing about the huge deficits run up by President Bush, but Barack Obama's budget and tax plans have driven them to tea. On the other hand, CNN and MSNBC may have dropped the ball by all but ignoring the protests."^[224]

In the January/February 2012 issue of Foreign Affairs, Francis Fukuyama stated the Tea Party is supporting "politicians who serve the interests of precisely those financiers and corporate elites they claim to despise" and inequality while comparing and contrasting it with the occupy movement.^[225]^[226]

Tea Party's views of media coverage

In October 2010, a survey conducted by The Washington Post found that the majority of local Tea Party organizers consider the media coverage of their groups to be fair. 76 percent of the local organizers said media coverage has been fair while 23 percent have said coverage was unfair. This was based on responses from all 647 local Tea Party organizers the Post was able to contact and verify, from a list of more than 1,400 possible groups identified.^[227]

Perceptions of the Tea Party

The movement has been called partly conservative,^[5] partly libertarian,^[6] and partly populist.^[7] The movement has sponsored protests and supported political candidates since 2009.^[8]^[9]^[10] Since its inception, it has seen charges of racism and intolerance. Opponents have cited incidents as proof that the movement is, in part, propelled by various forms of bigotry. Supporters say the incidents are isolated acts attributable to a small fringe that is not representative of the movement.^[228]^[229] Accusations that the news media are biased either for or against the movement are common, while polls and surveys have been faced with issues regarding the population surveyed, and the meaningfulness of poll results from disparate groups.^[230]

Other events

The final round of debate before voting on the health care bill was marked with vandalism and widespread threats of violence to at least ten Democratic lawmakers across the country, which created public relations problems for the fledgeling Tea Party movement. On March 22, 2010, in what the New York Times called "potentially the most dangerous of many acts of violence and threats against supporters of the bill," a Lynchburg, Virginia Tea Party organizer and the Danville, Virginia Tea Party Chairman both posted the home address of Representative Tom Perriello's brother (mistakenly believing it was the Congressman's address) on their websites, and encouraged readers to "drop by" to express their anger against Representative Perriello's vote in favor of the healthcare bill. The following day, after smelling gas in his house, a severed gas line that connected to a propane tank was discovered on Perriello's brother's screened-in porch. Local police and FBI investigators determined that it was intentionally cut as a deliberate act of vandalism. Perriello's brother also received a threatening letter referencing the legislation. Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli stated that posting a home address on a website and encouraging people to visit is "an appalling approach. It's not civil discourse, it's an invitation to intimidation and it's totally unacceptable." Leaders of the Tea Party movement tried to contain the public relations damage by denouncing the violent acts and distancing themselves from those behind the acts. One Tea Party website issued a response saying the Tea Party member's action of posting the address "was not requested, sanctioned or endorsed by the Lynchburg Tea Party". The director of the Northern Colorado Tea Party said, "Although many are frustrated by the passage of such controversial legislation, threats are absolutely not acceptable in any form, to any lawmaker, of any party."^[231]^[232]^[233]^[234]^[235]

In early July 2010, the North Iowa Tea Party (NITP) posted a billboard showing a photo of Adolf Hitler with the heading "National Socialism", one of Barack Obama with the heading "Democrat Socialism", and one of Vladimir Lenin with the heading "Marxist Socialism", all three marked with the word "change" and the statement "Radical leaders prey on the fearful and naive". It received sharp criticism, including some from other Tea Party activists. NITP co-founder Bob Johnson acknowledged the anti-socialist message may have gotten lost amid the fascist and communist images. Following a request from the NITP, the billboard was removed on July 14.^[236]^[237]^[238]

Notes

^ Liptak, Mark (March 13, 2010). "Tea-ing Up the Constitution". The New York Times. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 31, 2010. It is, of course, hard to say anything definitive about the Tea Party movement, a loose confederation of groups with no central leadership. But if there is a central theme to its understanding of the Constitution, it is that the nation's founders knew what they were doing and that their work must be protected.
^ Rebecca E. Zietlow, Popular Originalism? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory, 64 Fla. L. Rev., p. 483 (2012)
^ ^a ^b Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government The Hill, July 5, 2010
^ Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Pauline Arrillaga (04/14/12). "Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years". Huffington Post. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Michelle Boorstein (October 5, 2010). "Tea party, religious right often overlap, poll shows". The Washington Post.
Peter Wallsten, Danny Yadron (September 29, 2010). "Tea-Party Movement Gathers Strength". The Wall Street Journal.
^ ^a ^b Ekins, Emily (September 26, 2011). "Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian?". Reason. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily McClintock (August 6, 2012), Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party, Cato
^ ^a ^b Halloran, Liz (February 5, 2010). "What's Behind The New Populism?". NPR.
Barstow, David (February 16, 2010). "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right". New York Times.
Fineman, Howard (April 6, 2010). "Party Time". Newsweek.
^ ^a ^b Servatius, David (March 6, 2009). "Anti-tax-and-spend group throws "tea party" at Capitol". Deseret News. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Anger Management". The Economist. March 5, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Tapscott, Mark (March 19, 2009). "Tea parties are flash crowds Obama should fear". The San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300117059
^ Raphael, Ray. "Debunking Boston Tea Party Myths". Historynet.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^ Ten economic protests that changed history
^ "Retracing the history of the Boston Tea Party – The Boston Globe". Articles.boston.com. November 16, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^ "Libertarians to plan tea party to protest tax". The Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Associated Press. April 5, 1984. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Michael Holmes (July 12, 1991). "Republicans urge tea for Texas/Legislators seek cuts before taxes". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
^ "Tea bag protesters would toss away state's future" (Fee required). Austin American-Statesman. July 24, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ "Smith refuses to defend tax proposition". Boca Raton News. Associated Press. July 14, 1983. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ "Demonstrators hurl tea bags in bid against raising taxes". Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. July 23, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ "'Tea Party' Protests Taxation, But Don't Expect A Revolution" (Fee required). October 20, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ "Boston Tea Party Is Protest Template". UPI.com. UPI. April 20, 2008.
^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 23, 2001), "Talk Radio Thwarts Tennessee Income Tax", Los Angeles Times, retrieved June 1, 2012
^ http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20002529-503544/tea-party-supporters-who-they-are-and-what-they-believe/
^ Clout Diminished, Tea Party Turns to Narrower Issues; New York Times; December 25, 2012
^ The Tea Party Movement; New York Times; December 26, 2012
^ Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right; New York Times; February 15, 2010
^ Tea Party Doesn't Need Votes to Win U.S. Elections; Albert Hunt in the New York Times; September 26, 2010
^ Tea Party Movement; Encyclopædia Britannica; June 28, 2011
^ What is the Tea Party movement, and could it change US politics?; The Independent; January 22, 2010
^ Schmidt, Christopher W. The Tea Party and the Constitution, 39 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 193–252 (2011).
^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (August 16, 2012). "Repeal the 17th Amendment!". Salon.com. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ Foley, Elizabeth Price , Sovereignty, Rebalanced: The Tea Party and Constitutional Amendments (August 3, 2011). Tennessee Law Review, Vol. 78, p. 751, 2011
^ "Why Republicans aren't signing the Contract From America". The Washington Post.
^ "Complete List of Signatories Running for U.S. Congress or Governor". Contract from America. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
^ "Exclusive: Palin On Foreign Policy," CBS News, June 2, 2010.
^ Paul, Ron (August 27, 2010). "A Tea Party Foreign Policy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 25, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
^ Mead, Walter Russell (March/April 2011). "The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy: What Populism Means for Globalism". Foreign Affairs: 28–44. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "H.Con.Res. 51: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War ... (On the Resolution)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^ "S. 3576: A bill to provide limitations on United States assistance, and ... (On Passage of the Bill)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^ Rasmussen, Scott W.; Schoen, Doug. Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. Harper. pp. 132–136. ISBN 978-0-06-199523-1.
^ ^a ^b "Tea Party Supporters Overlap Republican Base". Gallup Poll. July 2, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
^ "The Fix – Tea Party = Republican party?". Washington Post. The Washington Post. July 6, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
^ Rasmussen, Scott; Schoen, Doug (2010). Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. HarperCollins. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-06-199523-1.
^ The GOP Takes its Tea; Los Angeles Times; July 25, 2010
^ Five Myths About the Tea Party Slate; August 9, 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c Tea Party canvass results, Category: "What They Believe" A Party Face Washington Post October 24, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ Sherman, Jake (July 16, 2010). "Bachmann forms Tea Party Caucus". Politico. Retrieved August 4, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Members of the Tea Party Caucus". Bachmann.house.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
^ Vogel, Kenneth P. (August 2, 2010). "Tea party vs. Tea Party Caucus". Politico. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
^ "The Tea Party's Brain – Magazine". The Atlantic. October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
^ Lepore, Jill (2010). The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party's Revolution and the Battle over American History. Princeton University Press. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0-691-15027-7.
^ Schroeder, Anne (April 8, 2009). "T.E.A. = Taxed Enough Already". Politico.com. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
^ This World: Tea Party America, BBC 2, November 1, 2010^{[dead link]}
^ Williams, Juan (May 10, 2011). "Juan Williams: The Surprising Rise of Rep. Ron Paul". Fox News.
^ Pilkington, Ed (October 13, 2010). "Americans For Prosperity sponsors Tea Party workshop". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ Mayer, Jane (August 30, 2010). "Covert Operations". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ ‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea Party, Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana, Stanton A Glantz; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA; Tobacco Control, published Feb 8, 2013; viewed Feb 14, 2013, updated to free version March 5, 2013
^ Study: Tea Party Organizations Have Ties To Tobacco Industry Dating Back To 1980s; UCSF; February 8, 2013
^ Documents reveal tobacco companies funded their own ‘tea party’ first; The Raw Story, February 11, 2013
^ Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaire Koch Brothers, Brendan DeMelle, Huffington Post, posted Feb 11, 2013, viewed Feb 14, 2012
^ Gore, Al (February 13, 2013). "False Spontaneity of the Tea Party". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
^ St. Clair, Neil (January 24, 2009). "A 'tea party' to protest Paterson's taxes". YNN Central New York. Retrieved September 7, 2011
^ Barnes, Tom (March 8, 2009). "Harrisburg Tea Party protests ongoing bailout". Local/State. Post-Gazette.com. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
^ Ferrara, Peter (April 15, 2009). "The Tea Party Revolution". The American Spectator. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
^ Seleny, Jeff (September 12, 2009). "Thousands Rally in Capital to Protest Big Government". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Evan McMorris-Santoro,"The Town Hall Dog That Didn't Bite", Talking Points Memo, DC, April 5, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zernike, Kate (February 27, 2010). "Unlikely Activist Who Got to the Tea Party Early". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2011. But leaders of the Tea Party movement credit her with being the first
^ Good, Chris (February 4, 2010). "Is Palin's Tea Party Speech A Mistake? Tea Partiers Have Mixed Opinions". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 25, 2010. Keli Carender, 30, of Seattle, who is credited with hosting one of the first ever Tea Party protests in February 2009, before the movement really got started.
^ Kaste, Martin (February 2, 2010). "Tea Party Star Leads Movement On Her Own Terms". National Public Radio. Retrieved April 25, 2010. Keli Carender ... organized some of the earliest Tea Party-style protests—before they were even called Tea Party protests
^ "Video: Dozens Gather At 'Porkulus' Protest" (Video). Seattle: KIRO-TV. February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2009.^{[dead link]}
^ "Meet Keli Carender, Tea Party organizer in Seattle, Washington". TaxDayTeaParty.com. March 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
^ Beren, Steve (February 12, 2009). "Mon 2/16 – Seattle protest against Obama stimulus plan!". TCUnation.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
^ Carender, Keri (February 12, 2009). "Protest Update – New!". Redistributing Knowledge. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ Malkin, Michelle (February 15, 2009). "Taxpayer revolt: Porkulus protest in Seattle, Obama to sign theft act in Denver". MichelleMalkin.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ Malkin, Michelle (February 16, 2009). "From the Boston Tea Party to your neighborhood pork protest". MichelleMalkin.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ Dan Weil, "Rasmussen: Tea Party Shows Weakness of GOP Establishment", Newsmax.com, September 18, 2010
^ ^a ^b McGrath, Ben (February 1, 2010). "The Movement: The Rise of Tea Party Activism". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
^ Montopoli, Brian (April 15, 2009). "Tax Day Brings Out "Tea Party" Protesters Protests Planned Across Country Against Government Taxation And Spending As Some Question Whether Movement Has Been Co-Opted". CBS News. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ "Rick Santelli's Shout Heard Round the World". CNBC.com. February 22, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ Santelli, Rick (March 2, 2009). "Rick Santelli: I Want to Set the Record Straight". CNBC.com. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
^ Rosenthal, Phil (February 23, 2009). "Rant raises profile of CNBC on-air personality Rick Santelli". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ Rosenthal, Phil (February 22, 2009). "Rant by CNBC's Rick Santelli puts pundit at odds with Obama administration". Chicago Tribune.
^ ^a ^b Last, Jonathan V. (March 4, 2009). "Opposition To The Foreclosure Bailout Rises". Weekly Standard (reprinted by CBS News.com). Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ "Worst Case Scenario No. 3". Fox News. February 20, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ Hamsher, Jane (April 15, 2009). "A Teabagger Timeline: Koch, Coors, Newt, Dick Armey There From The Start". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ Berger, Judson (April 9, 2009). "Modern-Day Tea Parties Give Taxpayers Chance to Scream for Better Representation". Fox News. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ Roesgen, Andy (February 27, 2009). "Protestors Gather for Self-Styled Tea Party". myFoxChicago.com. Retrieved February 27, 2009.^{[dead link]}
^ "12 Tea Party leaders to watch", National Journal, February 4, 2010
^ clip showing Glenn Beck promoting FNC Tax Day Tea Parties hosted on Media Matters for America
^ "Online Efforts Boost Tax Day Tea Parties", The Washington Times
^ Common Nonsense: Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance By Alexander Zaitchik, p.244
^ Davis, Teddy (April 15, 2010). "Tea Party Activists Unveil 'Contract from America'". ABC News. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
^ Contract From America Web Site.
^ Kate Zernike, "Tea Party Set to Win Enough Races for Wide Influence" The New York Times, October 14, 2010
^ Jonathan Weisman, "GOP in Lead in Final Lap" Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2010
^ Malcolm Andrew (February 18, 2010). "Dean Murray, first elected Tea Party activist, joins N.Y. Legislature Monday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
^ Alexandra Moe (November 3, 2010). "Just 32% of Tea Party candidates win – First Read". firstread.nbcnews.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Barack Obama, the Tea Party, and the 2010 Midterm Elections; Gary C. Jacobson; University of California, San Diego; pg. 3
^ Ian Gray (November 7, 2012). "Tea Party Election Results: Conservative Movement Of 2010 Takes Pounding In 2012". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Elizabeth Hartfield (June 27, 2012). "Tea Party Candidates Losing Steam in 2012 – ABC News". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Elizabeth Dwoskin (November 7, 2012). "Has the Tea Party Lost Its Mojo? – Businessweek". businessweek.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Dbug (December 29, 2012). What Happened to The Tea Party in the 2012 Election? "What Happened to The Tea Party in the 2012 Election?". Daily Kos. Retrieved June 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ ^a ^b Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years
^ ^a ^b Tea Party ‘Is Dead’: How the Movement Fizzled in 2012’s GOP Primaries; The Daily Beast; February 2, 2012
^ How tea party and its unlikely allies nixed Atlanta's transit tax The Christian Science Monitor. August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ Tea party evolves, achieves state policy victories NBC News. August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Ryan Brings the Tea Party to the Ticket; The New York Times; August 12, 2012; Retrieved August 13, 2012
^ Altman, Alex (May 14, 2013). "The Real IRS Scandal | TIME.com". Swampland.time.com. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ohlemacher, Stephen. IRS Apologizes For Targeting Conservative Groups. Associated Press, May 10, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weisman, Jonathan. "I.R.S. Apologizes to Tea Party Groups Over Audits of Applications for Tax Exemption." The New York Times, May 10, 2013.
^ Morgan, David; Dixon, Kim (June 9, 2013). "Republican IRS agent says Cincinnati began 'Tea Party' inquiries". Reuters.
^ Associated Press (June 9, 2013). "IRS manager: White House not involved in reviews". NPR.
^ Blake, Aaron (June 9, 2013). "Elijah Cummings: 'case is solved' on IRS". Washington Post.
^ Zernike, Kate (April 14, 2010). "Poll Finds Tea Party Backers Wealthier and More Educated". New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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^ U.S. Census Bureau. "Data Set: 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". Survey: American Community Survey. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Vogel, Kenneth P. (March 23, 2010). "Poll: Tea Partiers Like GOP". Politico. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Tea Party Could Hurt GOP In Congressional Races, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Dems Trail 2-Way Races, But Win If Tea Party Runs" (Press release). Quinnipiac University. March 24, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ Good, Chris (April 13, 2000). "The Tea Party Movement: Who's In Charge?". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ Reynolds, Glenn H. (April 13, 2009). %5b%5bCategory:All articles with dead external links%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with dead external links from July 2011%5d%5d^{[%5b%5bWikipedia:Link rot|dead link%5d%5d]} "Tea Parties: Real Grassroots". New York Post. Retrieved April 24, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ Oneal, Michael (April 16, 2009). "Anti-Obama rebellion poses risk for the GOP". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Patrik Jonsson, "Amid harsh criticisms, 'tea party' slips into the mainstream Christian Science Monitor, April 3, 2010
^ "Tea Partiers Are Fairly Mainstream in Their Demographics". Gallup.com. April 5, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "CBS/NY Times Poll: National Survey of Tea Party Supporters". New York Times. April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Miller, Sean (April 4, 2010). "Survey: Four in 10 Tea Party members are Democrats or independents". Retrieved February 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
^ Przybyla, Heidi (March 26, 2010). "Tea Party Advocates Who Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ This number includes White Hispanic and Latino Americans. Excluding these, this category comprises 65.4%: B02001. "Race—Universe: Total Population". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2009, and B03002. "Hispanic or Latino origin by race—Universe: Total pupulation". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2009
^ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
^ Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009) "American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008" Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA; Retrieved April 1, 2009 (PDF)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Page Susan; Jagoda Naomi (July 1, 2010). "What is the Tea Party? A growing state of mind". USA Today.
^ Campbell, David E. and Putnam, Robert D. (August 16, 2011). "Crashing the Tea Party". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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^ [1]
^ "FBI investigating cut gas line at Perriello's brother's home", The Washington Post, March 24, 2010
^ "Accusations Fly Between Parties Over Threats and Vandalism", The New York Times, March 25, 2010.
^ McNeill, Brian (March 24, 2010), "Severed gas line found at home of Perriello brother", The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, VA)
^ "Tom Perriello gas line 'intentionally cut'" Politico, March 25, 2010
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^ "Iowa Tea Party Billboard Compares Obama To Hitler, Lenin", The Huffington Post, July 13, 2010
^ "Tea Party billboard compares Obama to Hitler", Capitol Hill Blue, July 14, 2010

External links

[1] Liptak, Mark (March 13, 2010). "Tea-ing Up the Constitution". The New York Times. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 31, 2010. It is, of course, hard to say anything definitive about the Tea Party movement, a loose confederation of groups with no central leadership. But if there is a central theme to its understanding of the Constitution, it is that the nation's founders knew what they were doing and that their work must be protected.

[2] Rebecca E. Zietlow, Popular Originalism? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory, 64 Fla. L. Rev., p. 483 (2012)

[Gallup-3] Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government The Hill, July 5, 2010

[thefiscaltimes.com-4] Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2011.

[Conservatism-5] Pauline Arrillaga (04/14/12). "Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years". Huffington Post. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Michelle Boorstein (October 5, 2010). "Tea party, religious right often overlap, poll shows". The Washington Post.
Peter Wallsten, Danny Yadron (September 29, 2010). "Tea-Party Movement Gathers Strength". The Wall Street Journal.

[libertarian-6] Ekins, Emily (September 26, 2011). "Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian?". Reason. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily McClintock (August 6, 2012), Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party, Cato

[populist-7] Halloran, Liz (February 5, 2010). "What's Behind The New Populism?". NPR.
Barstow, David (February 16, 2010). "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right". New York Times.
Fineman, Howard (April 6, 2010). "Party Time". Newsweek.

[deseret-8] Servatius, David (March 6, 2009). "Anti-tax-and-spend group throws "tea party" at Capitol". Deseret News. Retrieved June 16, 2009.

[economist-9] "Anger Management". The Economist. March 5, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.

[sfexaminer-10] Tapscott, Mark (March 19, 2009). "Tea parties are flash crowds Obama should fear". The San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[11] ttp://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300117059

[12] Raphael, Ray. "Debunking Boston Tea Party Myths". Historynet.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.

[13] Ten economic protests that changed history

[14] "Retracing the history of the Boston Tea Party – The Boston Globe". Articles.boston.com. November 16, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2012.

[daily_news_1984-15] "Libertarians to plan tea party to protest tax". The Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Associated Press. April 5, 1984. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[16] Michael Holmes (July 12, 1991). "Republicans urge tea for Texas/Legislators seek cuts before taxes". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2011.

[17] "Tea bag protesters would toss away state's future" (Fee required). Austin American-Statesman. July 24, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[18] "Smith refuses to defend tax proposition". Boca Raton News. Associated Press. July 14, 1983. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[19] "Demonstrators hurl tea bags in bid against raising taxes". Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. July 23, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[20] "'Tea Party' Protests Taxation, But Don't Expect A Revolution" (Fee required). October 20, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[21] "Boston Tea Party Is Protest Template". UPI.com. UPI. April 20, 2008.

[LATimes01-22] Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 23, 2001), "Talk Radio Thwarts Tennessee Income Tax", Los Angeles Times, retrieved June 1, 2012

[23] ttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20002529-503544/tea-party-supporters-who-they-are-and-what-they-believe/

[24] Clout Diminished, Tea Party Turns to Narrower Issues; New York Times; December 25, 2012

[25] The Tea Party Movement; New York Times; December 26, 2012

[26] Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right; New York Times; February 15, 2010

[27] Tea Party Doesn't Need Votes to Win U.S. Elections; Albert Hunt in the New York Times; September 26, 2010

[28] Tea Party Movement; Encyclopædia Britannica; June 28, 2011

[29] What is the Tea Party movement, and could it change US politics?; The Independent; January 22, 2010

[30] Schmidt, Christopher W. The Tea Party and the Constitution, 39 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 193–252 (2011).

[Seitz-Wald-31] Seitz-Wald, Alex (August 16, 2012). "Repeal the 17th Amendment!". Salon.com. Retrieved June 16, 2013.

[32] Foley, Elizabeth Price , Sovereignty, Rebalanced: The Tea Party and Constitutional Amendments (August 3, 2011). Tennessee Law Review, Vol. 78, p. 751, 2011

[33] "Why Republicans aren't signing the Contract From America". The Washington Post.

[supporters-34] "Complete List of Signatories Running for U.S. Congress or Governor". Contract from America. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

[35] "Exclusive: Palin On Foreign Policy," CBS News, June 2, 2010.

[36] Paul, Ron (August 27, 2010). "A Tea Party Foreign Policy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 25, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[37] Mead, Walter Russell (March/April 2011). "The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy: What Populism Means for Globalism". Foreign Affairs: 28–44. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[38] "H.Con.Res. 51: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War ... (On the Resolution)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 8, 2012.

[39] "S. 3576: A bill to provide limitations on United States assistance, and ... (On Passage of the Bill)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 8, 2012.

[40] Rasmussen, Scott W.; Schoen, Doug. Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. Harper. pp. 132–136. ISBN 978-0-06-199523-1.

[Gallup_Poll-41] "Tea Party Supporters Overlap Republican Base". Gallup Poll. July 2, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.

[42] "The Fix – Tea Party = Republican party?". Washington Post. The Washington Post. July 6, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.

[43] Rasmussen, Scott; Schoen, Doug (2010). Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. HarperCollins. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-06-199523-1.

[44] The GOP Takes its Tea; Los Angeles Times; July 25, 2010

[45] Five Myths About the Tea Party Slate; August 9, 2010

[agwpostface-46] Tea Party canvass results, Category: "What They Believe" A Party Face Washington Post October 24, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2011.

[47] Sherman, Jake (July 16, 2010). "Bachmann forms Tea Party Caucus". Politico. Retrieved August 4, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[house1-48] "Members of the Tea Party Caucus". Bachmann.house.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2011.

[49] Vogel, Kenneth P. (August 2, 2010). "Tea party vs. Tea Party Caucus". Politico. Retrieved September 13, 2010.

[Atlantic-50] "The Tea Party's Brain – Magazine". The Atlantic. October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2011.

[51] Lepore, Jill (2010). The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party's Revolution and the Battle over American History. Princeton University Press. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0-691-15027-7.

[52] Schroeder, Anne (April 8, 2009). "T.E.A. = Taxed Enough Already". Politico.com. Retrieved August 1, 2011.

[53] This World: Tea Party America, BBC 2, November 1, 2010^{[dead link]}

[54] Williams, Juan (May 10, 2011). "Juan Williams: The Surprising Rise of Rep. Ron Paul". Fox News.

[55] Pilkington, Ed (October 13, 2010). "Americans For Prosperity sponsors Tea Party workshop". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[56] Mayer, Jane (August 30, 2010). "Covert Operations". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[57] ‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea Party, Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana, Stanton A Glantz; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA; Tobacco Control, published Feb 8, 2013; viewed Feb 14, 2013, updated to free version March 5, 2013

[58] Study: Tea Party Organizations Have Ties To Tobacco Industry Dating Back To 1980s; UCSF; February 8, 2013

[59] Documents reveal tobacco companies funded their own ‘tea party’ first; The Raw Story, February 11, 2013

[60] Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaire Koch Brothers, Brendan DeMelle, Huffington Post, posted Feb 11, 2013, viewed Feb 14, 2012

[61] Gore, Al (February 13, 2013). "False Spontaneity of the Tea Party". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2013.

[62] St. Clair, Neil (January 24, 2009). "A 'tea party' to protest Paterson's taxes". YNN Central New York. Retrieved September 7, 2011

[post_gazette-63] Barnes, Tom (March 8, 2009). "Harrisburg Tea Party protests ongoing bailout". Local/State. Post-Gazette.com. Retrieved April 9, 2010.

[peter-64] Ferrara, Peter (April 15, 2009). "The Tea Party Revolution". The American Spectator. Retrieved June 18, 2009.

[nytimes-65] Seleny, Jeff (September 12, 2009). "Thousands Rally in Capital to Protest Big Government". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2009.

[tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com-66] Evan McMorris-Santoro,"The Town Hall Dog That Didn't Bite", Talking Points Memo, DC, April 5, 2010.

[Zernike-67] Zernike, Kate (February 27, 2010). "Unlikely Activist Who Got to the Tea Party Early". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2011. But leaders of the Tea Party movement credit her with being the first

[68] Good, Chris (February 4, 2010). "Is Palin's Tea Party Speech A Mistake? Tea Partiers Have Mixed Opinions". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 25, 2010. Keli Carender, 30, of Seattle, who is credited with hosting one of the first ever Tea Party protests in February 2009, before the movement really got started.

[Kaste-69] Kaste, Martin (February 2, 2010). "Tea Party Star Leads Movement On Her Own Terms". National Public Radio. Retrieved April 25, 2010. Keli Carender ... organized some of the earliest Tea Party-style protests—before they were even called Tea Party protests

[Seattleprotest_KIROtv-70] "Video: Dozens Gather At 'Porkulus' Protest" (Video). Seattle: KIRO-TV. February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2009.^{[dead link]}

[meet_keli_carender-71] "Meet Keli Carender, Tea Party organizer in Seattle, Washington". TaxDayTeaParty.com. March 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2011.

[72] Beren, Steve (February 12, 2009). "Mon 2/16 – Seattle protest against Obama stimulus plan!". TCUnation.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.

[73] Carender, Keri (February 12, 2009). "Protest Update – New!". Redistributing Knowledge. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[74] Malkin, Michelle (February 15, 2009). "Taxpayer revolt: Porkulus protest in Seattle, Obama to sign theft act in Denver". MichelleMalkin.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[75] Malkin, Michelle (February 16, 2009). "From the Boston Tea Party to your neighborhood pork protest". MichelleMalkin.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[76] Dan Weil, "Rasmussen: Tea Party Shows Weakness of GOP Establishment", Newsmax.com, September 18, 2010

[McGrath-77] McGrath, Ben (February 1, 2010). "The Movement: The Rise of Tea Party Activism". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 30, 2010.

[78] Montopoli, Brian (April 15, 2009). "Tax Day Brings Out "Tea Party" Protesters Protests Planned Across Country Against Government Taxation And Spending As Some Question Whether Movement Has Been Co-Opted". CBS News. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[79] "Rick Santelli's Shout Heard Round the World". CNBC.com. February 22, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[cnbc-80] Santelli, Rick (March 2, 2009). "Rick Santelli: I Want to Set the Record Straight". CNBC.com. Retrieved April 23, 2009.

[chicagotribune2-81] Rosenthal, Phil (February 23, 2009). "Rant raises profile of CNBC on-air personality Rick Santelli". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[82] Rosenthal, Phil (February 22, 2009). "Rant by CNBC's Rick Santelli puts pundit at odds with Obama administration". Chicago Tribune.

[cbs-83] Last, Jonathan V. (March 4, 2009). "Opposition To The Foreclosure Bailout Rises". Weekly Standard (reprinted by CBS News.com). Retrieved April 25, 2010.

[84] "Worst Case Scenario No. 3". Fox News. February 20, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[huffingtonpost.com-85] Hamsher, Jane (April 15, 2009). "A Teabagger Timeline: Koch, Coors, Newt, Dick Armey There From The Start". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[86] Berger, Judson (April 9, 2009). "Modern-Day Tea Parties Give Taxpayers Chance to Scream for Better Representation". Fox News. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[87] Roesgen, Andy (February 27, 2009). "Protestors Gather for Self-Styled Tea Party". myFoxChicago.com. Retrieved February 27, 2009.^{[dead link]}

[leaderstowatch-88] "12 Tea Party leaders to watch", National Journal, February 4, 2010

[89] showing Glenn Beck promoting FNC Tax Day Tea Parties hosted on Media Matters for America

[90] "Online Efforts Boost Tax Day Tea Parties", The Washington Times

[91] Common Nonsense: Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance By Alexander Zaitchik, p.244

[92] Davis, Teddy (April 15, 2010). "Tea Party Activists Unveil 'Contract from America'". ABC News. Retrieved September 15, 2010.

[93] Contract From America Web Site.

[94] Kate Zernike, "Tea Party Set to Win Enough Races for Wide Influence" The New York Times, October 14, 2010

[95] Jonathan Weisman, "GOP in Lead in Final Lap" Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2010

[Murray-96] Malcolm Andrew (February 18, 2010). "Dean Murray, first elected Tea Party activist, joins N.Y. Legislature Monday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2010.

[97] Alexandra Moe (November 3, 2010). "Just 32% of Tea Party candidates win – First Read". firstread.nbcnews.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

[98] Barack Obama, the Tea Party, and the 2010 Midterm Elections; Gary C. Jacobson; University of California, San Diego; pg. 3

[99] Ian Gray (November 7, 2012). "Tea Party Election Results: Conservative Movement Of 2010 Takes Pounding In 2012". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

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[101] Elizabeth Dwoskin (November 7, 2012). "Has the Tea Party Lost Its Mojo? – Businessweek". businessweek.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

[102] Dbug (December 29, 2012). What Happened to The Tea Party in the 2012 Election? "What Happened to The Tea Party in the 2012 Election?". Daily Kos. Retrieved June 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

[HuffPostDec-103] Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years

[DBDec-104] Tea Party ‘Is Dead’: How the Movement Fizzled in 2012’s GOP Primaries; The Daily Beast; February 2, 2012

[csmonitor.com-105] How tea party and its unlikely allies nixed Atlanta's transit tax The Christian Science Monitor. August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.

[msnbc.msn.com-106] Tea party evolves, achieves state policy victories NBC News. August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.

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[108] Altman, Alex (May 14, 2013). "The Real IRS Scandal | TIME.com". Swampland.time.com. Retrieved May 14, 2013.

[IRS-109] Ohlemacher, Stephen. IRS Apologizes For Targeting Conservative Groups. Associated Press, May 10, 2013.

[NYTIRS-110] Weisman, Jonathan. "I.R.S. Apologizes to Tea Party Groups Over Audits of Applications for Tax Exemption." The New York Times, May 10, 2013.

[reuters0609-111] Morgan, David; Dixon, Kim (June 9, 2013). "Republican IRS agent says Cincinnati began 'Tea Party' inquiries". Reuters.

[npr0609-112] Associated Press (June 9, 2013). "IRS manager: White House not involved in reviews". NPR.

[113] Blake, Aaron (June 9, 2013). "Elijah Cummings: 'case is solved' on IRS". Washington Post.

[114] Zernike, Kate (April 14, 2010). "Poll Finds Tea Party Backers Wealthier and More Educated". New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[115] National Survey of Tea Party Supporters New York Times/CBS News Poll; April 14, 2010

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[vogel1-117] Vogel, Kenneth P. (March 23, 2010). "Poll: Tea Partiers Like GOP". Politico. Retrieved April 24, 2010.

[quinnipiac1-118] "Tea Party Could Hurt GOP In Congressional Races, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Dems Trail 2-Way Races, But Win If Tea Party Runs" (Press release). Quinnipiac University. March 24, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.

[who-119] Good, Chris (April 13, 2000). "The Tea Party Movement: Who's In Charge?". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 24, 2010.

[120] Reynolds, Glenn H. (April 13, 2009). %5b%5bCategory:All articles with dead external links%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with dead external links from July 2011%5d%5d^{[%5b%5bWikipedia:Link rot|dead link%5d%5d]} "Tea Parties: Real Grassroots". New York Post. Retrieved April 24, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)

[rebel-121] Oneal, Michael (April 16, 2009). "Anti-Obama rebellion poses risk for the GOP". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Jonsson040310-122] Patrik Jonsson, "Amid harsh criticisms, 'tea party' slips into the mainstream Christian Science Monitor, April 3, 2010

[123] "Tea Partiers Are Fairly Mainstream in Their Demographics". Gallup.com. April 5, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.

[nytimes1-124] "CBS/NY Times Poll: National Survey of Tea Party Supporters". New York Times. April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010.

[WinstonPoll-125] Miller, Sean (April 4, 2010). "Survey: Four in 10 Tea Party members are Democrats or independents". Retrieved February 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[bloomberg_03-2010-126] Przybyla, Heidi (March 26, 2010). "Tea Party Advocates Who Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 28, 2010.

[127] This number includes White Hispanic and Latino Americans. Excluding these, this category comprises 65.4%: B02001. "Race—Universe: Total Population". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2009, and B03002. "Hispanic or Latino origin by race—Universe: Total pupulation". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2009

[128] "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved February 16, 2010.

[129] Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009) "American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008" Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA; Retrieved April 1, 2009 (PDF)

[PageNaomi-130] Page Susan; Jagoda Naomi (July 1, 2010). "What is the Tea Party? A growing state of mind". USA Today.

[131] Campbell, David E. and Putnam, Robert D. (August 16, 2011). "Crashing the Tea Party". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[God-132] David E. Campbell, Robert D. Putnam "God and Caesar in America" Foreign Affairs, March April 2012, pp34-43, p.38

[133] John M. Broder "Climate Change Doubt Is Tea Party Article of Faith" The New York Times, October 20, 2010, retrieved October 21, 2010

[134] "California tea party activists work to pass Proposition 23". San Jose Mercury News. October 4, 2010.^{[dead link]}

[135] "U.S. Congress District 36". California Secretary of State. May 17, 2011.

[136] "'Tea party' groups plan Arizona rally against illegal immigration", The Washington Post, August 11, 2010

[huffingtonpost1-137] "More Than Half Of Tea Party Supporters Say Gays And Lesbians Have Too Much Political Power (POLL)". The Huffington Post. Released June 2, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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[139] ttp://www.washingtonpoll.org/results/June1_teaparty.pdf

[140] "One Republican who is not on any ticket is stealing the national spotlight: Sarah Palin" according to Huma Khan and Alexander Pepper, Sarah Palin's Endorsements Pack a Punch ABC News, June 24, 2010

[141] Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen Mad As Hell (2010) pp. 154

[top_players-142] The top national players in the tea party The Washington Post, September 26, 2010

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[tpmmuckraker-147] Roth, Zachery (December 28, 2009). "Majority Of Tea Party Group's Spending Went To GOP Firm That Created It". TPMMuckraker. Retrieved February 22, 2010.

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[153] Montanaro, Domenico (January 15, 2010). "Tea Partying for profit?". MSNBC. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[154] Patrik Jonsson (February 3, 2010). "As others bolt, Sarah Palin stands by 'tea party' convention". Csmonitor.com. Retrieved August 1, 2011.

[155] "Palin prête pour une révolution" (in French). February 20, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[Federation_announcement-156] Hennessey, Kathleen (April 8, 2010). "Tea parties form a federation, but don't call them organized". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

[157] "Nationwide Tea Party Coalition | Plug into the Tea Party Movement Ecosystem". nationwidechicagoteaparty.com. Retrieved May 15, 2013.

[158] Michele Bachmann Plans To Form Tea Party Caucus In Congress. Huffington Post; July 16, 2010

[159] Kenneth P. Vogel Tea party vs. Tea Party Caucus. Politico; August 2, 2010.

[160] "Student Tea Partyers head to Phoenix, face challenges". Thecollegefix.com. February 25, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2012.

[161] Pilkington, Ed (October 19, 2010). "Palin stirs Tea Party troops with call to recapture principles of Ronald Reagan: Activists start two-week tour ahead of midterm poll: Key Democrats targeted amid attack on 'socialism'". The Guardian. p. 18.

[162] Hoppin, Jason (October 22, 2010). "Bachmann's MichelePAC has $10 million, shared with local conservatives, 'tea party' hopefuls". Saint Paul Pioneer Press.

[million-163] Tea Party Patriots to Hand Out $1 million for November Election Spending Bloomberg, September 21, 2010

[Krugman_04-12-09-164] Krugman, Paul (April 12, 2009). "Tea Parties Forever". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2010.

[165] Hannity, Sean (March 2, 2010). "Pelosi Backpedals on Tea Partiers". Hannity's America. FOX News Network.

[166] Pelosi: Tea parties are part of an 'astroturf' campaign by 'some of the wealthiest people in America.' ThinkProgress, Apr 15, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.

[nyerhit-167] Mayer, Jane (August 30, 2010). "Covert Operations". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved January 31, 2011.

[Zernike1020-168] Zernike, Kate (October 19, 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". The New York Times.^{[dead link]}

[169] Rasmussen, Scott; Schoen, Doug (2010). Mad As Hell. p. 150

[170] Pilkington, Ed (September 18, 2009). Republicans steal Barack Obama's internet campaigning tricks. The Guardian (London).

[171] Helderman, Rosalind S.; Gardner, Amy (November 26, 2010). "Tea party invests at local level in Virginia". The Washington Post. p. A.1.

[WeigelFW-172] Weigel, David (April 15, 2010). "Dick Armey: Please, Koch, keep distancing yourself from me". Washington Post <--online only-->.

[173] Meyer, Christopher (October 23, 2010). "Is this the start of a new American Revolution?". Daily Mail. UK (UK). p. 16.

[mayer-fresh-air-2010-174] Mayer, Jane (August 26, 2010). "The Brothers Koch: Rich, Political And Playing To Win". Fresh Air. NPR.

[GallupPoll-175] Saad, Lydia (April 5, 2010). "Tea Partiers Are Fairly Mainstream in Their Demographics". Gallup Poll. Retrieved February 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[GallupPoll2-176] Saad, Lydia (January 31, 2011). "Americans Believe GOP Should Consider Tea Party Ideas". Gallup Poll.

[177] USA Today/Gallup (August 4–7, 2011). "Democrats Enjoy Slight Edge on 2012 Congressional Ballot". Gallup. Retrieved August 22, 2011.

[178] In U.S., Negative Views of the Tea Party Rise to New High gallup.com| April 28, 2011

[179] Tea party more unpopular than atheists and Muslims| By DOUG THOMPSON| August 19, 2011

[180] Support for Tea Party Falls in Strongholds, Polls Show By KATE ZERNIKE November 29, 2011

[CBSPoll-181] Condon, Stephanie (September 20, 2010). "Tea Party Supported by One in Five in New CBS News/NYT Poll". CBS News. Retrieved February 8, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[182] New York Times/CBS News (August 2–3, 2011). "Poll". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2011.

[183] Connelly, Joel (September 27, 2011). "Poll: Thumbs down to Tea Party". seattlepi.com.

[WSJPoll-184] Murray, Mark (September 28, 2010). "Poll: Battle for Congress tightens between parties". MSNBC. Retrieved February 8, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[GallupAug-185] Tea Party Sparks More Antipathy Than Passion, Gallup

[PewAug-186] Views of Tea Party Supporters in Congress Grow More Negative, Pew

[187] August 9th CNN/ORC Poll, CNN

[rasmussenreports1-188] "53% of Republicans See Tea Party As Political Plus; 32% of Democrats Say Same of Occupy". Rasmussen Reports. April 4, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)

[189] "Gadsden flag denied over State Capitol". New Haven, CT: WTNH. May 26, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

[190] Hayes, Ted (May 27, 2010). "'Tea Party' flag rankles some". East Bay Newspapers. Retrieved September 7, 2011.

[foxnews1-191] "Connecticut Marines Fight for 'Don't Tread on Me' Flag Display". Fox News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.

[192] Scocca, Tom (June 13, 2010). "Flag daze". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 2, 2010.

[193] "Gadsden Flags Flying Off the Shelves in Support of the Tea Party Tax Protest" (Press release). Marketwire. April 16, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2009.

[194] "Tea Party flag will not fly at Connecticut Capitol". NECN. April 8, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.

[195] Colmes, Alan (January 20, 2010). "Flag Calling For 'Second Revolution' Distributed At Scott Brown Victory Party". Liberaland. Alan Colmes. Retrieved August 1, 2011.

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[evolution-200] "The evolution of the word 'tea bagger'". The Week. May 5, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2013.

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[202] Koppelman, Alex (April 14, 2009). "Your guide to teabagging". Salon.com. Retrieved June 6, 2013.

[203] "Cable Anchors, Guests Use Tea Parties as Platform for Frat House Humor". FOX News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.

[204] Leibovich, Mark (December 19, 2009). "The Buzzwords of 2009". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[205] Obama's 100 Days Townhall in Missouri Real Clear Politics; April 29, 2009.

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[ABC_pol_punch-207] Travers, Karen (April 15, 2010). "Obama at Democratic Fundraiser: Tea Partiers Should Be Thanking Him for Tax Cuts". Political Punch. ABC News. Retrieved April 23, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[208] "Remarks by the President at DNC Reception, April 15, 2010" (Transcript). White House Press Office. April 16, 2010.

[209] Obama to Tea Party: 'What would you do?' USA Today; September 20, 2010

[210] President Obama's Townhall with CNBC John Harwood Scribd Transcript; September 20, 2010

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[230] [1]

[231] "FBI investigating cut gas line at Perriello's brother's home", The Washington Post, March 24, 2010

[232] "Accusations Fly Between Parties Over Threats and Vandalism", The New York Times, March 25, 2010.

[233] McNeill, Brian (March 24, 2010), "Severed gas line found at home of Perriello brother", The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, VA)

[234] "Tom Perriello gas line 'intentionally cut'" Politico, March 25, 2010

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Libertarianism sidebar}}
-The '''Tea Party movement''' is an [[United States|American]] political movement that advocates a version of [[originalism|constitutional originalism]] for interpreting the [[United States Constitution]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/weekinreview/14liptak.html |title=Tea-ing Up the Constitution |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 13, 2010 |last=Liptak |first=Mark |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=October 31, 2010 |quote=It is, of course, hard to say anything definitive about the Tea Party movement, a loose confederation of groups with no central leadership. But if there is a central theme to its understanding of the Constitution, it is that the nation’s founders knew what they were doing and that their work must be protected.}}</ref><ref> [http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol64/iss2/5 Rebecca E. Zietlow, Popular Originalism? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory, 64 Fla. L. Rev., p. 483 (2012)]</ref> and reducing [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] [[United States federal budget|spending]] and [[Taxation in the United States|taxes]]<ref name="Gallup">[http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/107193-gallup-tea-partys-top-concerns-are-debt-size-of-government Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government] ''The Hill'', July 5, 2010</ref><ref name="thefiscaltimes.com">Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/12/AR2010091201425.html Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved November 5, 2011.</ref> as well as the [[United States public debt|U.S. national debt]] and [[federal budget deficit]].<ref name="Gallup" /> The movement has been called partly [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]],<ref name=Conservatism/> partly [[Libertarianism|libertarian]],<ref name=libertarian/> and partly [[Populism|populist]].<ref name=populist/> The movement has sponsored [[Tea Party protests|protests]] and supported political candidates since 2009.<ref name="deseret"/><ref name="economist"/><ref name="sfexaminer"/>
+The '''Tea Party movement''' is an [[United States|American]] political movement that advocates a version of [[originalism|constitutional originalism]] for interpreting the [[United States Constitution]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/weekinreview/14liptak.html |title=Tea-ing Up the Constitution |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 13, 2010 |last=Liptak |first=Mark |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=October 31, 2010 |quote=It is, of course, hard to say anything definitive about the Tea Party movement, a loose confederation of groups with no central leadership. But if there is a central theme to its understanding of the Constitution, it is that the nation’s founders knew what they were doing and that their work must be protected.}}</ref><ref> [http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol64/iss2/5 Rebecca E. Zietlow, Popular Originalism? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory, 64 Fla. L. Rev., p. 483 (2012)]</ref> and reducing [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] [[United States federal budget|spending]] and [[Taxation in the United States|taxes]],<ref name="Gallup">[http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/107193-gallup-tea-partys-top-concerns-are-debt-size-of-government Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government] ''The Hill'', July 5, 2010</ref><ref name="thefiscaltimes.com">Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/12/AR2010091201425.html Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved November 5, 2011.</ref> and reduction of the [[United States public debt|U.S. national debt]] and [[federal budget deficit]].<ref name="Gallup" /> The movement has been called partly [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]],<ref name=Conservatism/> partly [[Libertarianism|libertarian]],<ref name=libertarian/> and partly [[Populism|populist]].<ref name=populist/> The movement has sponsored [[Tea Party protests|protests]] and supported political candidates since 2009.<ref name="deseret"/><ref name="economist"/><ref name="sfexaminer"/>
 The name of the movement is derived from the [[Boston Tea Party]] of 1773, an iconic event in American history.<ref>http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300117059</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raphael |first=Ray |url=http://www.historynet.com/debunking-boston-tea-party-myths.htm |title=Debunking Boston Tea Party Myths |publisher=Historynet.com |date= |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2011/1105/Ten-economic-protests-that-changed-history/Boston-Tea-Party-1773 Ten economic protests that changed history]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-11-16/ae/29307327_1_tea-ships-iconic-event-tea-merchants |title=Retracing the history of the Boston Tea Party – The Boston Globe |publisher=Articles.boston.com |date=November 16, 2010 |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref> [[Anti-tax]] protesters in the United States have often referred to the original Boston Tea Party for inspiration.<ref name="daily news 1984">{{Cite news |title=Libertarians to plan tea party to protest tax |date=April 5, 1984 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|The Daily News]] |location=Bowling Green, Kentucky |accessdate=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1991_796548/republicans-urge-tea-for-texas-legislators-seek-cu.html |title=Republicans urge tea for Texas/Legislators seek cuts before taxes |author=Michael Holmes |agency=Associated Press |date=July 12, 1991 |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_hidethis=no&p_field_label-0=Author&p_field_label-1=title&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=Tea%20bag%20protesters%20would%20toss%20away%20state%27s%20future&s_dispstring=headline%28Tea%20bag%20protesters%20would%20toss%20away%20state%27s%20future%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |title=Tea bag protesters would toss away state's future |publisher=Austin American-Statesman |date=July 24, 1991 |format=Fee required |accessdate=April 23, 2010}}</ref> References to the Boston Tea Party were part of [[Tax Day]] protests held throughout the 1990s and earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Smith refuses to defend tax proposition |agency=Associated Press |date=July 14, 1983 |publisher=Boca Raton News |accessdate=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=esYcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=51kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7010,4383884&hl=en |title=Demonstrators hurl tea bags in bid against raising taxes |date=July 23, 1991 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Victoria Advocate |accessdate=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB344E5F94DCCDC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= 'Tea Party' Protests Taxation, But Don't Expect A Revolution |format=Fee required |date=October 20, 1991 |accessdate=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2008/04/20/Boston-Tea-Party-is-protest-template/UPI-96411208726823/ |title=Boston Tea Party Is Protest Template |date=April 20, 2008 |agency=UPI |publisher=UPI.com}}</ref><!--reference which was incorrect, possibly orphaned? -'The Rachel Maddow Show' for Tuesday, April 14, year 2009 or 2010 was not specified-->  By 2001, a custom had developed among some conservative activists of mailing [[tea bags]] to legislators and other officials as a symbolic act.<ref name="LATimes01">{{Citation | title = Talk Radio Thwarts Tennessee Income Tax | first1 = Jeffrey | last1 = Gettleman | authorlink1 = Jeffrey Gettleman | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/23/news/mn-25661 | accessdate = June 1, 2012 | date = July 23, 2001}}</ref>

Tea Party movement
Issues	American exceptionalism Popular constitutionalism Contract from America Originalism Paleoconservatism Free market FairTax Flat taxation Opposition to taxation
History	Electoral history of the Tea Party movement Right America: Feeling Wronged – Some Voices from the Campaign Trail Taxpayer March on Washington Restoring Honor rally Tea Party protests
People	Justin Amash Dick Armey Michele Bachmann Glenn Beck Matt Bevin Herman Cain Keli Carender Ted Cruz Jim DeMint Karl Denninger Matt Gaetz Trey Gowdy Sean Hannity Matt Kibbe Charles Koch David Koch Amy Kremer Mark Levin Rush Limbaugh Mark Meckler Sarah Palin Dan Patrick Rand Paul Ron Paul Rick Santelli Joe Walsh Allen West List of Tea Party politicians
Organizations	Americans for Prosperity Americans for Tax Reform Club for Growth DontGo FreedomWorks National Tea Party Federation Senate Conservatives Fund Tea Party Express Tea Party Patriots Tea Party Nation
Related topics	Breitbart News Freedom Caucus Libertarian Republican Liberty Caucus Second Amendment Caucus Tea Party Caucus Tea Party Community TheBlaze Women for Trump (founded by Kremer) 9-12 Project
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Revision as of 11:03, 18 June 2013