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Taoyuan County
桃源县
County
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHunan
Prefecture-level cityChangde
Area
 • Total4,441 km2 (1,715 sq mi)
Highest elevation
1,130 m (3,710 ft)
Lowest elevation
40 m (130 ft)
Population
 (2007)
 • Total976,000
 • Density220/km2 (570/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
517000
Area code0736
Websitetaoyuan.gov.cn

Taoyuan County (simplified Chinese: 桃源县; traditional Chinese: 桃源縣; pinyin: Táoyuán Xiàn) is under the administration of Changde, Hunan province, China. The Yuan River, a tributary of Yangtze, flows through Taoyuan. Taoyuan covers an area of 4441 square kilometers, among which the arable land is 895 km2 (346 sq mi). It is 229 km (142 mi) from Zhangjiang Town, the county seat, to Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province. The county occupies the southwestern corner of Changde City and borders the prefecture-level cities of Zhangjiajie to the northwest and Huaihua to the southwest.

History

The area of present Taoyuan county belonged to Chu (state) during Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States period, and is a portion of Linyuan county during Western Han Dynasty. In AD 50, the 26th year of Jianwu, Eastern Han Dynasty, it was merged to Yuannan county, administered by Wuling prefecture, detaching it from Linyuan county. In AD 783, the third year of Sui Dynasty, Wuling county was created by annexing the three counties of Linyuan, Yuannan and Hanshou, administered by Langzhou prefecture.

In AD 963, the third year of Song Dynasty, Taoyuan County was officially established by separating a part of Wuling County. It was named after its famous Taohuayuan, a park named after the fable “Peach Blossom Spring”.

Its capital, Zhanjiang, is situated on the northern bank of Yuanjiang river.

Economy

Agricultural products include rice, wheat, edible oils, sesame seeds, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco. Manufactured products include machinery, textiles, chemicals, wood products, and leather goods. Local mines extract gold, silver, iron ore, and diamonds.

Education

Taoyuan has 123,000 students enrolled among its elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. 99.99% of children in their compulsory education ages are enrolled in schools, and 93.2% of children with disabilities are enrolled in schools.

Approximately 2000 of high school graduates are admitted to colleges and universities each year.

Taoyuan Yizhong, The First Middle School of Taoyuan, is the most prestigious school in Taoyuan County, composed of a high school section and a middle school section.

Geography and climate

Geography

Taoyuan County is in the northwestern portion, 28°55′N 111°29′E / 28.917°N 111.483°E / 28.917; 111.483,Template:GR of Hunan Province. It is 118 km from its northernmost point, LaoPeng village, Reshi Town, to its southernmost point, Shizi Ling, Xuejiachong village, Xi'an Town and 75 km from its easternmost post, Caoxiezhou, Renfeng village, Mutangyuan Township, to its westernmost post, Wanjiahe, Gaofeng village, Niuchehe Township. Its total area is 4441.22 km2, which is the fourth largest in Hunan province. The arable land is 895 km2 (221,000 acres), the largest in Hunan province.

The agricultural landscape consists of 13.4% of alluvial plains of Yuanjiang river, 49.3% of hillocks and 36.0% of hills and mountains.

Climate

Taoyuan county is in transition zone from subtropical to north subtropical having a humid subtropical climate with seasonal prevailing winds. All four seasons are distinct.

The average annual temperature is 16.5 Celsius. The average temperature is 4.5 degrees Celsius in January and 28.5 degrees Celsius in July.

The average annual precipitation is 147 centimeters (58 inches), gradually decreasing from south to north. The annual average relative humidity is 82%; the annual sunshine length is 1531 hours and frost-free period lasts 284 days.

Demographics

Taoyuan County has a population of 976,000 people. This is composed of a dominant Han ethnic group and other 12 minority ethnic groups of Hui, Uyghur, Tujia, Man, Dong, Zhuang and Yao, among which Uyghur and Hui number more than 3000 population.

Taoyuan Uyghurs

Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde.[2][3][4][5] They are descended from a Uyghur leader Hala Bashi, from Turpan, whom the Ming dynasty Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang sent to Hunan in the 14th century, (mid-1300s).[6][7] Along with him came Uyghur soldiers from which the Hunan Uyghurs descend. During the 1982 census 4,000 Uyghurs were recorded in Hunan.[8] They have genealogies which reach up 600 years to the present day. Genealogy keeping is a Han Chinese custom which the Hunan Uyghurs adopted. These Uyghurs were given the surname Jian by the Emperor; they received Chinese education.[9] A prominent Hunan Uyghur was Jian Bozan (1898–1968); he was a member of the Chinese Communist Party.[10] There is some confusion as to whether they practice Islam or not. Some scholars state that they have assimilated with the Han and do not practice Islam anymore, and that only their genealogies indicate their Uyghur ancestry.[11] Chinese news sources report that they are Muslim.[6]

The Uyghur troops led by Hala were ordered by the Ming Emperor to crush Miao rebellions and were given titles by him. Jian (simplified Chinese: 简; traditional Chinese: 簡; pinyin: Jiǎn) is the predominant surname among the Uyghur in Changde, Hunan. Hala Bashi was given the title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" by the Emperor simplified Chinese: 镇国定南大将军; traditional Chinese: 鎮國定南大將軍; pinyin: zhèn guó dìngnán dàjiàng jūn[12][13] Another group of Uyghur have the surname Sai. Hui and Uyghur have intermarried in the Hunan area, and the Hui were also used by the Ming Emperor to crush revolts.[14] The Hui are descendants of Arabs and Han Chinese who intermarried, and they share the Islamic religion with the Uyghur in Hunan.[15] It is reported that they now number around 10,000 people. The Uyghurs in Changde are not very religious, and eat pork.[16] Older Uygurs disapprove of this, especially elders at the mosques in Changde, and they seek to draw them back to Islamic customs.[17]

In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde Hunan practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.[18] Also, the Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, they speak Chinese as their native language, and Arabic for religious reasons at the mosque.[14]

Language

Taoyuan dialect is profoundly influenced by northern dialect since the commute path of government messengers，speaking northern dialect, travelling to Yunnan and Guizhou from Song to Qing dynasty, passes through Taoyuan, and also by dialects in central Jiangxi since substantial residents in Jishui, Zhangshu and Fengcheng of Jiangxi relocated to Taoyuan successively from Ming dynasty to early Qing dynasty.

There are two types of accents in Taoyuan dialect, one of which called native accent, spoken in the central area of Taoyuan, including Zhangjiang Town, Zoushi Town, Qihe Town, Sanyanggang Town and part of Jianshi Town; the other accent is called periphery accent, spoken in the strip area bordering other counties.

Taoyuan dialect is a fusion of northern dialect and Jiangxi dialect. Its accent is close to those of Sichuan dialect, Chongqing dialect and Hubei dialect. It is categorized into Southwestern Mandarin.

Culture and folk customs

Taoyuan has its unique folk custom characteristics since it is located in the transition zone between Han nationality and ethnics.

In diet, Lei Cha, a "five flavors soup" by smashing a mixture of tea leaves, ginger, corn, meng beans and salt into powder, is popular drink in Taohuanyuan area. According to legend, Lei Cha prevented the soldiers from pestilence caused by the soldiers being unable to acclimatize to the environment in Taoyuan during the time Eastern Han general Ma Yuan fought southward to Taoyuan.

Taoyuan has unique local operas. Wuling Opera is a popular local opera performed by professionals. Musty Notes received the National Artist Award for its performance and script writing. Nuo Opera drama, called a "living fossil", is still widespread. Sangyanggang Town is known as the hometown of Nuo Opera.

Meanwhile, the Three Bar Drum, Yugu Drum, and string instruments are very popular as well.

Notable residents

Song Jiaoren (宋教仁)
  • Song Jiaoren (Chinese: 宋教仁, Apr 5, 1882 - Mar 22, 1913), a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang.
  • Liu Kan (Chinese: 刘戡 1906 – Mar 03, 1948), posthumously awarded rank of General of the Republic of China Army in 1953, was born in Zhengaotian village, Taohuanyuan Town.
  • Wang Qimei (Chinese: 王其梅, Dec 27, 1914—Aug 15, 1967), awarded rank of Major General of PLA in 1955, was born in Wangjiaping village, Sanyanggang Town.
  • Jian Bozan (Uyghur: 翦伯赞, 1898-Dec 18, 1968), a prominent Marxist historian, Vice President of Beijing University from 1952 to 1968, was born in Huiwei village, Fengshu Uyghur Autonomous Township.

Towns

Tourist attractions

  • The Taohuayuan Scenic Area is a park based on Peach Blossom Spring, (Chinese: 桃花源), a land then secluded from the outside mortal world depicted as an idyllic shangri-la by Tao Yuanming, (365–427), an Eastern Jin Dynasty poet, in his intriguing prose of Peach Blossom Spring

References

  1. ^ Google (2014-07-02). "Taoyuan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  2. ^ stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson (1992). Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China. Harvard University. p. 30. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  3. ^ Ingvar Svanberg (1988). The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution. Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts. p. 7. ISBN 91-86624-20-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  4. ^ Kathryn M. Coughlin (2006). Muslim cultures today: a reference guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220. ISBN 0-313-32386-0. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  5. ^ Li Jinhui (08/02/2001). "DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery". china.org.cn. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese". People's Daily. 29 December 2000.
  7. ^ Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Jon Rudelson (1997). Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road. Columbia University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-231-10786-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  8. ^ Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she (1988). New China's population. Macmillan. p. 197. ISBN 0-02-905471-0. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  9. ^ Yangbin Chen (2008). Muslim Uyghur students in a Chinese boarding school: social recapitalization as a response to ethnic integration. Lexington Books. p. 58. ISBN 0-7391-2112-X. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  10. ^ Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issue 34; Issues 36-41. Distributed by National Technical Information Service. 1979. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  11. ^ David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (1999). Islam outside the Arab world. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 197. ISBN 0-312-22691-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  12. ^ Zhonghua Minguo guo ji guan xi yan jiu suo (2000). Issues & studies, Volume 36, Issues 1-3. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. p. 184. Retrieved 26 Dec 2011. According to a local account shared among township residents, Uygur ancestors were called by the emperor to the region to quell Miao rebels during the Ming Dynasty and accepted titles from the emperor who bestowed part of the land as their own. The title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" S & fa also carries a given Han surname, Jian ( fij ), which currently makes the largest Uygur group in Changde. According to an expert on Changde Uygurs,6 while Jian is aOriginal from the University of Michigan
  13. ^ 海峽交流基金會 (2000). 遠景季刊, Volume 1, Issues 1-4. 財團法人海峽交流基金會. p. 38. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  14. ^ a b Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press,. p. 133. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press,. p. 135. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press,. p. 137. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  17. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press,. p. 138. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  18. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press,. p. 136. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taoyuan_County&oldid=615493902

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