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{{About|the county in Hunan|the city in Taiwan formerly known as Taoyuan County|Taoyuan, Taiwan}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Taoyuan County |
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|native_name = |
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|桃源县}}}} |
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] |
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|nickname = |
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| postal_code = 517000 |
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|motto = |
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| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in China|Area code]] |
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|image_skyline = |
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| area_code = 0736 |
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|imagesize = |
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| settlement_type = [[Counties of China|County]] |
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|image_caption = |
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| image_skyline = |
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|image_flag = |
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| image_map = ChinaChangdeTaoyuan.png |
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|image_seal = |
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| map_caption = Location of Taiyuan County within Changde |
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|image_map = |
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| pushpin_map = China Hunan |
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|mapsize = |
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| pushpin_label = Taoyuan |
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|map_caption = |
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| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |
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|image_dot_map = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hunan |
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|dot_mapsize = |
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| pushpin_mapsize = |
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|dot_map_caption = |
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|dot_x = 223 |dot_y = 177 |
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| subdivision_name = [[China]] |
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|coordinates_display = inline,title |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]] |
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|coordinates_region = CN |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Hunan]] |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecture-level city]] |
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|subdivision_name = [[People's Republic of China]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Changde]] |
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|subdivision_type1 = Province |
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| area_total_km2 = 4441 |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Hunan Province]] |
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| population_total = 976000 |
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|subdivision_type2 = County |
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| population_as_of = 2007 |
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|subdivision_name2 = Taoyuan County |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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|leader_title = |
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| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Taoyuan,+Changde,+Hunan/@28.9058588,111.2340862,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x369c68296fa41edb:0xccda33db6f1ab789 |title=Taoyuan|access-date=2014-07-02}}</ref> |
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|leader_name = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|28.906|111.234|region:CN-43|format=dms|display=it}} |
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|leader_title1 = |
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| elevation_ft = |
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|leader_name1 = |
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| elevation_m = |
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|leader_title2 = |
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| elevation_min_m = 40 |
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|leader_name2 = |
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| elevation_max_m = 1130 |
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|leader_title3 = |
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| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]] |
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|leader_name3 = |
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| utc_offset = +8 |
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|established_title = |
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| website = [https://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/ Taoyuan.gov.cn] |
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|established_date = |
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|established_title2 = |
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|established_date2 = |
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|established_title3 = |
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|established_date3 = |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|area_total_km2 = 4441 |
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|area_total_sq_mi = |
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|area_land_km2 = |
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|area_land_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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|area_water_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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|area_urban_km2 = |
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|area_urban_sq_mi = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_as_of = 2007 |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 976000 |
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|population_density_km2 = 220 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = |
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|population_metro = |
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|population_density_metro_km2 = |
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|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_urban = |
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|Racial Groups = |
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|timezone = GMT+08 |
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|utc_offset = |
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|timezone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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|latd=28 |latm=55 |lats= |latNS=N |
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|longd=111 |longm=29 |longs= |longEW=E |
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|elevation_m = 40–1130 |
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|elevation_ft = 130–3700 |
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|postal_code_type = |
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|postal_code = 517000 |
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|area_code = [[Area code 736|736]] |
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|website = http://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/ |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Taoyuan County''' ([[Chinese character|Chinese]]: 桃源县; [[Pinyin]]: Táoyuán Xiàn) is located in [[Changde]], [[Hunan|Hunan Province]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. The [[Yuanjiang]] river, a [[tributary]] of [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]], flows through Taoyuan. Taoyuan covers 4441 square kilometer area, among which the arable land is 895 square kilometers. It is 229 kilometers from Zhangjiang Town, the capital of Taoyuan county, to Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province. |
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'''Taoyuan County''' ({{zh|t=桃源縣 |s=桃源县 |p=Táoyuán Xiàn}}) is under the administration of [[Changde]], [[Hunan|Hunan Province]], [[China]]. The [[Yuan River]], a [[tributary]] of the [[Yangtze]], flows through Taoyuan. It covers an area of 4441 square kilometers, of which {{convert|895|km2|abbr=on}} is arable land. It is {{convert|229|km|abbr=on}} from Zhangjiang Town, the county seat, to Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province. The county occupies the southwestern corner of Changde City and borders the [[prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] of [[Zhangjiajie]] to the northwest and [[Huaihua]] to the southwest. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The area of present Taoyuan |
The area of present-day Taoyuan County belonged to the [[Chu (state)|Chu state]] during the [[Spring and Autumn period]] and the [[Warring States period]], and was a portion of Linyuan County during the [[Western Han dynasty]]. In [[AD]] 50, the 26th year of Jianwu, the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] was merged with Yuannan County, and administered by the Wuling Prefecture, separating it from Linyuan County. In AD 783, the third year of [[Sui dynasty]], Wuling County was created by annexing the three counties Linyuan, Yuannan, and Hanshou, administered by the Langzhou Prefecture. |
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In |
In AD 963, the third year of the [[Song dynasty]], Taoyuan County was officially established by separating a part of Wuling County. It was named after its famous Taohuayuan (桃花源), named after the fable "[[Peach Blossom Spring]]". |
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Its capital is situated |
Its capital, Zhanjiang (now [[Zhanjiang Subdistrict, Taoyuan|Zhanjiang Subdistrict]]), is situated on the northern bank of [[Yuan River]] (Yuanjiang). |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Agricultural products include rice, wheat, [[Vegetable fats and oils|edible oils]], sesame seeds, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco. Manufactured |
Agricultural products include rice, wheat, [[Vegetable fats and oils|edible oils]], sesame seeds, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco. Manufactured products include machinery, textiles, chemicals, wood products, and leather goods. Local mines extract gold, silver, iron ore, and diamonds. |
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==Education== |
==Education== |
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Taoyuan has 123,000 students enrolled |
Taoyuan has 123,000 students enrolled in its [[elementary schools]], [[middle schools]] and [[high schools]]. 99.99% of children of [[compulsory education]] age are enrolled in schools, and 93.2% of children with disabilities are enrolled in schools. |
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Approximately 2000 high school graduates are admitted to [[colleges]] and [[universities]] each year. |
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The First Middle School of Taoyuan (桃源一中), which includes both a middle school and high school, is the most prestigious school in Taoyuan County. |
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==Geography and climate== |
==Geography and climate== |
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===Subdivisions=== |
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According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county on November 20, 2015, Taoyuan County had 18 towns and 10 townships under its jurisdiction in 2015.<ref>Township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county: according to result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county on November 20, 2015: [http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2015/12/04/3856423.htm rednet (2015-12-04): 湖南省民政厅关于同意桃源县乡镇区划调整方案的批复 (湘民行发〔2015〕55号)], also see [http://www.hunan.gov.cn/zw/hnyw/szdt/201512/t20151207_1934306.html hunan.gov (2015-12-07)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202200008/http://www.hunan.gov.cn/zw/hnyw/szdt/201512/t20151207_1934306.html |date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> Five townships were reorganized as towns on December 28, 2016;<ref name="divisions2016">《桃源大事2016》：2016年12月28日，杨溪桥、郑家驿、双溪口、牛车河、九溪5个乡撤销乡建制，并在各自原行政区域基础上设镇. see [http://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/Item/115990.aspx taoyuan.gov], 《桃源石门7个乡撤乡设镇》 see [http://www.changde.gov.cn/art/2017/2/9/art_22_970999.html changde.gov (2017-02-09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003702/http://www.changde.gov.cn/art/2017/2/9/art_22_970999.html |date=2018-03-15 }}</ref> ''Mutangyuan Township'' was reorganized as a town,<ref name="Mutangyuan2017">常德市人民政府《关于桃源县木塘垸乡撤乡设镇的批复》(常政函〔2017〕154号) see [http://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/Item/119526.aspx taoyuan.gov (2018-03-01)] or [http://cdrb.cdyee.com/html/2018-01/02/content_568101.htm?div=-1 Changde Daily paper (2018-01-02)]</ref> Zhangjiang Town ceased to be a separate town, it was incorporated into two subdistricts in December 2017. The county has two subdistricts, 23 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction.<ref name="Taoyuan divisions2017">湖南省民政厅 湘民行发〔2017〕13号, see [http://mzt.hunan.gov.cn/yw/qhdm/201802/t20180213_4957191.html mzt.hunan.gov (2018-02-13)] or [http://cdrb.cdyee.com/html/2018-02/27/content_574719.htm?div=-1 Changde Daily /newspaper (2018-02-27)]</ref> |
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{{div col}} |
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=== Geography=== |
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;2 subdistricts |
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Taoyuan County is located in northwestern portion, {{coord|28|55|N|111|29|E|city}},{{GR|1}}, of Hunan Province. It is 118 km from its northernmost point, ''LaoPeng'' village, ''Reshi'' Town, to its southernmost point, ''Shizi Ling'', ''Xuejiachong'' village, ''Xi'an'' Town and 75 km from its easternmost post, ''Caoxiezhou'', ''Renfeng'' village, ''Mutangyuan'' Township, to its westernmost post, ''Wanjiahe'', ''Gaofeng'' village, ''Niuchehe'' Township. Its total area is 4441.22 km<sup>2</sup>, which is the fourth largest in Hunan province. The arable land is 895 km<sup>2</sup> (221,000 acres), which is the largest in Hunan province. |
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* [[Xunyang Subdistrict|Xunyang]] (浔阳街道) |
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* [[Zhangjiang Subdistrict|Zhangjiang]] (漳江街道) |
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;23 towns |
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*[[Cha'anpu]] (茶庵铺镇) |
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*[[Guanyinsi, Taoyuan|Guanyinsi]] (观音寺镇) |
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*[[Huangshi, Taoyuan|Huangshi]] (黄石镇) |
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*[[Jianshi, Taoyuan|Jianshi]] (剪市镇) |
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*[[Jiaqiao]] (架桥镇) |
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*[[Jiuxi, Taoyuan|Jiuxi]] (九溪镇) |
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*[[Ligonggang]] (理公港镇) |
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*[[Longtan Town, Taoyuan|Longtan]] (龙潭镇) |
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*[[Mazongling]] (马鬃岭镇) |
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*[[Mutangyuan]] (木塘垸镇) |
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*[[Niuchehe]] (牛车河镇) |
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*[[Pantang, Taoyuan|Pantang]] (盘塘镇) |
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*[[Qihe, Taoyuan|Qihe]] (漆河镇) |
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*[[Reshi, Taoyuan|Reshi]] (热市镇) |
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*[[Sanyanggang]] (三阳港镇) |
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*[[Shaping, Taoyuan|Shaping]] (沙坪镇) |
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*[[Shuangxikou]] (双溪口镇) |
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*[[Taohuayuan Town|Taohuayuan]] (桃花源镇) |
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*[[Xi'an, Taoyuan|Xi'an]] (西安镇) |
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*[[Yangxiqiao]] (杨溪桥镇) |
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*[[Yiwangxi]] (夷望溪镇) |
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*[[Zhengjiayi]] (郑家驿镇) |
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*[[Zoushi]] (陬市镇) |
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;2 townships |
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*[[Niwotan]] (泥窝潭乡) |
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*[[Shejiaping]] (佘家坪乡) |
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;2 [[Hui people|Hui]] & [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[ethnic township]]s |
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* [[Fengshu, Taoyuan|Fengshu]] (枫树维吾尔族回族乡) |
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* [[Qinglin]] (青林回族维吾尔族乡) |
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{{div-col-end}} |
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===Geography=== |
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The agricultural landscape consists of 13.4% of the alluvial plains of [[Yuanjiang]] river, 49.3% of hillock and 36.0% of hills and mountains. |
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Taoyuan County is in the northwestern portion, {{coord|28|55|N|111|29|E|type:city}},<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> of Hunan Province. It is {{convert|118|km|abbr=on}} from its northernmost point, LaoPeng village, Reshi Town, to its southernmost point, Shizi Ling, Xuejiachong village, Xi'an Town and {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}} from its easternmost post, Caoxiezhou, Renfeng village, Mutangyuan Township, to its westernmost post, Wanjiahe, Gaofeng village, Niuchehe Township. Its total area is {{convert|4441.22|km2|abbr=on}}, which is the fourth largest in Hunan Province. {{convert|895|km2|abbr=on}} is arable land, the largest area of arable land in Hunan Province. |
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The agricultural landscape consists of: 13.4% alluvial plains of the [[Yuan River|Yuanjiang]] River, 49.3% hillocks, and 36.0% hills and mountains. |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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Taoyuan |
Taoyuan County is a transition zone from [[subtropical]] to north subtropical having a [[humid subtropical climate]] with seasonal prevailing winds. All four seasons are distinct. |
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The average annual temperature is |
The average annual temperature is 17.0 Celsius. The average temperature is 4.8 degrees Celsius in January and 28.4 degrees Celsius in July. |
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The average annual precipitation is |
The average annual precipitation is 146 centimeters (58 inches), gradually decreasing from south to north. The annual average relative humidity is 81%; the annual sunshine length is 1531 hours and frost-free period lasts 284 days. |
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{{Weather box|width=auto |
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|metric first=y |
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|single line=y |
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|collapsed = Y |
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|location = Taoyuan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) |
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|Jan high C = 8.7 |
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|Feb high C = 11.5 |
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|Mar high C = 16.2 |
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|Apr high C = 22.5 |
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|May high C = 26.9 |
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|Jun high C = 30.0 |
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|Jul high C = 33.2 |
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|Aug high C = 32.6 |
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|Sep high C = 28.2 |
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|Oct high C = 22.7 |
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|Nov high C = 17.1 |
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|Dec high C = 11.4 |
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|Jan mean C = 5.0 |
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|Feb mean C = 7.4 |
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|Mar mean C = 11.7 |
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|Apr mean C = 17.5 |
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|May mean C = 22.1 |
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|Jun mean C = 25.6 |
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|Jul mean C = 28.6 |
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|Aug mean C = 27.9 |
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|Sep mean C = 23.5 |
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|Oct mean C = 18.0 |
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|Nov mean C = 12.5 |
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|Dec mean C = 7.2 |
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|Jan low C = 2.4 |
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|Feb low C = 4.5 |
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|Mar low C = 8.4 |
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|Apr low C = 13.9 |
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|May low C = 18.6 |
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|Jun low C = 22.4 |
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|Jul low C = 25.1 |
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|Aug low C = 24.6 |
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|Sep low C = 20.4 |
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|Oct low C = 14.9 |
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|Nov low C = 9.4 |
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|Dec low C = 4.3 |
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|Jan record high C = 23.7 |Jan record low C = -7.3 |
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|Feb record high C = 30.8 |Feb record low C = -4.5 |
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|Mar record high C = 34.6 |Mar record low C = -1.0 |
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|Apr record high C = 36.3 |Apr record low C = 2.5 |
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|May record high C = 37.5 |May record low C = 9.4 |
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|Jun record high C = 38.3 |Jun record low C = 13.4 |
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|Jul record high C = 40.1 |Jul record low C = 18.4 |
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|Aug record high C = 40.7 |Aug record low C = 16.0 |
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|Sep record high C = 38.5 |Sep record low C = 11.2 |
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|Oct record high C = 35.7 |Oct record low C = 4.6 |
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|Nov record high C = 30.6 |Nov record low C = -0.6 |
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|Dec record high C = 25.0 |Dec record low C = -5.4 |
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|year high C= |year low C= |
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|year high F = |year low F = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 66.9 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 76.6 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 121.9 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 157.7 |
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|May precipitation mm = 194.6 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 220.7 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 206.8 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 139.3 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 103.5 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 94.9 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 83.9 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 41.7 |
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|Jan humidity = 81 |
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|Feb humidity = 80 |
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|Mar humidity = 80 |
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|Apr humidity = 80 |
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|May humidity = 80 |
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|Jun humidity = 83 |
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|Jul humidity = 80 |
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|Aug humidity = 80 |
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|Sep humidity = 81 |
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|Oct humidity = 82 |
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|Nov humidity = 82 |
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|Dec humidity = 79 |
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|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |
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|Jan precipitation days = 12.4 |
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|Feb precipitation days = 12.6 |
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|Mar precipitation days = 15.9 |
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|Apr precipitation days = 15.5 |
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|May precipitation days = 15.2 |
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|Jun precipitation days = 15.1 |
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|Jul precipitation days = 12.5 |
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|Aug precipitation days = 10.9 |
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|Sep precipitation days = 9.5 |
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|Oct precipitation days = 11.5 |
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|Nov precipitation days = 10.7 |
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|Dec precipitation days = 10.3 |
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|year precipitation days = |
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|Jan sun = 63.2 |
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|Feb sun = 62.9 |
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|Mar sun = 85.8 |
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|Apr sun = 112.3 |
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|May sun = 131.1 |
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|Jun sun = 127.3 |
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|Jul sun = 189.9 |
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|Aug sun = 182.5 |
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|Sep sun = 133.1 |
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|Oct sun = 109.1 |
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|Nov sun = 96.0 |
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|Dec sun = 83.7 |
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|year sun = |
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| Jan percentsun = 19 |
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| Feb percentsun = 20 |
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| Mar percentsun = 23 |
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| Apr percentsun = 29 |
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| May percentsun = 31 |
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| Jun percentsun = 30 |
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| Jul percentsun = 45 |
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| Aug percentsun = 45 |
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| Sep percentsun = 36 |
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| Oct percentsun = 31 |
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| Nov percentsun = 30 |
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| Dec percentsun = 26 |
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| year percentsun = |
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|Jan snow days = 4.6 |
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|Feb snow days = 2.4 |
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|Mar snow days = 0.8 |
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|Apr snow days = 0 |
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|May snow days = 0 |
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|Jun snow days = 0 |
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|Jul snow days = 0 |
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|Aug snow days = 0 |
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|Sep snow days = 0 |
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|Oct snow days = 0 |
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|Nov snow days = 0.2 |
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|Dec snow days = 1.7 |
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|year snow days = |
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|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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Taoyuan County has 976,000 population, which is composed of dominant majority [[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic group and other 12 minority ethnic groups of [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Man]], [[Dong people|Dong]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and [[Yao people|Yao]], among which Uyghur and Hui has more than 3000 population, respectively. |
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Taoyuan County has a population of 976,000 composed of a dominant [[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic group and twelve other minority ethnic groups of: [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Man]], [[Dong people|Dong]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and [[Yao people|Yao]]. The Uyghur and Hui number more than 3000 people. |
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===Taoyuan Uyghurs=== |
===Taoyuan Uyghurs=== |
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{{main|Kingdom of Qocho|Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin|Semu|Uyghurs_in_Beijing#Tang_to_Yuan_dynasties}} |
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Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&dq=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&hl=en&ei=rRi9TKPaL8L6lwfJ5Zm1DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|title=Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China|author=stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|location=|isbn=|page=30|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&dq=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&hl=en&ei=Ac-8TNDzIoH7lweZ-N3LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|location=|isbn=9186624202|page=7|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&pg=PA220&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&hl=en&ei=WhW9TKTQOsT_lgeip5nMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgo#v=snippet&q=taoyuan%20uighur%20hunan&f=false|title=Muslim cultures today: a reference guide|author=Kathryn M. Coughlin|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|isbn=0313323860|page=220|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name=Li>{{cite news |title=DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery|author=Li Jinhui|newspaper=china.org.cn|date=08/02/2001|url=http://china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm}}</ref> They are descended from a Uyghur leader Hala Bashi, from [[Turpan]], who the [[Ming dynasty]] Emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] sent to Hunan in the 14th century, (mid 1300s).<ref name=harmony>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese |author= |newspaper=People's Daily|date=29 December 2000|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA178&dq=hunan+uyghur&hl=en&ei=Kw-9TLC_AYSq8Aaqv_3aCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=hunan%20uyghur&f=false|title=Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road|author=Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Jon Rudelson|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0231107862|page=178|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Along with him came Uyghur soldiers from which the Hunan Uyghurs also descend from. During the 1982 census 4,000 Uyghurs were recorded in Hunan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MpsYAAAAIAAJ&q=After+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+Dynasty,+these+soldiers+continued+to+make+their+homes+in+Changde+and+Taoyuan+in+Hunan.+That+was+how+4000+people+in+Hunan+registered+as+Uygur+nationality+during+the+1982+national+census.&dq=After+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+Dynasty,+these+soldiers+continued+to+make+their+homes+in+Changde+and+Taoyuan+in+Hunan.+That+was+how+4000+people+in+Hunan+registered+as+Uygur+nationality+during+the+1982+national+census.&hl=en&ei=zBS9TIC9MYWBlAeS4andDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA|title=New China's population|author=Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she|year=1988|publisher=Macmillan|location=|isbn=0029054710|page=197|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> They have genealogies which survive 600 years later to the present day. Genealogy keeping is a Han chinese custom which the Hunan Uyghurs adopted. These Uyghurs were given the surname Jian by the Emperor. A prominent Hunan Uyghur was [[Jian Bozan]] (1898-1968), they receive Chinese education.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=roiuY7bnb80C&pg=PA58&dq=hunan+uyghur&hl=en&ei=Kw-9TLC_AYSq8Aaqv_3aCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hunan%20uyghur&f=false|title=Muslim Uyghur students in a Chinese boarding school: social recapitalization as a response to ethnic integration|author=Yangbin Chen|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|location=|isbn=073912112X|page=58|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d5wsAAAAMAAJ&q=The+eulogy+said:+A+native+of+Taoyuan+County+in+Hunan,+Comrade+Jian+Bozan+was+an+Uighur+born+in+1898.+He+Joined+the+CCP+in+May+1937.+The+eulogy+continued:+As+one+of+the+historians+of+the+older+generation+who+applied+historical&dq=The+eulogy+said:+A+native+of+Taoyuan+County+in+Hunan,+Comrade+Jian+Bozan+was+an+Uighur+born+in+1898.+He+Joined+the+CCP+in+May+1937.+The+eulogy+continued:+As+one+of+the+historians+of+the+older+generation+who+applied+historical&hl=en&ei=ahW9TNbvL8GBlAepzZjDDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|title=Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issue 34; Issues 36-41|author=|year=1979|publisher=Distributed by National Technical Information Service|location=|isbn=|page=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> There is some confusion as to whether they practice Islam or not. Some say that they have assimilated with the Han and do not practice Islam anymore, and only that their genealogies indicate their Uyghur ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&pg=PA197&dq=arab+fujian&hl=en&ei=U828TNXwNsKAlAfX9_C2Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Islam outside the Arab world|author=David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg|year=1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=|isbn=0312226918|page=197|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chinese news sources report that they are Muslim.<ref name=harmony/> |
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Around 5,000 [[Uyghurs]] live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn|title=Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China|author=stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|page=30|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|isbn=91-86624-20-2|page=7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&q=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&pg=PA220|title=Muslim cultures today: a reference guide|author=Kathryn M. Coughlin|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32386-0|page=220|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name=Li>{{cite news |title=DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery|author=Li Jinhui|newspaper=china.org.cn|date=2001-08-02|url=http://china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm}}</ref> They are descended from a Uyghur leader Hala Bashi, from the Buddhist Uyghurs of [[Turpan]] ([[Kingdom of Qocho]]), who the [[Ming dynasty]] Emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] sent to Hunan in the 14th century.<ref name=harmony>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese |newspaper=People's Daily|date=29 December 2000|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Harmony and happiness in mind the Uighurs living in Taoyuan County|author=Shuai Cai|newspaper=Xinhua News Agency|date=2010-12-30|url=http://www.sourcejuice.com/1412458/2010/12/30/Harmony-happiness-mind-Uighurs-living-Taoyuan-County/|access-date=2014-10-12|archive-date=2014-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024502/http://www.sourcejuice.com/1412458/2010/12/30/Harmony-happiness-mind-Uighurs-living-Taoyuan-County/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&q=hunan+uyghur&pg=PA178|title=Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road|author=Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Jon Rudelson|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-10786-2|page=178|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Along with him came Uyghur soldiers from which the Hunan Uyghurs descend. During the 1982 census 4,000 Uyghurs were recorded in Hunan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpsYAAAAIAAJ&q=After+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+Dynasty,+these+soldiers+continued+to+make+their+homes+in+Changde+and+Taoyuan+in+Hunan.+That+was+how+4000+people+in+Hunan+registered+as+Uygur+nationality+during+the+1982+national+census.|title=New China's population|author=Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she|year=1988|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-02-905471-0|page=197|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> They have genealogies from the period beginning 600 years ago to the present day. Keeping genealogical records is a Han Chinese custom which the Hunan Uyghurs adopted. These [[Uyghurs]] were given the surname Jian by the Emperor; they received a Chinese education.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roiuY7bnb80C&q=hunan+uyghur&pg=PA58|title=Muslim Uyghur students in a Chinese boarding school: social recapitalization as a response to ethnic integration|author=Yangbin Chen|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2112-2|page=58|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> A prominent Hunan Uyghur was [[Jian Bozan]] (1898–1968) who was a member of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5wsAAAAMAAJ&q=The+eulogy+said:+A+native+of+Taoyuan+County+in+Hunan,+Comrade+Jian+Bozan+was+an+Uighur+born+in+1898.+He+Joined+the+CCP+in+May+1937.+The+eulogy+continued:+As+one+of+the+historians+of+the+older+generation+who+applied+historical|title=Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issue 34; Issues 36-41|year=1979|publisher=Distributed by National Technical Information Service|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> |
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The Uyghur troops led by Hala were ordered by the Ming Emperor to crush [[Miao Rebellions (Ming Dynasty)|Miao rebellions]] and were given titles by him. Jian is the predominant surname among the Uyghur in Changde, Hunan. Another group of Uyghur have the surname Sai. [[Hui people|Hui]] and Uyghur have intermarried in the Hunan area, and the Hui were also used by the Ming Emperor to crush revolts.<ref name=Shi133>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press,|location=|isbn=0415283728|page=133|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Hui are descendants of Arabs and Han chinese who intermarried, and they share the Islamic religion with the Uyghur in Hunan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=islam%20is%20shared%20uygurs%20muslims%20arabs%20han&f=false|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press,|location=|isbn=0415283728|page=135|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> It is reported that they now number around 10,000 people. The Uyghurs in Changde are not very religious, and eat pork.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=uygurs%20hunan%2010%2C000%20xinjiang%20islam&f=false|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press,|location=|isbn=0415283728|page=137|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Older Uygurs disapprove of this, especially elders at the mosques in Changde, and they seek to draw them back to Islamic customs.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=senior%20master%20elder%20mosque%20uygur%20allah%20customs%20koran&f=false|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press,|location=|isbn=0415283728|page=138|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> |
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The [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] troops led by Hala were ordered by the Ming Emperor to crush [[Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)|Miao rebellions]] and were given titles by him. Jian ({{zh|c=翦|p=Jiǎn |links=no}}) is the predominant surname among the Uyghur in Changde, and Hunan. Hala Bashi was given the title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" by the Emperor ({{zh|t=鎮國定南大將軍|s=镇国定南大将军|p=Zhènguó Dìngnán Dàjiàngjūn |labels=no}})<ref>{{cite book|title=Issues & studies, Volume 36, Issues 1-3|year=2000|author=Zhonghua Minguo guo ji guan xi yan jiu suo|publisher=Institute of International Relations, Republic of China|page=184 |quote=According to a local account shared among township residents, Uygur ancestors were called by the emperor to the region to quell Miao rebels during the Ming dynasty and accepted titles from the emperor who bestowed part of the land as their own. The title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" S & fa also carries a given Han surname, Jian ( fij ), which currently makes the largest Uygur group in Changde. According to an expert on Changde Uygurs,6 while Jian is a|access-date=26 Dec 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mksSAQAAMAAJ&q=Grand+General++South-Pacifying+Post++Nation}}Original from the University of Michigan</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=遠景季刊, Volume 1, Issues 1-4|year=2000|author=海峽交流基金會|publisher=財團法人海峽交流基金會|page=38 |access-date=2 September 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRk2AQAAIAAJ&q=鎮國定南大將軍}}</ref> Another group of Uyghur have the surname Sai. [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslims from the Hui Huang family of Xujiaqiao and Uyghur Jian family have intermarried in the Hunan area, and the Hui like the Hui Huang family of Xujiaqiao in Taoyuan were also used by the Ming Emperor to crush "barbarian" (Miao) revolts and the originally non-Muslim Uyghurs adopted Islam when intermarrying with Hui.<ref name=Shi133>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=jian+uyghur+hunan&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=133|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> |
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In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of [[Changde]] Hunan practice other Han chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&pg=PA121&vq=uygurs+intermarriage+with+muslims&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=uygur%20ancestor%20worship%20family%20graveyard%20changde%20xinjiang%20jian%20hunan%20stimulated&f=false|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press,|location=|isbn=0415283728|page=136|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Also, the Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, they speak Chinese as their native language, and Arabic for religious reasons at the mosque.<ref name=Shi133/> |
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It is reported that they now number around 10,000 people.<ref name=zhiyu/> |
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====Religious practice==== |
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There is some confusion as to whether Uyghurs in Changde practice Islam or not. Some scholars state that they do not practice Islam. Their genealogies indicate their [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&q=arab+fujian&pg=PA197|title=Islam outside the Arab world|author=David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg|year=1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-22691-8|page=197|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chinese news sources report that they are Muslim.<ref name=harmony/> Another report says they are not very religious, and eat pork.<ref name=zhiyu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=uygurs+hunan+10%2C000+xinjiang+islam&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=137|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Older Uygurs disapprove of this, especially elders at the mosques in Changde, and they seek to draw them back to Islamic customs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=senior+master+elder+mosque+uygur+allah+customs+koran&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=138|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> |
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In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of [[Changde]] Hunan practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=uygur+ancestor+worship+family+graveyard+changde+xinjiang+jian+hunan+stimulated&pg=PA121|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=136|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Also, the Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, they speak Chinese as their native language, and Arabic for religious reasons at the mosque.<ref name=Shi133/> |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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Taoyuan dialect is profoundly influenced by northern dialect since the commute of government messengers，speaking northern dialect, travelling to [[Yunnan]] and [[Guizhou]] from Song to Qing dynasty passes through Taoyuan and by dialect in central [[Jiangxi]] since substantial residents in ''Jishui'', ''Zhangshu'' and ''Fengcheng'' of Jiangxi relocate to Taoyuan successively from Ming dynasty to early Qing dynasty. |
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The Taoyuan dialect was profoundly influenced by the northern dialect since the path used by government messengers, speaking the northern dialect, travelling to [[Yunnan]] and [[Guizhou]] from the Song to the Qing dynasty, passed through Taoyuan. It was also influenced by the dialects of central [[Jiangxi]] since substantial numbers of people from Jishui, Zhangshu, and Fengcheng of Jiangxi relocated to Taoyuan in succession from the Ming dynasty to the early Qing dynasty. |
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There are two types of accents in Taoyuan dialect, one of which called native accent, spoken in the central area of Taoyuan, including Zhangjiang Town, Zoushi Town, Qihe Town, Sanyanggang Town and part of Jianshi Town, the other of which called periphery accent, spoken in the strip area bordering other counties. |
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There are two types of accents in the Taoyuan dialect, one of which is called the native accent spoken in the central area of Taoyuan, including Zhangjiang Town, Zoushi Town, Qihe Town, Sanyanggang Town, and part of Jianshi Town; the other is called the periphery accent, spoken in the strip area bordering the other counties. |
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Taoyuan dialect is a fusion of northern dialect and Jiangxi dialect. Its accent is close to those of [[Sichuan]] dialect, [[Chongqing]] dialect and [[Hubei]] dialect. It is categorized into Southwestern Mandarin. |
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Taoyuan dialect is a fusion of the northern and Jiangxi dialects. Its accent is close to those of the [[Sichuan]], [[Chongqing]], and [[Hubei]] dialects. It is categorized as Southwestern Mandarin. |
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==Culture and folk customs== |
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Taoyuan has its unique folk custom characteristics since it is located in the transition zone between Han nationality and ethnics. |
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==Culture== |
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In diet, ''Lei Cha'', a "five flavors soup" by smashing a mixture of tea leaves, ginger, cornel, green beans and salt into powder, is a popular drink in Taohuanyuan area. According to legend, Lei Cha prevented the soldiers from pestilence caused by the soldiers unable to acclimatize to the environment in Taoyuan during the [[Eastern Han]] general Ma Yuan fought southward to Taoyuan. |
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Taoyuan has its unique folk custom characteristics since it is located in a zone neighbouring surviving distinct ethnic groups. |
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Taoyuan has unique local operas. Wuling Opera is a popular local opera performed by professionals. ''Musty Notes'' received the National Artist Award for its performance and script writing. Nuo Opera drama, called a "living fossil", is still widespread. Sangyanggang Town known as the hometown of Nuo Opera. |
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In cooking, [[Lei cha]] (pounded tea), is a "five flavors soup" made by smashing a mixture of tea leaves, ginger, corn, [[Mung bean|meng]] beans and salt into a powder; it is popular drink in Taohuanyuan area. According to legend, Lei cha protected soldiers from [[Infection|pestilence]] caused by their inability to acclimatize to the environment in Taoyuan during the [[Eastern Han]] period when General [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] fought southward to Taoyuan. |
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Other folk customs include dragon dance and lion dance during [[Spring Festival]]. Meanwhile, the Three Bar Drum, Yugu Drum, and String are very popular as well. |
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Taoyuan has unique local operas. Wuling Opera is a popular local opera performed by professionals. ''Musty Notes'' received the National Artist Award for its performance and script writing. [[Nuo opera]] drama, called a "living fossil", is still widespread. The town of Sangyanggang is known as the home of Nuo Opera. |
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The Three Bar Drum, Yugu Drum, and string instruments are very popular as well. |
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==Notable residents== |
==Notable residents== |
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[[Image:Sung Chiao-jen.jpg|thumb|Song Jiaoren (宋教仁)]] |
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*[[Song Jiaoren]] (Chinese: 宋教仁, Apr 5, 1882 - Mar 22, 1913), a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the [[Kuomintang]]. |
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*[[Liu Kan (general)|Liu Kan]] (Chinese: 刘戡 1906 – Mar 03, 1948), posthumously awarded [[General]] of the [[Republic of China Army]] in 1953, was born in Zhengaotian village, Taohuanyuan Town. |
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*[[Wang Qimei]] (Chinese: 王其梅, Dec 27, 1914—Aug 15, 1967), awarded [[Major General]] of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in 1955, was born in Wangjiaping village, Sanyanggang Town. |
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*[[Jian Bozan]] (Chinese: 翦伯赞, 1898-Dec 18, 1968), a prominent Marxist historian, Vice President of [[Beijing University]] from 1952 to 1968, was born in Huiwei village, Fengshu Uyghur Autonomous Township. |
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[[File:Sung Chiao-jen.jpg|thumb|Song Jiaoren (宋教仁)]] |
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==Towns== |
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*[[Song Jiaoren]] (Apr 5, 1882 - Mar 22, 1913), a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the [[Kuomintang]]. |
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*[[Zhangjiang]] |
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*[[Liu Kan (general)|Liu Kan]] (1906 – Mar 03, 1948), posthumously awarded rank of [[General]] of the [[Republic of China Army]] in 1953, was born in Zhengaotian village, Taohuanyuan Town. |
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*[[Zoushi]] |
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*[[Wang Qimei]] ({{zh|c=王其梅 |p=Wáng Qíméi|labels=no}}, Dec 27, 1914—Aug 15, 1967), awarded rank of [[Major General]] of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in 1955, was born in Wangjiaping village, Sanyanggang Town. |
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*[[Sanyanggang]] |
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*[[Jian Bozan]] (1898-Dec 18, 1968), a prominent Marxist historian, Vice President of [[Beijing University]] from 1952 to 1968, was born in Huiwei village, Fengshu Uyghur Autonomous Township. |
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*[[Taohuayuan]] |
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*[[You Rizheng]] (1949 – May 25, 2002), second legislator of Taoyuan County, former mayor of Longtan District, and member of the second Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 1996. |
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*[[Lingjintan]] |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[image:NNN+01100944134444706++FFL0043E 凌津滩水电站.jpg|thumb|Lingjintan Hydro Power Station {{deletable image-caption|Friday, 30 October 2009}}]] --> |
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==Tourist attractions== |
==Tourist attractions== |
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*[[Peach Blossom Spring]], (Chinese: 桃花源), a land then secluded from the outside mortal world depicted as an idyllic shangri-la by [[Tao Yuanming]], (365–427), an [[Eastern Jin Dynasty]] poet, in his intriguing [[prose]] of ''Peach Blossom Spring'' |
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The Taohuayuan Scenic Area is a park modelled after the [[Peach Blossom Spring]] fable, ({{lang|zh|桃花源}}), about a land secluded from the outside mortal world depicted as an idyllic shangri-la by [[Tao Yuanming]], (365–427), an [[Eastern Jin dynasty]] poet. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 157: | Line 301: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130123021154/http://web.taoyuan.gov.cn/tzzn/111.html Taoyuan County profile] {{in lang|en}} |
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*[http://www.huaxia.com/kfdcd/2005/00366176.html 桃源县槪况] |
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* [http://www.huaxia.com/kfdcd/2005/00366176.html Taoyuan County overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052703/http://www.huaxia.com/kfdcd/2005/00366176.html |date=2011-09-27 }} {{in lang|zh}} |
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*[http://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/ 桃源县政府网站] |
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* [http://www.taoyuan.gov.cn/ Taoyuan County Government official website] {{in lang|zh}} |
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{{Divisions of Taoyuan County, Hunan}} |
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{{County-level divisions of Hunan}} |
{{County-level divisions of Hunan}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Hunan]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Taoyuan County| ]] |
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[[Category:Changde]] |
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[[fr:Xian de Taoyuan (Hunan)]] |
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[[Category:County-level divisions of Hunan]] |
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[[ko:타오위안 현 (창더 시)]] |
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[[ja:桃源県]] |
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[[no:Taoyuan (Changde)]] |
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[[zh:桃源县]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:14, 30 April 2024
Taoyuan County
桃源县 | |
|---|---|
 Location of Taiyuan County within Changde | |
  Taoyuan Location in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 28°54′22″N 111°14′02″E / 28.906°N 111.234°E[1] | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Changde |
| Area | |
| • Total | 4,441 km2 (1,715 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,130 m (3,710 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 40 m (130 ft) |
| Population (2007) | |
| • Total | 976,000 |
| • Density | 220/km2 (570/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 517000 |
| Area code | 0736 |
| Website | Taoyuan.gov.cn |
Taoyuan County (simplified Chinese: 桃源县; traditional Chinese: 桃源縣; pinyin: Táoyuán Xiàn) is under the administration of Changde, Hunan Province, China. The Yuan River, a tributary of the Yangtze, flows through Taoyuan. It covers an area of 4441 square kilometers, of which 895 km2 (346 sq mi) is arable land. It is 229 km (142 mi) from Zhangjiang Town, the county seat, to Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province. The county occupies the southwestern corner of Changde City and borders the prefecture-level cities of Zhangjiajie to the northwest and Huaihua to the southwest.
History[edit]
The area of present-day Taoyuan County belonged to the Chu state during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, and was a portion of Linyuan County during the Western Han dynasty. In AD 50, the 26th year of Jianwu, the Eastern Han dynasty was merged with Yuannan County, and administered by the Wuling Prefecture, separating it from Linyuan County. In AD 783, the third year of Sui dynasty, Wuling County was created by annexing the three counties Linyuan, Yuannan, and Hanshou, administered by the Langzhou Prefecture.
In AD 963, the third year of the Song dynasty, Taoyuan County was officially established by separating a part of Wuling County. It was named after its famous Taohuayuan (桃花源), named after the fable "Peach Blossom Spring".
Its capital, Zhanjiang (now Zhanjiang Subdistrict), is situated on the northern bank of Yuan River (Yuanjiang).
Economy[edit]
Agricultural products include rice, wheat, edible oils, sesame seeds, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco. Manufactured products include machinery, textiles, chemicals, wood products, and leather goods. Local mines extract gold, silver, iron ore, and diamonds.
Education[edit]
Taoyuan has 123,000 students enrolled in its elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. 99.99% of children of compulsory education age are enrolled in schools, and 93.2% of children with disabilities are enrolled in schools.
Approximately 2000 high school graduates are admitted to colleges and universities each year.
The First Middle School of Taoyuan (桃源一中), which includes both a middle school and high school, is the most prestigious school in Taoyuan County.
Geography and climate[edit]
Subdivisions[edit]
According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county on November 20, 2015, Taoyuan County had 18 towns and 10 townships under its jurisdiction in 2015.[2] Five townships were reorganized as towns on December 28, 2016;[3] Mutangyuan Township was reorganized as a town,[4] Zhangjiang Town ceased to be a separate town, it was incorporated into two subdistricts in December 2017. The county has two subdistricts, 23 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction.[5]
- 2 subdistricts
- Xunyang (浔阳街道)
- Zhangjiang (漳江街道)
- 23 towns
- Cha'anpu (茶庵铺镇)
- Guanyinsi (观音寺镇)
- Huangshi (黄石镇)
- Jianshi (剪市镇)
- Jiaqiao (架桥镇)
- Jiuxi (九溪镇)
- Ligonggang (理公港镇)
- Longtan (龙潭镇)
- Mazongling (马鬃岭镇)
- Mutangyuan (木塘垸镇)
- Niuchehe (牛车河镇)
- Pantang (盘塘镇)
- Qihe (漆河镇)
- Reshi (热市镇)
- Sanyanggang (三阳港镇)
- Shaping (沙坪镇)
- Shuangxikou (双溪口镇)
- Taohuayuan (桃花源镇)
- Xi'an (西安镇)
- Yangxiqiao (杨溪桥镇)
- Yiwangxi (夷望溪镇)
- Zhengjiayi (郑家驿镇)
- Zoushi (陬市镇)
- 2 townships
- Niwotan (泥窝潭乡)
- Shejiaping (佘家坪乡)
Geography[edit]
Taoyuan County is in the northwestern portion, 28°55′N 111°29′E / 28.917°N 111.483°E,[6] of Hunan Province. It is 118 km (73 mi) from its northernmost point, LaoPeng village, Reshi Town, to its southernmost point, Shizi Ling, Xuejiachong village, Xi'an Town and 75 km (47 mi) from its easternmost post, Caoxiezhou, Renfeng village, Mutangyuan Township, to its westernmost post, Wanjiahe, Gaofeng village, Niuchehe Township. Its total area is 4,441.22 km2 (1,714.76 sq mi), which is the fourth largest in Hunan Province. 895 km2 (346 sq mi) is arable land, the largest area of arable land in Hunan Province.
The agricultural landscape consists of: 13.4% alluvial plains of the Yuanjiang River, 49.3% hillocks, and 36.0% hills and mountains.
Climate[edit]
Taoyuan County is a transition zone from subtropical to north subtropical having a humid subtropical climate with seasonal prevailing winds. All four seasons are distinct.
The average annual temperature is 17.0 Celsius. The average temperature is 4.8 degrees Celsius in January and 28.4 degrees Celsius in July.
The average annual precipitation is 146 centimeters (58 inches), gradually decreasing from south to north. The annual average relative humidity is 81%; the annual sunshine length is 1531 hours and frost-free period lasts 284 days.
| Climate data for Taoyuan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
37.5 (99.5) |
38.3 (100.9) |
40.1 (104.2) |
40.7 (105.3) |
38.5 (101.3) |
35.7 (96.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.2 (82.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
21.7 (71.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.1 (57.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.9 (2.63) |
76.6 (3.02) |
121.9 (4.80) |
157.7 (6.21) |
194.6 (7.66) |
220.7 (8.69) |
206.8 (8.14) |
139.3 (5.48) |
103.5 (4.07) |
94.9 (3.74) |
83.9 (3.30) |
41.7 (1.64) |
1,508.5 (59.38) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.4 | 12.6 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 152.1 |
| Average snowy days | 4.6 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 9.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 83 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 79 | 81 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.2 | 62.9 | 85.8 | 112.3 | 131.1 | 127.3 | 189.9 | 182.5 | 133.1 | 109.1 | 96.0 | 83.7 | 1,376.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 19 | 20 | 23 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 36 | 31 | 30 | 26 | 30 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit]
Taoyuan County has a population of 976,000 composed of a dominant Han ethnic group and twelve other minority ethnic groups of: Hui, Uyghur, Tujia, Man, Dong, Zhuang and Yao. The Uyghur and Hui number more than 3000 people.
Taoyuan Uyghurs[edit]
Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde.[9][10][11][12] They are descended from a Uyghur leader Hala Bashi, from the Buddhist Uyghurs of Turpan (Kingdom of Qocho), who the Ming dynasty Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang sent to Hunan in the 14th century.[13][14][15] Along with him came Uyghur soldiers from which the Hunan Uyghurs descend. During the 1982 census 4,000 Uyghurs were recorded in Hunan.[16] They have genealogies from the period beginning 600 years ago to the present day. Keeping genealogical records is a Han Chinese custom which the Hunan Uyghurs adopted. These Uyghurs were given the surname Jian by the Emperor; they received a Chinese education.[17] A prominent Hunan Uyghur was Jian Bozan (1898–1968) who was a member of the Chinese Communist Party.[18]
The Uyghur troops led by Hala were ordered by the Ming Emperor to crush Miao rebellions and were given titles by him. Jian (Chinese: 翦; pinyin: Jiǎn) is the predominant surname among the Uyghur in Changde, and Hunan. Hala Bashi was given the title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" by the Emperor (镇国定南大将军; 鎮國定南大將軍; Zhènguó Dìngnán Dàjiàngjūn)[19][20] Another group of Uyghur have the surname Sai. Hui Muslims from the Hui Huang family of Xujiaqiao and Uyghur Jian family have intermarried in the Hunan area, and the Hui like the Hui Huang family of Xujiaqiao in Taoyuan were also used by the Ming Emperor to crush "barbarian" (Miao) revolts and the originally non-Muslim Uyghurs adopted Islam when intermarrying with Hui.[21]
It is reported that they now number around 10,000 people.[22]
Religious practice[edit]
There is some confusion as to whether Uyghurs in Changde practice Islam or not. Some scholars state that they do not practice Islam. Their genealogies indicate their Uyghur ancestry.[23] Chinese news sources report that they are Muslim.[13] Another report says they are not very religious, and eat pork.[22] Older Uygurs disapprove of this, especially elders at the mosques in Changde, and they seek to draw them back to Islamic customs.[24]
In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde Hunan practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.[25] Also, the Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, they speak Chinese as their native language, and Arabic for religious reasons at the mosque.[21]
Language[edit]
The Taoyuan dialect was profoundly influenced by the northern dialect since the path used by government messengers, speaking the northern dialect, travelling to Yunnan and Guizhou from the Song to the Qing dynasty, passed through Taoyuan. It was also influenced by the dialects of central Jiangxi since substantial numbers of people from Jishui, Zhangshu, and Fengcheng of Jiangxi relocated to Taoyuan in succession from the Ming dynasty to the early Qing dynasty.
There are two types of accents in the Taoyuan dialect, one of which is called the native accent spoken in the central area of Taoyuan, including Zhangjiang Town, Zoushi Town, Qihe Town, Sanyanggang Town, and part of Jianshi Town; the other is called the periphery accent, spoken in the strip area bordering the other counties.
Taoyuan dialect is a fusion of the northern and Jiangxi dialects. Its accent is close to those of the Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei dialects. It is categorized as Southwestern Mandarin.
Culture[edit]
Taoyuan has its unique folk custom characteristics since it is located in a zone neighbouring surviving distinct ethnic groups.
In cooking, Lei cha (pounded tea), is a "five flavors soup" made by smashing a mixture of tea leaves, ginger, corn, meng beans and salt into a powder; it is popular drink in Taohuanyuan area. According to legend, Lei cha protected soldiers from pestilence caused by their inability to acclimatize to the environment in Taoyuan during the Eastern Han period when General Ma Yuan fought southward to Taoyuan.
Taoyuan has unique local operas. Wuling Opera is a popular local opera performed by professionals. Musty Notes received the National Artist Award for its performance and script writing. Nuo opera drama, called a "living fossil", is still widespread. The town of Sangyanggang is known as the home of Nuo Opera.
The Three Bar Drum, Yugu Drum, and string instruments are very popular as well.
Notable residents[edit]
- Song Jiaoren (Apr 5, 1882 - Mar 22, 1913), a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang.
- Liu Kan (1906 – Mar 03, 1948), posthumously awarded rank of General of the Republic of China Army in 1953, was born in Zhengaotian village, Taohuanyuan Town.
- Wang Qimei (王其梅; Wáng Qíméi, Dec 27, 1914—Aug 15, 1967), awarded rank of Major General of PLA in 1955, was born in Wangjiaping village, Sanyanggang Town.
- Jian Bozan (1898-Dec 18, 1968), a prominent Marxist historian, Vice President of Beijing University from 1952 to 1968, was born in Huiwei village, Fengshu Uyghur Autonomous Township.
- You Rizheng (1949 – May 25, 2002), second legislator of Taoyuan County, former mayor of Longtan District, and member of the second Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 1996.
Tourist attractions[edit]
The Taohuayuan Scenic Area is a park modelled after the Peach Blossom Spring fable, (桃花源), about a land secluded from the outside mortal world depicted as an idyllic shangri-la by Tao Yuanming, (365–427), an Eastern Jin dynasty poet.
References[edit]
- ^ Google (2014-07-02). "Taoyuan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
- ^ Township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county: according to result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Taoyuan county on November 20, 2015: rednet (2015-12-04): 湖南省民政厅关于同意桃源县乡镇区划调整方案的批复 (湘民行发〔2015〕55号), also see hunan.gov (2015-12-07) Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 《桃源大事2016》：2016年12月28日，杨溪桥、郑家驿、双溪口、牛车河、九溪5个乡撤销乡建制，并在各自原行政区域基础上设镇. see taoyuan.gov, 《桃源石门7个乡撤乡设镇》 see changde.gov (2017-02-09) Archived 2018-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 常德市人民政府《关于桃源县木塘垸乡撤乡设镇的批复》(常政函〔2017〕154号) see taoyuan.gov (2018-03-01) or Changde Daily paper (2018-01-02)
- ^ 湖南省民政厅 湘民行发〔2017〕13号, see mzt.hunan.gov (2018-02-13) or Changde Daily /newspaper (2018-02-27)
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson (1992). Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China. Harvard University. p. 30. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Ingvar Svanberg (1988). The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution. Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts. p. 7. ISBN 91-86624-20-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Kathryn M. Coughlin (2006). Muslim cultures today: a reference guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220. ISBN 0-313-32386-0. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Li Jinhui (2001-08-02). "DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery". china.org.cn.
- ^ a b "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese". People's Daily. 29 December 2000.
- ^ Shuai Cai (2010-12-30). "Harmony and happiness in mind the Uighurs living in Taoyuan County". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
- ^ Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Jon Rudelson (1997). Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road. Columbia University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-231-10786-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she (1988). New China's population. Macmillan. p. 197. ISBN 0-02-905471-0. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Yangbin Chen (2008). Muslim Uyghur students in a Chinese boarding school: social recapitalization as a response to ethnic integration. Lexington Books. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7391-2112-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issue 34; Issues 36-41. Distributed by National Technical Information Service. 1979. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Zhonghua Minguo guo ji guan xi yan jiu suo (2000). Issues & studies, Volume 36, Issues 1-3. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. p. 184. Retrieved 26 Dec 2011.
According to a local account shared among township residents, Uygur ancestors were called by the emperor to the region to quell Miao rebels during the Ming dynasty and accepted titles from the emperor who bestowed part of the land as their own. The title "Grand General of South-Pacifying Post of the Nation" S & fa also carries a given Han surname, Jian ( fij ), which currently makes the largest Uygur group in Changde. According to an expert on Changde Uygurs,6 while Jian is a
Original from the University of Michigan - ^ 海峽交流基金會 (2000). 遠景季刊, Volume 1, Issues 1-4. 財團法人海峽交流基金會. p. 38. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ a b Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ a b Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (1999). Islam outside the Arab world. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 197. ISBN 0-312-22691-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Psychology Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
External links[edit]
- Taoyuan County profile (in English)
- Taoyuan County overview Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
- Taoyuan County Government official website (in Chinese)