Cannabis Ruderalis

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== "Not fully understood" ==

It says in the opening paragraph that the cause of the decline in lion populations is "not fully understood". Why does it say that, even though it is obvious that poaching by humans is causing it. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Flossingjonah|Flossingjonah]] ([[User talk:Flossingjonah#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Flossingjonah|contribs]]) 00:19, 24 May 2022 (UTC)</span> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== Central African Rainforest Zone and the Sahara Desert ==

I couldn't find anything regarding the following statement in the source mentioned:
"In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central African rainforest zone and the Sahara desert."

Maybe the sentence is meant to be the following, because that source particularly asserts the exact opposite:
"The range of the lion originally spanned most of Africa except the central African rainforest zone and the Sahara desert." [[Special:Contributions/82.222.98.119|82.222.98.119]] ([[User talk:82.222.98.119|talk]]) 20:37, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

:There is a problem with the use of 'originally' as this is an undefined baseline, and doesn't do justice to the changing climatic conditions of Africa and the Near East during the Holocene. The range of the lion has spanned most of Africa and the Near East during more favorable climatic conditions since the Last Glacial Maximum ~21ka. This has included drier, more open habitats in what is now the African Rainforest Zone, and wetter conditions during the mid-Holocene Green Sahara/Arabia. Lion range has contracted following afforestation of the Congo basin, desertification of the Sahara, and simultaneous increase in human pastoral practices. See Cooper et al., 2021. A kingdom in decline: Holocene range contraction of the lion (Panthera leo) modeled with global environmental stratification. https://peerj.com/articles/10504/ [[Special:Contributions/195.195.244.20|195.195.244.20]] ([[User talk:195.195.244.20|talk]]) 11:31, 9 November 2022 (UTC)


== "simulating sex" is homophobic phrasing ==
== Subspecies/populations & weight chart ==


I.e. from "Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before simulating sex together." under "Behaviour and ecology" then "Reproduction and life cycle". They have sex. [[Special:Contributions/31.20.106.40|31.20.106.40]] ([[User talk:31.20.106.40|talk]]) 10:50, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
The weight range of the west African lion population should be mentioned in the chart as well. They're a distinct population with their unique physical characteristics. I don't know why lion and other big cat populations (former subspecies) pages were deleted since Tiger pages are still kept. The draft of the West Africam Lion page still available? [[User:Ishan87|Ishan87]] ([[User talk:Ishan87|talk]]) 04:54, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
:The discussion about which subpages to keep and which to merge took place about 3 years ago. Look up the respective talkpages and their archives. – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 08:26, 9 October 2022 (UTC)


=== No it's not. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/172.56.82.219|172.56.82.219]] ([[User talk:172.56.82.219#top|talk]]) 09:15, 3 October 2023 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Xsign -->
== Lion prey ==
What animals should be listed as prey for lions? [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 17:51, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
{{hr}}


== Semi-protected edit request on 3 October 2023 ==
{{u|Ishan87}}, please stop edit warring and discuss things here. Hayward and Kerley (2005) is a comprehensive literature review of studies on the lion's diet across its range. It states "Gemsbok, buffalo, wildebeest, giraffe and zebra are significantly preferred." Later in the article, there is a bar chart, and these five animals have black bars which means "species taken significantly more frequently than expected based on their availability". The impala's bar is unfilled, which means "species taken significantly less frequently than expected based on their availability". The kudu's is grey, meaning "species taken in accordance with their relative abundance". In other words, nothing special. Please don't make any more edits in regards to lion diet until you get a consensus. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 22:20, 10 October 2022 (UTC)


{{edit semi-protected|Lion|answered=yes}}
And please be considerate of the sources. You can't just add text that is not supported by the cites like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&diff=1115351603&oldid=1115329858 here] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&diff=1115355318&oldid=1115351684 here]. This is a featured article your being reckless with. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 01:48, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
Mountain Lions, Cougars, and Puma are classified as Lions. Fix it.


X == Asia & Africa are native to lions
Dude, u r the 1 who is warring for no reason. U started it and continuing it. The edits I did was not against the Wikipedia rulebook or against any of the references of the article. A Wikipedia article is supposed to provide facts and information based on more than a single source. Looks like you're relying heavily on only 1 source from 2005 and ignoring all other studies! Your claims about the chart isn't correct either. See here- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055182 There are citations of quite a few other sites and books. I do recommend u to read them. Gemsbok and giraffe aren't even their significant prey. Giraffe is usually avoided in most of the regions. Gemsbok is only preferred by the lions living in namib desert and kalahari region. Throughout southern Africa kudu is their important prey source and consists up to 15% of their diet. Impala coexist with lions through all of west and southern Africa and prefer same bushy habitat as lions. They're 4th most consumed prey by lions after wildebeest, cape buffalo, and zebra. I've watched 100s of lion. Documentaries, read countless wildlife journals and books about big cats, specially the lions. The edits you made is absurd and far from reality. Just bcz 1 source doesn't mention some antelopes it doesn't mean they're not common prey for lions.
Y == + America (that is all)
As for wild dogs, it is common knowledge that lions kill wild dogs, just like cheetah and leopard is mentioned without a citation. You claim for source but deleted the sources that was already there! you're instantly deleting the section that mentions the Lion's equations with wild dogs and spotted hyenas which has multiple citations in them. Clearly you're trying to dictate your opinion using this article and removing anything that you don't like, despite it having evidences. I suggest you to revert your edits and start studying about lions properly before making an edit again. [[User:Ishan87|Ishan87]] ([[User talk:Ishan87|talk]]) 00:52, 12 October 2022 (UTC)


Having ignorant people remove edits without looking into knowledge learned before them, is pathetic.
::Look up [[literature review]], its not just one study, but a review of multiple studies. And it concludes that these animals are the most preferred. Maybe it is outdated, but we can't just list every single animal that lions eat. We have to make choices and draw a line. A meta-study listing the most preferred species range-wide seems the best way to go. I understand kudus and impalas are your favorite animals, but we can't cherrypick studies on local lion diets and say "lion eats these animals here, and these here, etc etc." An expectation would be the Indian population, since that's on a different continent. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]])
:::I agree, we should list what they kill mostly overall, not everything they kill. If there are newer sources stating other species are killed more, list them here on the talk page for evaluation. [[User:FunkMonk|FunkMonk]] ([[User talk:FunkMonk|talk]]) 18:27, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
:::I too agree to limit the listed prey to the most preferred. Those who want to know more details, can download the refs from provided urls. Thanks, LittleJerry, for taking care of this ! Am sure you let me know when you need my help. – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 19:28, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
::::Its not about help. Just state what you think. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 19:30, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
:::::Fully agree to keeping the different prey species of the Indian pop, as these do not occur in Africa. Just checked the source Mukherjee et al. (1994) : domestic livestock made up only 15% of 40 scat samples, so not a 'significant' part. I'll check whether there is a later publication available. – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 21:55, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
:::Agree that discussion of preferred prey from a high-quality review is much more informative than a scattershot listing of everything that at any time has been recorded as having been killed by a lion, picked from sources all over. Combative bluster does not make this approach more suited nor likely to be accepted by other editors. --<span style="font-family:Courier">[[User:Elmidae|Elmidae]]</span> <small>([[User talk:Elmidae|talk]] · [[Special:contributions/Elmidae|contribs]])</small> 20:13, 12 October 2022 (UTC)


Such a simple fix I thought most knew. [[Special:Contributions/172.56.82.219|172.56.82.219]] ([[User talk:172.56.82.219|talk]]) 09:13, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
Nothing to do with "favorite", don't talk absurd Jerry. I specifically mentioned Kudu and impala bcz I know for a fact that they are more preferred by lions than some listed here such as giraffe and gemsbok. Check the link I provided, the study is legit and authorized by researchers including Hayward himself. I do agree that all prey animals shouldn't be mentioned, but since it claims to be most preferred prey the claim has to be accurate. [[User:Ishan87|Ishan87]] ([[User talk:Ishan87|talk]]) 13:03, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:'''<!-- Template:ESp --> No. They are a separate species from proper lions. [[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 09:28, 3 October 2023 (UTC)


== Featured Images ==
:Its only one study in one area. Not enough. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 17:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)


I’d like to suggest a change to the featured images, or in the very least to the lioness image. I’m a little biased, of course, as the images are my own. The [[c:File:Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg|current male]] is a stunning specimen, so I won’t be too disappointed if the consensus is to keep it. Lions in sanctuaries are always just so majestic! This is a photo the biggest male I’ve seen, and my proposed [[c:File:Lion_at_Working_with_Wildlife_South_Africa.jpg|male image]].
==[[WP:URFA/2020]] ==
[[:File:Lion distribution.png]]'s description says in the "source" field:
* "For the historic distribution, which will never be completely accurate, I used information here on Wikipedia with its own sources."
** Looks like a case of [[WP:CIRCULAR]].
* "The present distribution in Africa is based upon a map created by 'The African Lion Environmental Research Trust (ALERT) which can be viewed here. http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/lion-reintroduction.html#cr. While I consider this a reliable source, I researched two countries in depth to verify this, Uganda and Namibia. The map is indeed correctly shaded in the National Parks where lions are present. However I did not include the 'Occasional' shaded areas as these are obviously much more ambiguous."
** I tried to find an archived version of that map and couldn't. It now redirects to [https://www.petside.com/wildlife-extra/#cr Petside], a website that "[https://www.petside.com/about-us/ offers practical advice on how to best care for pets]". Doesn't look like a reliable source to me.


For a lioness, this is my [[c:File:Lioness_at_Working_with_Wildlife_South_Africa.jpg|proposed photo]] and the most impressive female I’ve ever seen. Bias aside, I really think she is a perfect example and an improvement over the current lioness image. Hopefully my contribution can help! [[User:AfricanConservation|AfricanConservation]] ([[User talk:AfricanConservation|talk]]) 15:36, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
Do we have a better map? [[User:A455bcd9|A455bcd9]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 14:47, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' because the descriptions of both images contain a link to an organisation with which you are apparently affiliated. As User:331dot already explained to you on your talk page : this kind of advertising constitutes a conflict of interest. Remove this link, and I may change my mind. – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 02:18, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
*:Apologies, these photos were uploaded before my talk with User:331dot and clarified. Link removed from both images. [[User:AfricanConservation|AfricanConservation]] ([[User talk:AfricanConservation|talk]]) 04:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)


== Semi-protected edit request on 3 March 2024 ==
Maybe {{u|BhagyaMani}} can make a new map using [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419 this]? [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 00:16, 16 December 2022 (UTC)


{{edit semi-protected|Lion|answered=yes}}
:@[[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]]: the IUCN could be used for the current distribution but not for the "historic distribution" as shown on the current map ([[:File:Lion distribution.png]]). [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 08:46, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
In cultural significance -> western world the third sentence starts with: "Tfhe lion is featured in several of Aesop's fables...". There's a typo on the article, so "Tfhe" should be changed to "The". Thanks! [[User:Bullerr|Bullerr]] ([[User talk:Bullerr|talk]]) 16:01, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
::For the historic distribution I found the following sources:
:{{done}}<!-- Template:ESp --> Thank you! --[[User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] ([[User talk:TheImaCow#top|talk]]) 21:32, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
::* [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/1/48/5871931 Figure 1 in Spatiotemporal Genetic Diversity of Lions Reveals the Influence of Habitat Fragmentation across Africa] '''(the closest to our map)'''
::* [https://www.nature.com/articles/srep30807/figures/2 Figure 2 From: Phylogeographic Patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of Genetic Clades in the Lion (Panthera leo)]
::* [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Historic-and-present-distribution-of-the-lion-Panthera-leo-in-Africa_fig1_289250903 Fig 3 in The Decline in the Lion Population in Africa and Possible Mitigation Measures]
::* [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Current-and-most-recent-historical-distribution-of-lions-Panthera-leo-in-sub-Saharan_fig1_307466213 Figure in The Challenges and Relevance of Exploring the Genetics of North Africa's (Barbary Lion) and the Conservation of Putative Descendants in Captivity] => for the most recent "historic" distribution
::Other maps but probably not relevant here:
::* [https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251.g001 Figure 1 in The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion Panthera leo Revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics] (nice map but authors are from a cancer institute, so not the subject-matter experts?)
::* [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-map-of-the-approximate-distributions-of-late-Pleistocene-lions-and-the-provenance-of_fig1_304382290 Figure 2 in Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the Panthera Cats] => but late Pleistocene
::* [https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x Figure 1 in Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity]: but this is the late Pleistocene period
::Other maps but not [[WP:RS]]:
::* [https://www.wildcru.org/news/baselines-to-assess-decline-and-recovery-lions/] by [[WildCRU]]
::* [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Current-and-historic-range-map-of-the-African-lion-Source-Panthera-2009-Population_fig6_316429973 Figure 13 in Source: Panthera 2009 Comparison of national wildlife management strategies: What works where, and why?]
::* [https://www.lionrecoveryfund.org/distribution-status/ Lion Recovery Fund]
::I would use the first map (Figure 1 in Spatiotemporal Genetic Diversity of Lions Reveals the Influence of Habitat Fragmentation across Africa) or a combination of the first 4 maps. [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 09:07, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
:::Okay, but we still have to remove its historic range from some places like the Arabian Peninsula and the Caucasus. [[User:LittleJerry|LittleJerry]] ([[User talk:LittleJerry|talk]]) 18:32, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
::::[[File:Map lion samples and variability genetic markers.png|thumb]]
::::Yes for sure. I suggested we could use the above sources to create a new map.
::::A temporary easy solution is to upload [https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251.g001 this image] as [https://plos.org/terms-of-use/ all images on PLOS are licensed under CC BY SA]. I've just done it, I'll try to crop it now and replace the current map while waiting for a better version. [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 18:53, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
:::::OK, I tried... Removing all the labels is just too hard for me... [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 18:57, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
:Yes, can. And think that a map based on latest IUCN RL data would be the best solution. [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 17:46, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] thanks! Wouldn't it be good to add the [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/1/48/5871931 historic range] as well? Or maybe on another map? [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 19:48, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
:The next best option, imo, is to wait for an update of the iucn RL assessment. This is likely to be published next year, and then we can use the new map in the taxobox. Thoughts? – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 13:17, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
::Yes @[[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]], I agree we could wait for the current distribution but:
::# What about the historic distribution? We don't need to wait for the IUCN for that
::# What about the unsourced map currently on this article? Should we keep it or remove it?
::[[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 13:19, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
:::The current unsourced map has been there for so loooong that we can keep it for few more months. Therefore imo: '''replace''' it by the new map, once available. – [[User:BhagyaMani|BhagyaMani]] ([[User talk:BhagyaMani|talk]]) 13:38, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
::::I agree, thanks! [[User:A455bcd9|a455bcd9 (Antoine)]] ([[User talk:A455bcd9|talk]]) 14:11, 21 December 2022 (UTC)


== Bite force ==
== Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2023 ==


Hello to all of you. I added information on the biteforce of ''Panthera leo'' because other ''Pantheras'' have this information. I put it up here to let the three major page contributors—BhagyaMani, LittleJerry, and Casliber—know. As I can personally attest to, readers find this kind of information to be really helpful, so I advise leaving the edit rather than rolling it back. Having been a Wikipedia reader since 2018, I was dismayed to see no mention of bite force on any of my favorite articles. I hope I was able to serve the readers here. [[User:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#000080;">'''''Wolverine'''''</span> <span style="color:#8A307F;">'''''XI'''''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Wolverine XI|<span style="color:#2C5F2D;">talk to me</span>]])</sup> 17:32, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
{{Edit semi-protected|Lion|answered=yes}}
[[Special:Contributions/119.73.102.3|119.73.102.3]] ([[User talk:119.73.102.3|talk]]) 09:22, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
[[Animal Battle]]
:[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a [[WP:EDITXY|"change X to Y" format]] and provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate.<!-- Template:ESp --> [[User:LilianaUwU|<span style="font-family:default;color:#00c6ff;">''Liliana''</span><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;color:#ff879a;">''UwU''</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:LilianaUwU|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/LilianaUwU|contributions]])</sup> 09:22, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

Revision as of 03:02, 14 May 2024

Featured articleLion is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so.
Main Page trophyThis article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on May 24, 2008.
Article milestones
DateProcessResult
September 30, 2006Good article nomineeNot listed
August 12, 2007Peer reviewReviewed
September 24, 2007Featured article candidatePromoted
April 14, 2011Featured article reviewKept
Current status: Featured article

"simulating sex" is homophobic phrasing

I.e. from "Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before simulating sex together." under "Behaviour and ecology" then "Reproduction and life cycle". They have sex. 31.20.106.40 (talk) 10:50, 5 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]

=== No it's not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.56.82.219 (talk) 09:15, 3 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Semi-protected edit request on 3 October 2023

Mountain Lions, Cougars, and Puma are classified as Lions. Fix it.

X == Asia & Africa are native to lions Y == + America (that is all)

Having ignorant people remove edits without looking into knowledge learned before them, is pathetic.

Such a simple fix I thought most knew. 172.56.82.219 (talk) 09:13, 3 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

 Not done: No. They are a separate species from proper lions. Meters (talk) 09:28, 3 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Featured Images

I’d like to suggest a change to the featured images, or in the very least to the lioness image. I’m a little biased, of course, as the images are my own. The current male is a stunning specimen, so I won’t be too disappointed if the consensus is to keep it. Lions in sanctuaries are always just so majestic! This is a photo the biggest male I’ve seen, and my proposed male image.

For a lioness, this is my proposed photo and the most impressive female I’ve ever seen. Bias aside, I really think she is a perfect example and an improvement over the current lioness image. Hopefully my contribution can help! AfricanConservation (talk) 15:36, 28 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

  • Oppose because the descriptions of both images contain a link to an organisation with which you are apparently affiliated. As User:331dot already explained to you on your talk page : this kind of advertising constitutes a conflict of interest. Remove this link, and I may change my mind. – BhagyaMani (talk) 02:18, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
    Apologies, these photos were uploaded before my talk with User:331dot and clarified. Link removed from both images. AfricanConservation (talk) 04:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Semi-protected edit request on 3 March 2024

In cultural significance -> western world the third sentence starts with: "Tfhe lion is featured in several of Aesop's fables...". There's a typo on the article, so "Tfhe" should be changed to "The". Thanks! Bullerr (talk) 16:01, 3 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]

 Done Thank you! --TheImaCow (talk) 21:32, 3 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Bite force

Hello to all of you. I added information on the biteforce of Panthera leo because other Pantheras have this information. I put it up here to let the three major page contributors—BhagyaMani, LittleJerry, and Casliber—know. As I can personally attest to, readers find this kind of information to be really helpful, so I advise leaving the edit rather than rolling it back. Having been a Wikipedia reader since 2018, I was dismayed to see no mention of bite force on any of my favorite articles. I hope I was able to serve the readers here. Wolverine XI (talk to me) 17:32, 6 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]

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