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'''Sushruta''' was a surgeon and teacher of [[Ayurveda|traditional Indian medicine]] who flourished in the Indian of [[Kashi]] around 600 BCE.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07>Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007) </ref> The medical treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''—compiled in [[Indo-European language]] [[Vedic Sanskrit]]—is attributed to him.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> The ''Sushruta Samhita'' contains multiple detailed references to diseases and medical procedures.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> |
'''Sushruta''' was a surgeon and teacher of [[Ayurveda|traditional Indian medicine]] who flourished in the Indian of [[Kashi]] around 600 BCE.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07>Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007) </ref> The medical treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''—compiled in [[Indo-European language]] [[Vedic Sanskrit]]—is attributed to him.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> The ''Sushruta Samhita'' contains multiple detailed references to diseases and medical procedures.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> However, Richard Salomon states that the earliest confirmed specimens of India's [[Brahmic family of scripts|earliest written script]], the [[Brāhmī script]], are rock-cut inscriptions called the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and are dated to the 3rd century BC; any excavated evidence for writing in India that may predate these Edicts (such as graffiti on pottery shards from [[Sri Lanka]] that may date to the 4th century BC) are controversial and their dating ambiguous.<ref>Salomon, Richard. (2003). "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages," in ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'', 67–103. Edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0700711309.</ref> |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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Revision as of 21:15, 12 September 2008
Sushruta | |
|---|---|
 The surgeon Sushruta composed his work Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Sanskrit. | |
| Born | c. 6th century BC |
| Known for | Rhinoplasty |
| Medical career | |
| Profession | Surgeon, Physician |
| Sub-specialties | Plastic Surgery, Cataract surgery |
| Research | Diseases (cure and origin) and surgical instruments. |
Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of traditional Indian medicine who flourished in the Indian of Kashi around 600 BCE.[1] The medical treatise Sushruta Samhita—compiled in Indo-European language Vedic Sanskrit—is attributed to him.[1] The Sushruta Samhita contains multiple detailed references to diseases and medical procedures.[1] However, Richard Salomon states that the earliest confirmed specimens of India's earliest written script, the Brāhmī script, are rock-cut inscriptions called the Edicts of Ashoka and are dated to the 3rd century BC; any excavated evidence for writing in India that may predate these Edicts (such as graffiti on pottery shards from Sri Lanka that may date to the 4th century BC) are controversial and their dating ambiguous.[2]
Life
Sushruta served as a surgeon in Kashi, where he practiced medicine and identified the treatment and origin of several diseases.[3]
Contributions
Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007) summarize the work of the surgeon Sushruta in the below mentioned passage:[1]
The main vehicle of the transmission of knowledge during that period was by oral method. The language used was Sanskrit — the vedic language of that period (2000-500 BC). The most authentic compilation of his teachings and work is presently available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita. This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.
Though the acknowledged contributions of Sushruta belong in the field of Plastic and Cataract surgery,[1] a number of his other contributions to medicine are listed below:
| Angina pectoris, mention and treatment of | The concept of Hritshoola—literally heart pain—was also known to Sushruta. Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007) hold that: 'It embodies all the essential components of present day definition, i.e. site, nature, aggravating and relieving factors and referral. According to him angina is chest pain which is precordial, temporary, exertional, emotional, burning like and relieved by rest. He also linked this kind of pain to obesity (medoroga).'[1] |
| Circulatory system, description of | The knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was also known to Sushruta. He also seems to posses knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007).[1] |
| Diabetes, mention and treatment of | Sushruta identified Diabetes and classified it as Medhumeha. He further identified it with Obesity and Sedentary lifestyle, advising exercises to help cure it.[1] |
| Hypertension, mention and treatment of | Sushruta also explains hypertension in a manner which match the modern symptoms of the disease.[1] |
| Leprosy, mention and treatment of | Writing in the Encyclopedia Britannica 2008, Kearns & Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in the Indian medical treatise Sushruta Samhita (6th century BCE).[4] The The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology (1998) which holds that: "The Sushruta Samhita from India describes the condition quite well and even offers therapeutic suggestions as early as about 600 B.C."[5] |
| Obesity, mention and treatment of | Obesity was known to Sushruta who also related it with diabetes and heart disorder. He recommended physical work in order to help cure it and its side effects.[1] |
| Stone, mention and treatment of | The earliest operation for curing stone is also given in the Sushruta Samhita. The operation involved exposure and going up through the floor of the bladder.[6] |
Legacy
The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak influenced Islamic medicine and were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (750 CE).[7] These translated Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermidiateries.[8] In Italy as the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[8]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007)
- ^ Salomon, Richard. (2003). "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages," in The Indo-Aryan Languages, 67–103. Edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0700711309.
- ^ Lock etc., page 420
- ^ Kearns & Nash (2008)
- ^ Aufderheide, A. C.; Rodriguez-Martin, C. & Langsjoen, O. (page 148)
- ^ Lock etc., page 836
- ^ Lock etc., page 607
- ^ a b Lock etc., page 607
References
- Aufderheide, A. C.; Rodriguez-Martin, C. & Langsjoen, O. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521552036.
- Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
- Kearns, Susannah C.J. & Nash, June E. (2008). leprosy. Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192629506.