Social entrepreneurship is the work of a social entrepreneur. A social entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a social problem and uses entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to make social change. Whereas business entrepreneurs typically measure performance in profit and return, social entrepreneurs assess their success in terms of the impact they have on society and often work through nonprofits and citizen groups.

History

The terms social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship were first used in the literature on social change in the 1960s and 1970s ^[1]. It came into widespread use in the 1980s and 1990s, promoted by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Bill Drayton the founder of Ashoka, ^[2], and others such as Charles Leadbeater ^[3]. From the 1950s to the 1990s Michael Young was a leading promoter of social enterprise and in the 1980s was described by Professor Daniel Bell at Harvard as 'the world's most successful entrepreneur of social enterprises' because of his role in creating over 60 new organizations worldwide, including a series of Schools for Social Entrepreneurs in the UK.

However, although the terms are relatively new social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship can be found throughout history. A list of a few historically noteworthy people whose work exemplifies classic "social entrepreneurship" might include Florence Nightingale, founder of the first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices, Robert Owen founder of the cooperative movement, Vinoba Bhave (founder of India's Land Gift Movement), and Shri Hedgewar (founder of Rashtriya Swaymsevaka Sangh). During the 19th and 20th centuries some of the most successful social entrepreneurs successfully straddled the civic, governmental and business worlds - promoting ideas that were taken up by mainstream public services in welfare, schools and healthcare.

Current practice

One well known contemporary social entrepreneur is Muhammad Yunus, founder and manager of Grameen Bank and its growing family of social venture businesses, who was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.^[4] The work of Yunus and Grameen echoes a theme among modern day social entrepreneurs that emphasizes the enormous synergies and benefits when business principles are unified with social ventures. ^[5] In some countries - including Bangladesh and to a lesser extent the USA - social entrepreneurs have filled the spaces left by a relatively small state. In other countries - particularly in Europe and south America - they have tended to work more closely with public organizations at both the national and local level.

The George Foundation's Women's Empowerment program empowers women by providing education, cooperative farming, vocational training, savings plan, and business development. In 2006 the cooperative farming program, Baldev Farms, was the second largest banana grower in South India with 250 acres under cultivation.^{[citation needed]} Profits from the farm are used for improving the economic status of the workers and for running the other charitable activities of the foundation.^{[citation needed]}

Some have created for profit organizations. A recent example is Vikram Akula founder CEO of SKS Microfinance, the McKinsey alumni started a microlending venture in villages of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Though this venture is For - Profit but already initiated a sharp social change amongst poor women from villages.

There are continuing arguments over precisely who counts as a social entrepreneur. Some have advocated restricting the term to founders of organizations that primarily rely on earned income – meaning income earned directly from paying consumers. Others have extended this to include contracted work for public authorities, while others still include grants and donations. This argument is unlikely to be resolved soon. Peter Drucker, for example, once wrote that there was nothing as entrepreneurial as creating a new university: yet in most developed countries the majority of university funding comes from the state.

Today, nonprofits and non-governmental organizations, foundations, governments and individuals promote, fund, and advise social entrepreneurs around the planet. A growing number of colleges and universities are establishing programs focused on educating and training social entrepreneurs.

Organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public, the Skoll Foundation, the Omidyar Network, the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs, Echoing Green, UnLtd, the Manhattan Institute, the Draper Richards Foundation and Civic Ventures among others, focus on highlighting these hidden change-makers who are scattered across the country and globe. The north American organizations tend to have a strongly individualistic stance focused on a handful of exceptional leaders - while others in Asia and Europe emphasize more how social entrepreneurs work within teams, networks and movements for change.

There remains a vast social terrain that continues to go largely unreported in most news, though the recent exposure of Google.org may start changing our society's awareness.

Fast Company Magazine annually publishes a list of the 25 best social entrepreneurs which they define as organizations "using the disciplines of the corporate world to tackle daunting social problems."^[6]

References

See also

• Category:Social entrepreneurs
• List of social entrepreneurs
• Social innovation
• Social enterprise
• Impact maximization

Further reading

• David Bornstein, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, Oxford University Press (and others) ISBN 0-19-513805-8
• Charles Leadbeater, The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur' Demos, 1996, available free of charge from www.demos.co.uk

External links

Publications

• SocialEdge - By Social Entrepreneurs, For Social Entrepreneurs
• - Showcase of social and community entrepreneurs

Articles

• Everyone a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship's Ultimate Goal , Bill Drayton, Innovations: Technology|Governance|Globalization, MIT Press, Winter 2006.

Marketplaces

• Kiva