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'''Shahmaran'''{{efn|{{lang-fa|شاهماران|Shahmaran}}; {{lang-ku|Şahmaran/Şamaran}}; {{lang-tr|Şahmeran}}; {{lang-tt|Şahmara, Zilant, Зилант, Aq Yılan|italic=invert}}; {{lang-cv|Вĕреçĕлен}}, {{literal translation}} 'Fire snake'}} is a mythical creature, half-woman and half-snake, originating in the [[Culture of Armenia|Armenian]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nicolaus |first=Peter |title=The Serpent Symbolism in the Yezidi Religious Tradition and the Snake in Yerevan |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=15 |issue=1/2 |date=2011 |page=59 |jstor=41430888 |quote=Furthermore, the serpent was, and still is, considered a symbol of good fortune and power among Kurdish people and the "image of Shahmaran (the queen of the serpents) is depicted on glass or metal work, seen hung on walls even today".}} Accessed 14 May 2023.</ref> and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] folklores.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sartori |first1=Paolo |title=Sharīʿa in the Russian Empire: the reach and limits of Islamic law in Central Eurasia, 1550-1917 |date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHoxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>
'''Shahmaran'''{{efn|{{lang-fa|شاهماران|Shahmaran}}; {{lang-ku|Şahmaran/Şamaran}}; {{lang-tr|Şahmeran}}; {{lang-tt|Şahmara, Zilant, Зилант, Aq Yılan|italic=invert}}; {{lang-cv|Вĕреçĕлен}}, {{literal translation}} 'Fire snake'}} is a mythical creature, half-woman and half-snake, originating in the [[Culture of Armenia|Armenian]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] folklores.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sartori |first1=Paolo |title=Sharīʿa in the Russian Empire: the reach and limits of Islamic law in Central Eurasia, 1550-1917 |date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHoxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Line 32: Line 32:


==Popular culture==
==Popular culture==
The Kurds have always viewed the serpent as a symbol of luck and strength, and they continue to have images of Shahmaran on glass or metal work, which is in turn displayed on their walls.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nicolaus |first=Peter |title=The Serpent Symbolism in the Yezidi Religious Tradition and the Snake in Yerevan |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=15 |issue=1/2 |date=2011 |page=59 |jstor=41430888 |quote=Furthermore, the serpent was, and still is, considered a symbol of good fortune and power among Kurdish people and the "image of Shahmaran (the queen of the serpents) is depicted on glass or metal work, seen hung on walls even today".}} Accessed 14 May 2023.</ref>

In [[Turkey]], Shahmaran is believed to live in the Mediterranean town of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] and a similar legend is told in the [[Mardin]] region, a town with a large Kurdish and Arab population.<ref name=":4" /> In eastern Turkey, the tale of Shahmaran is still popular, where the population of the country is roughly 15% – 20% Kurdish.<ref name=":4" /> In these regions her legend is commonly evoked, with her image depicted in embroidery, fabrics, rugs, and jewelry. The story and imagery of Shahmaran are considered a national treasure in Turkey.<ref name=":2" />
In [[Turkey]], Shahmaran is believed to live in the Mediterranean town of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] and a similar legend is told in the [[Mardin]] region, a town with a large Kurdish and Arab population.<ref name=":4" /> In eastern Turkey, the tale of Shahmaran is still popular, where the population of the country is roughly 15% – 20% Kurdish.<ref name=":4" /> In these regions her legend is commonly evoked, with her image depicted in embroidery, fabrics, rugs, and jewelry. The story and imagery of Shahmaran are considered a national treasure in Turkey.<ref name=":2" />


Revision as of 00:36, 15 May 2023

Shāhmārān
The Shahmaran
GroupingMythical creature
FolkloreTurkish folklore, Iranian folklore & Kurdish mythology
Other name(s)Shah (king) of the Snakes
CountryAncient Iran

Shahmaran[a] is a mythical creature, half-woman and half-snake, originating in the Armenian,[1] Indo-Iranian and Turkic folklores.[2]

Etymology

The name Shāhmārān comes from the Persian words Shāh (شاه), and mārān (ماران; transl. 'snakes'; sg. مار mar). Hence, the name Shāhmārān literally means 'the king of snakes'.[1]

Mythology

Shahmaran is a mythical creature, half-snake and half-woman, the first human she encounters is a young man named Jamasp (Persian: Jāmāsp جاماسپ), who is also known by Yada Jamsab (other spellings are Jambs, Camasb, and Jamisav).[3][4][5] Jamasp gets stuck in a cave after he tries to steal honey with a few friends, his friends leave him alone in the cave.[3] He decides to explore the cave and finds a passage to a chamber that looks like a mystical and beautiful garden with thousands of off-white colored snakes and the Shahmaran living together harmoniously.[3][6] At this point Shahmaran and Jamasp fall in love and live in the cave chamber, and the Shahmaran teaches him about medicines and medicinal herbs.[3] Jamasp misses living above ground and wants to leave, he tells the Shahmaran he will not share the secret of her living there.[3] Many years pass.

The king of the town of Tarsus becomes ill and the vizier discovers the treatment of his condition requires Shahmaran's flesh.[6] Jamasp tells the townspeople where Shahmaran lives, according to the legend Shahmaran says, “blanch me in an earthen dish, give my extract to the vizier, and feed my flesh to the sultan.”[6] They bring her to the town and kill her in a bath called, "Şahmaran Hamam".[3] The king eats her flesh and lives, the vizier drinks the extract and dies.[3][6] Jamasp drinks the water of Shahmaran and becomes a doctor, by gaining the Shahmaran's wisdom.[3][6]

Due to its antiquity, there are many variations of the same story.

Popular culture

The Kurds have always viewed the serpent as a symbol of luck and strength, and they continue to have images of Shahmaran on glass or metal work, which is in turn displayed on their walls.[7]

In Turkey, Shahmaran is believed to live in the Mediterranean town of Tarsus and a similar legend is told in the Mardin region, a town with a large Kurdish and Arab population.[5] In eastern Turkey, the tale of Shahmaran is still popular, where the population of the country is roughly 15% – 20% Kurdish.[5] In these regions her legend is commonly evoked, with her image depicted in embroidery, fabrics, rugs, and jewelry. The story and imagery of Shahmaran are considered a national treasure in Turkey.[6]

Many of the versions of the story of Shahmaran are found in fictional books including the J.C. Mardrus translation of The Thousand Nights and One Night as the story of "Jemlia - the Sultan of Underground" and The Ring of Shah Maran, A Story from the Mountains of Kurdistan.[8][9][better source needed] The 1944 fairy tale book called The Ring of Shah Maran, A Story from the Mountains of Kurdistan by Raphael Emmanuel tells the folk story of a boy that shares bread with animals and earns the respect of Shahmaran.[9]

Dutch singer of Iranian descent, Sevdaliza, included a song titled "Shahmaran" on her debut studio album ISON.[10]

Since c. 2016, LGBTQ supporters in Turkey and locations in the Middle East have been using the image of Shahmaran as symbol of supporting LGBTQ issues.[5] Shahmaran's image has also been used to symbolize the strength of Kurdish women by artists Zehra Doğan and Canan Senol.[5][11] In 2020, the Mardin Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey hosted a public art exhibition, Shahmaran Mardin, featuring Shahmaran statues artist by Ayla Turan, that were decorated by local artists and businesses.[6]

The 2023 Netflix series Shahmaran is also built around the legend in a modern setting.[12]

Historical references

The Shah Maran–Daulatabad basin is an ancient irrigation system from the Iron Age, found in the 1960s and 1970s near Tepe Yahya in southwestern Iran.[13][14]

In Adana in southern Turkey, the Yılankale (Snake Castle) is locally known as the home of Shahmaran.[15][16]

Shahmeran Hamam, a historical hammam (Turkish bath) in Tarsus, Turkey, is associated with Shahmaran.[17]

See also

Mythological dragons, serpents, and snakes

Notes

  1. ^ Persian: شاهماران, romanized: Shahmaran; Kurdish: Şahmaran/Şamaran; Turkish: Şahmeran; Tatar: Şahmara, Zilant, Зилант, Aq Yılan; Chuvash: Вĕреçĕлен, lit. 'Fire snake'

References

  1. ^ a b Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0674968509. (...) called Šahmaran (NP. šāh-i mārān 'king of the snakes' (...)
  2. ^ Sartori, Paolo (7 January 2020). Sharīʿa in the Russian Empire: the reach and limits of Islamic law in Central Eurasia, 1550-1917. Edinburgh University Press. p. 141. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "ŞAHMARAN: The Urban Legend of Turkey". Kanaga TV Web Series. NNaco. 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  4. ^ Ahmed, Mohammed M. A. (2008). A Fire in My Heart: Kurdish Tales. World folklore series. Diane Edgecomb, Mohammed M. A. Ahmed, Çeto Özel. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9781591584377. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  5. ^ a b c d e Gruber, Christiane. "What the mythical figure of Şahmeran in Turkey represents and why activists use it". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Shahmaran tale to resonate through Mardin streets with the art of sculpture". Daily Sabah. 2020-03-01. Archived from the original on 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  7. ^ Nicolaus, Peter (2011). "The Serpent Symbolism in the Yezidi Religious Tradition and the Snake in Yerevan". Iran & the Caucasus. 15 (1/2): 59. JSTOR 41430888. Furthermore, the serpent was, and still is, considered a symbol of good fortune and power among Kurdish people and the "image of Shahmaran (the queen of the serpents) is depicted on glass or metal work, seen hung on walls even today". Accessed 14 May 2023.
  8. ^ Mardrus, Joseph Charles (1992). "Jemlia - the Sultan of Underground". The Thousand Nights and One Night. Vol. 7. pp. 68–131.
  9. ^ a b Emmanuel, Raphael (1944). The Ring of Shah Maran: A Story from the Mountains of Kurdistan. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  10. ^ "Sevdaliza's Painful 'Shahmaran' Visual Is A Silent Liberation For Voices Of The Oppressed". BET.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  11. ^ Acuner, Derya. "CANAN (Şenol)". AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  12. ^ "Şahmaran: Kadınlar ve Yılanlar" [Shahmaran: Women and Snakes] (in Turkish). Diken. 22 January 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  13. ^ Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (2013). Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems. Oxbow Books. p. 35. ISBN 9781782971672. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  14. ^ Wight Beale, Thomas; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (2004). Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran, 1967-1975, Volume I: The Early Periods. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletins 38. Peabody Museum Press. ISBN 978-0873655415.
  15. ^ Murray, J. (1837). "A General Statement of the Labours and Proceedings of the Expedition to Euphrates, Under the Command of Colonel Chesney". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 7: 420. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2019-08-20 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ "Snake Castle restored to welcome visitors". DailySabah. 2018-05-17. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  17. ^ "Tarsus Belediyesi - Turistik Yerler" [Tarsus Municipality - Touristic Places]. www.tarsus.bel.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2019-08-21. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahmaran&diff=prev&oldid=1154840975

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