THC Science

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
*Gendarmerie royale du Canada*
Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Gendarmerie royale du Canada;
	1973–2023 guidon of the RCMP
Active	1873–present
Country	Canada
Type	Dragoons
Battle honours	see Battle honours
Commanders
Commissioner	Michael Duheme
Commissioner-in-chief	King Charles III
Honorary deputy commissioners	The Duke of Edinburgh; The Princess Royal
Insignia
Tartan	RCMP
Abbreviation	RCMP/GRC

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
*Gendarmerie royale du Canada*
Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Gendarmerie royale du Canada
	Badge of the RCMP
	Patch (i.e. shoulder flash) of the RCMP
	Corps ensign of the RCMP
Common name	The Mounties
Abbreviation	RCMP; GRC;
Motto	Maintiens le droit; (French for 'uphold the right' / 'maintain the right' / 'defend the law')
Agency overview
Formed	May 23, 1873; 151 years ago (NWMP formed); February 1, 1920 (renamed to RCMP and absorption of Dominion Police)
Preceding agencies	Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) (1873); Dominion Police (1868);
Employees	30,092 (2019)
Volunteers	Approximately 1,600 auxiliary constables
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency	Canada
Operations jurisdiction	Canada
Constituting instruments	Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act); Various provincial police legislation;
General nature	Federal law enforcement; Local civilian police;
Operational structure
Overseen by	Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Headquarters	M. J. Nadon Government of Canada Building; 73 Leikin Drive; Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2
Sworn members	22,445 (April 2019) Commissioners: 1; Deputy commissioners: 6; Assistant commissioners: 26; Chief superintendents: 54; Superintendents: 179; Inspectors: 339; Corps sergeants major: 1; Sergeants major: 10; Staff sergeants major: 8; Staff sergeants: 830; Sergeants: 1,993; Corporals: 3,641; Constables: 11,970; Special constables: 106; Civilian members: 3,087; ;
Unsworn members	5,759 (April 2019) Public Service employees: 5,759; ;
Minister responsible	Dominic LeBlanc, Minister of Public Safety;
Agency executive	Michael Duheme, Commissioner;
Parent agency	Public Safety Canada
Divisions	15 National Division: National Capital Region ; B Division: Newfoundland and Labrador ; C Division: Quebec ; D Division: Manitoba ; E Division: British Columbia ; F Division: Saskatchewan ; G Division: Northwest Territories ; H Division: Nova Scotia ; J Division: New Brunswick ; K Division: Alberta ; L Division: Prince Edward Island ; M Division: Yukon ; O Division: Ontario ; V Division: Nunavut ; Depot Division: Regina, Saskatchewan; Innisfail, Alberta;
Detachments	712 Alberta: 119 ; British Columbia: 154 ; Manitoba: 88 ; New Brunswick: 44 ; Newfoundland: 43 ; Northwest Territories: 22 ; Nova Scotia: 53 ; Nunavut: 26 ; Ontario: 16 ; Prince Edward Island: 6 ; Quebec: 14 ; Saskatchewan: 113 ; Yukon: 14 ;
Facilities
Vehicles	8,677 Cars: 5,600 ; Trucks: 2,350 ; Motorcycles: 34 ; Snowmobiles: 481 ; All-terrain vehicles: 181 ; Armored Personnel Carriers: 2;
Boats	5
Fixed-wings	26
Helicopters	9
Notables
Significant incidents	Mayerthorpe tragedy; Spiritwood Incident; Moncton shooting; 2020 Nova Scotia attacks; 2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers;
Awards	Battle honours; Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (2007);
Website
	www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca
	While a federal agency, the RCMP also serves as the local law enforcement agency for various provincial, municipal, and First Nations jurisdictions.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada; GRC) is the national police service of Canada. The RCMP is an agency of the Government of Canada; it also delivers police services under contract to 11 provinces and territories, over 150 municipalities, and 600 Indigenous communities. The RCMP is commonly known as the Mounties in English (and colloquially in French as la police montée).

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was established in 1920 with the amalgamation of the Royal North-West Mounted Police and the Dominion Police. Sworn members of the RCMP have jurisdiction as a peace officer in all provinces and territories of Canada.^[14] Under its federal mandate, the RCMP is responsible for enforcing federal legislation; investigating inter-provincial and international crime; border integrity;^[15] overseeing Canadian peacekeeping missions involving police;^[16] managing the Canadian Firearms Program, which licenses and registers firearms and their owners;^[17] and the Canadian Police College, which provides police training to Canadian and international police services.^[18] Policing in Canada is considered to be a constitutional responsibility of provinces;^[19] however, the RCMP provides local police services under contract in all provinces and territories except Ontario and Quebec.^[20]^[21]^{[note 1]} Despite its name, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are no longer an actual mounted police service, and horses are used only at ceremonial events and certain other occasions.

The Government of Canada considers the RCMP to be an unofficial national symbol,^[22] and in 2013, 87 per cent of Canadians interviewed by Statistics Canada said that the RCMP was important to their national identity.^[23] However, the service has faced criticism for its broad mandate,^[24]^[25] and its public perception in Canada has gradually soured since the 1990s, worn down by workplace culture lawsuits, several high-profile scandals, staffing shortages, and the service's handling of incidents like the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks.^[26]^[27] The treatment of First Nations people by the RCMP has also been criticized.

History[edit]

Early history (1920–1970)[edit]

Several RCMP members involved in the hunt for Albert Johnson, 1931.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was formed in 1920 by the amalgamation of two separate federal police services: the Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP), which had been responsible for colonial policing in the Canadian West,^[28] but by 1920 was becoming "rapidly obsolete;"^[29] and the Dominion Police, which was responsible for federal law enforcement, intelligence, and parliamentary security.^[30] The new police service inherited the paramilitary, frontline policing-oriented culture that had governed the RNWMP, which had been modelled after the Royal Irish Constabulary,^[31] but much of the RCMP's local policing role had been superseded by provincial and municipal police services.

In 1928, the federal government authorized the RCMP to enter into heavily-subsidized contracts with provinces and municipalities, enabling the services to return to its roots in local policing. The federal government paid 60 per cent of the policing costs, while provinces and municipalities paid the remaining 40 per cent.^[29] By 1950, eight of the ten Canadian provinces had disbanded their provincial police services in favour of subsidized RCMP policing.^[32]

As part of its national security and intelligence functions, the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada. These included the Communist Party of Canada (founded in 1921) and a variety of Indigenous, minority cultural, and nationalist groups.^[33]^{[need quotation to verify]} The service was also deeply involved in immigration matters, and was responsible for deporting suspected radicals. The RCMP paid particular attention to nationalist and socialist Ukrainian groups^[34] and the Chinese community, which was targeted because of disproportionate links to opium dens. Historians estimate that Canada deported two percent of its Chinese community between 1923 and 1932, largely under the provisions of the Opium and Narcotics Drugs Act.^[35] The first Mountie to go undercover was Frank Zaneth who under the code name Operative Number 1 infiltrated various "radical" groups along with the Mafia.^[36]

In 1932, RCMP members killed Albert Johnson, the Mad Trapper of Rat River, after a shoot-out.^[37] Johnson had been the subject of a dispute with local Indigenous trappers—he had reportedly destroyed their traps, harassed them verbally, and on one occasion, pointed a firearm at them—and, when confronted with a search warrant, opened fire on RCMP officers, wounding one.^[37]^[38] Also in 1932, the Customs Preventive Service (CPS), a branch of the Department of National Revenue, was folded into the RCMP at the request of RCMP leadership.^[39]^[40]

In 1935, the RCMP, acting as the provincial police service for Saskatchewan (but against the wishes of the Saskatchewan government)^[23] and in collaboration with the Regina Police Service, attempted to arrest organizers of the On-to-Ottawa Trek in the Germantown neighbourhood's market square by kettling around 300 rally-goers, sparking the Regina Riot.^[41] One city police officer and one protester were killed. The trek, which had been organized to call attention to conditions in relief camps, consequently failed to reach Ottawa, but nevertheless had political reverberations.^[41] That same year, three RCMP members, acting under contract as provincial police officers, were killed in Saskatchewan and Alberta during an arrest and subsequent pursuit.^[42]

During the interwar period, the RCMP employed special constables to assist with strikebreaking. For a brief period in the late 1930s, a volunteer militia group, the Legion of Frontiersmen, were affiliated with the RCMP.^[43] Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization, which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary police service.

In 1940, the RCMP schooner St. Roch facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada's Arctic territory. It was the first vessel to navigate the Northwest Passage from west to east, taking two years, the first to navigate the passage in one season (from Halifax to Vancouver in 1944), the first to sail either way through the passage in one season, and the first to circumnavigate North America (1950).^[44]

In 1941, two African-Canadian men from Nova Scotia applied to join the RCMP. The commissioner at the time, Stuart Wood, allegedly allowed them to sit for entrance tests in the hopes that they could be definitively refused entry to the service as "their colour would raise the question of policy."^[45] Both men ultimately passed the requisite tests, but neither was given an offer of employment.^[45]

In the wake of the 1945 defection of Soviet cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko, who revealed that the Soviet Union was spying on Western nations, the RCMP separated its units responsible for domestic intelligence and counter-espionage from the Criminal Investigation Branch to the new Special Branch, formed in 1950.^[46] The branch changed names twice: in 1962, to the Directorate of Security and Intelligence; and in 1970 to the Security Service.^[46]

On April 1, 1949, Newfoundland and Labrador joined in full confederation with Canada and the Newfoundland Ranger Force amalgamated with the RCMP.

In June 1953, the RCMP became a full member of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).^[47]

In 1969, the RCMP hired its first Black police officer, Hartley Gosline.^[45]

Late 20th century[edit]

On July 4, 1973, during a visit to Regina, Saskatchewan, Queen Elizabeth II approved a new badge for the RCMP. The force subsequently presented the sovereign with a tapestry rendering of the new design.^[48]

A member of the emergency response team in training in 2010. The tactical unit was formed in 1977.

In 1978, the RCMP formed 31 part-time emergency response teams across the country to respond to serious incidents requiring a tactical police response.^[49]^[50]

In 1986, in the wake of the 1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa and the bombing of Air India Flight 182, the Canadian government directed the RCMP to form the Special Emergency Response Team (SERT), a full-time counter-terrorism unit.^[51]^[52]

In the early 1990s, journalists at the Canadian Broadcasting Company's The Fifth Estate opened an investigation into rumours that a senior RCMP officer in the Criminal Intelligence Service (CISC) was on the payroll of a Montreal-based organized crime group, and in 1992, aired an episode identifying Inspector Claude Savoie, then the assistant director of the CISC, as the leak, citing evidence that connected him to Allan Ronald Ross, an Irish-Canadian drug lord, and Sidney Leithman, a prominent lawyer associated with Montreal's organized crime network.^[53] Shortly after the episode aired, and minutes before being interviewed by detectives with the RCMP's professional standards unit, Savoie committed suicide in his Ottawa office.^[54] One of Savoie's subordinates, Portuguese-Canadian constable Jorge Leite, was found guilty of corruption and breach of trust by a Portuguese court in relation to his work with Savoie.^[55]^[56]

In 1993, the SERT was transferred to the Canadian Forces, creating a new unit called Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2). The JTF2 inherited some equipment and the SERT's former training base near Ottawa.

In 1995 the Personal Protection Group (PPG) of the RCMP was created at the behest of Jean Chrétien after the break-in by André Dallaire at the Prime Minister's official Ottawa residence, 24 Sussex Drive.^[57] The PPG is a 180-member group responsible for VIP security details, chiefly the prime minister and the governor general.^[58]

RCMP Security Service (1950–1984)[edit]

The RCMP Security Service (RCMPSS) was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities following revelations of illegal covert operations relating to the Quebec separatist movement.^[59] As a result, the RCMPSS was replaced by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) in 1984, and is statutorily independent of the RCMP.

In the late 1970s, revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service service had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist Parti Québécois. This led to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP, better known as the "McDonald Commission", named for the presiding judge, Justice David Cargill McDonald. The commission recommended that the service's intelligence duties be removed in favour of the creation of a separate intelligence agency, the CSIS. The RCMP and the CSIS nonetheless continue to share responsibility for some law enforcement activities in the contemporary era, particularly in the anti-terrorism context.^[60]

21st century[edit]

Due to 9/11, the RCMP Sky Marshals, which is charged with security on passenger aircraft, was inaugurated in 2002.^[61]

Four RCMP officers were fatally shot during the Mayerthorpe tragedy in Alberta in March 2005. It was the single largest multiple killing of RCMP officers since the killing of three officers in Kamloops, British Columbia, by a mentally ill assailant in June 1962. Prior to that, the RCMP had not incurred such a loss since the North-West Rebellion.^[62] One result was that on 21 October 2011 Commissioner William J. S. Elliott announced that RCMP officers would have the C8 rifle at their disposal, where in the past they had been limited to sidearms. One of the main conclusions from the fatality inquiry that led to this result was the fact that the officers who were involved in the events did not have the appropriate weapons to face someone with a semi-automatic rifle.^[63]

In 2006, the United States Coast Guard's Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called "Shiprider", in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 U.S. Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent was to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border.^[64]

On December 6, 2006, RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli resigned after admitting that his earlier testimony about the Maher Arar terrorist case was inaccurate. The RCMP's actions were scrutinized by the Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar. In the aftermath of the Arar affair, the commission of inquiry recommended that the RCMP be subject to greater oversight from a review board with investigative and information-sharing capacities.^[65] Following the commission of inquiry's recommendations, the Harper government tabled amendments to the RCMP Act to create the Civilian Review and Complaints Commission.^[65]

In the wake of the 2007 Robert Dziekański taser incident at the Vancouver International Airport, two officers were found guilty of perjury to the Braidwood Inquiry and sentenced to jail for their actions. They appealed all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada but were unsuccessful. In July 2007, two RCMP officers were shot and succumbed to their injuries in the Spiritwood Incident near Mildred, Saskatchewan.^{[citation needed]} By the end of 2007, the RCMP was named Newsmaker of the Year by The Canadian Press.^[66]

2010s[edit]

The RCMP mounted the Queen's Life Guard in May 2012 during celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.^[67]

On June 3, 2013, the RCMP's A Division was renamed the "National Division" and tasked it with handling corruption cases "at home and abroad".^[68]

In June 2014, three RCMP officers were murdered during the Moncton shooting.^[69] A review from retired assistant commissioner Alphonse MacNeil in May 2015 issued 64 recommendations, while the RCMP was charged with violating the Canada Labour Code (CLC) for the slow roll-out of the C8 carbine, which had been recommended by the 2011 Elliott inquiry. The RCMP issued the first carbines in 2013, and with 12,000 members across the country had, as of May 2015, only purchased 2,200.^[70] At the CLC trial the Crown argued that the then newly-retired head of the RCMP Bob Paulson had "played the odds" with officer safety and it proved fatal.^[71] One result of the CLC trial was the conviction of the organization that had been led by Paulson for close to seven years.^[72]

In October 2016, the RCMP issued an apology for harassment, discrimination, and sexual abuse of female officers and civilian members. Additionally they set aside a $100 million fund to compensate these victims. Over 20,000 current and past female employees that were employed after 1974 are eligible.^[73]

2020s[edit]

On March 10, 2020, Chief Allan Adam of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation was arrested by two RCMP officers in Fort McMurray, Alberta.^[74]^[75] After several minutes of Chief Adam yelling and posturing at officers, the officers tackled him and punched him in the head whilst struggling with him on the ground. Chief Adam was later charged with resisting arrest and assaulting a peace officer, but the charges were subsequently dropped.^[76] After watching the video of the arrest, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said, "[w]e have all now seen the shocking video of Chief Adam's arrest and we must get to the bottom of this".^[77]^[74]^[78] Following the revelation of Chief Adam's arrest—as well as several other recent instances in which RCMP officers had assaulted or killed Indigenous people^[79]—RCMP Commissioner Brenda Lucki stated, after initially demurring on the question, that systemic racism exists in the RCMP: "I do know that systemic racism is part of every institution, the RCMP included", she said.^[80] One day earlier, Trudeau had also stated that "[s]ystemic racism is an issue right across the country, in all our institutions, including in all our police services, including in the RCMP."^[81]

RCMP Constable Heidi Stevenson was killed while responding to the Wortman killing spree that left 23 dead in Nova Scotia in April 2020. The political furor that followed engulfed Commissioner Brenda Lucki and her minister, Public Safety Minister Bill Blair.^[82] The RCMP was strongly criticized for its response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the deadliest rampage in Canadian history,^[83] as well as their lack of transparency in the criminal investigation. CBC News' television program The Fifth Estate and online newspaper Halifax Examiner analyzed the timeline of events, and both observed a myriad of failures and shortcomings in the RCMP response.^[84]^[85]^[86] A criminologist criticised the RCMP's response as "a mess" and called for an overhaul in how the agency responds to active shooter situations, after they had failed to properly respond to other such incidents in the past.^[87]

In the early 2020s, several governments, politicians, and scholars have recommended terminating the RCMP's contract policing program.^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91] Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022.^[92]

In June 2021, Privacy Commissioner of Canada Daniel Therrien found that the RCMP had broken Canadian privacy law through hundreds of illegal searches using Clearview AI.^[93]

In February 2022, four men were arrested near Coutts, Alberta for their roles in an alleged conspiracy to kill RCMP officers during the Canada convoy protest.^[94]

On September 19, 2022 the RCMP led the procession through London, England, following the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II due to the long-standing special relationship with the Queen.^[95]^[96]

In 2023, the Mass Casualty Commission recommended that the RCMP replace its current Depot-based training regime with a more intensive university-style programme and that the federal public safety minister review the RCMP's involvement in contract policing.^[97] Later that year, the force established a new direct-entry programme for federal policing candidates.^[98] Those recruited for the programme will be required to complete a shorter, more focussed 14-week training curriculum in Ottawa before being posted to a federal policing position.^[99]

Role in colonization[edit]

As the federal police service, the RCMP has had an expansive and controversial role in colonization. One of the RCMP's two preceding agencies—the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP)—had enjoyed a relatively positive relationship with the Indigenous peoples of Canada, buoyed by their role in restoring order to the Canadian west, which had been disrupted by immigrant settlement, and the stark contrast between Canadian policy and the ongoing American Indian Wars in the late 19th century.^[28] After the signing of the Numbered Treaties between 1871 and 1899, however, the service generally failed to provide Indigenous communities with police services equal to those provided to non-Indigenous communities.^[28]

American historian Andrew Graybill argued the RCMP historically resembled the Texas Rangers in many ways: each protected the established order by confining and removing Indigenous peoples; tightly controlling the mixed-blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas and the Métis in Canada); assisting the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land; and breaking the power of labour unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.^[100]

From 1920 (1933, with respect to the Indian Act^[101]) to 1996, RCMP officers served as truant officers for Indian residential schools, including through the transition of students from federal residential to provincial day schools after 1948,^[102] assisting principals, staff, Indian agents, relatives, and members of the communities in bringing truant children to the schools,^[103] sometimes by force,^[104] as per the Indian Act^[103] and as was common for truant non-Indigenous children through the same period.^[105] Marcel-Eugène LeBeuf stated in his report for the RCMP that records and oral histories indicate the force "was responding, in its most traditional police role, to a request to protect children"^[106] and that abuses within the school system were largely unreported to the RCMP at the time.^[103]

During the federal government's imposition of municipal-style elected councils on First Nations, the RCMP raided the government buildings of particularly resistant traditional hereditary chiefs' councils and oversaw the subsequent council elections – the Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council was originally referred to as the "Mounties Council" as a result of the RCMP's involvement in its installation.^[107]

Role in land disputes[edit]

In 1995, the RCMP intervened in the Gustafsen Lake standoff between the armed Ts'peten Defenders, occupying what they claimed was unceded Indigenous land, and armed ranchers, who owned the land and had previously allowed Indigenous people to use part of it on the condition they not erect permanent structures. The RCMP's response included 400 tactical assault team members, five helicopters, two surveillance planes, and nine Bison armoured personnel carriers on loan from the Canadian Army^[108] and sparked international controversy over the RCMP's use of unusually broad press exclusion zones.^[109] One of the members of the Ts'peten Defenders was later granted political asylum in the United States after an Oregon judge found that the RCMP's reporting of the incident—marked by an RCMP member's off-hand comment to media that "smear campaigns are [the RCMP's] specialty"—amounted to a "disinformation campaign."^[110]^[111]

Between January 2019 and March 2020, the RCMP spent $13 million policing and periodically enforcing injunctions against Indigenous protesters blocking the construction of a pipeline across what the protesters asserted was unceded Wet'suwet'en territory.^[112] Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs Na'moks and Woos complained about the armed RCMP presence, as the police moved down the road, kilometre-by-kilometre, over days, dismantling fortified checkpoints and making arrests.^[112] The RCMP's enforcement of a court injunction against the occupiers in 2020 sparked international controversy and protests and, as of 2022, sporadic occupations and protests—some violent—have continued at the site.^[113]

Women in the RCMP[edit]

In the 1920s, Saskatchewan provincial pathologist Frances Gertrude McGill began providing forensic assistance to the RCMP in their investigations.^[114] She helped establish the first RCMP forensic laboratory in 1937,^[115] and later was its director for several years. In addition to her forensic work, McGill also provided training to new RCMP and police recruits in forensic detection methods.^[114] Upon her retirement in 1946, McGill was appointed honorary surgeon to the RCMP, and continued to act as a dedicated consultant for the service up until her death in 1959.^[116]

On May 23, 1974, RCMP Commissioner Maurice Nadon announced that the RCMP would accept applications from women as regular members of the service. Troop 17 was the first group of 32 women at Depot in Regina on September 16, 1974 for regular training.^[117] This first all-female troop of 30 women graduated from Depot on March 3, 1975.^[118]

After initially wearing different uniforms, female officers were finally issued the standard RCMP uniforms. Now all officers are identically attired, with two exceptions. The ceremonial dress uniform, or "walking-out order", for female members has a long, blue skirt and higher-heeled slip-on pumps plus small black clutch purse (however, in 2012 the RCMP began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms.^[119]) The second exception is the official maternity uniform for pregnant female officers assigned to administrative duties.

The following years saw the first women attain certain positions.

1981: corporal, musical ride
1987: foreign post
1990: detachment commander
1992: commissioned officer
1998: assistant commissioner
2000: deputy commissioner
2006: interim commissioner^[120]^[121]^{[note 2]}
2018: permanent commissioner^[122]

Organization[edit]

International[edit]

The RCMP International Operations Branch (IOB) assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-seven liaison officers are placed in 23 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security with other countries, to provide assistance in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.^[123]

Liaison officers are in:

The RCMP also provides law enforcement training overseas in Iraq and other Canadian peacekeeping missions. The RCMP have been involved in training and logistically supporting the Haitian National Police since 1994, a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP. Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training.^[124]

National[edit]

The RCMP is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act), an act of the Parliament of Canada. Pursuant to sections 3 and 4 of the RCMP Act, the RCMP is a police service for Canada—namely, a federal police service.^[125] However, section 20 of the RCMP Act provides that the RCMP may be used for law enforcement in provinces or municipalities if certain conditions are met.^[126] As explained by Justice Ivan Rand of the Supreme Court of Canada, "what is set up is a police service for the whole of Canada to be used in the enforcement of the laws of the Dominion, but at the same time available for the enforcement of law generally in such provinces as may desire to employ its services."^[127]

Pursuant to section 5 of the RCMP Act,^[128] the agency is headed by the commissioner of the RCMP, who, under the direction of the minister of public safety and emergency preparedness, has the control and management of the service and all matters connected therewith. The RCMP is provided with a senior executive committee (SEC) which^[129]

is the senior decision making forum established by the Commissioner for the development and approval of strategic, service-wide policies, pursuant to and consistent with the Commissioner's authority under section 5 of the RCMP Act. The role of [the] SEC is to develop, promote and communicate strategic priorities, strategic objectives, management strategies and performance management for the purpose of direction and accountability.

The commissioner is assisted by deputy commissioners in charge of Contract and Indigenous Policing, Federal Policing, and Specialized Policing Services. The commanding officers of K Division and E Division are also named deputy commissioners.^[130]

Divisions[edit]

The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: National Division (National Capital Region) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division, Depot Division, which comprises the RCMP Academy in Regina and the Police Dog Service Training Centre^[131] in Innisfail. The RCMP National Headquarters are in Ottawa, Ontario, established in 1920.^[132]

Division	Location	Year established	Headquarters
National (formerly A)	National Capital Region	1874	Ottawa
Depot	Regina	1885	Regina
B	Newfoundland and Labrador	1874	St. John's
C	Quebec	1874	Montreal
D	Manitoba	1874	Winnipeg
E	British Columbia	1874	Surrey
F	Saskatchewan	1874	Regina
G	Northwest Territories	1885	Yellowknife
H	Nova Scotia	1885	Halifax
J	New Brunswick	1932	Fredericton
K	Alberta	1885	Edmonton
L	Prince Edward Island	1932	Charlottetown
M	Yukon	1904	Whitehorse
O	Ontario	1920	Toronto
V	Nunavut	1999	Iqaluit

Some historical divisions are no longer in use.

Historical RCMP Divisions^[132]
Division	Location	Years established
HQ (now RCMP National Headquarters)	Ottawa	1920–1987
N (now Canadian Police College and Musical Ride headquarters)	Ottawa	1905–1987

Detachments[edit]

A detachment is a section of the RCMP which polices a local area. Detachments vary greatly in size. The largest single RCMP detachment is in the city of Surrey in British Columbia, with over a thousand employees. Surrey has contracted with the RCMP for policing services since 1951.^[133] The second-largest RCMP detachment is in Burnaby, also in British Columbia.^[134] Conversely, detachments in small, isolated rural communities have as few as three officers. The RCMP formerly had many single-officer detachments in these areas,^[135]^[136] but in 2012 the RCMP announced that it was introducing a requirement that detachments should have at least three officers.^[136]

As of 2022, several large Indigenous communities do not have RCMP detachments and are instead served by detachments in much smaller non-Indigenous communities.^[137]

Personal Protection Group[edit]

The Personal Protection Group (PPG) is a 180-member group responsible for security details for the monarch, other members of the royal family, and other VIPs.^[58] It was created after the 1995 break-in at 24 Sussex Drive.^[57] There are three units within the PPG: The Governor General's Protection Detail and the Prime Minister's Protection Detail provide bodyguards for the safety of the governor general of Canada and the prime minister of Canada, respectively, in Canada and abroad. These units are based in Ottawa, the former with operations at Rideau Hall (the monarch's and governor general's official residence in the capital) and the latter at 24 Sussex Drive (the prime minister's official residence) and Harrington Lake (the prime minister's retreat), near Chelsea, Quebec. The Very Important Persons Security Section provides security details to VIPs (including the chief justice of Canada, federal ministers other than the prime minister, and diplomats) and others under the direction of the minister of public safety.

Personnel[edit]

As of April 1, 2019^[update], the RCMP employed 30,196 men and women, including police officers, civilian members, and public service employees.^[10]

Actual personnel strength by ranks:

Commissioners: 1
Deputy commissioners: 6
Assistant commissioners: 28
Chief superintendents: 57
Superintendents: 187
Inspectors: 322
Corps sergeants major: 1
Sergeants major: 8
Staff sergeants major: 9
Staff sergeants: 838
Sergeants: 2,018
Corporals: 3,599
Constables: 11,913
Special constables: 122
Civilian members: 7,695
Public servants: 3,403
Total: 30,196

Regular members[edit]

An RCMP constable arresting an individual, August 2010

The term regular member, or RM, originates from the RCMP Act and refers to the 18,988 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as peace officers, and include all the ranks from constable to commissioner. They are the police officers of the RCMP and are responsible for investigating crime and have the authority to make arrests. RMs operate in over 750 detachments, including 200 municipalities and more than 600 Indigenous communities. RMs are normally assigned to general policing duties at an RCMP detachment for a minimum of three years. These duties allow them to experience a broad range of assignments and experiences, such as responding to emergency (9-1-1) calls, foot patrol, bicycle patrol, traffic enforcement, collecting evidence at crime scenes, testifying in court, apprehending criminals and plain clothes duties. Regular members also serve in over 150 different types of operational and administrative opportunities available within the RCMP, these include: major crime investigations, emergency response, forensic identification, forensic collision reconstruction, international peacekeeping, bike or marine patrol, explosives disposal and police dog services. Also included are administrative roles including human resources, corporate planning, policy analysis and public affairs.

Auxiliary constables and other staff[edit]

Besides the regular RCMP officers, several types of designations exist which give them assorted powers and responsibilities over policing issues.

Currently, there are:

Community constables: Varies across Canada ^{[citation needed]}
Reserve constables : Varies across Canada^[138]
Auxiliary constables: Varies across Canada^[139]
Special constables: 122^[10]
Civilian criminal investigators: 35 ^[140]
Civilian members: 7,590^[10]
Public servants: 3,497^[10]

Community constables (CC): A designation introduced in 2014 as a replacement for the community safety officers and Indigenous community constables pilot programs.^[141]^[142] Community constables are armed, paid members holding the rank of special constables, with peace officer power.^[143] They are to provide a bridge between the local citizens and the RCMP using their local and cultural knowledge.^[144] They are mostly focused on crime prevention, liaisons with the community, and providing resources in the event of a large-scale event.^[145]

Reserve constables (R/Cst.): A program reinstated in 2004 in British Columbia, it was later expanded to cover all of Canada in order to allow for retired, regular RCMP members and other provincially trained officers to provide extra manpower when shortages are identified.^[146] R/Cst. are appointed under Section 11 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act as paid part-time, armed officers with the same powers as regular members.^[147] However, they are not allowed to carry service-issued sidearms and use of force options unless they are called upon to duty.^[146] They generally carry out community policing roles but may also be called upon if an emergency occurs.^[146]^[148]

Auxiliary constables (A/Cst.): Volunteers within their own community, appointed under provincial police acts.^[139] Auxiliary constables are not police officers and can not identify themselves as such. However, they are given peace officer powers when on duty with a regular member (RM). Their duties consist mainly of assisting RMs in routine events, for example cordoning off crime scene areas, crowd control, participating in community policing, assistance during situations where regular members might be overwhelmed with their duties (e.g., keeping watch of a backseat detainee while an RM interviews a victim). They are identified by the wording of "RCMP Auxiliary" on cars, jackets and shoulder flashes.

Special constables (S/Cst.): Employees of the RCMP have varied duties depending on where they are deployed, but are often given this designation because of an expertise they possess which needs to be applied in a certain area. For example, an Indigenous person might be appointed a special constable in order to assist regular members as they police an Indigenous community where English is not well understood, and where the special constable speaks the language well. They still perform this role today in many isolated northern communities and the RCMP has 122 special constables who are active, and they are drawn almost entirely from the same Indigenous communities that they serve.

From the early years of policing in northern Canada, and well into the 1950s, local Indigenous people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides and to obtain and care for sled dog teams. Many of these former special constables still reside in the north to this day and are still involved in regimental functions of the RCMP.

Most pilots for RCMP aircraft, such as fixed wing planes or helicopters, are special constables.

Civilian criminal investigators (CCI): CCIs were implemented in 2021. They are civilian unarmed staff members, with limited peace officer status and are restricted from making physical arrests.^[149] CCIs have backgrounds in computer science or financial markets and are involved in specialized investigations.^[140] They participate in interviews, preparation of court documents and the searching of scenes.

Civilian members of the RCMP: While not delegated the powers of police officers, they are instead hired for their specialized scientific, technological, communications and administrative skills. Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal, provincial and municipal policing duties, it offers employment opportunities for civilian members as professional partners within Canada's national police service.

Civilian members represent approximately 14 per cent of the total RCMP employee population, and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada. The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals.

Administrative
- Human resource management
- Police Records Information Management Environment (PRIME-BC)
- Policy development and analysis
- Staff development and training
- Translation
Operations
- Telecommunications operator (dispatcher)^[150]
Scientific (forensic laboratory services)^[151]
- Biology services
- Firearms and toolmark identification (covering Forensic firearm examination, ballistics, and related examinations
- National Anti-counterfeiting Bureau
- Toxicology services
- Trace evidence
Technical
- Communications
- Computer systems development
- Counterfeit analysis
- Document examination
- Electronics technology
- Firearms technology
- Forensic identification services
- Information services and public affairs
- Information technology
- Instrument technology
- Telecommunications

Public service employees: Also referred to as public servants, PSes or PSEs, they provide much of the administrative support for the RCMP in the form of detachment clerks and other administrative support at the headquarters level. They are not police officers, do not wear a uniform, have no police authority and are not bound by the RCMP Act.

Municipal employees

Abbreviated as "ME" they are found in RCMP detachments where a contract exists with a municipality to provide front-line policing. MEs are not actually employees of the RCMP, but are instead employed by the local municipality to work in the RCMP detachment. They conduct the same duties that a PSE would and are required to meet the same reliability and security clearance to do so. Many detachment buildings house a combination of municipally and provincially funded detachments, and therefore there are often PSEs and MEs found working together in them.

Ranks[edit]

The rank system of the RCMP is partly a result of their origin as a paramilitary service. Upon its founding, the RCMP adopted the rank insignias of the Canadian Army (which in turn came from the British Army). Like in a military, the RCMP also has a distinction between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.^[152] The non-commissioned ranks are mostly based on military ranks (apart from constable). Non-commissioned officer ranks above staff sergeant resemble those that formerly existed in the Canadian Army, but have since been replaced by warrant officers.^[153] The commissioned officer ranks, by contrast, use a set of non-military titles that are often used in Commonwealth police services. The number of higher ranks like chief superintendent and deputy commissioner have been added on and increased since the formation of the service, while the lower commissioned rank of sub-inspector has been dropped.

The numbers are current as of April 1, 2019:^[154]

Commissioned officers^[155]
Commissioner	Deputy commissioner	Assistant commissioner	Chief superintendent	Superintendent	Inspector
Commissaire	Sous-commissaire	Commissaire adjoint	Surintendant principal	Surintendant	Inspecteur
Commr.	D/Commr.	A/Commr.	C/Supt.	Supt.	Insp.
1	6	33	55	186	331

^[156] These are the official abbreviations for the commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the RCMP.^[157]^[158]

Non-commissioned officers^[155]						Constables	Depot
Corps sergeant major	Sergeant major	Staff sergeant major	Staff sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Constable	Cadet
Sergent-major du corps	Sergent-major	Sergent-major d'état major	Sergent d'état-major	Sergent	Caporal	Gendarme	Cadet
C/S/M.	S/M.	S/S/M.	S/Sgt.	Sgt.	Cpl.	Cst.	Cdt.
1	8	10	828	2,037	3,565	11,859	Varies
						No Insignia

The ranks of inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the Governor-in-Council. Depending on the dress, badges are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on shoulder boards, or directly on the epaulettes. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers and the insignia continues to be based on pre-1968 Canadian Army patterns. Since 1990, the non-commissioned officers' rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket. Constables wear no rank insignia. There are also 122 special constables, as well as a varying number of reserve constables, auxiliary constables, and students who wear identifying insignia.

The star, or "pip", used in the insignia of commissioned officers represents the military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. The order's motto (tria juncta in uno, 'three joined in one', referring to the holy trinity) is inscribed in a band in the middle of it. The three crowns inset in the centre not only represent the Christian Trinity, but also the three former kingdoms that became the United Kingdom. The RCMP formerly had subaltern (junior officer) ranks that were indicated by one "pip" for a sub-inspector (equivalent to an army second lieutenant) to three "pips" for an inspector (equivalent to an army captain).^[159] A reorganization in 1960 changed the insignia to three "pips" for sub-inspectors^[160] and a crown for inspectors,^[161] making the latter a field officer rank. The rank of sub-inspector was abolished in 1990, leaving the RCMP with no subaltern ranks.

A royal crown is used in the regimental cap badge and the insignia of senior commissioned officers. In 1955 St. Edward's Crown replaced the Tudor Crown. Although Queen Elizabeth II had adopted the redesign of the heraldic crown in 1953, it took some time to design, approve, and manufacture the new insignia.

The crossed Mameluke sabre and baton is the insignia for general officers. In the RCMP it designates the commissioner (equivalent to an army general) and their subordinate deputy commissioners (equivalent to army lieutenant-generals). The assistant commissioners use the crown-over-three-pips insignia of an army brigadier.

The brass shoulder title pin on the epaulettes was changed from "RCMP" to "GRC-RCMP" in 1968. (GRC stands for Gendarmerie royale du Canada, the RCMP's French-language title). This was due to a 1968 ruling stating that all statutes had to be published bilingually in both English and French. As a law enforcement agency, the RCMP had to use ranks and titles in both languages. This was later reinforced by the Official Languages Act.

Honorary positions[edit]

Several members of the Canadian royal family hold honorary titles in the RCMP. These roles are comparable to the colonel-in-chief and honorary colonel positions in the Canadian Army, serving as promoters of the service's identity, traditions, and history, as well as making occasional visits to operational units. The commissioner-in-chief and honorary commissioners of the RCMP receive information and updates on important activities and serve as an advisor to the force's commanding officer; although, they do not play an operational role with the service.^[162]

Queen Elizabeth II greeting RCMP officers in Ottawa, October 1957

Queen Elizabeth II with her RCMP Queen's Police Officer in Toronto, July 2010

Prince Charles (now King Charles III) in Halifax, wearing an RCMP lapel pin, May 2014


Position	Holder		Duration		Notes
	Title on taking post	Current title or title on vacating post	From	To
Honorary commissioner	Prince Edward, Prince of Wales	Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor	May 3, 1920	1937^[162]	To coincide with the change of name from Royal Northwest Mounted Police to Royal Canadian Mounted Police^[163]
Honorary commissioner	Queen Elizabeth II	Same	July 7, 1953	May 10, 2012^[167]
Commissioner-in-chief	Queen Elizabeth II	Same	May 10, 2012	September 8, 2022	In celebration of her Diamond Jubilee^[165]^[168]
Honorary deputy commissioner	Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex	Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh	October 12, 2007	Present^[162]	Accepted title at an RCMP regimental dinner.^[162]
Honorary commissioner	Prince Charles, Prince of Wales	King Charles III	May 10, 2012	April 28, 2023	Accepted title at Depot Division when the Queen became commissioner-in-chief^[162]^[165]
Commissioner-in-chief	King Charles III	Same	April 28, 2023	Present	Appointment conferred in a ceremony at Windsor Castle^[169]
Honorary deputy commissioner	Princess Anne, Princess Royal	Same	November 10, 2014	Present^[170]	Accepted title at the Musical Ride Centre^[162]

Equipment and vehicles[edit]

Land fleet[edit]

The RCMP Land Transport Fleet inventory includes:^[171]

Cars: 5,330
Unmarked vehicles: 2,811
Light trucks: 2,090
Heavy trucks: 123
SUVs: 616
Motorcycles: 34
Small snowmobiles: 481
All-terrain vehicles: 181
Gas railway cars: 1
Tractors: 27
Buses: 3
Armoured Personnel Carriers: 2
Total: 11,699

Marine craft[edit]

The RCMP polices Canadian Internal Waters, including the territorial sea and contiguous zone as well as the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway; such operations are provided by the RCMP's Federal Services Directorate and includes enforcing Canada's environment, fisheries, customs and immigration laws. In provinces and municipalities where the RCMP performs contract policing, the service polices freshwater lakes and rivers.

To meet these challenges, the RCMP operates the Marine Division, with five Robert Allan Ltd.–designed high-speed catamaran patrol vessels; Inkster and the Commissioner-class Nadon, Higgitt, Lindsay and Simmonds, based on all three coasts and manned by officers specially trained in maritime enforcement. Inkster is based in Prince Rupert, BC, Simmonds is stationed on Newfoundland's south coast, and the rest are on the Pacific Coast.^[172] Simmonds' livery is unique, in that it sports the RCMP badge, but is otherwise painted with Canadian Coast Guard colours and the marking Coast Guard Police. The other four vessels are painted with blue and white RCMP colours.

The RCMP operates 377 smaller boats, defined as vessels less than 9.2 m (30 ft) long, at locations across Canada. This category ranges from canoes and car toppers to rigid-hulled inflatables and stable, commercially built, inboard-outboard vessels. Individual detachments often have smaller high-speed rigid-hulled inflatable boats and other purpose-built vessels for inland waters, some of which can be hauled by road to the nearest launching point.^[172]

**RCMP ship fleet**
Ship name	Type	Class	Base	Specifications	Propulsion	Top speed	Builder	Year commissioned	Crew
Inkster	Patrol vessel	n/a	Prince Rupert, BC	19.75 m (64.8 ft) fast patrol aluminium catamaran		25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph)+	Allied Shipbuilders Limited of North Vancouver, BC	1996	4
Nadon	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV (Raven Class)	Nanaimo, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1991	4
Higgitt	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	Campbell River, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1992	4
Lindsay	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	Patricia Bay, Victoria, BC	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1993	4
Simmonds	Patrol vessel	Commissioner Class PV	South coast Newfoundland	17.7 m (58 ft) fast patrol catamaran	2 × 820 hp (610 kW) D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines	36 kn (67 km/h; 41 mph)	Robert Allan Ltd.	1995	4

Aircraft fleet[edit]

An RCMP member piloting an H125 Écureuil helicopter

As of February 2023, the RCMP had 35 police aircraft (9 helicopters and 26 fixed-wing aircraft) registered with Transport Canada and operate as ICAO airline designator SST, and telephony STETSON.^[173]^[12] All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch.

RCMP Fleet
Aircraft	Number^[12]	Variants	Notes
Aerospatiale AS350 Écureuil	6	AS 350B3	Helicopter, AStar 350 or "Squirrel"
Airbus H145	1	H145	Helicopter, light twin-engine, four-axis autopilot. Serving the Lower Mainland of BC ("E" Division)
Cessna 206	5	U206G, T206H	Fixed wing, Stationair (station wagon of the air), general aviation aircraft
Cessna 208 Caravan	3	208, 208B	Fixed wing, caravan, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter	1	300 Series	Fixed wing, 20-passenger STOL feederliner and utility aircraft, twin-engine.
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri	2	EC 120B	Light helicopter, "Hummingbird"
Pilatus PC-12	15	PC-12/45, PC-12/47, PC-12/47E	Fixed wing, turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft
Quest Kodiak	1	100	Fixed-wing, un-pressurized, turboprop-powered fixed-tricycle-gear, STOL

Weapons and intervention options[edit]

Smith & Wesson Model 5946 (1992–present) – Standard full-sized service sidearm. It is stainless-steel, double-action only, with a 4 in (100 mm) barrel and a double-column 15-round magazine.
- Emergency response team (ERT) and dog handler members were issued modified Model 5946s with magazine safeties removed until they were replaced with the SIG Sauer P226R.
Smith & Wesson Model 3953 (1996–present) – Special issue compact sidearm for plainclothes members and commissioned officers. It can also be requested as a service pistol by members with small hands who cannot positively grip the larger Model 5946. It is similar to the Model 5946 except it has a shorter 3.5 in (89 mm) barrel, a shortened grip, and a single-column eight-round magazine.
SIG Sauer 226R (9×19mm ) – Standard issue sidearm for ERT and dog-handler members. It replaced the modified Model 5946 that had been previously issued.
Glock Model 19 – Special issue sidearm for Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) members.
Heckler & Koch MP5 – Adopted by the ERT
Remington Model 700P (.308 Winchester) bolt-action rifle
Remington 870 12-gauge shotgun
Colt Canada C7 rifle (5.56mm NATO)
Colt Canada C8 carbine (5.56mm NATO) – Adopted by ERT
- Colt Canada C8 IUR (integrated upper receiver ) 5.56mm NATO. The semi-automatic C8 IUR was adopted for general use in October, 2011,^[174] but the first batch were not procured until 2013.^[175] The first RCMP Cadets began qualifying on the C8 IUR and receiving Active Shooter training in 2015.^[176]
Taser International M26, X26, and X26P. Following the Robert Dziekański incident, all older M26 models and 60 faulty X26 models in stock were removed and destroyed in 2010 due to being outside of specifications.^[177]
Oleoresin capsicum spray
ASP and Monadnock expandable defensive batons

Past weapons and intervention options[edit]

Rifles

Canadian Arsenals Limited (CAL) C1A1 – issued in 7.62mm NATO. Canadian variant of the L1A1 and FN FAL produced under licence by Canadian Arsenals Limited (CAL) (Long Branch). The RCMP's rifles were sourced from the testing batch of FALs received from Fabrique Nationale and had been rebuilt by CAL to meet C1A1 standards. Used from 1961 to 1969.
Winchester Model 70 Issued in .308 Winchester. Used from 1960–1973. This rifle was replaced by the Remington 700.
Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk 1 – issued in .303 British. World War II surplus rifles used from 1947 to 1966. Replaced by CAL C1A1 and Winchester 70.
Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) No. 1 Mk III – issued in .303 British. World War I surplus rifles used from 1919–1947.^[178]
Lee-Enfield carbine (LEC) – issued in .303 British. Procured as military surplus from militia stores to replace the unsatisfactory Ross Rifle. Used from 1914 to 1920. This was the last general-issue rifle used by the NWMP. The RCMP that replaced it only issued rifles according to need.
Ross rifle – issued in .303 British. The Ross Mk I was issued from 1905 to 1907 and the improved Ross Mk II was in testing from 1909 to 1912.^[178] The Mk I design was accepted by the Canadian Militia in 1903. The NWMP looked at acquiring the Ross to replace the Winchester and Lee-Metford and ordered 1000. Production problems led to delays until 1904; the most glaring being that the finished product did not match their original specifications.^[178] The NWMP demanded their contract carbines use a different set of iron sight (which later became standard on the Mk II) which delayed production for a further year.^[178] The carbines received in 1905 were plagued with quality control problems that made them more fragile than the weapons they were to replace. After a constable suffered an eye injury in 1907 the Ross carbines were withdrawn.^[178] When the improved Ross Mk II rifles arrived in 1909 the wary NWMP decided to test fire all of them fully before issuing them. A fire at the depot in Regina in 1911 destroyed almost all of the new rifles.^[178] The NWMP then gave up on the Ross.
Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) Mk.I rifle – issued in .303 British; it was the first smokeless-powder weapon in NWMP service. Loaned to the NWMP from the Victoria and Winnipeg militias to replace a stolen cache of M1876 Winchesters. The NWMP "forgot" to give them back later. Used from 1902 to 1920.
Lee-Metford carbine – issued in .303 British. The Metford rifling gave tighter groups when fired than the later Enfield, but the rifling wore out faster. Only 200 procured. Used from 1895 to 1914. Replaced by the Lee-Enfield carbine.
Winchester Model 1876 saddle carbine – issued in .45-75 Winchester. Popular for its handiness and rate of fire, but it was too fragile for the rough handling and use it received in the field. Used from 1878 until 1914.^[179] and replaced by the Lee-Enfield Carbine.
Snider–Enfield Mark III cavalry carbine – issued in .577 Snider. Single-shot breach-loading conversion of an Enfield caplock muzzle-loader. Used from 1873 to 1878 and replaced by the Winchester Model 1876 lever-action rifle.

Service pistols

Smith & Wesson military and police revolver – issued with 5 in (130 mm) barrel, in .38 Special. It served more than forty years from 1954 to 1996. Plainclothes members carried a variant with a 4 in (100 mm) barrel.
- In 1981, the standard loading was changed from a 158 gr (0.36 oz; 10.2 g) .38 Special full metal jacket (FMJ) ball round to a 158 gr (0.36 oz; 10.2 g) .38 Special +P semi-wadCutter hollow-point (SWCHP), a violation of the Hague Convention of 1899 if used in a military context.^[180]
Colt New Service revolver – issued with 5.5 in (140 mm) barrel; 700 ordered in .455 Webley in 1904, with .45 Long Colt versions being delivered from 1919; in all, over 3200 issued.^[180]^[178] 455 Webley was the British military service round and .45 Long Colt was the standard Canadian service round until both were replaced by the NATO-standard 9×19mm Parabellum post World War II. Used from 1904 to 1954.
Enfield Mark II revolver – issued in .476 Enfield, about 1080 Mark IIs obtained from Britain's Ministry of Defence, after it was learned the Beaumont–Adams had been discontinued.^[181]^[178] The remaining .450 Adams ammunition, which was compatible with the .476 Enfield round, was issued until stocks were depleted. Used from 1882 to 1911.
Beaumont–Adams revolver – first issue weapon, in .450 Adams. 330 Mark Is purchased from Britain's Ministry of Defence in 1873 and issued after delivery in 1874. Rough handling of the crates in transit, poor packing by the contractor who shipped the guns, and previous service wear made them unsuitable for service.^[178] The constables sometimes had to manually turn the cylinders due to cracked feed hands or keep both hands on the grips for the springs to work due to loose screws.^[182] Later, these were to be replaced by 330 Enfield Mark IIs,^[183] but many were stolen en route.^[182] Used from 1874 to 1888.

Pistols

Because of procurement problems with the Beaumont–Adams revolvers, constables sometimes carried their own sidearms chambered in a standard service calibre.

Tranter revolver – chambered in .450 Adams, the standard service round. It was similar to the Beaumont-Adams revolver it was substituted for.
Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolver – chambered in .44 Russian, a very powerful cartridge in its day. Thirty were purchased in 1874 by the NWMP to field-test the .44 Russian round for service. Its non-standard chambering and the difficulty to get ammunition for it led to its being withdrawn.
Webley & Scott Bull Dog revolver^[184] – chambered in .450 Adams. Its small size made it a handy backup pistol. Most were originally procured to arm NWMP constables assigned to protecting mail cars on trains. The constables would sometimes "absent-mindedly forget" to hand the pistols back afterwards.

Sidearms

1821 pattern light cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued to commissioned officers in 1882 as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the M1896 light cavalry sabre.
1853 pattern cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued in 1882 to non-commissioned officers as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the 1821 pattern sabre.
1896 pattern light cavalry sabre – Replaced the 1821 pattern sabre as the NWMP officer's ceremonial sword.
1908 pattern cavalry saber – Carried by the Mounted Police detachment sent to Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War.
Straightstick baton manufactured in wood and plastic
Sap gloves – Prohibited by RCMP policy. Not currently used.

Ceremonial weapons and symbols of office[edit]

1912 pattern cavalry officer's sword carried by officers. Blade is acid etched both sides with the monarch's crown, Canadian coat of Arms, royal cypher and RCMP badge.
1908 pattern cavalry sword carried by NCOs on the Musical Ride
Bamboo-shafted lance carried by members on horseback on the Musical Ride. The lance is used as a decorative item and is flourished during trick and formation riding. The pennant is red over white, the national colours of the Canadian flag. It represents the Pattern 1868 cavalry lance carried by the NWMP in the 1870s.
Drill cane
Swagger stick
Commissioner's tipstaff

In 1973, Wilkinson Sword produced a number of commemorative swords to celebrate the RCMP centennial. None of these swords were ever used ceremonially, and were strictly collectibles. Wilkinson Sword also made a commemorative centennial tomahawk and miniature "letter opener" models of their centennial swords.

In 1973, Winchester Repeating Arms Company produced an RCMP commemorative centennial version of their Model 94 rifle in .30-30 Winchester, with a 22 in (560 mm) round barrel. The receiver, buttplate, and forend cap (on the musket-style forend) were plated in gold. Commemorative medallions were embedded in the right-hand side of the stock, with an "MP" engraving. There was engraving on the barrel and receiver indicating the rifle was a centennial commemorative edition. Sights were open notch rear, with a flip-up rear ladder, graduated to 2,000 yd (1,800 m). Two versions were produced, 9500 with serial numbers beginning "RCMP" for commercial sale, 5000 with the prefix "MP" sold only to serving RCMP members. In addition, ten presentation models were produced, serialled RCMP1P to RCMP10P.^[185]

Uniform[edit]

Operational uniform[edit]

RCMP officers on frontline police duties wear grey shirts with RCMP shoulder flashes, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping, bulletproof vests, and a peaked cap with a solid gold band. High ranking officers wear white shirts. A tie can be worn with the long-sleeved shirt for occasions such as testifying in court. In colder weather, members may wear heavier boots, winter coats, and wool toques, or uniquely, muskrat fur caps.^[186]

In 1990, Baltej Singh Dhillon became the RCMP's first Sikh officer to be allowed to wear a turban instead of the traditional campaign hat.^[187] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sikh, Muslim, and other bearded officers were initially assigned to administrative duties before being permitted to attend calls for service with low viral transmission risks after officer outcry.^[188] The beards required as part of the Sikh practice of kesh and worn by some Muslim men prevented respirator masks from properly sealing around the mouth and nose, reducing their effectiveness.^[188]^[189]

As of 2019, all RCMP officers, regardless of religious belief, are allowed to wear full beards or braided hair below their collar.^[190] Officers may also wear a ballcap in place of the traditional peaked cap.^[190]

Dress uniform[edit]

RCMP officers are equipped with a dress uniform, popularly known as the "blue serge", for performing certain formal duties, such as media relations or parliament testimony. It consists of a navy blue dress jacket with epaulettes and brass buttons, a white shirt, navy blue tie, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping, and a peaked cap with a solid gold band.^[191] Shoulder flashes are not worn.

Ceremonial uniform[edit]

For most formal and ceremonial duties, RCMP wear the internationally-famous Red Serge.^[192] It has a high collared scarlet tunic, which was developed by the North-West Mounted Police and coloured red to distinguish it from blue American military uniforms, midnight blue breeches with yellow trouser piping, an oxblood Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard and matching oxblood riding boots, brown felt campaign hat with a "Montana crease" (pinched symmetrically at the four corners), and oxblood gloves.^[191] Since 1990, identical ceremonial uniforms have been worn by both men and women.^[193]

Decorations[edit]

Members receive a clasp and service badge star for every five years of service.^[194] The King of Canada also awards the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal to members who have completed 20 years' service. A clasp is awarded for each successive 5 years to 40 years. Members also receive a service badge star for each five years' service, which is worn on the left sleeve. There are specialist insignia for positions such as first aid instructor and dog handler, and pilot's wings are worn by aviators. Sharpshooter badges for proficiency in pistol or rifle shooting are each awarded in two grades.^[194] Sharpshooter badges and service badge stars are sewn onto the left sleeve of the red serge.

Tartan[edit]

The RCMP has since 1998 had its own distinctive tartan. The creation of the tartan was the result of a committee created in the early 1990s to create a tartan by its 125th anniversary. Upon approval from commissioner Phillip Murray, the tartan was registered with the Scottish Tartans Society and presented to the agency by Anne, Princess Royal during her royal visit to Canada in 1998. The tartan appeared for the first time by a RCMP pipe band at the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo in July and August 1998.^[195]

Military status[edit]

Although the RCMP is a civilian police service, in 1921, following the service of many of its members during the First World War, King George V awarded the service the status of a regiment of dragoons, entitling it to display the battle honours it had been awarded.

Service in wartime[edit]

During the Second Boer War, members of the North-West Mounted Police were given leaves of absence to join the 2nd Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles (CMR) and Strathcona's Horse. The service raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles, mostly from NWMP members, for service in South Africa. For the CMR's distinguished service there, King Edward VII honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the "Royal Northwest Mounted Police" (RNWMP) on June 24, 1904.

During the First World War, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted border patrols, surveillance of enemy aliens, and enforcement of national security regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On August 6, 1914, a squadron of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, A Squadron for service in France and Flanders and B Squadron for service in the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force.

In September 1939, at the outset of the Second World War, the Canadian Army had no military police. Five days after war was declared the Royal Canadian Mounted Police received permission to form a provost company of service volunteers. It was designated "No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP)", and became the Canadian Provost Corps. Six months after war was declared its members were overseas in Europe and served throughout the Second World War as military police.

RCMP members were embedded with several military units in Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan from 2001–14. The RCMP was a member agency in the Afghan Threat Finance Cell, a multi-agency intelligence organization formed in 2008.^[198]

Honours[edit]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the status of a regiment of dragoons in 1921. As a cavalry regiment, the RCMP was entitled to wear battle honours for its war service as well as carry a guidon, with its first guidon presented in 1935.^[199]^[200] The second guidon was presented in 1973, and the third in 2023.^[201]

Battle honours

North West Canada 1885
South Africa 1900–1902
France & Flanders 1918
Siberia 1918–19
Second World War 1939–1945 Seconde Guerre mondiale
Afghanistan 2003–14^[202]

The RCMP also carries the honorary distinctions for the Canadian Provost Corps (Military Police), presented September 21, 1957, at a Parliament Hill ceremony for contributions to the corps during the Second World War. The honorary distinction was recognized on the guidon presented in 2023 with its inclusion among other RCMP battle honours.^[201]

Public perception[edit]

The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of Canadian culture in numerous Hollywood Northwestern movies and television series, which often feature the image of the Mountie as square-jawed, stoic, and polite, yet with a steely determination and physical toughness that sometimes appears superhuman. The RCMP's motto is the French phrase, Maintiens le droit, variously translated into English as "Defending the Law", "Maintain the right", and "Uphold the right".^[1]^[3]^[4] The Hollywood saying that they 'always get their man' derives ultimately from the words "They fetch their man every time" occurring in a report made at Fort Benton regarding an incident at Fort Macleod in 1877, when two Mounties, notwithstanding the loss of their horses, managed to capture three whisky smugglers.^[203]

In recent decades, Canadian public perception of the RCMP has become less favourable. In a 2022 Angus Reid survey found that 41 per cent of Canadians had little or no confidence in the RCMP, compared to 37 per cent of Canadians served by a provincial police service.^[204] The study also found that the RCMP as a whole was less trusted compared to municipal police services or individual RCMP detachments.^[204]

During the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, several witnesses described apathy or disrespect on the part of officers taking statements about violence against Indigenous women, while others said that some officers declined to take statements altogether.^[205]^[23]

Depictions in media[edit]

In 1912, Ralph Connor's Corporal Cameron of the North-West Mounted Police: A Tale of the MacLeod Trail appeared, became an international best-selling novel. Mounties fiction became a popular genre in both pulp magazines and book form. Among the best-selling authors who specialized in tales of the Mounted Police were James Oliver Curwood, Laurie York Erskine, James B Hendryx, T Lund, Harwood Steele (the son of Sam Steele), and William Byron Mowery.

A lobby card for *Renfrew of the Royal Mounted*, a 1937 film that depicts a Mountie as its protagonist

In other media, a famous example is the radio and television series, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. Dudley Do-Right (of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show) is a 1960s example of the comic aspect of the Mountie myth, as is Klondike Kat, from Total Television. The Broadway musical and Hollywood movie Rose-Marie is a 1930s example of its romantic side. A successful combination were a series of Renfrew of the Royal Mounted boy's adventure novels written by Laurie York Erskine beginning in 1922 running to 1941. In the 1930s Erskine narrated a Sgt Renfrew of the Mounties radio show and a series of films with actor-singer James Newill playing Renfrew were released between 1937 and 1940. In 1953 portions of the films were mixed with new sequences of Newill for a Renfrew of the Mounted television series.

Bruce Carruthers (1901–1953), a former Mounted Police corporal (1919–1923), served as an unofficial technical advisor to Hollywood in many films with RCMP characters.^[206] They included Heart of the North (1938), Susannah of the Mounties (1939), Northern Pursuit (1943), Gene Autry and The Mounties (1951), The Wild North (1952), and The Pony Soldier (1952).

Contemporary culture[edit]

In 1959, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired R.C.M.P., a half-hour dramatic series about an RCMP detachment keeping the peace and fighting crime. Filmed in black and white, in and around Ottawa by Crawley Films, the series was co-produced with the BBC and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ran for 39 episodes. It was noted for its pairing of Québécois and Anglo officers.

Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with Sergeant Renfrew and his faithful dog Cuddles in various sketches produced by the Royal Canadian Air Farce comedy troupe. On That '70s Show Mounties were played by SCTV alumni Joe Flaherty and Dave Thomas. The British have also exploited the myth: the BBC television series Monty Python's Flying Circus featured a group of Mounties singing the chorus in "The Lumberjack Song" in the lumberjack sketch.

The 1972–90 CBC series The Beachcombers features a character named Constable John Constable who attempts to enforce the law in the town of Gibsons, British Columbia.

In comic books, the Marvel Comics characters of Alpha Flight are described on several occasions as "RCMP auxiliaries", and two of their members, Snowbird and the second Major Mapleleaf are depicted as serving members of the service. In the latter case, due to trademark issues, Major Mapleleaf is described as a "Royal Canadian Mountie" in the opening roll call pages of each issue of Alpha Flight he appears in.

Charles Bronson and Lee Marvin starred in the 1981 movie Death Hunt that fictionalized the RCMP pursuit of Albert Johnson.

In the early 1990s, Canadian professional wrestler Jacques Rougeau utilized the gimmick of "The Mountie" while wrestling for the WWF. He typically wore the Red Serge to the ring, and carried a shock stick as an illegal weapon. As his character was portrayed as an evil Mountie, the RCMP ultimately won an injunction preventing Rougeau from wrestling as this character in Canada, though he was not prevented from doing so outside the country. He briefly held the Intercontinental Championship in 1992.

The 1998 swan song of Nick Berry's time on UK drama Heartbeat features his character, Sergeant Nick Rowan, transferring to Canada and taking the rank of constable in the Mounties. The special telemovie was titled Heartbeat: Changing Places.

The 1994–98 TV series Due South pairs Mountie Constable Benton Fraser with streetwise American detective Ray Vecchio cleaning up the streets of Chicago. It mainly derives its entertainment from the perceived differences in attitude and culture between these two countries' police services. Fraser is depicted as honest and polite to a fault, even refusing to carry a loaded sidearm when "assisting" Detective Vecchio, but is almost superhuman in his abilities for thwarting crime, especially while wearing the Red Serge uniform.

A pair of Mounties staff the RCMP detachment in the fictional town of Lynx River, Northwest Territories, in the CBC series North of 60. The series, which aired from 1992 to 1998, is about events in the mostly indigenous community, but the Mounties feature prominently in each episode.

Another TV series from the 1990s, Bordertown features an NWMP corporal paired with a U.S. marshal securing law and order on a frontier U.S.–Canada border town. In the ABC TV mini-series Answered by Fire, at least three mounties are featured. Mounties also appear in the TV series When Calls the Heart (Hallmark Channel).

The 1987 Brian De Palma film The Untouchables features cooperation between the Treasury Department task force, led by Eliot Ness, and the Mounties against liquor smuggling across the Canada–United States border.

The 1995 album C'est Cheese by Canadian musical comedy group The Arrogant Worms includes "The Mountie Song", which tells the story of a dissatisfied Mountie.

In his 1999, album Soiree Newfoundland musician A. Frank Willis included "Savage Cop in Savage Cove" which was based on a true story and went on to become a big hit.^[207]

Conan O'Brien brought his late night show to Toronto in February 2004. O'Brien spent a day as a Mountie at the Canada–United States border.

In 2009, a 13-part documentary about the RCMP released, Courage in Red, was released.

From 2011, the CTV fantasy drama series The Listener regularly features characters who work for the Integrated Investigative Bureau, a fictional division of the RCMP that brings together various specialists, officers and civilian consultants to work on high-profile or federal cases. Although characters in the employ of the IIB are rarely, if ever, depicted wearing uniform, they are often addressed by their ranks—two main characters are Sergeant Michelle McClusky and Corporal Dev Clark.

In the 2021 TV series Leverage Redemption it is revealed characters Elliot Spencer, Sophie Devereaux, Parker and Breanna Casey will not do jobs in Canada because of the RCMP, who want them for various crimes. The four claim the RCMP is the most dangerous police service in the world, will put you down politely and never forget a face, and that Mounties hate being called "Dudley Do-Right."

Merchandise and trademark[edit]

There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP, like Mounties statues or hats. Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police received an international licence on April 1, 1995, requiring those who use the RCMP to pay a licensing fee. Proceeds from the fees are used for community awareness programs.^[208] Those that do not pay the licensing fee are legally unable to use the name of the RCMP or their correct uniforms, though a film such as Canadian Bacon used the name "Royal Mounted Canadian Police" and the character in the Dudley Do-Right film did not wear accurate insignia.

Through a master licensing agreement (MLA) with the RCMP, the RCMP Foundation is responsible for managing the commercial use of the RCMP name, image, and protected marks.^[209] The foundation issues selected companies a royalty-based agreement allowing them to produce and market high-quality official RCMP merchandise. Walt Disney Co. (Canada) Ltd. was contracted to aid in the initial set up of the licensing program^[210] but Disney never owned or controlled any of the RCMP's protected marks.

Following the expiration of the Disney contract in 2000, all responsibilities and activities were taken over by the executive director and his staff, reporting to the foundation president and board of directors. In 2007, through a decree signed by Commissioner Beverley Busson, the operating name was changed to the "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Foundation".

Public relations programs[edit]

RCMP community relationship building programs include the Musical Ride. The Musical Ride is an equestrian showcase of RCMP riders, that performs across Canada each year from May to October.^[211] The RCMP Sunset Ceremony (French: Cérémonie du crépuscule) has taken place every summer since 1989 at the Musical Ride Centre in Ottawa,^[212]^[213] with it in recent years featuring the Ottawa Police Service Pipe Band and the Governor General's Foot Guards Band.^[214]^[215] The RCMP National Ceremonial Troop is a unit that serves as dismounted version of the Musical Ride as well as a drill team. Individual divisions also have their own ceremonial troops.

The RCMP Heritage Centre is a multi-million dollar museum designed by Arthur Erickson that opened May 2007 in Regina, Saskatchewan, at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the service in Canada's history.

Bands[edit]

There are eight regional RCMP pipe bands across Canada that act as "garrison bands" for the provincial division, and attend parades, police ceremonies, and public events.^[216] The first of these bands were established in 1992 in Alberta.^[217] The following are the locations of the regional volunteer pipe bands:

Prior to 1994, the RCMP also operated the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Band (French: La Musique de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada) was the RCMP's central musical ensemble. It was considered one of the best professional bands assembled in Canada.^[220]^[221] Although it was an official regimental band, the members worked in the band as a secondary job. It is generally considered to have begun in 1938, though there were various police bands in the RCMP that flourished at the time, leading the Canadian government granting approval for the creation of a full-time central band in December 1958, with its headquarters in the capital of Ottawa.^[222]^[221] Appearances made by the band included Expo 86 and the Commonwealth Conference in Vancouver, the Calgary Winter Olympics in 1988, as well as the visits of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Queen Elizabeth II in 1990.^[221]^[220]

It was dissolved in 1994 due to government budget cuts. In its 55-year existence, it operated as a voluntary regimental band, with its members working with it as a secondary job apart from their other duties in the RCMP. Members of the band wore the RCMP's Red Serge as part of their full dress uniform and adopted drill seen in Canadian military bands and bands in the British Army. Its longest-serving director was Superintendent Edwin Joseph Lydall, who served from 1948 to 1968.^[223]

Notes[edit]

^ Newfoundland and Labrador maintains an independent provincial police service, but it is only responsible for some urban communities of the province. The RCMP provides provincial and local policing in the province's rural areas.
^ Beverley Busson was the first woman to have held the top position in the service, albeit on an interim basis. She was the interim commissioner from December 15, 2006, to July 6, 2007. The first female commissioner, Brenda Lucki was appointed on March 9, 2018, and was officially sworn into office on April 16, 2018.

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External links[edit]

Official website
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Reports 1929–1948 at Dartmouth College Library
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act)

45°25′N 75°40′W / 45.42°N 75.66°W / 45.42; -75.66

[22] Newfoundland and Labrador maintains an independent provincial police service, but it is only responsible for some urban communities of the province. The RCMP provides provincial and local policing in the province's rural areas.

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[185] Petzal and Bourjaily, Phil, with Fenson. The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), Note 44

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[187] Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson. The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), Note 45

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[191] "Religious Beards: From Sikhs To Jews These Are Some Facial Hair Styles Of The Faithful". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2022.

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[195] Bonny Reilly Schmidt, 2013, "Women in Red Serge: Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police" unpublished PhD thesis, History Department, Simon Fraser University, p. 149

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[207] "I'm a lawyer. I'm educated. I speak to huge conferences of people about child protection, about Gladue, about prisoners' rights, about Aboriginal offenders, about the structural racism and systemic racism that our people have suffered, and the laws, and policies, and practices that have impacted our people over multiple generations.... And, I couldn't even get an RCMP officer to listen to me with any dignity and pride. And, I understood even more profoundly the racism that my mother experienced throughout her life, from the '50s to now, to today.""Reclaiming Power and Place: Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, volume 1A" (PDF). p. 222.

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[14]

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[16]

[17]

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[19]

[20]

[21]

[note 1]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

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[43]

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[45]

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[47]

[48]

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[50]

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[52]

[53]

[54]

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[58]

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Federal departments, agencies, and Crown corporations of Canada
Central agencies	Finance Office of the Prime Minister Privy Council Office Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat
Officers of Parliament	Auditor General Elections Canada Chief Electoral Officer Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner Information Commissioner of Canada Commissioner of Official Languages Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada Parliamentary Budget Officer Privacy Commissioner of Canada Public Sector Integrity Commissioner
Ministerial departments	Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadian Heritage Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Employment and Social Development Environment and Climate Change Fisheries and Oceans Global Affairs Health Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Indigenous Services Innovation, Science and Economic Development Justice National Defence Natural Resources Public Safety Public Services and Procurement Transport Veterans Affairs Women and Gender Equality
Major agencies	Canada Border Services Agency Canada Energy Regulator Canada Revenue Agency Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Army Royal Canadian Air Force Royal Canadian Navy Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Canadian Security Intelligence Service Canadian Space Agency Communications Security Establishment Correctional Service of Canada Geological Survey of Canada Impact Assessment Agency of Canada Library and Archives Canada National Film Board of Canada National Research Council of Canada Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Parks Canada Public Health Agency of Canada Public Prosecution Service of Canada Public Service Commission of Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police Service Canada Shared Services Canada Statistics Canada Transportation Safety Board of Canada
Major Crown corporations	Atomic Energy of Canada Bank of Canada Business Development Bank of Canada Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Canada Infrastructure Bank Canada Lands Company Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Canada Pension Plan Investment Board Canada Post Canadian Air Transport Security Authority Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Export Development Canada Farm Credit Canada National Capital Commission Royal Canadian Mint Via Rail
Other entities	Governor General of Canada Office of the Secretary to the Governor General
Defunct major departments and agencies	Canadian International Development Agency Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment Passport Canada PPP Canada Solicitor General of Canada

Police forces by country
Africa	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Greenland Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
Asia and Oceania	Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia PR China Hong Kong Macau India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nauru Nepal New Zealand Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Tajikistan Tuvalu East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
Europe	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Gibraltar
States with limited recognition	Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Republic of China (Taiwan)
Defunct	Albania (Royal Albanian Gendarmerie) Czechoslovakia East Germany Philippines INP Philippine Constabulary Polish People's Republic Soviet Union Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)
Border guard Coast guard Customs Law enforcement agency Types Intelligence agency

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
Other	IdRef

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Federal police service}}
-{{redirect-acronym|RCMP|the TV series [[R.C.M.P. (TV series)|R.C.M.P.]]}}
+{{Redirect|Mountie||Mountie (disambiguation)}}
-{{Infobox Military Unit
+{{Redirect|RCMP|the TV series|R.C.M.P. (TV series)}}
-|unit_name=Royal Canadian Mounted Police
+{{Redirect|Royal Mounted Police|the film|Giubbe rosse}}
-|image=[[Image:RCMP logo.gif|150px]]
+{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2023}}
-|caption=Cap badge of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
+{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
-|dates=1873-present
+{{Infobox law enforcement agency
-|country=[[Canada]]
+| agencyname        = Royal Canadian Mounted Police
-|allegiance=
+| nativename        = {{nobold|{{lang|fr|Gendarmerie royale du Canada}}}}
-|branch=
+| commonname        = The Mounties
-|type=
+| abbreviation      = {{hlist|RCMP|{{lang|fr|GRC}}}}
-|role=Police force
+| logo              = Coat of arms of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.svg
-|size=
+| logocaption       = [[Heraldic badge|Badge]] of the RCMP<ref name=badge>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/2101 |title=Registration of a Badge |work=Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada |publisher=Official website of the Governor General |access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref>
-|command_structure=
+| badge             = Patch of the Royal Canadian Mountain Police.png
-|current_commander=[[William J. S. Elliott]]
+| badgecaption      = Patch (i.e. shoulder flash) of the RCMP
-|garrison=A Division - National Capital<br>B Division - Newfoundland and Labrador<br>C Division - Quebec<br>D Division - Manitoba<br>E Division - British Columbia<br>F Division - Saskatchewan<br>G Division - Northwest Territories<br>H Division - Nova Scotia<br>J Division - New Brunswick<br>K Division - Alberta<br>L Division - Prince Edward Island<br>M Division - Yukon<br>O Division - Ontario<br>T Division - Depot<br>V Division - Nunavut
+| flag              = Flag of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.svg
-|ceremonial_chief=[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|HM The Queen]]
+| flagcaption       = Corps ensign of the RCMP<ref name="ensign">{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/2212 |title=Grant of Flags and Badges |work=Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada |publisher=Official website of the Governor General |access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref>
-|ceremonial_chief_label=Honorary Commissioner
+| motto             = {{Langnf|fr|Maintiens le droit|term1=uphold the right |term2=maintain the right |term3=defend the law|break=yes}}<ref name=badge/><ref name=tipstaff>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |title=Tipstaff |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/tipstaff |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=motto>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fs-fd/badge-insigne-eng.htm |title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police – Badges and Insignia |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=February 16, 2005 |access-date=May 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706022634/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fs-fd/badge-insigne-eng.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2010 }}</ref>
-|colonel_of_the_regiment=
+| mission           =
-|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=Colonel-Commandant
+| formed            = {{Start date and age|1873|5|23}} (NWMP formed)<ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=2020-01-24|title=History of the RCMP {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/history-rcmp|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Infographic for Royal Canadian Mounted Police|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ems-sgd/edb-bdd/index-eng.html#orgs/dept/295/infograph/intro |website=GC InfoBase|publisher=[[Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat]]}}</ref><br />{{Start date|1920|2|1}} (renamed to RCMP and absorption of Dominion Police)<ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=2016-07-20|title=Historically relevant dates to the RCMP {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/historically-relevant-dates-rcmp|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
-|nickname=
+| preceding1        = [[Royal North-West Mounted Police]] (RNWMP) (1873)
-|patron=
+| preceding2        = [[Dominion Police]] (1868)
-|motto=''Maintiens le droit'' ("Maintain the Law")<br><small> (lit ''Maintain the Right'')</small>
+| employees         = 30,092 (2019)
-|colors=
+| volunteers        = Approximately 1,600 auxiliary constables<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/auxil-eng.htm|title=Auxiliary Constable Program|access-date=2016-05-05|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508061111/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/auxil-eng.htm|archive-date=May 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
-|identification_symbol_2=[http://www.regiments.org/tradition/tartans/rcmp.htm RCMP (pipes and drums)]
+| country           = Canada
-|identification_symbol_2_label=Tartan
+| constitution1     = ''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'' (''RCMP Act'')
-|identification_symbol=[[Image:RCMP Shoulder flash.PNG|100px]]
+| constitution2     = Various provincial police legislation
-|identification_symbol_label=Shoulder Flash
+| legalpersonality  =
-|march=
+| federal           = Yes
-|mascot=
+| police            = Yes
-|battles=
+| gendarmerie       =
-|notable_commanders=
+| local             = footnote
-|anniversaries=
+| oversighttype     =
-|decorations=
-|battle_honours=see [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police#Battle Honours|Battle Honours]]
+| oversightbody     = [[Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
+| headquarters      = M. J. Nadon Government of Canada Building<br />73 Leikin Drive<br />[[Ottawa]], Ontario K1A 0R2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fs-fd/hq-dg-eng.htm |title=New RCMP National Headquarters Building: The M.J. Nadon Government of Canada Building |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |access-date=2016-04-11 |date=2011-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408040635/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fs-fd/hq-dg-eng.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
-}}
+| sworn             = {{Collapsible list|title=22,445<ref name="RCMP organisation"/> (April 2019) |
+* Commissioners: 1
+* Deputy commissioners: 6
+* Assistant commissioners: 26
+* Chief superintendents: 54
+* Superintendents: 179
+* Inspectors: 339
+* Corps sergeants major: 1
+* Sergeants major: 10
+* Staff sergeants major: 8
+* Staff sergeants: 830
+* Sergeants: 1,993
+* Corporals: 3,641
+* Constables: 11,970
+* Special constables: 106
+* Civilian members: 3,087}}
+| unsworn           = {{Collapsible list|title=5,759<ref name="RCMP organisation" /> (April 2019) |
+* Public Service employees: 5,759}}
+| electeetype       = Minister
+| minister1name     = [[Dominic LeBlanc]]
+| minister1pfo      = [[Minister of Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs|Minister of Public Safety]]
+| chief1name        = [[Michael Duheme]]
+| chief1position    = [[List of Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners|Commissioner]]
+| parentagency      = [[Public Safety Canada]]
+| child1agency      =
+| unittype          = Division
+| unitname          = {{Collapsible list |title=15<ref name="RCMP organisation" />
+|National Division: [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
+|B Division: [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
+|C Division: [[Quebec]]
+|D Division: [[Manitoba]]
+|E Division: [[British Columbia]]
+|F Division: [[Saskatchewan]]
+|G Division: [[Northwest Territories]]
+|H Division: [[Nova Scotia]]
+|J Division: [[New Brunswick]]
+|K Division: [[Alberta]]
+|L Division: [[Prince Edward Island]]
+|M Division: [[Yukon]]
+|O Division: [[Ontario]]
+|V Division: [[Nunavut]]
+|Depot Division: [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]; [[Innisfail, Alberta]]}}
+| officetype        = Detachment
+| officename        = {{Collapsible list |title=712<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/detach/en |title=Find a detachment |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|access-date=2016-05-07 |date=2016-05-06}}</ref>
+|{{AB}}: 119
+|{{BC}}: 154
+|{{MB}}: 88
+|{{NB}}: 44
+|{{NF}}: 43
+|{{NT}}: 22
+|{{NS}}: 53
+|{{flag|Nunavut}}: 26
+|{{ON}}: 16
+|{{PE}}: 6
+|{{QC}}: 14
+|{{SK}}: 113
+|{{YK}}: 14 }}
+| stationtype       =
+| stations          =
+| lockuptype        =
+| lockups           =
+| vehicle1type      = Vehicle
+| vehicles1         = {{Collapsible list |title=8,677 |Cars: 5,600 |Trucks: 2,350 |Motorcycles: 34 |Snowmobiles: 481 |All-terrain vehicles: 181 |Armored Personnel Carriers: 2}}
+| boat1type         = Boats
+| boats1            = 5
+| aircraft1type     = Fixed-wing
+| aircraft1         = 26<ref name="TCFleet"/>
+| aircraft2type     = Helicopters
+| aircraft2         = 9<ref name="TCFleet"/>
+| animal1type       =
+| animals1          =
+| person1name       =
+| person1reason     =
+| person1type       =
+| programme1        =
+| activity1name     = [[Mayerthorpe tragedy]]
+| activity2name     = [[Spiritwood Incident]]
+| activity3name     = [[Moncton shooting]]
+| activity4name     = [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks]]
+| activity5name     = [[2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers]]
+| activitytype      = incident
+| anniversary1      =
+| award1            = [[#Honours|Battle honours]]
+| award2            = [[Canadian Newsmaker of the Year]] (2007)
+| website           = {{Official URL}}
+| footnotes         = While a federal agency, the RCMP also serves as the local law enforcement agency for various provincial, municipal, and First Nations jurisdictions.<ref name="About the RCMP">{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/index-eng.htm |title=About the RCMP |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=April 26, 2016 |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727001750/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/index-eng.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2017 }}</ref>
+}}The '''Royal Canadian Mounted Police''' ('''RCMP'''; {{lang-fr|[[Gendarmerie]] royale du Canada}}; {{lang|fr|'''GRC'''}}) is the national police service of Canada. The RCMP is an agency of the [[Government of Canada]]; it also delivers police services under contract to 11 [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]], over 150 municipalities, and 600 Indigenous communities. The RCMP is commonly known as the '''Mounties''' in English (and colloquially in French as {{lang|fr|la police montée}}).
+The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was established in 1920 with the amalgamation of the [[Royal North-West Mounted Police]] and the [[Dominion Police]]. Sworn members of the RCMP have jurisdiction as a [[Law enforcement officer|peace officer]] in all provinces and territories of Canada.<ref name="RCMPAct2">''[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-r-10/latest/rsc-1985-c-r-10.html Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act]'', RSC 1985, c R-10, s 11.1.</ref> Under its federal mandate, the RCMP is responsible for enforcing federal legislation; investigating inter-provincial and international crime; border integrity;<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Border Law Enforcement |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/bi-if/index-eng.htm |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref> overseeing [[Canadian peacekeeping]] missions involving police;<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=Peace operations |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/peace-operations |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref> managing the [[Canadian Firearms Program]], which licenses and registers firearms and their owners;<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Firearms |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/firearms |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref> and the Canadian Police College, which provides police training to Canadian and international police services.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 June 2018 |title=Canadian Police College |url=https://www.cpc-ccp.gc.ca/index-eng.htm |access-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Policing in Canada is considered to be a constitutional responsibility of provinces;<ref name="CanEncPiC2">{{cite web |title=Police in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/police |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> however, the RCMP provides local police services under contract in all provinces and territories except Ontario and Quebec.<ref name="RCMPConPolOverview2">{{cite web |date=15 April 2009 |title=Community policing |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/index-eng.htm |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2019 |title=Contract policing |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/contract-eng.htm |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref>{{NoteTag|note=[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] maintains an [[Royal Newfoundland Constabulary|independent provincial police service]], but it is only responsible for some urban communities of the province. The RCMP provides provincial and local policing in the province's rural areas.}} Despite its name, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are no longer an actual [[mounted police]] service, and horses are used only at ceremonial events and certain other occasions.
-The '''Royal Canadian Mounted Police''' ('''RCMP''') ([[French language|French]]: '''''Gendarmerie Royale du Canada''''' ('''''GRC'''''); literally "Royal Canadian [[Gendarmery]]"), is both the [[federal police|federal]] and [[national police]] force of [[Canada]].  With an on-strength establishment of 24,578 personnel as of January 1, 2007, it is also the largest police force in Canada.<ref name ="RCMP organisation">[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about/organi_e.htm Organization of the RCMP]</ref>.
+The Government of Canada considers the RCMP to be an unofficial national symbol,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 5, 2020 |title=Unofficial symbols of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/unofficial-symbols-canada.html |website=Government of Canada}}</ref> and in 2013, 87 per cent of Canadians interviewed by [[Statistics Canada]] said that the RCMP was important to their national identity.<ref name="WalrusRCMP">{{cite web |date=October 20, 2021 |title=The Dark Side of the RCMP |url=https://thewalrus.ca/can-the-rcmp-be-saved/ |website=The Walrus}}</ref> However, the service has faced criticism for its broad mandate,<ref name="Mackcleans">{{cite web |title=The RCMP is broken |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/the-rcmp-is-broken/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Maclean's}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hager |first1=Mike |date=2 May 2021 |title=RCMP's dismal record on investigating money laundering in B.C. is improving, Cullen Commission hears |website=Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-investigating-money-laundering-in-bc-an-issue-for-rcmp/ |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref> and its public perception in Canada has gradually soured since the 1990s, worn down by workplace culture lawsuits, several high-profile scandals, staffing shortages, and the service's handling of incidents like the [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Strained RCMP struggling with services as controversies erode trust |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/9029980/strained-rcmp-struggling-with-services-as-controversies-erode-trust/ |website=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) |url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-canadian-mounted-police |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> The treatment of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people by the RCMP has also been criticized.
-The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the '''Royal North West Mounted Police''' ('''RNWMP''', founded 1873) with the [[Dominion Police]] (founded 1868).  The former was originally named the '''North West Mounted Police''' ('''NWMP''') and was [[List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage|given the "Royal" title]] in 1904.  Much of the present-day organization's symbology has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive [[Red Serge]] uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force.
+==History==
-Members of the RCMP (and the NWMP before it) are colloquially known as '''Mounties'''.  Internally, the organization is referred to as "The Force", and members of the force are referred to as "Members".
+=== Early history (1920–1970) ===
+{{See also|North-West Mounted Police#history}}
+[[File:MountiesAfterJohnson.jpg|thumb|Several RCMP members involved in the hunt for [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]], 1931.]]
+The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was formed in 1920 by the amalgamation of two separate federal police services: the [[Royal North-West Mounted Police]] (RNWMP), which had been responsible for colonial policing in the [[Canadian West]],<ref name=TCErnwmp>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-mounted-police|title=North-West Mounted Police|access-date=2022-08-12|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> but by 1920 was becoming "rapidly obsolete;"<ref name=GlobeRCMPCP>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/rcmp-contract-policing-investigation/article38085153/|title=The RCMP's thin red line: Is contract policing unsustainable?|access-date=2022-08-12|website=The Globe and Mail|date=March 2, 2018 |last1=Freeze |first1=Colin |last2=Dhillon |first2=Sunny }}</ref> and the [[Dominion Police]], which was responsible for federal law enforcement, intelligence, and parliamentary security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dominion-police|title=Dominion Police|access-date=2022-08-12|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> The new police service inherited the [[paramilitary]], frontline policing-oriented culture that had governed the RNWMP, which had been modelled after the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jim Herlihy|url= https://archive.org/details/royalirishconsta00herl/page/87|title=The Royal Irish Constabulary |publisher= Four Courts Press|year= 1997|isbn= 1-85182-343-3|pages= [https://archive.org/details/royalirishconsta00herl/page/87 87–91]|url-access=registration}}</ref> but much of the RCMP's local policing role had been superseded by [[Law enforcement in Canada#Provincial|provincial]] and [[Law enforcement in Canada#Municipal|municipal]] police services.
+In 1928, the federal government authorized the RCMP to enter into heavily-subsidized contracts with provinces and municipalities, enabling the services to return to its roots in local policing. The federal government paid 60 per cent of the policing costs, while provinces and municipalities paid the remaining 40 per cent.<ref name=GlobeRCMPCP /> By 1950, eight of the ten Canadian provinces had disbanded their provincial police services in favour of subsidized RCMP policing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/why-did-the-bc-provincial-police-disappear/article1379808/|title=Why did the B.C. Provincial Police disappear?|access-date=2022-08-12|website=The Globe and Mail|date=September 10, 2010 |last1=Matas |first1=Robert }}</ref>
-==Responsibilities==
-As the federal police force of Canada, the RCMP is responsible for enforcing federal laws.   Unlike most other federal police forces, however, it also has a major role in front-line policing throughout the country.  Although the [[provinces of Canada]] are constitutionally responsible for law and order, eight of them have chosen to contract most or all of their policing responsibilities to the RCMP.  The RCMP consequently operates under the direction of the provinces in regard to provincial and municipal law enforcement.  The exceptions are [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], and parts of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], which have retained their own provincial police forces: the [[Ontario Provincial Police]], the [[Sûreté du Québec]], and the [[Royal Newfoundland Constabulary]], respectively.   In [[Territories of Canada|Canada's three territories]], the RCMP serves as the sole [[territorial police force]].  Additionally, many towns and small population centres throughout Canada contract the RCMP to serve as their municipal police force.
+As part of its national security and intelligence functions, the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada. These included the [[Communist Party of Canada]] (founded in 1921) and a variety of Indigenous, minority cultural, and nationalist groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Axster|first1= Sabrina|last2= Danewid|first2= Ida|last3= Goldstein |first3= Asher|last4=Mahmoudi|first4=Matt|last5=Burak Tansel|first5= Cemal|last6= Wilcox|first6= Lauren|date= 2021|title= Colonial Lives of the Carceral Archipelago: Rethinking the Neoliberal Security State |journal=International Political Sociology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=10, 11|doi=10.1093/ips/olab013|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=July 2022}} The service was also deeply involved in immigration matters, and was responsible for deporting suspected radicals. The RCMP paid particular attention to nationalist and socialist [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] groups<ref>Hewitt, Steve. "Policing the Promised Land: The RCMP and Negative Nation-building in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the Interwar Period", ''The Prairie West as Promised Land'' ed. R. Douglas Francis and Chris Kitzan (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2007), 318–320.</ref> and the [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese community]], which was targeted because of disproportionate links to [[opium den]]s. Historians estimate that Canada deported two percent of its Chinese community between 1923 and 1932, largely under the provisions of the ''Opium and Narcotics Drugs Act''.<ref>Hewitt, 322</ref> The first Mountie to go undercover was [[Frank Zaneth]] who under the code name Operative Number 1 infiltrated various "radical" groups along with the Mafia.{{sfn|Knuckle|2007|p=39}}
-Accordingly, the RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties, from policing in isolated rural towns and urban areas; [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police National Protective Security Program|protection service]] for the Prime Minister and the Canadian government, visiting dignitaries, and diplomatic missions; enforcement of federal laws, including wire fraud, counterfeiting, and other related matters; counterterrorism and domestic security; and various international policing efforts. The [[RCMP Security Service]] was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities. The Security Service was replaced with the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] in 1984 following revelations of illegal [[covert operation]]s relating to the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec separatist movement]].{{fact}}
+In 1932, RCMP members killed Albert Johnson, the [[Mad Trapper of Rat River]], after a shoot-out.<ref name="famous">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/famous-cases-events-and-people|title=Famous cases, events and people &#124; Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=December 17, 2014|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref> Johnson had been the subject of a dispute with local Indigenous trappers—he had reportedly destroyed their traps, harassed them verbally, and on one occasion, pointed a firearm at them—and, when confronted with a search warrant, opened fire on RCMP officers, wounding one.<ref name="famous" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Barbara|title=The Mad Trapper – Unearthing a Mystery|publisher=Heritage House Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=978-1-894974-53-0}}</ref> Also in 1932, the Customs Preventive Service (CPS), a branch of the Department of National Revenue, was folded into the RCMP at the request of RCMP leadership.<ref>McIntosh, Dave. ''The Collectors: A History of Canadian Customs and Excise'' (Published by NC Press in association with Revenue Canada, Customs and Excise, 1984)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol05/tnm_5_4_37-57.pdf|title=The Origins and Growth of the Canadian Customs Preventive Service Fleet in the Maritime Provinces and Eastern Quebec, 1892–1932|author=David J. McDougall|access-date=2022-08-12|website=Canadian Nautical Research Society}}</ref>
-== History ==
-[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|thumb|250px|The RCMP are closely associated with the [[Red Serge]] tunic and [[Campaign hat|Stetson]] as shown here at [[Expo 67]] in Montreal.]]
-The predecessor of the RCMP, the '''North West Mounted Police''' ('''NWMP''') was created on [[May 23]], [[1873]], by Sir [[John A. Macdonald]], the first [[Prime Minister of Canada]], with the intent of bringing law and order to (and asserting Canadian sovereignty over) the [[North-West Territories]] (which then included modern day [[Alberta]], [[Nunavut]], [[Saskatchewan]], and most of modern [[Manitoba]]).  This need was particularly urgent with reports of American whisky traders, in particular those of [[Fort Whoop-Up]], causing trouble in the region, culminating in the [[Cypress Hills Massacre]]. The force was initially to be called the North West Mounted Rifles, but that was rejected as too military in nature, Macdonald fearing that this could antagonize both the [[First Nations]] and the Americans.  Acting on a suggestion in his cabinet, Macdonald had the force wear red uniforms. The force was organized like a [[British Army|British]] [[cavalry]] [[regiment]] and still maintains some of the traditions of those units, like the well known Canadian [[Musical Ride]], to this day.
+In 1935, the RCMP, acting as the provincial police service for [[Saskatchewan]] (but against the wishes of the Saskatchewan government)<ref name=WalrusRCMP /> and in collaboration with the [[Regina Police Service]], attempted to arrest organizers of the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]] in the [[Regina's historic buildings and precincts#Germantown proper|Germantown neighbourhood]]'s market square by [[kettling]] around 300 rally-goers, sparking the [[Regina Riot]].<ref name=ReginaRiot /> One city police officer and one protester were killed. The trek, which had been organized to call attention to conditions in [[Relief Camp Workers' Union|relief camps]], consequently failed to reach Ottawa, but nevertheless had political reverberations.<ref name=ReginaRiot>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on-to-ottawa-trek|title=On to Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot|access-date=2022-08-12|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> That same year, three RCMP members, acting under contract as provincial police officers, [[1935 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Killings|were killed in Saskatchewan and Alberta]] during an arrest and subsequent pursuit.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://winnipeg.ca/police/history/story23.stm|title = Winnipeg Police Service History – Murder on the Prairies|date = |access-date = 6 July 2015|website = Winnipeg Police Service|publisher = Winnipeg Police Service History and Museum|last = Taylor|first = Scott|archive-date = 7 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150707173543/http://winnipeg.ca/police/history/story23.stm}}</ref>
-===Early activities===
-[[Image:Nwmp lancer.jpg|thumb|left|185px|NWMP Lancer, 1875.]]
-The initial force, commanded by Colonel [[George Arthur French]], set out from Fort Dufferin, Manitoba on [[July 8]] [[1874]] on a march to what is now Alberta. The group comprised of 22 officers, 287 men — called Constables and Sub-Constables — 310 horses, 67 wagons, 114 ox-carts, 18 yoke of oxen, 50 cows and 40 calves<ref name ="initial force">[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/history/marchwest_e.htm Diary of Commissioner George Arthur French], [[August 20]], [[2005]]</ref>. An account of the journey was recorded in diary of [[Henri Julien]], an artist from the Canadian Illustrated News, who accompanied the expedition.<ref name ="Julien">[http://www.ourheritage.net/julien_pages/Julien1.html The Diary of Henri Julien]</ref>
+During the interwar period, the RCMP employed [[special constable]]s to assist with [[Strikebreaker|strikebreaking]]. For a brief period in the late 1930s, a volunteer militia group, the [[Legion of Frontiersmen]], were affiliated with the RCMP.<ref>[http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/pocock.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185236/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/pocock.pdf|date=March 3, 2016}} Dave Mason, University of Toronto Rare Books. Retrieved 4 March 2007; B. W. Shandro, "The Legion of Frontiersmen of the Commonwealth Canada," [http://www.frontiersmenhistorian.info/canada.htm] Retrieved 4 March 2007.</ref> Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization, which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary police service.
-Historians have theorized that failure of the 1874 "March West" would not have ended the Canadian federal government's vision of settling the country's western plains, but would have delayed it for many years. In particular, a failure would have encouraged the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] to seek a route for its transcontinental railway that went through the well-mapped and partially settled valley of the [[North Saskatchewan River]], touching on [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]], [[Battleford]] and [[Edmonton]]. There would have been no economic reason for the creation of cities like [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Moose Jaw]], [[Swift Current]], [[Medicine Hat]] and [[Calgary]]. That, in turn, would have tempted American expansionists to make a play for the Canadian [[prairie]]s' flat, empty southern regions. In effect, the history of Canada would have been radically different had French and his men failed.
+In 1940, the RCMP [[schooner]] [[St. Roch (ship)|''St. Roch'']] facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada's Arctic territory. It was the first vessel to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] from west to east, taking two years, the first to navigate the passage in one season (from Halifax to Vancouver in 1944), the first to sail either way through the passage in one season, and the first to circumnavigate North America (1950).<ref>Kelly, Nora and William. ''The Royal Canadian Mounted Police – A Century of History 1873–1973''. (Edmonton, Hurtig Publishers. 1973) pp 199–200.</ref>
-The NWMP's early activities included containing the whisky trade and enforcing agreements with the First Nations peoples. To that end, the [[commanding officer]] of the force arranged to be sworn in as a [[justice of the peace]], which allowed for magisterial authority in the Mounties' jurisdiction. In the early years, the force's dedication to enforcing the law on the First Nations peoples' behalf impressed them enough to encourage good relations. In the summer of 1876, [[Sitting Bull]] and thousands of [[Sioux]] were fleeing the US Military to southern [[Saskatchewan]], and [[James Morrow Walsh]] of the NWMP was charged with maintaining control in the large Sioux settlement at [[Wood Mountain Regional Park|Wood Mountain]]. Walsh and Sitting Bull became good friends, and the peace at Wood Mountain was maintained. In 1885, the NWMP helped to quell the [[North-West Rebellion]] led by [[Louis Riel]].
+In 1941, two African-Canadian men from [[Nova Scotia]] applied to join the RCMP. The commissioner at the time, [[Stuart Wood (police commissioner)|Stuart Wood]], allegedly allowed them to sit for entrance tests in the hopes that they could be definitively refused entry to the service as "their colour would raise the question of policy."<ref name=BEWHITE6AM>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4985100/black-mounties/|title='Be white by 6 AM': 50 years on, the 'first' black Mountie reflects on his decade in scarlet|author=Jane Gerster|website=Global News}}</ref> Both men ultimately passed the requisite tests, but neither was given an offer of employment.<ref name=BEWHITE6AM />
-===Klondike Gold Rush===
-[[Image:Nwmp 1900.jpg|thumb|250px|NWMP officers, [[Yukon]], 1900.]]
+In the wake of the 1945 defection of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] cipher clerk [[Igor Gouzenko]], who revealed that the [[Soviet Union]] was spying on Western nations, the RCMP separated its units responsible for domestic intelligence and counter-espionage from the Criminal Investigation Branch to the new Special Branch, formed in 1950.<ref name=CBCrcmpHistory>{{cite web| title =RCMP: A Brief History| publisher =CBC| date =22 June 2005| url =https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/rcmp/| access-date = 2007-01-13 }}</ref> The branch changed names twice: in 1962, to the Directorate of Security and Intelligence; and in 1970 to the Security Service.<ref name=CBCrcmpHistory />
-In 1894, concerned about the influx of American miners and the liquor trade, the Canadian government sent inspector [[Charles Constantine]] to report on conditions in the [[Yukon]]. Constantine correctly forecast a coming gold rush and urgently recommended sending a force to secure Canadian sovereignty and collect customs duties. He returned the following year with a force of 20 men. The NWMP distinguished itself during the [[Klondike gold rush]] (started in 1896) under the command of Constantine and his successor in 1898, the more famous [[Sam Steele]]. The NWMP made the Klondike gold rush one of the most peaceful and orderly such affairs in history. The NWMP not only enforced criminal law, but also collected customs duties, established a number of rules such as the "ton of goods" requirement for prospectors to enter the Yukon to avoid another famine, mandatory boat inspections for those wanting to travel the [[Yukon River]], and created the "Blue ticket" used to expel undesirables from the Klondike. The Mounties did tolerate certain illegal activities such as [[gambling]] and [[prostitution]]. Also, the force did not succeed in its attempt to establish order and Canadian sovereignty in [[Skagway, Alaska]] at the head of the [[Lynn Canal]], and instead created the customs post at the summit of the [[Chilkoot Pass]]. Ironically, the dissolution of the NWMP was being discussed around that time in [[Canadian House of Commons|Parliament]], but the Mounties' conduct so impressed the gold rush prospectors that the force became famous around the world, ensuring its continuation.
+On April 1, 1949, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] joined in full confederation with Canada and the [[Newfoundland Ranger Force]] amalgamated with the RCMP.
-===Evolution of the force===
-In 1903, jurisdiction was extended to the [[Arctic]] coast; in 1905, to [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]]; in 1912, to northern [[Manitoba]].
+In June 1953, the RCMP became a full member of the [[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol).<ref>[https://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Americas/Canada Canada: Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053039/https://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Americas/Canada |date=February 24, 2018 }}, [[Interpol]]</ref>
-Following World War I, the Mounties increasingly were considered an outdated institution, more appropriate to the 19th century frontier than industrializing 20th century Canada, and they were threatened with extinction. The Mounties were saved, however, by merging with the Dominion Police on [[February 1]], [[1920]] and renamed the '''Royal Canadian Mounted Police''', with responsibility for federal law enforcement in all provinces and territories. In addition to its expanded jurisdiction, the new RCMP set about establishing its modern role as the protectors of Canadian national security, particularly from the supposed communist threat. The RCMP assumed responsibility for national [[counter-intelligence]]. In practice, the Mounties not only took a keen interest in the Communist Party proper, but in the militant labour movement of the interwar period generally.
+In 1969, the RCMP hired its first Black police officer, Hartley Gosline.<ref name=BEWHITE6AM />
-[[Image:Rcmp sled dogs 1957.jpg|thumb|250px|left|RCMP patrolling with sled dogs, 1957.]]
+=== Late 20th century ===
-In 1919, the RNWMP was used to repress the [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919|Winnipeg General Strike]], when officers fired into a crowd of strikers, killing two and causing injuries to thirty others. The scale of that strike was not repeated, but clashes between the RCMP and strikers continued, through the 1930s. Mounties killed three strikers in 1931 when striking coal miners from [[Bienfait]], [[Saskatchewan]] demonstrated in nearby [[Estevan]]. In 1935, the RCMP, collaborating with the [[Regina Police Service]], crushed the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]] by sparking the [[Regina Riot]], in which one city police officer and one protester were killed. The Trek, which had been organized to call attention to the abysmal conditions in the relief camps, therefore failed to reach Ottawa, but nevertheless had profound political reverberations.
+On July 4, 1973, during a visit to [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]] approved a new badge for the RCMP. The force subsequently presented the sovereign with a tapestry rendering of the new design.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/91646/tapestry| title=Tapestry 1973|ref=CITEREF_The_Royal_Collection_2009}}</ref>
+[[File:Grc2.jpg|thumb|left|A member of the [[emergency response team]] in training in 2010. The tactical unit was formed in 1977.]]
+In 1978, the RCMP formed 31 part-time [[Emergency Response Team (RCMP)|emergency response teams]] across the country to respond to serious incidents requiring a tactical police response.<ref>{{cite report |author1=Solicitor General Canada |title=Annual Report, 1978–1979: Secretariat, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, National Parole Board, Correctional Service of Canada. |date=1980 |isbn=0662508173 |page=65 |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/sg-arsg-1978-1979-eng.pdf |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Special Committee of the Senate on Terrorism and the Public Safety |date=2004 |publisher=Diane Publishing Company|isbn=978-0788125720|orig-date=1st pub. Minister of Supply and Services Canada:1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eShHo1dPhwEC&pg=PP1|title=Terrorism: the report of the Senate Special Committee on Terrorism and the Public Safety|page=48}}</ref>
+In 1986, in the wake of the [[1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa]] and the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]], the Canadian government directed the RCMP to form the [[Special Emergency Response Team]] (SERT), a full-time counter-terrorism unit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Mona |title=Secretariat role: Ministry of the Solicitor General |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/jl%20103.s6%20s41%201992-eng.pdf |website=Public Safety Canada |publisher=Ministry of the Solicitor General |access-date=28 July 2019 |date=25 June 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|last1=Alvaro|first1=Sam|title=Tactical law enforcement in Canada; an exploratory survey of Canadian police agencies|publisher=Carleton University|url=http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ48419.pdf|isbn=978-0612484191|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
-The RCMP employed special constables to assist with strikebreaking in the interwar period. For a brief period in the late 1930s, a volunteer militia group, the [[Legion of Frontiersmen]] were affiliated with the RCMP. Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization, which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary force. In later years, special constables performed duties such as policing airports and, in certain Canadian provinces, the court houses.
+In the early 1990s, journalists at the [[Canadian Broadcasting Company]]'s ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV series)|The Fifth Estate]]'' opened an investigation into rumours that a senior RCMP officer in the [[Criminal Intelligence Service Canada|Criminal Intelligence Service]] (CISC) was on the payroll of a Montreal-based organized crime group, and in 1992, aired an episode identifying Inspector [[Claude Savoie (policeman)|Claude Savoie]], then the assistant director of the CISC, as the leak, citing evidence that connected him to [[Allan Ronald Ross]], an Irish-Canadian [[drug lord]], and [[Sidney Leithman]], a prominent lawyer associated with Montreal's organized crime network.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Somerset |first1=Jay |title=Local Hero |url=https://www.taddlecreekmag.com/local-hero |access-date=13 November 2022 |publisher=Taddle Creek |date=December 2011}}</ref> Shortly after the episode aired, and minutes before being interviewed by detectives with the RCMP's professional standards unit, Savoie committed suicide in his Ottawa office.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Auger|first1=Michel|last2=Edwards|first2=Peter|title=The Encyclopedia of Canadian Organized Crime: From Captain Kidd to Mom Boucher|location=Toronto|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|date=2004|isbn=0771030495 |page=209}}</ref> One of Savoie's subordinates, Portuguese-Canadian constable [[Jorge Leite]], was [[Jorge Leite#Trial, conviction and return to Canada|found guilty of corruption and breach of trust by a Portuguese court]] in relation to his work with Savoie.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knuckle|first=Robert|title=A Master of Deception: Working Undercover for the RCMP|location=Renfrew|publisher=General Store Publishing House|date=2007|isbn=978-1897113660 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=O'Connor |first=D'Arcy |title=Montreal's Irish Mafia: The True Story of the Infamous West End Gang |location=Toronto |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2011 |page=163}}</ref>
-The RCMP also began actively enforcing Canada's new drug laws in the 1920s, and provided assistance to numerous other federal agencies, such as helping immigration officials deport immigrants and enforcing the [[residential school]] system for First Nations' children.
-In 1932, men and vessels of the Preventive Service, National Revenue, were absorbed, creating the '''RCMP Marine Section'''. The acquisition of the RCMP [[schooner]] ''[[St. Roch]]'' facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada's Arctic territory. It was the first vessel to navigate the [[Northwest Passage]] from west to east (1940–42), the first to navigate the Passage in one season (1944), and the first to circumnavigate [[North America]] (1950).
+In 1993, the SERT was transferred to the [[Canadian Forces]], creating a new unit called [[Joint Task Force 2]] (JTF2). The JTF2 inherited some equipment and the SERT's former training base near [[Ottawa]].
-Counter-intelligence work was moved from the RCMP's [[Criminal Investigation Department]] to a specialized intelligence branch, the [[RCMP Security Service]], in 1939.
+[[File:ASK files 146.JPG|thumb|RCMP security detail at the gates of [[24 Sussex Drive]], 2008. The Personal Protection Group was created in 1995.]]
+In 1995 the Personal Protection Group (PPG) of the RCMP was created at the behest of [[Jean Chrétien]] after the break-in by [[André Dallaire]] at the Prime Minister's official Ottawa residence, [[24 Sussex Drive]].<ref name=ppggm>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tightened-tactics-breed-dissent-in-harpers-security-detail/article4366007/ |title=Tightened tactics breed dissent in Harper's security detail |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=2012-06-23}}</ref> The PPG is a 180-member group responsible for VIP security details, chiefly the prime minister and the governor general.<ref name="Switched on - Blue Line">[http://blueline.ca/articles/switched_on/ Switched on – Blue Line]. Blueline.ca. Retrieved on 2013-10-30.</ref>
+==== RCMP Security Service (1950–1984) ====
-===Post-war===
+{{Main|RCMP Security Service}}
-Following the 1945 defection of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] cipher clerk, [[Igor Gouzenko]] and his revelations of espionage, the [[RCMP Security Service]] implemented measures to screen out “subversive” elements from the public sector.<ref>Reg Whitaker, “Left-Wing Dissent and the State: Canada in the Cold War Era.” In C. E. S. Franks, ''Dissent and the State'', Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988, 195. ISBN 0-195407-42-3</ref> What began as a perceived need to create a bulwark against [[communism]] had, by the 1950s, been extended to [[homosexuality]] because homosexual acts were illegal, considered a sign of “character weakness,” and because the [[KGB]] could use it to blackmail civil servants into revealing state secrets.<ref>John Sawatsky, ''Men in the Shadows: The Shocking Truth about the RCMP Security Service'', Toronto: Totem Books, 1980, 124, 130. ISBN 0-002168-21-9</ref> Scores of people were fired as part of this campaign, which included the development of a “[[fruit machine]].” This machine was based on the premise that changes in pupil dilation when viewing [[beefcake]] photos of nude men would scientifically determine whether or not a test subject was gay.<ref>John Sawatsky, ''Men in the Shadows: The Shocking Truth about the RCMP Security Service,'' Toronto: Totem Books, 1980, 133-138. ISBN 0-002168-21-9</ref><ref>Nancy Nicol, “Selections from ‘Stand Together’: [http://www.yorku.ca/jspot/5/ National Security Campaigns]," ''JSPOT: Journal of Social and Political Thought'', no. 5 (Summer 2003).</ref> After four years, the machine failed to produce results, and the program was discontinued.<ref>Gary Kinsmen, "'Character Weakness' and 'Fruit Machines': Towards an Analysis of the Anti-Homosexual Security Campaign in the Canadian Civil Service," ''Labour/Le Travail'', 35 (Spring 1995): 133-162.</ref>
+{{see also|PROFUNC}}
+The RCMP Security Service (RCMPSS) was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities following revelations of illegal [[covert operation]]s relating to the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec separatist movement]].<ref name=ceroyco>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425205414/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004009 |title=Inquiry Into Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Royal Commission of |publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-date=25 April 2008 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-commission-on-inquiry-into-certain-activities-of-the-royal-canadian-mounted-police}}</ref> As a result, the RCMPSS was replaced by the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS) in 1984, and is statutorily independent of the RCMP.
-In the late 1970s, revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service force had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist [[Parti Québécois]], and other abuses. This led to the [[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP]], better known as the "McDonald Commission", named after the presiding judge, Mr Justice David Cargill McDonald. The Commission recommended that the force's intelligences duties be removed in favour of the creation of a separate intelligence agency, the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS).
+In the late 1970s, revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service service had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist [[Parti Québécois]]. This led to the [[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP]], better known as the "McDonald Commission", named for the presiding judge, Justice David Cargill McDonald. The commission recommended that the service's intelligence duties be removed in favour of the creation of a separate intelligence agency, the CSIS. The RCMP and the CSIS nonetheless continue to share responsibility for some law enforcement activities in the contemporary era, particularly in the anti-terrorism context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shore|first1=Jacques|last2=Crane|first2=Brian|last3=Wilson|first3=John D.|date=2017|title=Interjurisdictional Information Sharing and National Security: A Constitutional and Legislative Analysis|url=https://commentary.canlii.org/w/canlii/2017CanLIIDocs355|journal=McGill Law Journal|volume=62|issue=1 |pages=207–239|doi=10.7202/1038712ar|via=CanLII|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-===Modern era===
+===21st century===
+Due to [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], the RCMP [[Sky marshal#Canada|Sky Marshal]]s, which is charged with security on passenger aircraft, was inaugurated in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/gazette/vol70n3/air-eng.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626092154/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/gazette/vol70n3/air-eng.htm|archive-date=June 26, 2012|title=Gazette magazine – The Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program – Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref>
-[[Image:RCMP car in Ottawa crop.jpg|thumb|250px|An RCMP [[Toyota Prius]] school liaison car in [[Ottawa]].]]
+[[File:Whitecourt RCMP We Remember.jpg|thumb|Memorial for the [[Mayerthorpe Tragedy]] in [[Whitecourt]].]]
-In 1993, the [[Special Emergency Response Team]] (SERT), were transferred to the [[Canadian Forces]], creating a new unit called [[JTF2|Joint Task Force Two (JTF2)]].  JTF2 inherited some equipment and SERT's former training base near [[Ottawa]].
+Four RCMP officers were fatally shot during the [[Mayerthorpe tragedy]] in Alberta in March 2005. It was the single largest multiple killing of RCMP officers since the killing of three officers in Kamloops, British Columbia, by a mentally ill assailant in June 1962. Prior to that, the RCMP had not incurred such a loss since the [[North-West Rebellion]].<ref name="CBC">[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/03/04/myrol-rcmp050304.html CBC] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520085355/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/03/04/myrol-rcmp050304.html |date=May 20, 2007 }}</ref> One result was that on 21 October 2011 Commissioner [[William J.&nbsp;S. Elliott]] announced that RCMP officers would have the [[C8 rifle]] at their disposal, where in the past they had been limited to sidearms. One of the main conclusions from the fatality inquiry that led to this result was the fact that the officers who were involved in the events did not have the appropriate weapons to face someone with a semi-automatic rifle.<ref name=wjegm>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/front-line-rcmp-officers-to-get-high-powered-guns/article4251468/ |title=Front-line RCMP officers to get high-powered guns |publisher=The Globe and Mail |orig-date=21 October 2011|date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
+In 2006, the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called "Shiprider", in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 U.S. Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent was to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border.<ref>PA1 John Masson, "Territorial Teamwork", Coast Guard Magazine 2/2006, pp.&nbsp;26–27</ref>
-The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have been involved in training and logistically supporting the Haitian National Police since 1994, a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP.  Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training.<ref name="Haiti">[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/news/cida_rcmp_e.htm|RCMP Website] and [http://www.rabble.ca/news_full_story.shtml?x=44206|"Haiti Support Hits the Streets"]</ref>The RCMP has also provided training overseas in [[Iraq]] and other peace-keeping missions.
+[[File:USCG, RCMP Conduct Shiprider Operations During G20 DVIDS294137.jpg|thumb|left|An RCMP corporal and [[U.S. Coast Guard]] member conduct a boarding as a part of Shiprider law enforcement operations. RCMP-U.S. Coast Guard Shiprider operations began in 2006.]]
+On December 6, 2006, [[List of Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners|RCMP Commissioner]] [[Giuliano Zaccardelli]] resigned after admitting that his earlier testimony about the [[Maher Arar]] terrorist case was inaccurate. The RCMP's actions were scrutinized by the [[Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar]]. In the aftermath of the Arar affair, the commission of inquiry recommended that the RCMP be subject to greater oversight from a review board with investigative and information-sharing capacities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cheung|first=Carmen K.|date=2014|title=Oversight and Accountability of Canada's National Security Agencies: A Framework for Discussion|url=https://commentary.canlii.org/w/canlii/2014CanLIIDocs252|journal=The Canadian Bar Review|volume=92|issue=1 |pages=19–30|id=2014 CanLIIDocs 252|via=CanLII}}</ref> Following the commission of inquiry's recommendations, the [[41st Canadian Parliament|Harper government]] tabled amendments to the RCMP Act to create the [[Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police|Civilian Review and Complaints Commission]].<ref name=":1" />
+In the wake of the 2007 [[Robert Dziekański taser incident]] at the [[Vancouver International Airport]], two officers were found guilty of perjury to the [[Braidwood Inquiry]] and sentenced to jail for their actions. They appealed all the way to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] but were unsuccessful. In July 2007, two RCMP officers were shot and succumbed to their injuries in the [[Spiritwood Incident]] near [[Mildred, Saskatchewan]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} By the end of 2007, the RCMP was named [[Canadian Newsmaker of the Year|Newsmaker of the Year]] by [[The Canadian Press]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/MediaNews/2007/12/25/4739958-cp.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071226200125/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/MediaNews/2007/12/25/4739958-cp.html|title=Canoe.ca News December 25, 2007|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 26, 2007}}</ref>
-{{main|Mayerthorpe Incident}}
-On [[March 3]], [[2005]], four RCMP officers were shot dead during an operation to recover stolen property and investigate a possible [[marijuana]] [[grow-op]] in [[Rochfort Bridge, Alberta]]. Shooter Jim Roszko, 46, then shot and killed himself. It was the single worst multiple killing of RCMP officers since the [[Northwest Rebellion]]. One of the four Mounties killed had been on the job for only seventeen days. The victims were:
-*Const. Lionide (Leo) Nicholas Johnston, 34 — Mayerthorpe Detachment
-*Const. Anthony Fitzgerald Orion Gordon, 28 — Whitecourt Town Detachment General Policing and Highway Patrol
-*Const. Brock Warren Myrol, 29 — Mayerthorpe Detachment
-*Const. Peter Christopher Schiemann, 25 — Mayerthorpe Detachment General Policing and Highway Patrol<ref name="CBC">[http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2005/03/04/myrol-rcmp050304.html CBC]</ref>
+====2010s====
-{{main|Spiritwood Incident}}
+The RCMP mounted the [[Queen's Life Guard]] in May 2012 during celebrations of [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9284116/Queen-guarded-by-Canadian-Mounties-today.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9284116/Queen-guarded-by-Canadian-Mounties-today.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Queen guarded by Canadian Mounties today|first=Hannah|last=Furness|date=May 23, 2012|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-On [[July 7]], [[2006]], two RCMP officers were shot and killed near [[Mildred, Saskatchewan]]. The killer, [[Curtis Dagenais]], 41, was missing until [[July 18]], when he turned himself in. The victims were:
-*Const. Robin Cameron, 29 - Spiritwood Detachment
-*Const. Marc Bourdages, 26 - Spiritwood Detachment
+On June 3, 2013, the RCMP's A Division was renamed the "National Division" and tasked it with handling corruption cases "at home and abroad".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2013/06/03/rcmp-national-division-a-renamed-a-division-to-take-on-corruption/|title=RCMP National Division, a renamed A Division, to take on corruption|date=June 3, 2013|magazine=[[Maclean's]]|access-date=October 25, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304194848/http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/06/03/rcmp-national-division-a-renamed-a-division-to-take-on-corruption/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In 2006, the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called "Shiprider", in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent is to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border. (PA1 John Masson, "Territorial Teamwork", Coast Guard Magazine 2/2006, pp. 26-27).
+[[File:Thank You RCMP Moncton Shooting.jpeg|thumb|right|Local businesses express their gratitude for the RCMP after the suspect for the [[Moncton shooting]] was apprehended.]]
+In June 2014, three RCMP officers were murdered during the [[Moncton shooting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/three-canadian-officers-killed-spray-gunfire-n123136|title=Three Canadian Officers Killed in Spray of Gunfire|author=Gil Aegerter|work=NBC News|date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> A review from retired assistant commissioner Alphonse MacNeil in May 2015 issued 64 recommendations, while the RCMP was charged with violating the [[Canada Labour Code]] (CLC) for the slow roll-out of the C8 carbine, which had been recommended by the 2011 Elliott inquiry. The RCMP issued the first carbines in 2013, and with 12,000 members across the country had, as of May 2015, only purchased 2,200.<ref name="aacbc">{{cite news |last1=Auld |first1=Alison |last2=Tutton |first2=Michael |title=Moncton RCMP shooting: Mounties criticize carbine rollout 1 year after rampage |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/moncton-rcmp-shooting-mounties-criticize-carbine-rollout-1-year-after-rampage-1.3094586 |agency=The Canadian Press |publisher=CBC |date=May 31, 2015}}</ref> At the CLC trial the Crown argued that the then newly-retired head of the RCMP [[Bob Paulson]] had "played the odds" with officer safety and it proved fatal.<ref name="cbcodds">{{cite news |title=RCMP 'played the odds' with officer safety and it proved fatal, Crown argues |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/rcmp-trial-final-arguments-1.4186021 |publisher=CBC |date=July 4, 2017}}</ref> One result of the CLC trial was the conviction of the organization that had been led by Paulson for close to seven years.<ref name="cprcmp">{{cite news |title=RCMP guilty of Labour Code violations in 2014 Moncton shooting spree |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/rcmp-guilty-of-labour-code-violations-in-2014-moncton-shooting-spree/ |agency=Canadian Press |publisher=Maclean's, an arm of St. Joseph Communications |date=September 29, 2017 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622074803/https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/rcmp-guilty-of-labour-code-violations-in-2014-moncton-shooting-spree/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+In October 2016, the RCMP issued an apology for harassment, discrimination, and sexual abuse of female officers and civilian members. Additionally they set aside a $100 million fund to compensate these victims. Over 20,000 current and past female employees that were employed after 1974 are eligible.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Kathleen|title=RCMP could pay up to $100M to female employees who were sexually harassed, abused|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-paulson-compensation-harassment-1.3793785|website=CBC News|access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref>
-On [[December 6]], [[2006]], RCMP Commissioner [[Giuliano Zaccardelli]] resigns one day after informing the House of Commons committee for public safety and national security that his earlier testimony about the [[Maher Arar]] case was inaccurate. The RCMP had improperly given information to the US that resulted in Arar, a Canadian returning to Montreal via the US, being forcibly sent to Syria where he was imprisoned for 10 months and tortured into signing a false confession of links to terrorists.
+====2020s====
-Earlier, on [[September 28]], [[2006]] and before the Commons committee, RCMP Commissioner [[Giuliano Zaccardelli]] had issued a carefully-worded public apology to Arar and his family:
+On March 10, 2020, Chief [[Allan Adam]] of the [[Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation]] was arrested by two RCMP officers in [[Fort McMurray]], Alberta.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=nytaa>{{Cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Catherine |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |date=June 13, 2020 |title=Video of Arrest of Indigenous Leader Shocks Canada |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/canada/Allan-Adam-athabasca-police.html |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> After several minutes of Chief Adam yelling and posturing at officers, the officers tackled him and punched him in the head whilst struggling with him on the ground. Chief Adam was later charged with resisting arrest and assaulting a peace officer, but the charges were subsequently dropped.<ref>{{Cite news|last=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=June 24, 2020|title=Charges dropped against First Nations Chief Allan Adam in violent arrest|work=[[CBC News]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/allan-adam-athabasca-chipewyan-first-nation-arrest-rcmp-assault-1.5624976|access-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> After watching the video of the arrest, Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] said, "[w]e have all now seen the shocking video of Chief Adam's arrest and we must get to the bottom of this".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cecco|first=Leyland|date=June 12, 2020|title=First Nations chief shown being punched by Canadian police in video|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/canadian-police-punch-first-nations-chief-canada-video-chief-allan-adam|access-date=June 12, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Tunney|first=Catharine|date=June 12, 2020|title=Trudeau has 'serious questions' after watching video of Chief Adam's arrest|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-adam-arrest-video-1.5609446|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=June 11, 2020|title=Full dashcam video of Chief Allan Adam's arrest|url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1749767747520|website=CBC News}}</ref> Following the revelation of Chief Adam's arrest—as well as several other recent instances in which RCMP officers had assaulted or killed Indigenous people<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2020|title=Chantel Moore's family calls for justice, public inquiry during healing walk|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/healing-walks-chantel-moore-1.5610194|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref>—RCMP Commissioner [[Brenda Lucki]] stated, after initially demurring on the question, that [[Institutional racism|systemic racism]] exists in the RCMP: "I do know that systemic racism is part of every institution, the RCMP included", she said.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tasker|first=John Paul|date=June 12, 2020|title=Systemic racism exists in the RCMP, Commissioner Brenda Lucki says|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brenda-lucki-systemic-racism-rcmp-1.5610355|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> One day earlier, Trudeau had also stated that "[s]ystemic racism is an issue right across the country, in all our institutions, including in all our police services, including in the RCMP."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tunney|first=Catharine|date=June 11, 2020|title=Systemic racism exists in RCMP, Trudeau argues – after commissioner says she's 'struggling' with the term|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-systemic-racism-lucki-trudeau-1.5607622|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref>
-<blockquote>Mr. Arar, I wish to take this opportunity to express publicly to you and to your wife and to your children how truly sorry I am for whatever part the actions of the RCMP may have contributed to the terrible injustices that you experienced and the pain that you and your family endured.</blockquote>
+RCMP Constable Heidi Stevenson was killed while responding to the [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks|Wortman killing spree]] that left 23 dead in [[Nova Scotia]] in April 2020. The political furor that followed engulfed Commissioner Brenda Lucki and her minister, [[Public Safety Minister]] [[Bill Blair (politician)|Bill Blair]].<ref name="ctcbc">{{cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Catharine |title=Top Mountie denies claim she interfered in N.S. shooting investigation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/blair-lucki-nova-scotia-shooting-gun-control-1.6496511 |publisher=CBC |date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> The RCMP was strongly criticized for its response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the deadliest rampage in Canadian history,<ref name="AP">{{cite news |last=Gillies |first=Rob |url=https://apnews.com/7c9a33ae52420e0ddbfb5275898a7e79 |title=16 killed in shooting rampage, deadliest in Canadian history |date=April 19, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419202425/https://apnews.com/7c9a33ae52420e0ddbfb5275898a7e79|archive-date=April 19, 2020|website=AP News}}</ref> as well as their lack of transparency in the criminal investigation. [[CBC News]]' television program ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]]'' and online newspaper ''[[Halifax Examiner]]'' analyzed the timeline of events, and both observed a myriad of failures and shortcomings in the RCMP response.<ref name=TheFifthEstate>{{cite news|url=https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/nova-scotia-shooting-13-deadly-hours|title=13 deadly hours|publisher=CBC News|last1=McMillan|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Mayor|first2=Lisa|date=November 22, 2020|access-date=November 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Growing criticism over how Nova Scotia RCMP warned public about killer|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/6850607/growing-criticism-over-how-nova-scotia-rcmp-warned-public-about-killer/|publisher=Global News|date=April 21, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='An epic failure': The first duty of police is to preserve life; through the Nova Scotia massacre, the RCMP saved no one|url=https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/featured/an-epic-failure-the-first-duty-of-police-is-to-preserve-life-through-the-nova-scotia-massacre-the-rcmp-saved-no-one/|publisher=Halifax Examiner|last=Palango|first=Paul|date=July 18, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> A criminologist criticised the RCMP's response as "a mess" and called for an overhaul in how the agency responds to active shooter situations, after they had failed to properly respond to other such incidents in the past.<ref name=Global.Aftermath>{{cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7514276/nova-scotia-shooting-victim-families-struggle-heal/|title=Emotional aftermath: families of victims in Nova Scotia shooting struggle to heal|publisher=Global News|last1=Leffler|first1=Brennan|last2=Lord|first2=Ross|date=December 12, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref>
-On [[January 26]], [[2007]], after months of negotiations between the Canadian government and Arar's Canadian legal counsel, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a formal apology "for any role Canadian officials may have played in what happened to Mr. Arar, Monia Mazigh and their family in 2002 and 2003" and announced that Arar would receive $10.5 million settlement for his ordeal and an additional $1 million for legal costs.
+In the early 2020s, several governments, politicians, and scholars have recommended terminating the RCMP's contract policing program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/08/11/the-rcmp-has-an-important-role-to-play-one-that-shouldnt-include-functioning-as-a-provincial-police-force.html|title=The RCMP has an important role to play – one that shouldn't include functioning as a provincial police service|access-date=August 13, 2022|website=Toronto Star|author=Wally Oppal|date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/rcmp-mcadam-new-brunswick-police-1.6497599|title=McAdam's impatience with Mounties a sign N.B. should rethink reliance on RCMP, profs say|access-date=August 13, 2022|website=CBC News|author=Aidan Cox}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/trnstn-bndrs/20191120/013/index-en.aspx|title=Contract Policing|access-date=July 10, 2022|website=Government of Canada Briefing Book for the Minister of Public Safety Canada|date=March 18, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-racism-report-committee-1.6068970|title=Ottawa should explore removing Mounties from communities, MPs suggest|access-date=July 10, 2022|website=CBC News}}</ref> Public Safety Minister [[Marco Mendicino]] was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/rcmp-mcadam-new-brunswick-police-1.6497599|title=McAdam's impatience with Mounties a sign N.B. should rethink reliance on RCMP, profs say|access-date=July 10, 2022|website=CBC News}}</ref>
-{{seealso|Maher Arar}}
+In June 2021, [[Privacy Commissioner of Canada]] Daniel Therrien found that the RCMP had broken Canadian privacy law through hundreds of illegal searches using [[Clearview AI]].<ref name=clearview>{{Cite news|last=Boutilier|first=Alex|date=June 8, 2021|title=RCMP broke privacy laws in using controversial Clearview AI facial recognition tools, watchdog says|work=[[Toronto Star]]|url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2021/06/10/rcmp-broke-privacy-laws-in-using-controversial-clearview-ai-facial-recognition-tools-watchdog-says.html|access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref>
-===Service in wartime===
-*'''The Boer War'''
-During the [[Second Boer War]], members of the North West Mounted Police were given [[Leave of absence|leaves of absence]] to fight with the 2nd [[Battalion]], Canadian Mounted Rifles (CMR) and [[Lord Strathcona's Horse]]. The force raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles, mostly from NWMP members, for service in [[South Africa]]. For the CMR's distinguished service there, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the '''Royal North West Mounted Police''' ('''RNWMP''') on [[June 24]], [[1904]].
+In February 2022, four men were arrested near [[Coutts, Alberta]] for their roles in an [[2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers|alleged conspiracy to kill RCMP officers]] during the [[Canada convoy protest]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Tait |first=Carrie |date=September 7, 2022 |title=RCMP used undercover operatives, emergency wiretaps to target border blockade in Coutts, Alta.: court docs |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-rcmp-emergency-wiretaps-coutts-blockade/ |access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>
-*'''World War I'''
+[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Funeral 19 09 2022-14 (52369485536).jpg|thumb|left|RCMP members leading the funeral procession during the [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|state funeral for Elizabeth II]] in [[London]], 2022.]]
-During [[World War I]], the Royal North West Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted [[Border#Jurisdictional borders|border]] patrols, [[surveillance]] of enemy [[Alien (law)|alien]]s, and enforcement of [[national security]] regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On [[6 August]] [[1914]], a [[squadron]] of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in [[France]]. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, '''A Squadron''' for service in France and [[Flanders]] and '''B Squadron''' for service in [[Siberia]]
+On September 19, 2022 the RCMP led the procession through London, England, following the [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|state funeral]] of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] due to the long-standing special relationship with the Queen.<ref>{{cite web |title=The special role the Canadian Mounties played in Queen Elizabeth II's funeral |website=ctvnews.ca |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/the-special-role-the-canadian-mounties-played-in-queen-elizabeth-ii-s-funeral-1.6074444 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919185407/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/the-special-role-the-canadian-mounties-played-in-queen-elizabeth-ii-s-funeral-1.6074444}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Queen's funeral: Full guide to the gun carriage and the main procession |website=bbc.com |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62941422 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919145726/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62941422}}</ref>
+In 2023, the Mass Casualty Commission recommended that the RCMP replace its current Depot-based training regime with a more intensive university-style programme and that the federal public safety minister review the RCMP's involvement in contract policing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/key-recommendations-of-nova-scotia-mass-shooting-inquiry|title=Key recommendations of Nova Scotia mass shooting inquiry|website=National Post}}</ref> Later that year, the force established a new direct-entry programme for federal policing candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/rcmp-federal-policing-frontline-flynn-1.6950735|title=RCMP federal policing recruits could soon skip Regina training depot, frontline policing|website=CBC News}}</ref> Those recruited for the programme will be required to complete a shorter, more focussed 14-week training curriculum in Ottawa before being posted to a federal policing position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rcmp.ca/en/careers/become-police-officer-with-federal-policing-welcome-federal-policing-recruit-development-program|title=Become a police officer with Federal Policing|website=RCMP}}</ref>
-*'''World War II'''
-In 1939, No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP), [[Canadian Provost Corps]], was raised for service in Europe. The unit served with distinction throughout [[World War II]].
-====Honours====
+===Role in colonization===
+As the federal police service, the RCMP has had an expansive and controversial role in colonization. One of the RCMP's two preceding agencies—the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP)—had enjoyed a relatively positive relationship with the [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples of Canada]], buoyed by their role in restoring order to the [[Western Canada|Canadian west]], which had been disrupted by immigrant settlement, and the stark contrast between Canadian policy and the ongoing [[American Indian Wars]] in the late 19th century.<ref name=TCErnwmp/> After the signing of the [[Numbered Treaties]] between 1871 and 1899, however, the service generally failed to provide Indigenous communities with police services equal to those provided to non-Indigenous communities.<ref name=TCErnwmp/>
-[[Image:Guidon Royal Canadian Mounted Police.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Colours and guidons|Guidon]] of the RCMP]]
-Although it is a police force, the RCMP has the status of a [[regiment]] of [[dragoons]], and as such is entitled to wear [[battle honours]] for its war service as well as carry a [[colours and guidons|guidon]]. It was awarded this status in 1921, with its first guidon presented in 1935. As a regiment, the RCMP mounted the [[King's Life Guard]] at [[Horse Guards Parade]] in 1937 leading up to the [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] of [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]].
+American historian Andrew Graybill argued the RCMP historically resembled the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] in many ways: each protected the established order by confining and removing Indigenous peoples; tightly controlling the mixed-blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas and the [[Métis]] in Canada); assisting the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land; and breaking the power of labour unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.<ref>Andrew R. Graybill, ''Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Policing-Great-Plains-Mounties-1875-1910/dp/0803260024/ excerpt and text search]</ref>
-====Battle honours====
+[[File:Nunavut-Feierlichkeit (01-04-99).jpg|thumb|A Mountie standing with an [[Inuit]] group in [[Kinngait]] to celebrate the establishment of [[Nunavut]], 1999]]
-*Northwest Canada 1885, South Africa 1900–02
-*The Great War: [[France]] and [[Flanders]] 1918, [[Siberia]] 1918–19
-*The Second World War: [[Europe]], 1939-45
+From 1920 (1933, with respect to the ''Indian Act''<ref>{{citation| url=https://caid.ca/RCMP-IRS2011.pdf| last=LeBeuf| first=Marcel-Eugène| title=The Role of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police During the Indian Residential School System| page=35| year=2011| publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police| location=Ottawa| accessdate=17 May 2023}}</ref>) to 1996, RCMP officers served as [[Truancy|truant]] officers for [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Indian residential schools]], including through the transition of students from federal residential to provincial day schools after 1948,<ref>{{harvnb| LeBeuf| 2011| p=23}}</ref> assisting principals, staff, [[Indian agent (Canada)|Indian agents]], relatives, and members of the communities in bringing truant children to the schools,<ref name=report2>{{harvnb| LeBeuf| 2011| p=2}}</ref> sometimes by force,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grc-rcmp.gc.ca/indigenous-autochtone/resident-schools-pensionnats-eng.htm|title=Indian Residential Schools and the RCMP|website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=23 July 2019 |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> as per the ''[[Indian Act]]''<ref name=report2/> and as was common for truant non-Indigenous children through the same period.<ref>{{citation| url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2005251-eng.pdf?st=pWo2Pkf4| last=Oreopoulos| first=Philip| title=Canadian Compulsory School Laws and their Impact on Educational Attainment and Future Earnings| date=May 2005| pages=8–11| publisher=Statistics Canada| location=Ottawa| isbn=0-662-40421-1| accessdate=17 May 2023}}</ref> Marcel-Eugène LeBeuf stated in his report for the RCMP that records and oral histories indicate the force "was responding, in its most traditional police role, to a request to protect children"<ref>{{harvnb| LeBeuf| 2011| p=6}}</ref> and that abuses within the school system were largely unreported to the RCMP at the time.<ref name=report2/>
-====Honorary distinction====
-*The badge of the Canadian Provost Corps¹
-<small>1. Presented [[21 September]] [[1957]] at a Parliament Hill ceremony for contributions to the Corps during the Second World War.</small>
+During the federal government's imposition of municipal-style elected councils on First Nations, the RCMP raided the government buildings of particularly resistant traditional hereditary chiefs' councils and oversaw the subsequent council elections{{snd}} the [[Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council]] was originally referred to as the "Mounties Council" as a result of the RCMP's involvement in its installation.<ref name=MountiesCouncil>{{cite web|url=https://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/the-meaning-of-elections-for-six-nations|title=The Meaning of Elections for Six Nations|website=Briarpatch Magazine|access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref>
-===History of the uniform===
+====Role in land disputes====
-The RCMP are famous for their distinctive [[Red Serge]], a scarlet ceremonial uniform with a [[Stetson]] hat with a wide flat brim which is worn on special occasions, and the [[Musical Ride]] (a ceremony in which officers showcase their horse riding skills and uniform in the execution of a variety of intricate figures and [[cavalry]] [[parade (military)|drill]]s with music). On normal duties, the RCMP uses standard police methods, equipment, and uniforms.  Horses are no longer used operationally by any unit.
+In 1995, the RCMP intervened in the [[Gustafsen Lake standoff]] between the armed Ts'peten Defenders, occupying what they claimed was unceded Indigenous land, and armed ranchers, who owned the land and had previously allowed Indigenous people to use part of it on the condition they not erect permanent structures. The RCMP's response included 400 tactical assault team members, five helicopters, two surveillance planes, and nine [[Bison and Coyote armoured vehicles|Bison]] [[armoured personnel carrier]]s on loan from the [[Canadian Army]]<ref name="Bison APC" >{{cite web|url=https://warriorpublications.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/tspeten-1995/ |title=Bison APC at Ts'Peten, 1995 |website=warriorpublications.wordpress.com |date=February 13, 2011 |access-date=2022-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823165212/https://warriorpublications.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/tspeten-1995/|archive-date=2021-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> and sparked international controversy over the RCMP's use of unusually broad press exclusion zones.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=William |title=RCMP Should Avoid Waco-Style Shootout In B.C. |work=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=August 29, 1995 |url=http://www.nationnewsarchives.ca/article/rcmp-should-avoid-waco-style-shootout-in-b-c/ |quote="Perhaps it's the old newsman in me, but I'm uneasy about the reporting. Journalists have been kept away from the scene by the RCMP & the native occupiers could not tell their side of the story because Mounties have cut off their means of communication".}}</ref> One of the members of the Ts'peten Defenders was later granted political asylum in the United States after an Oregon judge found that the RCMP's reporting of the incident—marked by an RCMP member's off-hand comment to media that "smear campaigns are [the RCMP's] specialty"—amounted to a "disinformation campaign."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straight.com/news/rcmp-history-of-smear-campaigns-warrants-skepticism-about-violent-confrontation-with-coastal|title=RCMP history of smear campaigns warrants skepticism about "violent confrontation" with Coastal GasLink workers|website=The Georgia Straight|date=17 February 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Globe>{{cite news |last1=Makin |first1=Kirk |title=U.S. judge won't extradite native activist |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/us-judge-wont-extradite-fugitive-native-activist/article22500327/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=23 November 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030620/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/us-judge-wont-extradite-fugitive-native-activist/article22500327/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 }}</ref>
+[[File:Wet’suwet’en solidarity banner on oil tank car February 15, 2020 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Haudenosaunee]] flag and a banner that reads ''RCMP off Wetsuweten land'' on a petroleum gas tank car during a solidarity protest against the [[Coastal GasLink Pipeline]] in [[Vaughan]], 2020.]]
+Between January 2019 and March 2020, the RCMP spent $13 million policing and periodically enforcing [[injunction]]s against Indigenous [[Coastal GasLink Pipeline#Protests|protesters blocking the construction of a pipeline]] across what the protesters asserted was unceded Wet'suwet'en territory.<ref name=CBCWt /> Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs Na'moks and Woos complained about the armed RCMP presence, as the police moved down the road, kilometre-by-kilometre, over days, dismantling fortified checkpoints and making arrests.<ref name=CBCWt>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/rcmp-wetsuweten-pipeline-policing-costs-1.5769555|title=RCMP spent more than $13M on policing Coastal GasLink conflict on Wet'suwet'en territory|website=CBC News|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> The RCMP's enforcement of a court injunction against the occupiers in 2020 sparked [[2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests|international controversy and protests]] and, as of 2022, sporadic occupations and protests—some violent—have continued at the site.<ref>{{cite news|title=Masked group attacks gas pipeline work camp|journal=[[The Globe and Mail]]|author=Nancy MacDonald and Brent Jang|page=A9|date=February 19, 2022}}</ref>
-The Red Serge tunic that identified initially the NWMP, and later the RNWMP and RCMP, is of the standard British military pattern. The NWMP was originally kitted out from [[militia]] stores, resulting initially in several different styles of tunic, although the style later became standardized. This style was used to both to emphasize the British nature of the force and to differentiate it from the blue American military uniforms.  The blue shoulder epaulets were added in the 1920s after it was granted its "Royal" status from the [[British sovereign]] for its service in World War I, replacing gold-trimmed scarlet straps from the earlier uniforms.  Currently, RCMP personnel under the rank of Inspector wear blue "gorget" patches on the collar, while officers from Inspector to Commissioner have solid blue collars, along with blue pointed sleeve cuffs.
+===Women in the RCMP===
-[[Image:Northwest Mounted Police re-enactors.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Re-enactors portraying the NWMP K Troop.]]
+[[File:Remembrance Day field of crosses Calgary (24471910498).jpg|thumb|A female Mountie during a [[Remembrance Day]] ceremony, 2017.]]
+In the 1920s, Saskatchewan provincial pathologist [[Frances Gertrude McGill]] began providing forensic assistance to the RCMP in their investigations.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.thewhig.com/2013/04/23/canadas-sherlock-holmes-of-forensic-science|title=Canada's 'Sherlock Holmes of Forensic Science'|website=The Kingston Whig-Standard|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> She helped establish the first RCMP forensic laboratory in 1937,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of Saskatchewan |date=2005|publisher=University of Regina, Canadian Plains Research Centre |isbn=0889771758|location=Regina|page=584|oclc=57639332}}</ref> and later was its director for several years. In addition to her forensic work, McGill also provided training to new RCMP and police recruits in forensic detection methods.<ref name=":0" /> Upon her retirement in 1946, McGill was appointed honorary surgeon to the RCMP, and continued to act as a dedicated consultant for the service up until her death in 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/dr-frances-mcgill-was-saskatchewans-answer-to-sherlock-holmes|title=Dr. Frances McGill was Saskatchewan's answer to Sherlock Holmes|date=May 19, 2017|work=Regina Leader-Post|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>
+On May 23, 1974, RCMP Commissioner [[Maurice Nadon]] announced that the RCMP would accept applications from women as regular members of the service. Troop 17 was the first group of 32 women at [[RCMP Academy, Depot Division|Depot]] in Regina on September 16, 1974 for regular training.<ref>{{cite news |title=32 women join RCMP |agency=Canadian Press |newspaper=The Expositor |location=Brantford, Ontario |date=September 17, 1974 |page =74}}</ref> This first all-female troop of 30 women graduated from Depot on March 3, 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=Troop 17 Graduates |author=Colleen Slater-Smith |newspaper=The Leader-Post |location=Regina, Saskatchewan |date=March 3, 1975 |page =4}}</ref>
-Initially the NWMP wore buff trousers. Later dark blue trousers with yellow-gold strapping (stripes) were adopted. Members of the NWMP were known to exchange kit with US cavalry units along the border and it is suggested that this was the initial source for the trousers; however, blue trousers were considered early on, although with a white strap. Dark blue with yellow-gold strapping is another British cavalry tradition, and Canadian city police forces frequently wear dark blue trousers with a narrow red strap of infantry tradition.
+After initially wearing different uniforms, female officers were finally issued the standard RCMP uniforms. Now all officers are identically attired, with two exceptions. The ceremonial dress uniform, or "walking-out order", for female members has a long, blue skirt and higher-heeled slip-on pumps plus small black clutch purse (however, in 2012 the RCMP began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moore |first1=Dene |date=2012-08-16 |url=https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/Female+Mounties+earn+right+wear+pants+boots+with+formal+uniforms/7102550/story.html?__lsa=067d-6627 |title=Female Mounties earn right to wear pants and boots with all formal uniforms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183314/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/Female+Mounties+earn+right+wear+pants+boots+with+formal+uniforms/7102550/story.html?__lsa=067d-6627 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |website=Vancouver Sun |access-date= 2014-04-12}}</ref>) The second exception is the official maternity uniform for pregnant female officers assigned to administrative duties.
-The wide flat brim [[Stetson]] hat was not adopted officially until about 1904. Although the NWMP contingent at [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]'s [[Diamond Jubilee]] wore the Stetson, it was an unofficial item of dress. The primary official headdress at the time was the white British foreign service helmet, also known as a [[pith helmet]]. This was not particularly practical as headdress in the Canadian west, and members wore a Stetson type hat on patrol and around camp. [[Sam Steele]] is often credited with introducing the Stetson-type hat, and when he left the force to command [[Lord Strathcona's Horse]] and took the regiment to South Africa he also adopted the Stetson for this unit.
+The following years saw the first women attain certain positions.
-Black riding boots were later changed to the modern brown style. The original crossbelts were later changed to the brown [[Sam Browne belt|Sam Browne]] type currently worn.  The brown colour of the boots and belt worn with the Red Serge come from the individual member applying numerous coats of polish, often during their time in training at Depot Division.
+{{col div}}
+* 1981: corporal, musical ride
+* 1987: foreign post
+* 1990: detachment commander
+* 1992: commissioned officer
+* 1998: assistant commissioner
+* 2000: deputy commissioner
+* 2006: interim commissioner<ref>{{cite news|date=July 16, 2007|title=William Elliott sworn in as RCMP commissioner|publisher=[[CBC News]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/william-elliott-sworn-in-as-rcmp-commissioner-1.668804|access-date=June 13, 2018|quote=...the organization's first chief not to have served on a police service.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Mayada|date=December 15, 2007|title=RCMP commissioner promises sweeping changes|publisher=[[CanWest News Service]]|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=38a04926-a29d-4a23-91fd-173d1e03dec1|access-date=July 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217152327/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=38a04926-a29d-4a23-91fd-173d1e03dec1|archive-date=December 17, 2007|quote=Elliott was appointed the first civilian commissioner in the RCMP's history|df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{NoteTag|note=[[Beverley Busson]] was the first woman to have held the top position in the service, albeit on an interim basis. She was the interim commissioner from December 15, 2006, to July 6, 2007. The first female commissioner, [[Brenda Lucki]] was appointed on March 9, 2018, and was officially sworn into office on April 16, 2018.}}
+* 2018: permanent commissioner<ref>{{cite web|date=March 9, 2018|title=Prime Minister announces new Commissioner Designate of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police|url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2018/03/09/prime-minister-announces-new-commissioner-designate-royal-canadian|website=Prime Minister of Canada}}</ref>
+{{col div end}}
+==Organization==
-Sidearms are standard now, but were often not worn in the early years.
+===International===
+The RCMP International Operations Branch (IOB) assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-seven liaison officers are placed in 23 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of [[criminal intelligence]], especially national security with other countries, to provide assistance in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ip-pi/pdf/iob-soi-eng.pdf|title=Fact Sheet: International Operations Branch|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|access-date=April 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202213850/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ip-pi/pdf/iob-soi-eng.pdf|archive-date=December 2, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+Liaison officers are in:
-The everyday uniform consists of a grey shirt with dark blue tie, dark blue trousers with gold strapping, regular patrol boots called "ankle boots", regular duty equipment, and a regular policeman's style cap.  A blue "[[Gore-Tex]]" open-collar jacket is worn by Constables, Corporals, Sergeants, and Staff Sergeants while a dark blue jacket, with a white shirt in place of the grey shirt, is worn by Sergeants Major, certain [[Non-Commissioned Officer]]s (NCOs) usually involved in aspects of recruit training or media relations, and all officers from Inspector to Commissioner. Short sleeved shirts are worn in the summer by all members with Constables and NCOs not wearing the tie, and Officers wearing the tie year round.  Winter dress consists of a long-sleeved shirt and tie for all members and, depending on the climate of the detachment area, heavier boots, jackets and a fur cap are worn.
+[[File:RCMP in Kosovo.jpg|thumb|An RCMP forensics team with a U.S. Marine escort, investigating a grave site in [[Kosovo]], 1999]]
+[[File:ANP officers and leaders move toward self-sufficiency DVIDS347312.jpg|thumb|An RCMP constable and instructor, observing [[Afghan National Police]] members as they shoot at targets in [[Kandahar]], 2010]]
+{{div col}}
+*Africa & Middle East:
+** [[Rabat|Rabat, Morocco]]
+** [[Pretoria|Pretoria, South Africa]]
+** [[Amman|Amman, Jordan]]
+** [[Dubai|Dubai, U.A.E.]]
+*Asia-Pacific:
+** [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]
+** [[Islamabad|Islamabad, Pakistan]]
+** [[Bangkok|Bangkok, Thailand]]
+** [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]]
+** [[Beijing|Beijing, China]]
+** [[Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]
+** [[Colombo|Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
+* Europe:
+** [[London|London, United Kingdom]]
+** [[Mons, Belgium]] ([[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe]])
+** [[Paris|Paris, France]]
+** [[Berlin|Berlin, Germany]]
+** [[The Hague|The Hague, Netherlands]]
+** [[Gdynia|Gdynia, Poland]]
+** [[Rome|Rome, Italy]]
+*The Americas:
+** [[Kingston, Jamaica]]
+** [[Mexico City|Mexico City, Mexico]]
+** [[Bogotá|Bogotá, Colombia]]
+** [[Caracas|Caracas, Venezuela]]
+** [[Brasília|Brasília, Brazil]]
+** [[Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]]
+** [[Port of Spain|Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago]]
+** [[United States]]:
+*** [[Miami, Florida]]
+*** [[New York City|New York, New York]]
+*** [[Seattle, Washington]]
+*** [[Washington, D.C.]]
+{{div col end}}
+[[File:Haiti3.jpg|thumb|An RCMP member in Haiti, 2008]]
+The RCMP also provides law enforcement training overseas in Iraq and other [[Canadian peacekeeping]] missions. The RCMP have been involved in training and logistically supporting the [[Haitian National Police]] since 1994, a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP. Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training.<ref name="Haiti">[https://web.archive.org/web/20041021054518/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/news/cida_rcmp_e.htm RCMP Website] and [https://archive.today/20070802045522/http://www.rabble.ca/news_full_story.shtml?x=44206 "Haiti Support Hits the Streets"]</ref>
+===National===
-In British Columbia the hat features a black bearskin rim belt.
+The RCMP is organized under the authority of the ''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'' (''RCMP Act''), an act of the [[Parliament of Canada]]. Pursuant to sections 3 and 4 of the ''RCMP Act'', the RCMP is a police service for Canada&mdash;namely, a federal police service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canlii.ca/t/54310#sec3|title=''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'', RSC 1985, c R-10, ss 3–4}}</ref> However, section 20 of the ''RCMP Act'' provides that the RCMP may be used for law enforcement in provinces or municipalities if certain conditions are met.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canlii.ca/t/54310#sec20|title=''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'', RSC 1985, c R-10, s 20}}</ref> As explained by Justice [[Ivan Rand]] of the Supreme Court of Canada, "what is set up is a police service for the whole of Canada to be used in the enforcement of the laws of the Dominion, but at the same time available for the enforcement of law generally in such provinces as may desire to employ its services."<ref>''R v White'', [1956] SCR 154, [https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1955/1955canlii48/1955canlii48.html 1955 CanLII 48] at 158.</ref>
+Pursuant to section 5 of the ''RCMP Act'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canlii.ca/t/54310#sec5|title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, RSC 1985, c R-10, s 5}}</ref> the agency is headed by the [[List of Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners|commissioner of the RCMP]], who, under the direction of the [[Minister of Public Safety (Canada)|minister of public safety and emergency preparedness]], has the control and management of the service and all matters connected therewith. The RCMP is provided with a senior executive committee (SEC) which<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/rcmp-executive|title=RCMP executive &#124; Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=September 22, 2016|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
-In 1990, [[Baltej Singh Dhillon]] became the first [[Sikh]] officer in the RCMP to be allowed to wear a [[turban]] instead of the traditional stetson. On [[March 15]], the federal government, not without its protestors, decided that Sikhs may wear turbans while serving as RCMP officers.
+{{cquote|is the senior decision making forum established by the Commissioner for the development and approval of strategic, service-wide policies, pursuant to and consistent with the Commissioner's authority under section 5 of the RCMP Act. The role of [the] SEC is to develop, promote and communicate strategic priorities, strategic objectives, management strategies and performance management for the purpose of direction and accountability.}}
+The commissioner is assisted by deputy commissioners in charge of Contract and Indigenous Policing, Federal Policing, and Specialized Policing Services. The commanding officers of K Division and [[RCMP "E" Division|E Division]] are also named deputy commissioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/rcmp-executive|title=RCMP executiev|website=www.rcmp-grc.ca|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|access-date=14 December 2022|date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
-===Women in the RCMP===
-On [[May 23]] [[1974]] RCMP Commissioner M.J. Nadon announced that the RCMP would begin to accept applications for female members of the force.  This opened up positions that had been previously reserved for male members.  Troop 17 was the first troop of 32 female regular members, who arrived at Depot in Regina on September 18 and 19, 1974 to start training.  This first all female troop graduated from Depot on March 3, 1975.
+====Divisions====
-In 1981 the first female was promoted to corporal and the first females served on the musical ride; in 1987 the first female served in a foreign post; in 1990 the first female was appointed detachment commander; in 1992 the first female officers were commissioned and in 1998 the first female Assistant Commissioner was appointed.
+The RCMP divides the country into [[police division|divisions]] for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, [[Quebec Royal Canadian Mounted Police|C Division]] is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: National Division ([[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division, Depot Division, which comprises the RCMP Academy in [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] and the Police Dog Service Training Centre<ref name="dogs">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pds/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625214312/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pds/|title=RCMP Police Dog Service Training Centre|date=January 2004|archive-date=June 25, 2008}}</ref> in [[Innisfail, Alberta|Innisfail]]. The RCMP National Headquarters are in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], established in 1920.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=History of the divisions |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/corporate-organisation/history-histoire/history-divisions-histoire-divisions-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011001759/https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/corporate-organisation/history-histoire/history-divisions-histoire-divisions-eng.htm |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=RCMP.ca}}</ref>
+[[File:"N" Division, Stable Building.JPG|thumb|National Division building in [[Ottawa]]]]
+[[File:RCMP in Whitehorse.jpg|thumb|Entrance to M Division headquarters in [[Whitehorse]]]]
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Division
+!Location
+!Year established
+!Headquarters
+|-
+|'''National''' (formerly A)
+|[[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
+|1874
+|[[Ottawa]]
+|-
+|'''Depot'''
+|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
+|1885
+|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
+|-
+|'''B'''
+|[[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
+|1874
+|[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]
+|-
+|[[Quebec Royal Canadian Mounted Police|'''C''']]
+|[[Quebec]]
+|1874
+|[[Montreal]]
+|-
+|[[Manitoba Royal Canadian Mounted Police|'''D''']]
+|[[Manitoba]]
+|1874
+|[[Winnipeg]]
+|-
+|[[British Columbia Royal Canadian Mounted Police|'''E''']]
+|[[British Columbia]]
+|1874
+|[[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]
+|-
+|'''F'''
+|[[Saskatchewan]]
+|1874
+|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
+|-
+|'''G'''
+|[[Northwest Territories]]
+|1885
+|[[Yellowknife]]
+|-
+|'''H'''
+|[[Nova Scotia]]
+|1885
+|[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]
+|-
+|'''J'''
+|[[New Brunswick]]
+|1932
+|[[Fredericton]]
+|-
+|'''K'''
+|[[Alberta]]
+|1885
+|[[Edmonton]]
+|-
+|'''L'''
+|[[Prince Edward Island]]
+|1932
+|[[Charlottetown]]
+|-
+|'''M'''
+|[[Yukon]]
+|1904
+|[[Whitehorse]]
+|-
+|'''O'''
+|[[Ontario]]
+|1920
+|[[Toronto]]
+|-
+|'''V'''
+|[[Nunavut]]
+|1999
+|[[Iqaluit]]
+|}
+Some historical divisions are no longer in use.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Historical RCMP Divisions<ref name=":5" />
+!Division
+!Location
+!Years established
+|-
+|'''HQ''' (now RCMP National Headquarters)
+|[[Ottawa]]
+|1920–1987
+|-
+|'''N''' (now Canadian Police College and [[Musical Ride]] headquarters)
+|[[Ottawa]]
+|1905–1987
+|}
+=====Detachments=====
-From [[December 15]] [[2006]] to July 2007, [[Beverley A. Busson]] served as interim Commissioner of the RCMP, making her the first woman to hold the top position in the force. She was replaced by [[William J.S. Elliott]] on [[August 10]] [[2007]], the first civilian to lead the RCMP.
+[[File:Royal Canadian Mounted Police.jpg|thumb|An RCMP detachment at [[Grise Fiord]], Nunavut]]
+A detachment is a section of the RCMP which polices a local area. Detachments vary greatly in size. The largest single RCMP detachment is in the city of Surrey in [[British Columbia]], with over a thousand employees. Surrey has contracted with the RCMP for policing services since 1951.<ref>[http://surrey.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=70&languageId=1 Your Surrey RCMP], Royal Canadian Mounted Police (last modified March 31, 2016).</ref> The second-largest RCMP detachment is in [[Burnaby]], also in British Columbia.<ref>[https://www.ecomm911.ca/news-events/news-releases/2013/BurnabyRCMP.php Canada's second largest RCMP detachment integrates dispatch with E-Comm Regional communications centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183820/https://www.ecomm911.ca/news-events/news-releases/2013/BurnabyRCMP.php |date=March 9, 2018 }} (press release), [[E-Comm]] (October 2, 2013).</ref> Conversely, detachments in small, isolated rural communities have as few as three officers. The RCMP formerly had many single-officer detachments in these areas,<ref>Renato Gandia, [http://www.calgarysun.com/2013/04/12/rcmp-pays-tribute-to-wives-who-supported-officers-posted-to-smallest-detachments RCMP pays tribute to wives who supported officers posted to smallest detachments] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806170922/http://www.calgarysun.com/2013/04/12/rcmp-pays-tribute-to-wives-who-supported-officers-posted-to-smallest-detachments |date=August 6, 2016 }}, ''Calgary Sun'' (April 12, 2013).</ref><ref name="SingleDetach">[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-s-single-officer-rcmp-detachments-to-be-closed-1.1258381 B.C.'s single-officer RCMP detachments to be closed], CBC News (September 28, 2012).</ref> but in 2012 the RCMP announced that it was introducing a requirement that detachments should have at least three officers.<ref name="SingleDetach"/>
+As of 2022, several large Indigenous communities do not have RCMP detachments and are instead served by detachments in much smaller non-Indigenous communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/siksika-nation-to-get-self-administered-police-service|title=Siksika Nation to get self-administered police service|website=Calgary Herald|author=Michael Rodriguez}}</ref>
-==Organization==
-The RCMP divides the country into [[police division|divisions]] for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is [[Quebec]]). The province of [[Ontario]], however, is divided into two divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division — Depot Division, which is the [[RCMP Academy, Depot Division|RCMP Academy]] at [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], and the [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pds/ Police Dog Service Training Centre] at [[Bowden, Alberta]]. The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa, Ontario.
+===Personal Protection Group===
+{{further|Monarchy of Canada#Federal residences and royal household}}
+[[File:Sécurité-prince charles.jpg|thumb|A member of the Personal Protection Group opens the door for Prince Charles (now King [[Charles III]]), 2009]]
+The Personal Protection Group (PPG) is a 180-member group responsible for security details for the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]], other members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Royal family and house|royal family]], and other VIPs.<ref name="Switched on - Blue Line"/> It was created after the 1995 [[André Dallaire#The break-in|break-in]] at [[24 Sussex Drive]].<ref name=ppggm/> There are three units within the PPG: The Governor General's Protection Detail and the Prime Minister's Protection Detail provide bodyguards for the safety of the [[governor general of Canada]] and the [[prime minister of Canada]], respectively, in Canada and abroad. These units are based in [[Ottawa]], the former with operations at [[Rideau Hall]] (the monarch's and governor general's official residence in the capital) and the latter at 24 Sussex Drive (the prime minister's official residence) and [[Harrington Lake]] (the prime minister's retreat), near [[Chelsea, Quebec]]. The Very Important Persons Security Section provides security details to VIPs (including the [[chief justice of Canada]], federal ministers other than the prime minister, and diplomats) and others under the direction of the minister of public safety.
+==Personnel==
+{{As of|2019|04|01|df=US}}, the RCMP employed 30,196 men and women, including police officers, civilian members, and [[Public Service of Canada|public service employees]].<ref name="RCMP organisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm|title=Organizational structure|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca|date=April 1, 2019|access-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228055017/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref>
+Actual personnel strength by ranks:
+[[File:RCMP officers Beth, Janice & Harp 2.jpg|thumb|Two corporals and a constable in [[St. Albert, Alberta]], 2009.]]
+* Commissioners: 1
+* Deputy commissioners: 6
+* Assistant commissioners: 28
+* Chief superintendents: 57
+* Superintendents: 187
+* Inspectors: 322
+* Corps sergeants major: 1
+* Sergeants major: 8
+* Staff sergeants major: 9
+* Staff sergeants: 838
+* Sergeants: 2,018
+* Corporals: 3,599
+* Constables: 11,913
+* Special constables: 122
+* Civilian members: 7,695
+* Public servants: 3,403
+* Total: 30,196
+===Regular members===
+[[File:Grc3.jpg|thumb|An RCMP constable arresting an individual, August 2010]]
+The term ''regular member'', or RM, originates from the ''RCMP Act'' and refers to the 18,988 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as [[Law enforcement officer|peace officer]]s, and include all the ranks from constable to commissioner. They are the police officers of the RCMP and are responsible for investigating crime and have the authority to make arrests. RMs operate in over 750 detachments, including 200 municipalities and more than 600 Indigenous communities. RMs are normally assigned to general policing duties at an RCMP detachment for a minimum of three years. These duties allow them to experience a broad range of assignments and experiences, such as responding to [[Emergency telephone number|emergency (9-1-1) calls]], foot patrol, bicycle patrol, traffic enforcement, collecting evidence at crime scenes, testifying in court, apprehending criminals and plain clothes duties. Regular members also serve in over 150 different types of operational and administrative opportunities available within the RCMP, these include: major crime investigations, emergency response, forensic identification, [[Vehicular accident reconstruction|forensic collision reconstruction]], international peacekeeping, bike or marine patrol, explosives disposal and police dog services. Also included are administrative roles including human resources, corporate planning, policy analysis and public affairs.
+===Auxiliary constables and other staff===
+Besides the regular RCMP officers, several types of designations exist which give them assorted powers and responsibilities over policing issues.
+Currently, there are:
+* Community constables: Varies across Canada {{Citation needed|reason=Awaiting formal report for the RCMP. Current number reflects the sum of former ACCs and CSOs after their merger into the CC Program.|date=July 2018}}
+* Reserve constables : Varies across Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bc.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=23&languageId=1&contentId=32324|title=RCMP in British Columbia – Reserve Constables|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=November 7, 2013|website=bc.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
+* [[Auxiliary constable]]s: Varies across Canada<ref name="auxil"/>
+* Special constables: 122<ref name="RCMP organisation"/>
+* Civilian criminal investigators: 35 <ref name="ReferenceC">[https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/civilian-investigators-coming-rcmp Civilian investigators coming to RCMP]</ref>
+* Civilian members: 7,590<ref name="RCMP organisation"/>
+* Public servants: 3,497<ref name="RCMP organisation"/>
+;Community constables (CC):A designation introduced in 2014 as a replacement for the community safety officers and Indigenous community constables pilot programs.<ref name="ACC">{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/cnmcs-plcng/ndx/snpss-en.aspx?n=97|title=Index of Policing Initiatives|date=December 21, 2018|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="CSO">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenownewspaper.com/news/surrey-rcmp-s-community-safety-officer-program-chopped-1.884224|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907010436/http://www.thenownewspaper.com/news/surrey-rcmp-s-community-safety-officer-program-chopped-1.884224|title=Surrey RCMP's Community Safety Officer program chopped|archive-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> Community constables are armed, paid members holding the rank of special constables, with peace officer power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/careers|title=Careers &#124; Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=June 6, 2016|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref> They are to provide a bridge between the local citizens and the RCMP using their local and cultural knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panow.com/node/430056|title=Community-level knowledge sought in new RCMP program|access-date=September 6, 2014|archive-date=September 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907010241/http://www.panow.com/node/430056}}</ref> They are mostly focused on crime prevention, liaisons with the community, and providing resources in the event of a large-scale event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thompsoncitizen.net/article/20140312/THOMPSON0101/303129998/-1/THOMPSON/community-constables-link-citizens-and-police|title=Community constables link citizens and police|work=Thompson Citizen|access-date=September 6, 2014|archive-date=March 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315034654/http://www.thompsoncitizen.net/article/20140312/THOMPSON0101/303129998/-1/THOMPSON/community-constables-link-citizens-and-police}}</ref>
+;Reserve constables (R/Cst.):A program reinstated in 2004 in British Columbia, it was later expanded to cover all of Canada in order to allow for retired, regular RCMP members and other provincially trained officers to provide extra manpower when shortages are identified.<ref name="RCMPNBVet">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmpvetsnb.ca/ByLaws/Reserves/reserves.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605023220/http://www.rcmpvetsnb.ca/ByLaws/Reserves/reserves.php|archive-date=2009-06-05 |title=RCMP Reserve Program |publisher=Rcmpvetsnb.ca |date=January 1, 1995 |access-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref> R/Cst. are appointed under Section 11 of the ''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'' as paid part-time, armed officers with the same powers as regular members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bc.cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=154&languageId=1&contentId=32324 |title=RCMP Reserve Constables in B.C. |access-date=September 6, 2014 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074834/http://bc.cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=154&languageId=1&contentId=32324 }}</ref> However, they are not allowed to carry service-issued sidearms and [[use of force]] options unless they are called upon to duty.<ref name="RCMPNBVet"/> They generally carry out community policing roles but may also be called upon if an emergency occurs.<ref name="RCMPNBVet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/20091018999910699/local/news/retired-mounties-back-in-saddle.html|title=Retired Mounties back in saddle}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+;Auxiliary constables (A/Cst.):Volunteers within their own community, appointed under provincial police acts.<ref name="auxil">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/auxil-eng.htm|title=Auxiliary Constable Program|access-date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508061111/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps-spcca/auxil-eng.htm|archive-date=May 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Auxiliary Constable#Royal Canadian Mounted Police Auxiliary|Auxiliary constables]] are not police officers and can not identify themselves as such. However, they are given peace officer powers when on duty with a regular member (RM). Their duties consist mainly of assisting RMs in routine events, for example cordoning off crime scene areas, crowd control, participating in [[Neighborhood watch|community policing]], assistance during situations where regular members might be overwhelmed with their duties (e.g., keeping watch of a backseat detainee while an RM interviews a victim). They are identified by the wording of "RCMP Auxiliary" on cars, jackets and shoulder flashes.
+;Special constables (S/Cst.): Employees of the RCMP have varied duties depending on where they are deployed, but are often given this designation because of an expertise they possess which needs to be applied in a certain area. For example, an Indigenous person might be appointed a [[Special Constable#Canada|special constable]] in order to assist regular members as they police an Indigenous community where English is not well understood, and where the special constable speaks the language well. They still perform this role today in many isolated northern communities and the RCMP has 122 special constables who are active, and they are drawn almost entirely from the same Indigenous communities that they serve.
+:From the early years of policing in northern Canada, and well into the 1950s, local Indigenous people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides and to obtain and care for sled dog teams. Many of these former special constables still reside in the north to this day and are still involved in regimental functions of the RCMP.
+:Most pilots for RCMP aircraft, such as fixed wing planes or helicopters, are special constables.
+; Civilian criminal investigators (CCI): CCIs were implemented in 2021. They are civilian unarmed staff members, with limited peace officer status and are restricted from making physical arrests.<ref>[https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/civilian-criminal-investigators Civilian Criminal Investigators]</ref> CCIs have backgrounds in computer science or financial markets and are involved in specialized investigations.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> They participate in interviews, preparation of court documents and the searching of scenes.
+;Civilian members of the RCMP: While not delegated the powers of police officers, they are instead hired for their specialized scientific, technological, communications and administrative skills. Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal, provincial and municipal policing duties, it offers employment opportunities for civilian members as professional partners within Canada's national police service.
+Civilian members represent approximately 14 per cent of the total RCMP employee population, and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada. The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals.
+* [[Administration of business|Administrative]]
+** [[Human resource management]]
+** Police Records Information Management Environment (PRIME-BC)
+** Policy development and analysis
+** Staff development and training
+** [[Translation]]
+*Operations
+** Telecommunications operator ([[dispatcher]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/recruiting-recrutement/cm-mc/teleops-opstele-eng.htm |title=Telecommunications Operators |publisher=rcmp-grc.gc.ca |date=July 30, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref>
+* Scientific (forensic laboratory services)<ref>{{cite web |title=National Forensic Laboratory Services |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fsis-ssji/forensic-services-judiciaires-eng.htm |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=October 9, 2018 |publisher=R.C.M.P. |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
+** [[Forensic biology|Biology]] services
+** Firearms and toolmark identification (covering [[Forensic firearm examination]], [[ballistics]], and related examinations
+** National Anti-counterfeiting Bureau
+** [[Toxicology]] services
+** [[Trace evidence]]
+*Technical
+** [[Communication]]s
+** Computer systems development
+** Counterfeit analysis
+** [[questioned document examination|Document examination]]
+** Electronics technology
+** Firearms technology
+** Forensic identification services
+** Information services and public affairs
+** [[Information technology]]
+** Instrument technology
+** [[Telecommunication]]s
+;Public service employees: Also referred to as public servants, PSes or PSEs, they provide much of the administrative support for the RCMP in the form of detachment clerks and other administrative support at the headquarters level. They are not police officers, do not wear a uniform, have no police authority and are not bound by the ''RCMP Act''.
+;Municipal employees:
-* British Columbia: [[RCMP "E" Division]]
+Abbreviated as "ME" they are found in RCMP detachments where a contract exists with a municipality to provide front-line policing. MEs are not actually employees of the RCMP, but are instead employed by the local municipality to work in the RCMP detachment. They conduct the same duties that a PSE would and are required to meet the same reliability and security clearance to do so. Many detachment buildings house a combination of municipally and provincially funded detachments, and therefore there are often PSEs and MEs found working together in them.
-* Alberta: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ab/ K Division]
-* Saskatchewan: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/sk/index_e.htm F Division]
-* Manitoba:  [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/mb/index.htm  D Division]
-* Ontario: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/on/ O Division] and [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ottawa/index_e.htm A Division] (National Capital Region Ottawa)
-* Quebec: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/qc/index_e.htm C Division]
-* Newfoundland and Labrador: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/nl/ B Division]
-* Nova Scotia: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ns/ H Division]
-* New Brunswick: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/nb/ J Division]
-* Prince Edward Island: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pe/ L Division]
-* Yukon Territory: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/yk/index_e.htm M Division]
-* Nunavut: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/nu/index_e.htm V Division]
-* Northwest Territories: [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/nt/index_e.htm G Division]
-* [[RCMP Academy, Depot Division|RCMP Academy]] at [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Sask.]] and [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pds/ Police Dog Service Training Centre] at [[Innisfail, Alberta|Innisfail, Alta.]]: Depot Division
 ===Ranks===
+{{See also|Police ranks in Canada}}
-The rank system of the RCMP illustrates their origin as a [[paramilitary]] force. The insignia were based upon the [[Canadian army]] of the time, which is almost identical to that of the current [[British Army]]. Higher ranks have been increased over the years since the formation of the force, whereas the rank of [[inspector]], which was initially a [[subaltern (rank)|subaltern]], is now a [[field officer]] level, the lower officer ranks having been dropped. With the [[Canadian Forces|military]] introducing the [[warrant officer]], the RCMP non-commissioned officers were maintained using the older military style.
+The rank system of the RCMP is partly a result of their origin as a [[paramilitary]] service. Upon its founding, the RCMP adopted the rank insignias of the [[Canadian Army]] (which in turn came from the [[British Army]]). Like in a military, the RCMP also has a distinction between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/depot/orientation/prep-preparer/things-to-know-choses-a-savoir/ranks-grades-eng.htm|title=Ranks of the service|website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=May 21, 2015|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> The non-commissioned ranks are mostly based on military ranks (apart from constable). Non-commissioned officer ranks above staff sergeant resemble those that formerly existed in the Canadian Army, but have since been replaced by [[warrant officer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uniforminsignia.org/?option=com_insigniasearch&Itemid=53&result=552|title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP¨) / Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) / Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC)|website=uniforminsignia.org}}</ref> The commissioned officer ranks, by contrast, use a set of non-military titles that are often used in Commonwealth police services. The number of higher ranks like chief superintendent and deputy commissioner have been added on and increased since the formation of the service, while the lower commissioned rank of sub-inspector has been dropped.
+The numbers are current as of April 1, 2019:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm |title=Organizational Structure |website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca |access-date=17 May 2019 |date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228055017/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref>
-The ranks of the RCMP, in English and French with their insignia, are (numbers as of January 1, 2007)<ref name ="RCMP organisation">[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/html/organi_e.htm Organization of the RCMP]</ref>:
-[[Image:Superintendent Larsen RCMP.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Superintendent Henry Larsen in full 1959 dress.]]
 {| class="wikitable"
-! scope="col" | Name of rank in English
-! scope="col" | Name of rank in French
-! scope="col" | Number
-! scope="col" | Insignia
 |-
+! colspan="6" |Commissioned officers<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=2015-05-21 |title=Ranks of the Force |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/depot/orientation/prep-preparer/things-to-know-choses-a-savoir/ranks-grades-eng.htm |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
-| [[Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police|Commissioner]]
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Commissaire
-| 1
-| [[Image:Rcmp-commissioner.jpg]]
 |-
-| Deputy Commissioner
+!Commissioner
+!Deputy commissioner
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sous-commissaire
+!Assistant commissioner
-| 8
+!Chief superintendent
-| [[Image:Rcmp-depcommissioner.jpg]]
+!Superintendent
+!Inspector
 |-
+!{{lang|fr|Commissaire}}
-| Assistant Commissioner
+!{{lang|fr|Sous-commissaire}}
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Commissaire adjoint
+!{{lang|fr|Commissaire adjoint}}
-| 25
+!{{lang|fr|Surintendant principal}}
-| [[Image:Rcmp-asstcommissioner.jpg]]
+!{{lang|fr|Surintendant}}
+!{{lang|fr|Inspecteur}}
 |-
+!Commr.
-| [[Chief Superintendent]]
+!D/Commr.
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Surintendant principal
+!A/Commr.
-| 58
+!C/Supt.
-| [[Image:Rcmp-chiefsuperintendent.jpg]]
+!Supt.
+!Insp.
 |-
+!1
-| [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent]]
+!6
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Surintendant
+!33
-| 159
+!55
-| [[Image:Rcmp-superintendent.jpg]]
+!186
+!331
 |-
+|[[File:RCMP Commissioner insignia.png|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| [[Inspector]]
+|[[File:RCMP Deputy Commissioner insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Inspecteur
+|[[File:RCMP Assistant Commissioner insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| 373
+|[[File:RCMP Chief Superintendent insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| [[Image:Rcmp-inspector.jpg]]
+|[[File:RCMP Superintendent insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-|-
+|[[File:RCMP Inpsector insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| Corps Sergeant-Major
+|}
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sergent-major du corps
+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/regular-member-annual-rates-pay|title=Regular Member – Annual Rates of Pay {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|date=2012-09-14|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca|access-date=2019-07-17|archive-date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630232516/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/regular-member-annual-rates-pay|url-status=dead}}</ref> These are the official abbreviations for the commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the RCMP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/rcmp-executive|title=RCMP executive &#124; Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=September 22, 2016|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/nb/commanding-officer|title=Commanding Officer &#124; Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Government of Canada|date=June 21, 2016|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
-| 1
+{| class="wikitable"
-| [[Image:Rcmp-corpssergeantmajor.jpg]]
+! colspan="6" |Non-commissioned officers<ref name=":4" />
+!|Constables
+!Depot
 |-
+!Corps sergeant major
-| [[Sergeant-Major]]
+!Sergeant major
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sergent-major
+!Staff sergeant major
-| 6
+!Staff sergeant
-| [[Image:Rcmp-sergeantmajor.jpg]]
+!Sergeant
+!Corporal
+!Constable
+!Cadet
 |-
+!{{lang|fr|Sergent-major du corps}}
-| Staff Sergeant-Major
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sergent-major d'état major
+!{{lang|fr|Sergent-major}}
+!{{lang|fr|Sergent-major d'état major}}
-| 10
+!{{lang|fr|Sergent d'état-major}}
-| [[Image:Rcmp-staffsergeantmajor.jpg]]
+!{{lang|fr|Sergent}}
+!{{lang|fr|Caporal}}
+!{{lang|fr|Gendarme}}
+!{{lang|fr|Cadet}}
 |-
+!C/S/M.
-| [[Staff Sergeant]]
+!S/M.
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sergent d'état-major
+!S/S/M.
-| 788
+!S/Sgt.
-| [[Image:Rcmp-staffsergeant.jpg]]
+!Sgt.
+!Cpl.
+!Cst.
+!Cdt.
 |-
+!1
-| [[Sergeant]]
+!8
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Sergent
+!10
-| 1,716
+!828
-| [[Image:Rcmp-sergeant.jpg]]
+!2,037
+!3,565
+!11,859
+!Varies
 |-
+|[[File:RCMP Corps Sergeant Major insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| [[Corporal]]
+|[[File:RCMP Sergeant Major insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Caporal
+|[[File:RCMP Staff Sergeant Major insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| 3,100
+|[[File:RCMP Staff Sergeant insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| [[Image:Rcmp-corporal.jpg]]
+|[[File:RCMP Sergeant insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-|-
+|[[File:RCMP Corporal insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| [[Constable]]
+|'''''No Insignia'''''
-| xml:lang="fr-CA" | Gendarme
+|[[File:RCMP Cadet Insignia.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
-| 10,666
 |}
-The ranks of Inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]].  Depending on the dress, badges are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on shoulder boards, or directly on the [[epaulette]]s. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers and the insignia continues to be based on British army patterns. Since 1990, the non-commissioned officers’ rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket.  The Constables wear no rank insignia.  There are also Special Constables, Auxiliary Constables, and Students who wear identifying insignia.
+The ranks of inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the [[King-in-Council|Governor-in-Council]]. Depending on the dress, badges are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on shoulder boards, or directly on the [[epaulette]]s. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers and the insignia continues to be based on pre-1968 Canadian Army patterns. Since 1990, the non-commissioned officers' rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket. Constables wear no rank insignia. There are also 122 special constables, as well as a varying number of reserve constables, auxiliary constables, and students who wear identifying insignia.
+The [[Bath star|star]], or "pip", used in the insignia of commissioned officers represents the military Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]]. The order's motto ({{lang|la|tria juncta in uno}}, 'three joined in one', referring to the [[holy trinity]]) is inscribed in a band in the middle of it. The three crowns inset in the centre not only represent the Christian Trinity, but also the three former kingdoms that became the United Kingdom. The RCMP formerly had subaltern ([[junior officer]]) ranks that were indicated by one "pip" for a sub-inspector (equivalent to an army second lieutenant) to three "pips" for an inspector (equivalent to an army captain).<ref>p.38 Ross, David & May Robin ''The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (1873–1987)'' 1988 Osprey Publishing.</ref> A reorganization in 1960 changed the insignia to three "pips" for sub-inspectors<ref>pp. 38–39 Ross, David & May, Robin ''The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (1873–1987)'' 1988 Osprey Publishing.</ref> and a crown for inspectors,<ref>pp. 38–39 Ross, David & May, Robin ''The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (1873–1987)'' 1988 Osprey Publishing</ref> making the latter a [[field officer]] rank. The rank of sub-inspector was abolished in 1990, leaving the RCMP with no subaltern ranks.
-The current number in each rank is identified in the third column. Several provinces have indicated increasing the numbers. Number of others are listed below:
-* Special Constables 63
-* Auxiliary Constables 2,400
-* Civilian members 2,978
-* Public Servants 4,626
+A royal crown is used in the regimental cap badge and the insignia of senior commissioned officers. In 1955 [[St. Edward's Crown]] replaced the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]]. Although Queen Elizabeth II had adopted the redesign of the heraldic crown in 1953, it took some time to design, approve, and manufacture the new insignia.
-Civilian Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are not delegated the powers of a police officer. They are hired for their specialized scientific, technological, communications and administrative skills. Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal, provincial and municipal policing duties, it offers challenging and rewarding employment opportunities for Civilian Members as professional partners within Canada's national police force.
+The crossed [[Mameluke]] [[Kilij|sabre]] and [[Baton (military)|baton]] is the insignia for [[general officer]]s. In the RCMP it designates the commissioner (equivalent to an army general) and their subordinate deputy commissioners (equivalent to army lieutenant-generals). The assistant commissioners use the crown-over-three-pips insignia of an army [[Brigadier#British tradition|brigadier]].
-Civilian Members represent approximately 14% of the total RCMP employee population, and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada. The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals.
+The brass shoulder title pin on the epaulettes was changed from "RCMP" to "GRC-RCMP" in 1968. ({{lang|fr|GRC}} stands for {{lang|fr|Gendarmerie royale du Canada}}, the RCMP's French-language title). This was due to a 1968 ruling stating that all statutes had to be published bilingually in both English and French. As a law enforcement agency, the RCMP had to use ranks and titles in both languages. This was later reinforced by the [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|''Official Languages Act'']].
-From the early years of policing in northern Canada, and well into the 1950s, local aboriginal people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides and to source and care for sled dog teams. Many of these former special constables still reside in the North to this day and are still involved in regimental functions of the RCMP, especially with Canada's declaration that 2005 be recognized as the "Year of the Veteran".
-===Scientific===
+===Honorary positions===
+Several members of the [[Canadian royal family]] hold honorary titles in the RCMP. These roles are comparable to the colonel-in-chief and honorary colonel positions in the Canadian Army, serving as promoters of the service's identity, traditions, and history, as well as making occasional visits to operational units. The commissioner-in-chief and honorary commissioners of the RCMP receive information and updates on important activities and serve as an advisor to the force's commanding officer; although, they do not play an operational role with the service.<ref name=rcmproyalhist>{{cite web| url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/corporate-organisation/history-histoire/royal-family-famille-royale-eng.htm| title=The Royal Family and the RCMP| date=30 April 2023| publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police| accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref>
-* [[Toxicology]]
-* [[Chemistry]]
-* [[Biology]] - [[DNA]]
-* [[Law]]
-{{seealso|Forensic Laboratory Services}}
+{{multiple image
-===Technical===
+| align             = center
-[[Image:Measuring fingerprints w compass RCMP.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A member of the RCMP demonstrates [[fingerprinting]] technique.]]
+| total_width       = 700
-* [[Fingerprint Technology]]
+| perrow            =
-* Instrument Technology
+| image1      =Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip being greeted by the RCMP during her visit to Canada.jpg
-* Document Examination
+| caption1    =Queen [[Elizabeth II]] greeting RCMP officers in [[Ottawa]], October 1957
-* Counterfeit Analysis
+| image2      =Royal Visit Toronto 2010 5.JPG
-* [[Firearms Technology]]
+| caption2    =Queen Elizabeth II with her RCMP Queen's Police Officer in [[Toronto]], July 2010
-* [[Electronics Technology]]
+| image3      =Royal Tour 2014 (14226454574).jpg
-* [[Information Technology]]
+| caption3    =Prince Charles (now King [[Charles III]])  in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], wearing an RCMP lapel pin, May 2014
-* [[Communications]]
+}}
+{| class="wikitable"
-===Computer Systems Development===
+|+
-* [[Telecommunications]]
+!width=20% |Position
-{{see|Police Dispatch}}
+!width=35% colspan=2 |Holder
-* [[Information Services/Public Affairs]]
+!width=20% colspan=2 |Duration
-* [[Administration (business)|Administrative]]
+!width=25% |Notes
-* [[Policy Development & Analysis]]
+|-
-* [[Staff Development & Training]]
+|bgcolor="#efefef" |
-* [[Human Resource Management]]
+|bgcolor="#efefef" align="center" width="17.5%"| '''Title on taking post'''
-* [[Translation]]
+|bgcolor="#efefef" align="center" width="17.5%"| '''Current title or title on vacating post'''
-* ''Police Records Information Management Environment (PRIME-BC)''
+|bgcolor="#efefef" align="center" width="10%"| '''From'''
+|bgcolor="#efefef" align="center" width="10%"| '''To'''
+|bgcolor="#efefef" |
+|-
+|Honorary commissioner
+|[[Edward VIII|Prince Edward, Prince of Wales]]
+|Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor
+|May 3, 1920
+|1937<ref name=rcmproyalhist/>
+|To coincide with the change of name from ''Royal Northwest Mounted Police'' to ''Royal Canadian Mounted Police''<ref>{{citation| url=https://issuu.com/rcmphc/docs/rcmp_program_2012_final-proof| last=Boles| first=Sheldon| title=Looking forward, reflecting back: The RCMP and the monarchy| journal=A Diamond Jubilee Celebration| date=August 11–13, 2012| page=6| access-date=August 2, 2022}}</ref>
+|-
+|Honorary commissioner
+|rowspan=2 |Queen [[Elizabeth II]]
+|rowspan=2 |Same
+|July 7, 1953
+|May 10, 2012{{refn|<ref name=rcmproyalhist/><ref>{{Harvnb| Boles| 2012| p=7}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web| url=http://www.rcmpveteransvancouver.com/rcmp-and-the-monarchy/| title=RCMP and the Monarchy| date=June 9, 2012| publisher=RCMP Veterans' Association Vancouver Division| access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/queen.html| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II| date=January 18, 2018| access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref>}}
+|
+|-
+|Commissioner-in-chief
+|May 10, 2012
+|September 8, 2022
+|In celebration of her [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond Jubilee]]<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{citation| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/06/01/diamond_jubilee_nobodys_talking_but_rcmp_has_given_queen_a_horse_for_diamond_jubilee.html| last=MacCharles| first=Tonda| title=Diamond Jubilee: Nobody's talking but RCMP has given Queen a horse for Diamond Jubilee| newspaper=The Toronto Star| date=June 1, 2012| access-date=April 16, 2021| archive-date=April 16, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416024005/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/06/01/diamond_jubilee_nobodys_talking_but_rcmp_has_given_queen_a_horse_for_diamond_jubilee.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>
+|-
+|Honorary deputy commissioner
+|Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
+|[[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]
+|October 12, 2007
+|Present<ref name=rcmproyalhist/>
+|Accepted title at an RCMP regimental dinner.<ref name=rcmproyalhist/>
+|-
+|Honorary commissioner
+|Prince Charles, Prince of Wales
+|King [[Charles III]]
+|May 10, 2012
+|April 28, 2023
+|Accepted title at Depot Division when the Queen became commissioner-in-chief<ref name=rcmproyalhist/><ref name=":3"/>
+|-
+|Commissioner-in-chief
+|King Charles III
+|Same
+|April 28, 2023
+|Present
+|Appointment conferred in a ceremony at [[Windsor Castle]]<ref name="Aziz">{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9658365/king-charles-rcmp-commissioner-in-chief/|title=King Charles is officially the RCMP commissioner-in-chief. How does it work?|date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Corus Entertainment|last=Aziz|first=Saba}}</ref>
+|-
+|Honorary deputy commissioner
+|Princess [[Anne, Princess Royal]]
+|Same
+|November 10, 2014
+|Present<ref>{{citation| url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/princess-anne-comes-to-ottawa| last=Hurley| first=Meghan| title=Princess Anne praises slain Canadian soldiers as royal visit to Ottawa begins| date=November 10, 2014| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref>
+|Accepted title at the Musical Ride Centre<ref name=rcmproyalhist/>
+|}
+==Equipment and vehicles==
-==The RCMP in popular culture==
+{{Update section|date=August 2023|reason=Fleet data is from 2010, over 13 years ago.}}
-[[Image:RCMP.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A collection of R.C.M.P. souvenirs from around Canada.]]
+===Land fleet===
-The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of [[Canadian culture]] in numerous [[Hollywood]] movies and television series, which often feature the image of the Mountie as square-jawed, stoic, and polite, yet with a steely determination and physical toughness that sometimes appears superhuman. Coupled with the adage that the Mountie "always gets his man", the image projects them as fearsome, incorruptible, dogged yet gentle champions of the law. (In actual fact, the RCMP's motto is ''Maintiens le droit'', [[French language|French]] for "Uphold the law"  The Hollywood motto derives from a comment by the Montana newspaper, the ''Fort Benton Record'': "They fetch their man every time."<ref name="Fort Benton">[http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1109976610322&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&DPL=IvsNDS%2f7ChAX Force's legacy endures], ''[[Toronto Star]]'', [[March 5]], [[2005]]</ref> A famous example is the [[radio]] and [[television series]], ''[[Challenge of the Yukon|Sergeant Preston of the Yukon]]''.)  [[Dudley Do-Right]] (of ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'') is a 1960s example of the comic aspect of the Mountie myth.  The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical and Hollywood movie ''[[Rose-Marie]]'' is a 1930s example of its romantic side.  Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with [[Dave Broadfoot|Sergeant Renfrew]] and his faithful dog Cuddles in various sketches produced by the ''[[Royal Canadian Air Farce]]'' comedy troupe. On ''[[That 70's Show]]'' Mounties were played by [[Second City Television|SCTV]] alums [[Joe Flaherty]] and [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]].  The British have also exploited the myth: the [[BBC]] television series ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' featured a group of Mounties singing the chorus in ''[[The Lumberjack Song]]'' in the famous [[lumberjack]] sketch. ''[[Ren and Stimpy]]'' also parodied the Mounties in the episode ''Royal Canadian Kilted Yaksmen''.
+[[File:Canada Day Parade Montreal 2016 - 006.jpg|thumb|A [[Ford Police Interceptor]] used by the RCMP during the [[Canada Day]] parade in Montreal, 2016]]
+The RCMP Land Transport Fleet inventory includes:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/land-terre/index-eng.htm |title=Land Transport |publisher=Rcmp-grc.gc.ca |date=November 14, 2006 |access-date=May 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620013431/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/land-terre/index-eng.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
+{{Col div}}
+* [[Police car|Cars]]: 5,330
+* Unmarked vehicles: 2,811
+* Light [[Police truck|trucks]]: 2,090
+* Heavy trucks: 123
+* SUVs: 616
+* [[Police motorcycle|Motorcycles]]: 34
+* Small snowmobiles: 481
+* All-terrain vehicles: 181
+* Gas railway cars: 1
+* Tractors: 27
+* [[Police bus|Buses]]: 3
+* Armoured Personnel Carriers: 2
+* Total: 11,699
+{{col div end}}
+===Marine craft===
-[[Image:MountiesIqaluitCanadaDay19990701 CopyrightKaihsuTai.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The Mounties on parade in [[Iqaluit]], [[Canada Day]], 1999.]]
+[[File:Olympic Shiprider DVIDS1094302.jpg|thumb|An RCMP vessel near South Pender Island [[British Columbia]], 2010]]
+The RCMP polices [[Canadian Internal Waters]], including the [[Territorial waters|territorial sea]] and contiguous zone as well as the [[Great Lakes]] and [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]; such operations are provided by the RCMP's Federal Services Directorate and includes enforcing Canada's environment, fisheries, customs and immigration laws. In provinces and municipalities where the RCMP performs contract policing, the service polices freshwater lakes and rivers.
+To meet these challenges, the RCMP operates the Marine Division, with five [[Robert Allan Ltd.]]–designed high-speed [[catamaran]] [[Police watercraft|patrol vessels]]; ''Inkster'' and the ''Commissioner''-class ''Nadon'', ''Higgitt'', ''Lindsay'' and ''Simmonds'', based on all three coasts and manned by officers specially trained in maritime enforcement. ''Inkster'' is based in Prince Rupert, BC, ''Simmonds'' is stationed on Newfoundland's south coast, and the rest are on the Pacific Coast.<ref name="rcmp-grc.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/mari/index-eng.htm |title=Marine Services |publisher=Rcmp-grc.gc.ca |access-date=May 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622064451/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/mari/index-eng.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2010 }}</ref> ''Simmonds''<nowiki/>' livery is unique, in that it sports the RCMP badge, but is otherwise painted with [[Canadian Coast Guard]] colours and the marking ''Coast Guard Police''. The other four vessels are painted with blue and white RCMP colours.
-More recently, the 1994–98 TV series ''[[Due South]]'' paired a Mountie (and his deaf pet wolf) with a streetwise American detective cleaning up the streets of [[Chicago]], mainly deriving its entertainment from the perceived differences in attitude between these two countries' police forces. A pair of Mounties staffed the RCMP Detachment in the fictional town of Lynx River, Northwest Territories, in the CBC series ''[[North of 60]]''. The series, which aired from 1992 to 1998, was about events in the native community of the town, but the Mounties featured prominently in each episode.  The Mounties also briefly appeared in an episode of [[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]], when after a mind taking battle between Mentok and Shado, the entire jury in the courtroom seems to have turned into Mounties. In the ABC TV [[Answered By Fire]], there are at least three mounties featured. [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] wrestler [[Jacques Rougeau]]'s early-90s ring character "The Mountie" wrestled in apparel reminiscent of the Red Serge. As his character was portrayed as an evil Mountie, the RCMP ultimately won an injunction preventing Rougeau from wrestling as this character in Canada, though he was not prevented from doing so outside the country.
+The RCMP operates 377 smaller boats, defined as vessels less than {{convert|9.2|m|abbr=on}} long, at locations across Canada. This category ranges from [[canoe]]s and car toppers to rigid-hulled inflatables and stable, commercially built, inboard-outboard vessels. Individual detachments often have smaller high-speed [[rigid-hulled inflatable boat]]s and other purpose-built vessels for inland waters, some of which can be hauled by road to the nearest launching point.<ref name="rcmp-grc.gc.ca"/>
-There are also products and merchandise that were made in the image of the RCMP, like Mountie statues or Mountie hats.  Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products.  The Mounted Police Foundation was set up in 1995 to handle the licensing issues to ensure only high-quality products were sold.  However, as the Mounted Police Foundation did not have the expertise on licencing and marketing, they contracted these responsibilities out to Walt Disney Co. (Canada) Ltd., the Toronto-based branch of [[The Walt Disney Company]].  This had generated some controversies, as some people feared that the deal would threaten the Canadian autonomy in representing Canada [http://info.wlu.ca/~wwwpress/jrls/cjc/BackIssues/23.4/gittings.html].  The contract with Disney expired in 2000. The licencing program is now operated by the Mounted Police Foundation.
+{| class="wikitable"
-A multi-million dollar [[RCMP Heritage Centre]] is a multi-million dollar museum designed by [[Arthur Erickson]] that opened May 2007 in [[Regina, Saskatchewan]] at the [[RCMP Academy, Depot Division]]. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the force in Canada's history.
+|+ '''RCMP ship fleet'''
+|- style="background:#aabccc;"
-==Car fleet==
+!Ship name || Type || Class || Base || Specifications || Propulsion || Top speed || Builder || Year commissioned || Crew
-* [[Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor]]
-* [[Chevrolet Caprice]]
-* [[Chevrolet Impala]]
-==Aircraft inventory==
-As of January 2007 the "Aerospace Source Book" (ASB) published by [[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] showed the RCMP operating a fleet of 33 aircraft (8 [[helicopter]]s and 25 [[fixed-wing aircraft]].<ref name="awst_20070115" /> As of [[1 April]] [[2007]] the RCMP had 41 aircraft (11 helicopters and 30 fixed-wing aircraft) registered with [[Transport Canada]] (TC). All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch. Only the Twin Otter and the Avanti are twin-engine aircraft, all the others, including the helicopters, are single engine.
-{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse:collapse"
-|+ '''RCMP Fleet'''
-|- bgcolor=lightgreen
-!Aircraft||Number<br>(ASB)<ref name="awst_20070115">"World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]'', [[January 15]] [[2007]].</ref>||Number<br>(TC)<ref name="TCFleet">[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/Current_E.asp?x_lang=E Transport Canada listing of aircraft owned by the RCMP] (enter Government Of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the box titled "Owner Name")</ref>||Variants||Idents||Notes
 |-
+| [[Norman Inkster|''Inkster'']] || [[Patrol boat|Patrol vessel]] || n/a || [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert, BC]] || {{Convert|19.75|m|abbr=on}}<br />fast patrol aluminium catamaran || || {{convert|25|kn|abbr=on|lk=in}}+ || [[Allied Shipbuilders]] Limited of [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver, BC]] || 1996 || 4
-|[[Bell 206]]||4||3||L-1, L-4||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPK&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPK], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPA&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPA], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPA&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPV]||Helicopter, JetRanger
 |-
+| [[RCMP vessel Nadon|''Nadon'']] || Patrol vessel || Commissioner Class PV (Raven Class) || [[Nanaimo, BC]] || {{Convert|17.7|m|abbr=on}}<br />fast patrol catamaran || 2 × {{Convert|820|hp|abbr=on}} D2840 LE401 V-10 [[MAN Diesel]] engines || {{convert|36|kn|abbr=on}} || [[Robert Allan Ltd.]] || 1991 || 4
-|[[Cessna 182]]||1||1||182Q||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GFZV&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GFZV]||Fixed wing, Skylane, light utility aircraft
 |-
+| [[William Higgitt|''Higgitt'']] || Patrol vessel || Commissioner Class PV || [[Campbell River, British Columbia|Campbell River, BC]] || {{Convert|17.7|m|abbr=on}}<br />fast patrol catamaran || 2 × {{Convert|820|hp|abbr=on}} D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines || {{convert|36|kn|abbr=on}} || Robert Allan Ltd. || 1992 || 4
-|[[Cessna 206]]||1||5||[[Cessna 206#Cessna U206|U206G]], [[Cessna 206#Cessna 206H|T206H]]||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FDGM&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FDGM], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FDTM&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FDTM], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FHGY&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FHGY], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FSWC&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FSWC],<br>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GTJN&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GTJN]||Fixed wing, Stationair ([[Station wagon]] of the Air), [[general aviation]] aircraft
 |-
+| [[Malcolm Lindsay|''Lindsay'']] || Patrol vessel || Commissioner Class PV || [[Patricia Bay]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria, BC]] || {{Convert|17.7|m|abbr=on}}<br />fast patrol catamaran || 2 × {{Convert|820|hp|abbr=on}} D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines || {{convert|36|kn|abbr=on}} || Robert Allan Ltd. || 1993 || 4
-|[[Cessna 208]]||3||3||208, 208B||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FRPH&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FRPH], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FSUJ&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FSUJ], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPR&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPR]||Fixed wing, Caravan, short-haul regional [[airliner]] and utility aircraft
 |-
+| [[Robert Simmonds|''Simmonds'']] || Patrol vessel || Commissioner Class PV || South coast [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] || {{Convert|17.7|m|abbr=on}}<br />fast patrol catamaran || 2 × {{Convert|820|hp|abbr=on}} D2840 LE401 V-10 MAN Diesel engines ||| {{convert|36|kn|abbr=on}} || Robert Allan Ltd. || 1995 || 4
-|[[Cessna 210]]||4||4||210R||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMOM&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMOM], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GHVP&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GHVP], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GNMK&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GNMK], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GTCT&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GTCT]||Fixed wing, Centurion, high-performance general aviation aircraft
+|}
+===Aircraft fleet===
+[[File:Pilatus PC-12-45, Royal Canadian Mounted Police AN0147718.jpg|thumb|An airborne [[Pilatus PC-12]] used by the RCMP]]
+[[File:Grc-avion.jpg|thumb|An RCMP member piloting an [[Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil|H125 Écureuil]] helicopter]]
+As of February 2023, the RCMP had 35 [[Police aviation|police aircraft]] (9 helicopters and 26 fixed-wing aircraft) registered with [[Transport Canada]] and operate as [[Airline codes#ICAO airline designator|ICAO airline designator]] SST, and [[Airline codes#Call signs (flight identification or flight ID)|telephony]] STETSON.<ref name=CanICAOD>{{CanICAOD|Government Of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police|SST|STETSON|6|2023-02-26}}</ref><ref name="TCFleet"/> All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ RCMP Fleet
+|- style="background:#aabccc;"
+!Aircraft||Number<ref name="TCFleet">{{TCregister|GOVERNMENT+OF+CANADA%2c+ROYAL+CANADIAN+MOUNTED+POLICE|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2023-02-26}}</ref>||Variants||Notes
 |-
+|[[Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil|Aerospatiale AS350 Écureuil]]||6||[[Eurocopter AS350#AS350 B3|AS 350B3]]||Helicopter, AStar 350 or "Squirrel"
-|[[de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver]]||0||1||Turbo-Beaver III||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPC&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPC]||Fixed wing, [[bush plane]]
 |-
+|[[Eurocopter EC145|Airbus H145]]||1||[[Eurocopter EC145|H145]]||Helicopter, light twin-engine, four-axis autopilot. Serving the Lower Mainland of BC ("E" Division)
-|[[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]||2||2||300 Series||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPL&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPL], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPJ&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPJ]||Fixed wing, 20-passenger [[STOL]] feederliner and utility aircraft
 |-
-|[[Eurocopter Colibri]]||0||1||EC 120B||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPT&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPT]||Light helicopter, "Hummingbird"
+|[[Cessna 206]]||5||[[Cessna 206#Cessna U206|U206G]], [[Cessna 206#Cessna 206H|T206H]]||Fixed wing, Stationair ([[station wagon]] of the air), [[general aviation]] aircraft
 |-
+|[[Cessna 208 Caravan]]||3||208, [[Cessna 208 Caravan#208B Grand Caravan|208B]]||Fixed wing, caravan, short-haul regional [[airliner]] and utility aircraft
-|[[Eurocopter Ecureuil]]||4||7||AS 350B3||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FGSB&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FGSB], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPG&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPG], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPH&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPH], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPP&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPP],<br>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FRPQ&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FRPQ], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPK&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPK], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPN&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPN]||Helicopter, AStar 350 or "Squirrel"
 |-
+|[[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]||1||[[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter#DHC-6 Series 300|300 Series]]||Fixed wing, 20-passenger [[STOL]] feederliner and utility aircraft, twin-engine.
-|[[Piaggio P180 Avanti]]||1||1||P180||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GFOX&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GFOX]||Fixed wing, business aircraft, [[Pusher configuration|pusher configured]]
 |-
+|[[Eurocopter EC120 Colibri]]||2||[[Eurocopter EC120 Colibri#Specifications (EC120 B)|EC 120B]]||Light helicopter, "Hummingbird"
-|[[Pilatus PC-12]]||13||13||PC-12/45||[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPA&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPA], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPB&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPB], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPE&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPE], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPN&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPN],<br>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPO&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPO], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=FMPW&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-FMPW], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GFLA&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GFLA], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPE&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPE],<br>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPI&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPI], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPP&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPP], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPW&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPW], [http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPY&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPY],<br>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/activepages/ccarcs/en/CurrentSearch_E.asp?x_Mark=GMPZ&x_lang=E&x_flag=Y&x_sort=2&x_start=0&x_searchtype=2 C-GMPZ]||Fixed wing, [[turboprop]] passenger and cargo aircraft
+|-
+|[[Pilatus PC-12]]||15||[[Pilatus PC-12#PC-12/45|PC-12/45]], [[Pilatus PC-12#PC-12/47|PC-12/47]], [[Pilatus PC-12#PC-12/47E|PC-12/47E]]||Fixed wing, [[turboprop]] passenger and cargo aircraft
+|-
+|[[Quest Kodiak]]||1||100||Fixed-wing, un-pressurized, turboprop-powered fixed-tricycle-gear, STOL
 |}
+===Weapons and intervention options===
+[[File:RCMP S&W 5946.JPG|thumb|RCMP issue Smith & Wesson Model 5946 service pistol with [[Hogue grip]]]]
+[[File:RCMP X26.jpg|thumb|RCMP issue Taser International X-26 conducted energy weapon]]
+* [[Smith & Wesson Model 5906|Smith & Wesson Model 5946]] (1992–present) – Standard full-sized service sidearm. It is stainless-steel, [[double-action]] only, with a {{cvt|4|in}} barrel and a double-column 15-round magazine.
+** [[Emergency Response Team (RCMP)|Emergency response team (ERT)]] and dog handler members were issued modified Model 5946s with magazine safeties removed until they were replaced with the SIG Sauer P226R.
+* Smith & Wesson Model 3953 (1996–present) – Special issue compact sidearm for plainclothes members and commissioned officers. It can also be requested as a service pistol by members with small hands who cannot positively grip the larger Model 5946. It is similar to the Model 5946 except it has a shorter {{cvt|3.5|in}} barrel, a shortened grip, and a single-column eight-round magazine.
+* [[SIG Sauer P226#P226 Rail|SIG Sauer 226R]] ([[9×19mm]] ) – Standard issue sidearm for ERT and dog-handler members. It replaced the modified Model 5946 that had been previously issued.
+* [[Glock|Glock Model 19]] – Special issue sidearm for [[Sky marshal#Canada|Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP)]] members.
+* [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] – Adopted by the ERT
+* [[Remington Model 700]]P ([[.308 Winchester]]) bolt-action rifle
+* [[Remington 870]] 12-gauge shotgun
+* [[Colt Canada C7 rifle]] ([[5.56mm NATO]])
+* [[Colt Canada C7 rifle#C8|Colt Canada C8 carbine]] ([[5.56mm NATO]]) – Adopted by ERT
+** Colt Canada C8 IUR ([[Picatinny rail|integrated upper receiver]] ) 5.56mm NATO. The semi-automatic C8 IUR was adopted for general use in October, 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soldiersystems.net/2011/10/23/rcmp-adopts-c8-carbine/|title=RCMP Adopts C8 Carbine – Soldier Systems Daily|date=October 23, 2011 }}</ref> but the first batch were not procured until 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1898328/under-fire-the-carbine/|title=Under Fire: The carbine|website=Global News}}</ref> The first RCMP Cadets began qualifying on the C8 IUR and receiving Active Shooter training in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2056473/exclusive-rcmp-cadets-to-receive-carbine-and-active-shooter-training-this-summer/|title= All RCMP cadets now receiving carbine and active shooter training &#124; Globalnews.ca|date=June 15, 2015|website=globalnews.ca}}</ref>
+* [[Taser International]] M26, X26, and X26P. Following the [[Robert Dziekanski|Robert Dziekański incident]], all older M26 models and 60 faulty X26 models in stock were removed and destroyed in 2010 due to being outside of specifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/hundreds-of-faulty-rcmp-tasers-destroyed-or-pulled-1.503499|title=Hundreds of faulty RCMP Tasers destroyed or pulled|date=April 18, 2010|website=CTVNews}}</ref>
+* [[Pepper spray|Oleoresin capsicum spray]]
+* [[ASP, Inc.|ASP]] and Monadnock [[Expandable baton|expandable defensive batons]]
+====Past weapons and intervention options====
+;'''Rifles'''
+* Canadian Arsenals Limited (CAL) [[C1 Rifle|C1A1]] – issued in [[7.62×51mm|7.62mm NATO]]. Canadian variant of the [[L1A1]] and [[FN FAL]] produced under licence by Canadian Arsenals Limited (CAL) (Long Branch). The RCMP's rifles were sourced from the testing batch of FALs received from [[Fabrique Nationale]] and had been rebuilt by CAL to meet C1A1 standards. Used from 1961 to 1969.
+* [[Winchester Model 70]] Issued in [[.308 Winchester]]. Used from 1960–1973. This rifle was replaced by the Remington 700.
+* [[Rifle No 4|Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk 1]] – issued in [[.303 British]]. World War II surplus rifles used from 1947 to 1966. Replaced by CAL C1A1 and Winchester 70.
+* [[Short Magazine Lee-Enfield Mk III|Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) No. 1 Mk III]] – issued in [[.303 British]]. World War I surplus rifles used from 1919–1947.<ref name="calibremag.ca">{{cite web|url=https://calibremag.ca/the-guns-that-won-the-west-the-firearms-of-the-n-w-m-p/|title=The Guns That Won the West: Firearms of the N.W.M.P.|first=Richard Van|last=Leersum|date=January 1, 2014}}</ref>
+* [[Charger Loading Lee-Enfield|Lee-Enfield carbine (LEC)]] – issued in [[.303 British]]. Procured as military surplus from militia stores to replace the unsatisfactory Ross Rifle. Used from 1914 to 1920. This was the last general-issue rifle used by the NWMP. The RCMP that replaced it only issued rifles according to need.
+* [[Ross rifle]] – issued in .303 British. The Ross Mk I was issued from 1905 to 1907 and the improved Ross Mk II was in testing from 1909 to 1912.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The Mk I design was accepted by the Canadian Militia in 1903. The NWMP looked at acquiring the Ross to replace the Winchester and Lee-Metford and ordered 1000. Production problems led to delays until 1904; the most glaring being that the finished product did not match their original specifications.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The NWMP demanded their contract carbines use a different set of iron sight (which later became standard on the Mk II) which delayed production for a further year.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The carbines received in 1905 were plagued with quality control problems that made them more fragile than the weapons they were to replace. After a constable suffered an eye injury in 1907 the Ross carbines were withdrawn.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> When the improved Ross Mk II rifles arrived in 1909 the wary NWMP decided to test fire all of them fully before issuing them. A fire at the depot in Regina in 1911 destroyed almost all of the new rifles.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The NWMP then gave up on the Ross.
+* [[Charger Loading Lee-Enfield|Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) Mk.I rifle]] – issued in .303 British; it was the first smokeless-powder weapon in NWMP service. Loaned to the NWMP from the Victoria and Winnipeg militias to replace a stolen cache of M1876 Winchesters. The NWMP "forgot" to give them back later. Used from 1902 to 1920.
+* [[Lee–Metford|Lee-Metford carbine]] – issued in .303 British. The Metford rifling gave tighter groups when fired than the later Enfield, but the rifling wore out faster. Only 200 procured. Used from 1895 to 1914. Replaced by the Lee-Enfield carbine.
+* [[Winchester Model 1876]] saddle [[carbine]]{{snd}}issued in [[.45-75 Winchester]]. Popular for its handiness and rate of fire, but it was too fragile for the rough handling and use it received in the field. Used from 1878 until 1914.<ref>Petzal, David E. and Bourjaily, Phil, with Fenson, Brad. ''The Total Gun Manual'' (Canadian edition) (San Francisco: WeldonOwen, 2014) Note 44.<!--unpaginated--></ref> and replaced by the Lee-Enfield Carbine.
+* [[Snider–Enfield]] Mark III cavalry carbine – issued in [[.577 Snider]]. Single-shot breach-loading conversion of an Enfield caplock muzzle-loader. Used from 1873 to 1878 and replaced by the Winchester Model 1876 lever-action rifle.
+;'''Service pistols'''
+* [[Smith & Wesson Model 10|Smith & Wesson ''military and police'']] revolver{{snd}}issued with {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel, in [[.38 Special]]. It served more than forty years from 1954 to 1996. Plainclothes members carried a variant with a {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel.
+**In 1981, the standard loading was changed from a {{convert|158|gr|oz g|abbr=on}} .38 Special [[Full Metal Jacket bullet|full metal jacket]] (FMJ) ball round to a {{convert|158|gr|oz g|abbr=on}} .38 Special +P [[Wadcutter|semi-wadCutter]] [[hollowpoint bullet|hollow-point]] (SWCHP), a violation of the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention of 1899]] if used in a military context.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
+* [[Colt New Service|Colt ''New Service'']] revolver – issued with 5.5 in (140&nbsp;mm) barrel; 700 ordered in [[.455 Webley]] in 1904, with [[.45 Colt|.45 Long Colt]] versions being delivered from 1919; in all, over 3200 issued.<ref name="ReferenceB">Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson. ''The Total Gun Manual'' (Canadian edition), Note 44</ref><ref name="calibremag.ca"/> 455 Webley was the British military service round and .45 Long Colt was the standard Canadian service round until both were replaced by the NATO-standard 9×19mm Parabellum post World War II. Used from 1904 to 1954.
+* [[Enfield revolver|Enfield Mark II]] revolver{{snd}}issued in [[.476 Enfield]], about 1080 Mark IIs obtained from Britain's [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]], after it was learned the Beaumont–Adams had been discontinued.<ref>Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson, ''The Total Gun Manual'' (Canadian edition), Note 45</ref><ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The remaining .450 Adams ammunition, which was compatible with the .476 Enfield round, was issued until stocks were depleted. Used from 1882 to 1911.
+* [[Beaumont–Adams revolver]]{{snd}}first issue weapon, in [[.450 Adams]]. 330 Mark Is purchased from Britain's Ministry of Defence in 1873 and issued after delivery in 1874. Rough handling of the crates in transit, poor packing by the contractor who shipped the guns, and previous service wear made them unsuitable for service.<ref name="calibremag.ca"/> The constables sometimes had to manually turn the cylinders due to cracked feed hands or keep both hands on the grips for the springs to work due to loose screws.<ref name="gunsandammo.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.gunsandammo.com/editorial/the-455-colt-new-service-and-the-rcmp/248811|title=The .455 Colt New Service and the RCMP|date=December 6, 2016|website=Guns and Ammo}}</ref> Later, these were to be replaced by 330 Enfield Mark IIs,<ref>Petzal and Bourjaily, Phil, with Fenson. ''The Total Gun Manual'' (Canadian edition), Note 44</ref> but many were stolen en route.<ref name="gunsandammo.com"/> Used from 1874 to 1888.
+[[File:Weapons of the Mounties - Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Depot Division, Regina (42253403760).jpg|thumb|Early rifles and pistols used by the [[North-West Mounted Police]] on display at the [[RCMP Heritage Centre]].]]
+;'''Pistols'''
+Because of procurement problems with the Beaumont–Adams revolvers, constables sometimes carried their own sidearms chambered in a standard service calibre.
+* [[Tranter (revolver)|Tranter]] revolver – chambered in .450 Adams, the standard service round. It was similar to the Beaumont-Adams revolver it was substituted for.
+* [[Smith & Wesson Model 3]] revolver – chambered in [[.44 Russian]], a very powerful cartridge in its day. Thirty were purchased in 1874 by the NWMP to field-test the .44 Russian round for service. Its non-standard chambering and the difficulty to get ammunition for it led to its being withdrawn.
+* [[Webley & Scott]] [[British Bull Dog revolver|Bull Dog]] revolver<ref>Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. ''Arms & {{sic}} Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873–1973'' (Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982), p. 24.</ref> – chambered in [[.450 Adams]]. Its small size made it a handy backup pistol. Most were originally procured to arm NWMP constables assigned to protecting mail cars on trains. The constables would sometimes "absent-mindedly forget" to hand the pistols back afterwards.
+;'''Sidearms'''
+* 1821 pattern light cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued to commissioned officers in 1882 as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the M1896 light cavalry sabre.
+* 1853 pattern cavalry sabre – Originally part of a trove of old swords given by the Canadian Militia to the NWMP as weapons. They were returned to stores in 1880. Later issued in 1882 to non-commissioned officers as ceremonial sidearms and a sign of rank. This was later replaced by the 1821 pattern sabre.
+* 1896 pattern light cavalry sabre – Replaced the 1821 pattern sabre as the NWMP officer's ceremonial sword.
+* 1908 pattern cavalry saber – Carried by the Mounted Police detachment sent to Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War.
+* Straightstick [[Baton (law enforcement)|baton]] manufactured in wood and plastic
+* [[Weighted-knuckle glove|Sap gloves]] – Prohibited by RCMP policy. Not currently used.
+====Ceremonial weapons and symbols of office====
+* [[Pattern 1908 and 1912 cavalry swords|1912 pattern cavalry officer's sword]] carried by officers. Blade is acid etched both sides with the monarch's crown, Canadian coat of Arms, royal cypher and RCMP badge.
+* [[Pattern 1908 and 1912 cavalry swords|1908 pattern cavalry sword]] carried by NCOs on the Musical Ride
+* [[Lance|Bamboo-shafted lance]] carried by members on horseback on the Musical Ride. The lance is used as a decorative item and is flourished during trick and formation riding. The pennant is red over white, the national colours of the Canadian flag. It represents the Pattern 1868 cavalry lance carried by the NWMP in the 1870s.
+* [[Pace stick|Drill cane]]
+* [[Swagger stick]]
+* Commissioner's [[tipstaff]]
+In 1973, [[Wilkinson Sword]] produced a number of commemorative swords to celebrate the RCMP centennial. None of these swords were ever used ceremonially, and were strictly collectibles. Wilkinson Sword also made a commemorative centennial [[tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]] and miniature "letter opener" models of their centennial swords.
+In 1973, [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]] produced an RCMP commemorative centennial version of their [[Winchester Model 1894|Model 94]] rifle in [[.30-30 Winchester]], with a {{convert|22|in|mm|abbr=on}} round barrel. The [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]], buttplate, and [[Forend (firearms)|forend]] cap (on the musket-style forend) were plated in gold. Commemorative medallions were embedded in the right-hand side of the [[Stock (firearms)|stock]], with an "MP" engraving. There was engraving on the barrel and receiver indicating the rifle was a centennial commemorative edition. Sights were open notch rear, with a flip-up rear ladder, graduated to {{convert|2000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. Two versions were produced, 9500 with serial numbers beginning "RCMP" for commercial sale, 5000 with the prefix "MP" sold only to serving RCMP members. In addition, ten presentation models were produced, serialled RCMP1P to RCMP10P.<ref>Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson. ''The Total Gun Manual'' (Canadian edition), Note 45</ref>
+==Uniform==
+===Operational uniform===
+[[File:United Way pancake breakfast - Chilliwack-38 (29639300705).jpg|thumb|A Mountie in his operational uniform]]
+RCMP officers on frontline police duties wear grey shirts with RCMP shoulder flashes, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping, [[bulletproof vests]], and a [[peaked cap]] with a solid gold band. High ranking officers wear white shirts. A tie can be worn with the long-sleeved shirt for occasions such as testifying in court. In colder weather, members may wear heavier boots, winter coats, and wool toques, or uniquely, muskrat fur caps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rejinces.net/2014/10/14/rcmp-and-the-muskrat-hat/|title=RCMP and the Muskrat Hat|publisher=REJINCES|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref>
+In 1990, Baltej Singh Dhillon became the RCMP's first [[Sikh]] officer to be allowed to wear a [[turban]] instead of the traditional [[campaign hat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1990-sikh-mounties-permitted-to-wear-turbans|title=1990: Sikh Mounties permitted to wear turbans|publisher=CBC Archives|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19 pandemic]], Sikh, Muslim, and other bearded officers were initially assigned to administrative duties before being permitted to attend calls for service with low viral transmission risks after officer outcry.<ref name=SikhBeardException>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/rcmp-reverses-mask-policy-1.5746450|title=RCMP reverses mask policy for bearded officers|publisher=CBC News|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> The beards required as part of the Sikh practice of [[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]] and worn by some Muslim men prevented respirator masks from properly sealing around the mouth and nose, reducing their effectiveness.<ref name=SikhBeardException /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/religious-beards_n_5947438|title=Religious Beards: From Sikhs To Jews These Are Some Facial Hair Styles Of The Faithful|publisher=Huffington Post|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref>
+As of 2019, all RCMP officers, regardless of religious belief, are allowed to wear full beards or braided hair below their collar.<ref name=MountieUniChange>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-rcmp-uniform-change-1.5200558|title=With changes to dress code, RCMP letting its hair down|publisher=CBC News|access-date=July 22, 2022}}</ref> Officers may also wear a ballcap in place of the traditional peaked cap.<ref name=MountieUniChange />
+===Dress uniform===
+[[File:Міжнародне співробітництво IMG 0081 (51110939539).jpg|thumb|An RCMP chief superintendent in dress uniform]]
+RCMP officers are equipped with a dress uniform, popularly known as the "blue serge", for performing certain formal duties, such as media relations or parliament testimony. It consists of a navy blue dress jacket with epaulettes and brass buttons, a white shirt, navy blue tie, navy blue pants with gold trouser piping, and a peaked cap with a solid gold band.<ref name=DressRegs>{{cite news|url=https://www.rcmpolice.ca/dressregs.html|title=RCMP Dress Regulations|publisher=RCMPolice.ca (unofficial blog)|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> Shoulder flashes are not worn.
+===Ceremonial uniform===
+{{further|Red Serge}}
+[[File:RCMP March (7612737452).jpg|thumb|Mounties marching in ceremonial uniform in Edmonton, 2012]]
+For most formal and ceremonial duties, RCMP wear the internationally-famous [[Red Serge]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.insider.com/how-canada-mountie-uniforms-are-made-2020-3|title=This is how Canada's iconic Mountie uniforms are made|publisher=Insider|access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> It has a high collared [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] tunic, which was developed by the [[North-West Mounted Police]] and coloured red to distinguish it from blue American military uniforms, [[midnight blue]] [[breeches]] with yellow trouser piping, an [[oxblood]] [[Sam Browne belt]] with white sidearm [[lanyard]] and matching [[oxblood]] [[riding boots]], brown felt [[campaign hat]] with a "Montana crease" (pinched symmetrically at the four corners), and oxblood gloves.<ref name=DressRegs /> Since 1990, identical ceremonial uniforms have been worn by both men and women.<ref>Bonny Reilly Schmidt, 2013, "Women in Red Serge: Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police" unpublished PhD thesis, History Department, Simon Fraser University, p. 149</ref>
+===Decorations===
+Members receive a clasp and service badge star for every five years of service.<ref name=MountieInsignia /> The [[King of Canada]] also awards the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal]] to members who have completed 20 years' service. A clasp is awarded for each successive 5 years to 40 years. Members also receive a service badge star for each five years' service, which is worn on the left sleeve. There are specialist insignia for positions such as first aid instructor and dog handler, and pilot's wings are worn by aviators. [[Sharpshooter]] badges for proficiency in pistol or rifle shooting are each awarded in two grades.<ref name=MountieInsignia>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/unif/badge-insigne-eng.htm|title=Badges and Insignia|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013215827/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/unif/badge-insigne-eng.htm|archive-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref> Sharpshooter badges and service badge stars are sewn onto the left sleeve of the [[#Ceremonial uniform|red serge]].
+===Tartan===
+[[File:RCMP Tartan.png|thumb|RCMP tartan]]
+The RCMP has since 1998 had its own distinctive [[tartan]]. The creation of the tartan was the result of a committee created in the early 1990s to create a tartan by its 125th anniversary. Upon approval from commissioner Phillip Murray, the tartan was registered with the [[Scottish Tartans Society]] and presented to the agency by [[Anne, Princess Royal]] during her [[Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family|royal visit to Canada]] in 1998. The tartan appeared for the first time by a RCMP pipe band at the [[Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo]] in July and August 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/tartan |title=Tartan |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |access-date=December 7, 2019}}</ref>
+==Military status==
+{{Infobox military unit
+| unit_name                     = {{ubl|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|{{lang|fr|Gendarmerie royale du Canada}}}}
+| image                         = Guidon Royal Canadian Mounted Police.JPG
+| image_size                    = 150px
+| caption                       = 1973–2023 [[Colours, standards and guidons|guidon]] of the RCMP
+| dates                         = 1873–present
+| country                       = Canada
+| allegiance                    =
+| branch                        =
+| type                          = Dragoons
+| role                          =
+| size                          =
+| command_structure             =
+| commander1                    = [[Michael Duheme]]
+| commander1_label              = Commissioner
+| garrison                      =
+| ceremonial_chief_label        = Commissioner-in-chief
+| ceremonial_chief              = [[King Charles III]]<ref name="Aziz">{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9658365/king-charles-rcmp-commissioner-in-chief/|title=King Charles is officially the RCMP commissioner-in-chief. How does it work?|date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Corus Entertainment|last=Aziz|first=Saba}}</ref>
+| colonel_of_the_regiment       =
+| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = Honorary commissioner
+| commander4                    = [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/united_kingdom-royaume_uni/media/media_2009_05_03.aspx?lang=eng|title=All The Queen's Horses: fourth RCMP steed crosses Atlantic to join Royal Mews|access-date=January 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927061509/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/united_kingdom-royaume_uni/media/media_2009_05_03.aspx?lang=eng|archive-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref><br />[[Anne, Princess Royal|The Princess Royal]]<ref>{{citation| url=https://gatewaygazette.ca/royal-highness-princess-royal-becomes-honorary-rcmp-deputy-commissioner/| title=Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal Becomes Honorary RCMP Deputy Commissioner| date=November 12, 2014| publisher=Gateway Gazette| access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>
+| commander4_label              = Honorary deputy commissioners
+| nickname                      =
+| patron                        =
+| motto                         =
+| colors                        =
+| identification_symbol_2       = [http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/RCMP.gif RCMP]
+| identification_symbol_2_label = Tartan
+| identification_symbol         =
+| identification_symbol_label   = Shoulder flash
+| identification_symbol_4       = RCMP/GRC
+| identification_symbol_4_label = Abbreviation
+| march                         =
+| mascot                        =
+| battles                       =
+| notable_commanders            =
+| anniversaries                 =
+| decorations                   =
+| battle_honours                = see [[#Honours|Battle honours]]
+}}
+Although the RCMP is a civilian police service, in 1921, following the service of many of its members during the [[World War I|First World War]], King [[George V]] awarded the service the status of a regiment of [[dragoon]]s, entitling it to display the [[battle honour]]s it had been awarded.
+===Service in wartime===
+During the Second Boer War, members of the North-West Mounted Police were given [[Leave of absence|leaves of absence]] to join the 2nd Battalion, [[Canadian Mounted Rifles]] (CMR) and [[Strathcona's Horse]]. The service raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles, mostly from NWMP members, for service in South Africa. For the CMR's distinguished service there, King Edward VII honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the "Royal Northwest Mounted Police" (RNWMP) on June 24, 1904.
+During the First World War, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted [[Border#Jurisdictional borders|border]] patrols, [[surveillance]] of enemy [[Alien (law)|alien]]s, and enforcement of [[national security]] regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On August 6, 1914, a [[Squadron (army)|squadron]] of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, A Squadron for service in France and [[Flanders]] and B Squadron for service in the [[Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force]].
+In September 1939, at the outset of the Second World War, the Canadian Army had no military police. Five days after war was declared the Royal Canadian Mounted Police received permission to form a provost company of service volunteers. It was designated "No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP)", and became the [[Canadian Provost Corps]]. Six months after war was declared its members were overseas in Europe and served throughout the [[World War II|Second World War]] as [[Canadian Forces Military Police|military police]].
+[[File:The ANP and 293rd MP's Hold District 7 DVIDS278069.jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Army]] unit in Afghanistan, with an RCMP element embedded with them (centre foreground), 2010.]]
+RCMP members were embedded with several military units in Afghanistan during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan from 2001–14]]. The RCMP was a member agency in the [[Afghan Threat Finance Cell]], a multi-agency intelligence organization formed in 2008.<ref name="KetkNbc2012-02-10">
+{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.ketknbc.com/news/dea-afghanistan-unit-receives-prestigious-joint-chiefs-of-staff-award
+ |title=DEA Afghanistan Unit Receives Prestigious Joint Chiefs of Staff Award
+ |publisher=[[KETK NBC]]
+ |date=February 8, 2012
+ |quote=The ATFC began operations in mid-2009 and is a multi-agency organization led by DEA with the Treasury Department and Department of Defense as co-deputies. Additional personnel staff ATFC from the Department of Defense's CENTCOM, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Internal Revenue Service. In the past, the FBI and RCMP also were members. The ATFC's purpose is to attack insurgence funding and financing networks by providing threat finance expertise and actionable intelligence to U.S. civilian and military leaders. The RCMP have also participated in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, sending members to participate actively in various U.N. missions from the late 1980s including observer missions in Namibia, policing missions in Haiti and Kosovo, and CIVPOL operations in Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, and Sudan.
+ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515174304/http://www.ketknbc.com/news/dea-afghanistan-unit-receives-prestigious-joint-chiefs-of-staff-award
+ |archive-date=May 15, 2013
+ |access-date=January 19, 2017
+ |df=mdy
+ }}
+</ref>
+===Honours===
+The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the status of a regiment of dragoons in 1921. As a [[cavalry]] [[regiment]], the RCMP was entitled to wear battle honours for its war service as well as carry a [[Colours, standards and guidons|guidon]], with its first guidon presented in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/na-canada/cav/RCMP.htm#colours|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163025/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/na-canada/cav/RCMP.htm#colours|title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/ottawa_heraldry/heraldist1.html|title=heraldist1|date=August 1, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010801174646/http://www.geocities.com/ottawa_heraldry/heraldist1.html|archive-date=August 1, 2001}}</ref> The second guidon was presented in 1973, and the third in 2023.<ref name=rcmpnewguidon>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=2023-09-05 |title=Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan presents RCMP with new Guidon {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2023/lieutenant-governor-rcmp-new-guidon |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca}}</ref>
+'''Battle honours'''
+{{col div}}
+* North West Canada 1885
+* South Africa 1900–1902
+* France & Flanders 1918
+* Siberia 1918–19
+* Second World War 1939–1945 {{lang|fr|Seconde Guerre mondiale}}
+* Afghanistan 2003–14<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/3220|date=May 15, 2020|title=Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
+{{col div end}}
+The RCMP also carries the honorary distinctions for the [[Canadian Provost Corps]] (Military Police), presented September 21, 1957, at a [[Parliament Hill]] ceremony for contributions to the corps during the Second World War. The honorary distinction was recognized on the guidon presented in 2023 with its inclusion among other RCMP battle honours.<ref name=rcmpnewguidon/>
+==Public perception==
+{{further|North-West Mounted Police in popular media}}
+The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of [[Canadian culture]] in numerous [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] [[Northern (genre)|Northwestern]] movies and television series, which often feature the image of the Mountie as square-jawed, stoic, and polite, yet with a steely determination and physical toughness that sometimes appears superhuman. The RCMP's motto is the French phrase,  {{lang|fr|Maintiens le droit}}, variously translated into English as  "Defending the Law", "Maintain the right", and "Uphold the right".<ref name=badge/><ref name=tipstaff/><ref name=motto/> The Hollywood saying that they 'always get their man' derives ultimately from the words "They fetch their man every time" occurring in a report made at [[Fort Benton, Montana|Fort Benton]] regarding an incident at [[Fort Macleod]] in 1877, when two Mounties, notwithstanding the loss of their horses, managed to capture three whisky smugglers.<ref>Polly Horvath, [https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/M_Is_for_Mountie/MU-7BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mounties+always+get+their+man+who+said&pg=PT5&printsec=frontcover ''M Is for Mountie: A Royal Canadian Mounted Police Alphabet,''] Sleeping Bear Press 2013  {{isbn|978-1-627-53149-8}} p.1.</ref>
+[[File:Grc-port.jpg|thumb|An RCMP media relations member]]
+In recent decades, Canadian public perception of the RCMP has become less favourable. In a 2022 [[Angus Reid]] survey found that 41 per cent of Canadians had little or no confidence in the RCMP, compared to 37 per cent of Canadians served by a provincial police service.<ref name=AR22>{{cite web|url=https://angusreid.org/canadians-expectations-post-pandemic-support-for-the-poor-environmental-protection-gain-in-importance/|title=Canadians' expectations post-pandemic; support for the poor, environmental protection, gain in importance|website=Angus Reid Foundation|date=June 9, 2022 }}</ref> The study also found that the RCMP as a whole was less trusted compared to municipal police services or individual RCMP detachments.<ref name=AR22 />
+During the [[National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls]], several witnesses described apathy or disrespect on the part of officers taking statements about violence against Indigenous women, while others said that some officers declined to take statements altogether.<ref>"I'm a lawyer. I'm educated. I speak to huge conferences of people about child protection, about Gladue, about prisoners' rights, about Aboriginal offenders, about the structural racism and systemic racism that our people have suffered, and the laws, and policies, and practices that have impacted our people over multiple generations.... And, I couldn't even get an RCMP officer to listen to me with any dignity and pride. And, I understood even more profoundly the racism that my mother experienced throughout her life, from the '50s to now, to today."{{cite web|url=https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Final_Report_Vol_1a-1.pdf|title=Reclaiming Power and Place: Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, volume 1A|page=222}}</ref><ref name=WalrusRCMP />
+===Depictions in media===
+In 1912, [[Ralph Connor]]'s ''Corporal Cameron of the North-West Mounted Police: A Tale of the MacLeod Trail'' appeared, became an international best-selling novel. Mounties fiction became a popular genre in both [[pulp magazine]]s and book form. Among the best-selling authors who specialized in tales of the Mounted Police were [[James Oliver Curwood]], [[Laurie York Erskine]], James B Hendryx, T Lund, Harwood Steele (the son of Sam Steele), and William Byron Mowery.
+[[File:Renfrew-1937-Lobby-Card.jpg|thumb|left|A [[lobby card]] for ''[[Renfrew of the Royal Mounted (1937 film)|Renfrew of the Royal Mounted]]'', a 1937 film that depicts a Mountie as its protagonist]]
+In other media, a famous example is the [[Radio drama|radio]] and [[Television program|television series]], ''[[Challenge of the Yukon|Sergeant Preston of the Yukon]].'' [[Dudley Do-Right]] (of ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'') is a 1960s example of the comic aspect of the Mountie myth, as is [[Klondike Kat]], from [[Total Television]]. The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical and Hollywood movie ''[[Rose Marie (1936 film)|Rose-Marie]]'' is a 1930s example of its romantic side. A successful combination were a series of ''[[Renfrew of the Royal Mounted]]'' boy's adventure novels written by Laurie York Erskine beginning in 1922 running to 1941. In the 1930s Erskine narrated a ''Sgt Renfrew of the Mounties'' radio show and a series of films with actor-singer James Newill playing Renfrew were released between 1937 and 1940. In 1953 portions of the films were mixed with new sequences of Newill for a ''Renfrew of the Mounted'' television series.
+Bruce Carruthers (1901–1953), a former Mounted Police corporal (1919–1923), served as an unofficial [[technical advisor]] to Hollywood in many films with RCMP characters.<ref>Barr, William ''Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants" The Biography of Harry Stallworthy, RCMP'' University of Alberta Press 2004</ref> They included ''Heart of the North'' (1938), ''Susannah of the Mounties'' (1939), ''Northern Pursuit'' (1943), ''Gene Autry and The Mounties'' (1951), ''The Wild North'' (1952), and ''The Pony Soldier'' (1952).
+====Contemporary culture====
+In 1959, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] aired [[R.C.M.P. (TV series)|''R.C.M.P.'']], a half-hour dramatic series about an RCMP detachment keeping the peace and fighting crime. Filmed in black and white, in and around Ottawa by [[F. R. Crawley|Crawley Films]], the series was co-produced with the [[BBC]] and the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] and ran for 39 episodes. It was noted for its pairing of Québécois and Anglo officers.
+[[File:Lumebrjack Song O2 Arena.jpg|thumb|Performers dressed as Mounties (left background) during a performance of "[[The Lumberjack Song]]" in the [[Monty Python Live (Mostly)]] show at [[The O2 Arena|O2 Arena]] in London, 2014.]]
+Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with [[Dave Broadfoot|Sergeant Renfrew]] and his faithful dog Cuddles in various sketches produced by the ''[[Royal Canadian Air Farce]]'' comedy troupe. On ''[[That '70s Show]]'' Mounties were played by [[Second City Television|SCTV]] alumni [[Joe Flaherty]] and [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]]. The British have also exploited the myth: the BBC television series ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' featured a group of Mounties singing the chorus in "[[The Lumberjack Song]]" in the [[lumberjack]] sketch.
+The 1972–90 CBC series ''[[The Beachcombers]]'' features a character named Constable John Constable who attempts to enforce the law in the town of [[Gibsons, British Columbia]].
+In comic books, the [[Marvel Comics]] characters of [[Alpha Flight]] are described on several occasions as "RCMP auxiliaries", and two of their members, [[Snowbird (comics)|Snowbird]] and the second [[Major Mapleleaf]] are depicted as serving members of the service. In the latter case, due to trademark issues, Major Mapleleaf is described as a "Royal Canadian Mountie" in the opening roll call pages of each issue of ''Alpha Flight'' he appears in.
+[[Charles Bronson]] and [[Lee Marvin]] starred in the 1981 movie ''[[Death Hunt]]'' that fictionalized the RCMP pursuit of [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]].
+In the early 1990s, Canadian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Jacques Rougeau]] utilized the [[List of professional wrestling terms#G|gimmick]] of "The Mountie" while wrestling for the [[WWE|WWF]]. He typically wore the Red Serge to the ring, and carried a [[Cattle prod|shock stick]] as an illegal weapon. As his character was portrayed as an [[Heel (professional wrestling)|evil]] Mountie, the RCMP ultimately won an injunction preventing Rougeau from wrestling as this character in Canada, though he was not prevented from doing so outside the country. He briefly held the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] in 1992.
+The 1998 [[swan song]] of [[Nick Berry]]'s time on UK drama ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'' features his character, Sergeant Nick Rowan, transferring to Canada and taking the rank of constable in the Mounties. The special telemovie was titled ''Heartbeat: Changing Places.''
+The 1994–98 TV series ''[[Due South]]'' pairs Mountie Constable Benton Fraser with streetwise American detective Ray Vecchio cleaning up the streets of Chicago. It mainly derives its entertainment from the [[stereotype|perceived differences]] in attitude and culture between these two countries' police services. Fraser is depicted as honest and polite to a fault, even refusing to carry a loaded sidearm when "assisting" Detective Vecchio, but is almost superhuman in his abilities for thwarting crime, especially while wearing the Red Serge uniform.
+A pair of Mounties staff the RCMP detachment in the fictional town of [[Lynx River]], Northwest Territories, in the CBC series ''[[North of 60]].'' The series, which aired from 1992 to 1998, is about events in the mostly indigenous community, but the Mounties feature prominently in each episode.
+Another TV series from the 1990s, ''[[Bordertown (1989 TV series)|Bordertown]]'' features an NWMP corporal paired with a [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. marshal]] securing law and order on a frontier U.S.–Canada border town. In the ABC TV mini-series ''[[Answered by Fire]]'', at least three mounties are featured. Mounties also appear in the TV series ''[[When Calls the Heart]]'' (Hallmark Channel).
+The 1987 [[Brian De Palma]] film ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]'' features cooperation between the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]] task force, led by [[Eliot Ness]], and the Mounties against liquor smuggling across the [[Canada–United States border]].
+The 1995 album ''[[C'est Cheese]]'' by Canadian musical comedy group [[The Arrogant Worms]] includes "The Mountie Song", which tells the story of a dissatisfied Mountie.
+In his 1999, album ''[[Soiree]]'' Newfoundland musician A. Frank Willis included "Savage Cop in Savage Cove" which was based on a true story and went on to become a big hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tidespoint.com/music/afrankwillis.shtml|title=Newfoundland music books food videos images arts crafts|access-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918111453/http://www.tidespoint.com/music/afrankwillis.shtml|archive-date=September 18, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+[[Conan O'Brien]] brought his [[Late Night with Conan O'Brien|late night show]] to Toronto in February 2004. O'Brien spent a day as a Mountie at the [[Canada–United States border]].
+In 2009, a 13-part documentary about the RCMP released, ''[[Courage in Red]]'', was released.
+From 2011, the [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] fantasy drama series ''[[The Listener (TV series)|The Listener]]'' regularly features characters who work for the Integrated Investigative Bureau, a fictional division of the RCMP that brings together various specialists, officers and civilian consultants to work on high-profile or federal cases. Although characters in the employ of the IIB are rarely, if ever, depicted wearing uniform, they are often addressed by their ranks—two main characters are Sergeant Michelle McClusky and Corporal Dev Clark.
+In the 2021 TV series ''[[Leverage Redemption]]'' it is revealed characters Elliot Spencer, Sophie Devereaux, Parker and Breanna Casey will not do jobs in Canada because of the RCMP, who want them for various crimes.  The four claim the RCMP is the most dangerous police service in the world, will put you down politely and never forget a face, and that Mounties hate being called "Dudley Do-Right."
+===Merchandise and trademark===
+There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP, like Mounties statues or hats. Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products.
+The Royal Canadian Mounted Police received an international licence on April 1, 1995, requiring those who use the RCMP to pay a licensing fee. Proceeds from the fees are used for community awareness programs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farnsworth |first=Clyde H. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE133CF937A35751C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=For the Mounties, Justice Is Now a Licensing Fee |newspaper=New York Times |date=February 4, 1995 |access-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref> Those that do not pay the licensing fee are legally unable to use the name of the RCMP or their correct uniforms, though a film such as ''[[Canadian Bacon]]'' used the name "Royal Mounted Canadian Police" and the character in the ''[[Dudley Do-Right (film)|Dudley Do-Right]]'' film did not wear accurate insignia.
+Through a master licensing agreement (MLA) with the RCMP, the [[RCMP Foundation]] is responsible for managing the commercial use of the RCMP name, image, and protected marks.<ref>Royal Canadian Mounted Police, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023111746/http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police]", Retrieved July 28, 2011</ref> The foundation issues selected companies a royalty-based agreement allowing them to produce and market high-quality official RCMP merchandise. [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Co. (Canada) Ltd.]] was contracted to aid in the initial set up of the licensing program<ref>CBC Digital Archives "[http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/crime-justice/mounties-on-duty-a-history-of-the-rcmp/disney-scores-right-to-market-mountie-products.html]", Retrieved July 28, 2011</ref> but Disney never owned or controlled any of the RCMP's protected marks.
+Following the expiration of the Disney contract in 2000, all responsibilities and activities were taken over by the executive director and his staff, reporting to the foundation president and board of directors. In 2007, through a decree signed by Commissioner Beverley Busson, the operating name was changed to the "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Foundation".
+=== Public relations programs ===
+[[File:RCMP Musical Ride (2016).jpg|thumb|A [[Musical Ride]] performance in [[Essex, Ontario]], 2016]]
+RCMP community relationship building programs include the [[Musical Ride]]. The Musical Ride is an equestrian showcase of RCMP riders, that performs across Canada each year from May to October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/even/en/t/2/e|title=Musical Ride tour schedule|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca|date=30 December 2022|access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> The RCMP Sunset Ceremony ({{Lang-fr|Cérémonie du crépuscule}}) has taken place every summer since 1989 at the Musical Ride Centre in [[Ottawa]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/the-royal-canadian-mounted-police-presents-the-30th-anniversary-of-the-canadian-sunset-ceremonies-june-27-30-857655750.html |title=The Royal Canadian Mounted Police presents the 30th anniversary of the Canadian Sunset Ceremonies, June 27–30 |date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=CNW Group Ltd. |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottawatourism.ca/ottawa-insider/rcmp-musical-ride-sunset-ceremonies/ |title=RCMP Musical Ride Sunset Ceremonies |publisher=Ottawa Tourism and Convention Authority |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> with it in recent years featuring the [[Ottawa Police Service Pipe Band]] and the [[Governor General's Foot Guards Band]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.todocanada.ca/city/ottawa/event/rcmps-canadian-sunset-ceremonies/ |title=RCMP's Canadian Sunset Ceremonies |website=todoCanada.ca|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RCMP Heritage Centre – Sunset Retreat Ceremonies |url=https://rcmphc.com/en/sunset-retreat-ceremonies-2 |website=rcmphc.com}}</ref> The RCMP National Ceremonial Troop is a unit that serves as dismounted version of the Musical Ride as well as a [[drill team]]. Individual divisions also have their own ceremonial troops.
+[[File:RCMP Heritage Centre.jpg|thumb|The northern facade of the [[RCMP Heritage Centre]]]]
+The [[RCMP Heritage Centre]] is a multi-million dollar museum designed by [[Arthur Erickson]] that opened May 2007 in Regina, Saskatchewan, at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the service in Canada's history.
+====Bands====
+[[File:GRC 3029+.jpg|thumb|An RCMP pipe and drum band in 2013.]]
+There are eight regional RCMP pipe bands across Canada that act as "garrison bands" for the provincial division, and attend parades, police ceremonies, and public events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pipes, Drums and Dancers: Nova Scotia |url=https://www.rcmppipeband.ca/ |access-date=December 7, 2019}}</ref> The first of these bands were established in 1992 in [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RCMP Community Bands of Pipes and Drums |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pd-ct/index-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827022204/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pd-ct/index-eng.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |access-date=December 7, 2019 |publisher=RCMP}}</ref> The following are the locations of the regional volunteer pipe bands:
+{{col div}}
+*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]
+*[[Moncton]]
+*[[Montreal]] (part of [[The Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Quebec|"C" Division]])
+*[[Ottawa]]
+*[[Winnipeg]]
+*[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] (part of "F" Division)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rcmpregina.tripod.com/id12.html |title=Band Information: A Community Partnership |publisher=RCMP Regina Pipes and Drums|access-date=December 7, 2019}}</ref>
+*[[Edmonton]]
+*[[Vancouver]] (part of [[RCMP "E" Division|"E" Division]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmppipeband.com/history_bc.htm |title=History – "E" Division |publisher=RCMP "E" Division Pipe Band (British Columbia)|access-date=December 7, 2019}}</ref>
+{{Col div end}}
+Prior to 1994, the RCMP also operated the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Band ({{Lang-fr|La Musique de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada}}) was the RCMP's central musical ensemble. It was considered one of the best professional bands assembled in Canada.<ref name="RCMP-Band">{{cite web |date=26 April 2014 |title=History |url=https://rcmpband.ca/history/ |website=RCMP Band}}</ref><ref name="Altissimo">{{cite web |title=The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Band |url=https://militarymusic.com/blogs/military-music/13516489-the-royal-canadian-mounted-police-band |website=Altissimo!}}</ref> Although it was an official regimental band, the members worked in the band as a secondary job. It is generally considered to have begun in 1938, though there were various police bands in the RCMP that flourished at the time, leading the [[Canadian government]] granting approval for the creation of a full-time central band in December 1958, with its headquarters in the capital of [[Ottawa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luscombe |first1=Stephen |title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/canadiancavalry/rcmpbands.htm |website=www.britishempire.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Altissimo" /> Appearances made by the band included [[Expo 86]] and the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings|Commonwealth Conference]] in [[Vancouver]], the [[Calgary Winter Olympics]] in 1988, as well as the visits of [[Soviet President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in 1990.<ref name="Altissimo" /><ref name="RCMP-Band" />
+It was dissolved in 1994 due to government budget cuts. In its 55-year existence, it operated as a voluntary regimental band, with its members working with it as a secondary job apart from their other duties in the RCMP. Members of the band wore the RCMP's [[Red Serge]] as part of their [[full dress uniform]] and adopted drill seen in [[Canadian military bands]] and bands in the [[British Army]]. Its longest-serving director was Superintendent Edwin Joseph Lydall, who served from 1948 to 1968.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ontario – Ottawa – Miscellaneous Obituaries |url=http://canadianobits.com/ontario/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/427 |website=canadianobits.com}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+* [[Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
-*[[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]]
+* [[List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage]]
-*[[Emergency Response Team (RCMP)]]
-*[[List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage]]
+* [[List of controversies involving the Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
+* [[List of law enforcement agencies in Canada]]
-*[[RCMP Academy, Depot Division]]
-*[[RCMP Recruiting]]
+* [[List of Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins]]
+* [[RCMP harassment policy]]
-*[[Scandals surrounding the RCMP]]
+* [[RCMP Technical Security Branch]]
+==Notes==
-===Similar federal authorities in other countries===
+{{Reflist|group=note}}
-*[[Federal Preventive Police]] and [[Rurales]] in [[Mexico]]
-*[[French National Police]] and [[Gendarmerie Nationale (France)]]
+==References==
-*[[Carabinieri]] of [[Italy]]
+{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-*[[Guardia Civil]] of [[Spain]]
 ==External links==
+*{{Official website}}
-{{commonscat}}
-* [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca The official website of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police]
+* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1025 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Reports 1929–1948] at Dartmouth College Library
-* [http://gazette.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette]
+* [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/R-10/index.html ''Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act'' (''RCMP Act'')]
-* [http://www.cpc-cpp.gc.ca/  The Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP]
-* [http://www.rcmp.gc.ca/wanted/index_e.htm RCMP Wanted list]
-* [http://192.197.82.11/38/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/anti-e/08evb-e.htm Proceedings of the Special Senate Committee on the Anti-terrorism Act] on both RCMP and CSIS
-* [http://www.rcmpheritagecentre.com RCMP Heritage Centre]
-* [http://www.rcmpmuseum.com RCMP Museum]
-* [http://www.mounted-police.00books.com RCMP North-West Mounted Police in Literature and History]
-* [http://www.militaryhorse.org/ Society of the Military Horse]
+{{Law enforcement agencies in Canada}}
-==Notes and references==
+{{Government Departments of Canada}}
-<references/>
+{{Canadian Newsmaker of the Year}}
+{{Police}}
+{{Subject bar |portal= |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Royal Canadian Mounted Police |species= |species-search= |n=yes |n-search=Category:RCMP |wikt= |wikt-search= |b= |b-search= |q= |q-search= |s=yes |v= |v-search= |voy= |voy-search= |d=yes |d-search=Q335175|Canada|Law}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{Coord|45.42|-75.66|type:landmark_region:CA|display=title}}
-{{Can LawEnforce}}
-{{Template:Government Departments of Canada}}
-[[Category:Canadian intelligence agencies]]
 [[Category:Royal Canadian Mounted Police| ]]
+[[Category:Federal departments and agencies of Canada]]
+[[Category:Public Safety Canada]]
+[[Category:Government agencies established in 1920]]
 [[Category:Legal history of Canada]]
-[[Category:1873 establishments]]
+[[Category:1920 establishments in Canada]]
 [[Category:Gendarmerie]]
-[[Category:Organisations with royal patronage]]
+[[Category:Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage]]
-[[Category:Law enforcement agencies of Canada]]
+[[Category:Organizations based in Ottawa]]
-[[Category:Monarchy in Canada]]
+[[Category:Uniformed services of Canada]]
+[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of Canada]]
+[[Category:Nunavut law]]
-[[ar:شرطة الخيالة الكندية الملكية]]
+[[Category:Northwest Territories law]]
-[[de:Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
+[[Category:Yukon law]]
-[[es:Policía Montada del Canadá]]
+[[Category:National symbols of Canada]]
-[[eo:Reĝa Kanada Rajda Polico]]
-[[fr:Gendarmerie royale du Canada]]
+[[Category:National police forces|Canada]]
+[[Category:Mounted police]]
-[[io:Reja jendarmaro di Kanada]]
-[[it:Polizia a cavallo canadese]]
-[[nl:Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
-[[ja:王室カナダ騎馬警察]]
-[[no:Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
-[[pl:Kanadyjska Królewska Policja Konna]]
-[[pt:Real Polícia Montada do Canadá]]
-[[fi:Kanadan ratsupoliisi]]
-[[sv:Kanadas ridande polis]]
-[[zh:加拿大皇家騎警]]
-[[yi:ראיעל קענעדיען מאונטעד פאליציי]]

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada
Badge of the RCMP^[1]
Patch (i.e. shoulder flash) of the RCMP
Corps ensign of the RCMP^[2]
Common name	The Mounties
Abbreviation	RCMP GRC
Motto	Maintiens le droit (French for 'uphold the right' / 'maintain the right' / 'defend the law')^[1]^[3]^[4]
Agency overview
Formed	May 23, 1873; 151 years ago (1873-05-23) (NWMP formed)^[5]^[6] February 1, 1920 (1920-02-01) (renamed to RCMP and absorption of Dominion Police)^[7]
Preceding agencies	Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) (1873) Dominion Police (1868)
Employees	30,092 (2019)
Volunteers	Approximately 1,600 auxiliary constables^[8]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency	Canada
Operations jurisdiction	Canada
Constituting instruments	Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RCMP Act) Various provincial police legislation
General nature	Federal law enforcement Local civilian police
Operational structure
Overseen by	Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Headquarters	M. J. Nadon Government of Canada Building 73 Leikin Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2^[9]
Sworn members	22,445^[10] (April 2019) Commissioners: 1 Deputy commissioners: 6 Assistant commissioners: 26 Chief superintendents: 54 Superintendents: 179 Inspectors: 339 Corps sergeants major: 1 Sergeants major: 10 Staff sergeants major: 8 Staff sergeants: 830 Sergeants: 1,993 Corporals: 3,641 Constables: 11,970 Special constables: 106 Civilian members: 3,087
Unsworn members	5,759^[10] (April 2019) Public Service employees: 5,759
Minister responsible	Dominic LeBlanc, Minister of Public Safety
Agency executive	Michael Duheme, Commissioner
Parent agency	Public Safety Canada
Divisions	15^[10] National Division: National Capital Region B Division: Newfoundland and Labrador C Division: Quebec D Division: Manitoba E Division: British Columbia F Division: Saskatchewan G Division: Northwest Territories H Division: Nova Scotia J Division: New Brunswick K Division: Alberta L Division: Prince Edward Island M Division: Yukon O Division: Ontario V Division: Nunavut Depot Division: Regina, Saskatchewan; Innisfail, Alberta
Detachments	712^[11] Alberta: 119 British Columbia: 154 Manitoba: 88 New Brunswick: 44 Newfoundland: 43 Northwest Territories: 22 Nova Scotia: 53 Nunavut: 26 Ontario: 16 Prince Edward Island: 6 Quebec: 14 Saskatchewan: 113 Yukon: 14
Facilities
Vehicles	8,677 Cars: 5,600 Trucks: 2,350 Motorcycles: 34 Snowmobiles: 481 All-terrain vehicles: 181 Armored Personnel Carriers: 2
Boats	5
Fixed-wings	26^[12]
Helicopters	9^[12]
Notables
Significant incidents	Mayerthorpe tragedy Spiritwood Incident Moncton shooting 2020 Nova Scotia attacks 2022 alleged plot to kill Coutts RCMP officers
Awards	Battle honours Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (2007)
Website
www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca
While a federal agency, the RCMP also serves as the local law enforcement agency for various provincial, municipal, and First Nations jurisdictions.^[13]

Latest revision as of 16:34, 10 June 2024