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{{Short description|Population of Giraffe}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} |
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| color = pink |
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{{Subspeciesbox |
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| name = Rothschild Giraffe |
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| name = Rothschild's giraffe |
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| image = Giraffe08 - melbourne zoo edit.jpg |
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| image = Rothschild's Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) male (7068054987), crop & edit.jpg |
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| status = CR |
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| image_caption = A male Rothschild's giraffe at [[Murchison Falls National Park]], Uganda |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| |
| status = NT |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>Fennessy, S., Fennessy, J., Muller, Z., Brown, M. & Marais, A. (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/174469/51140829 ''Rothschild’s Giraffe''].The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</ref> |
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| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] |
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| genus = Giraffa |
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| familia = [[Giraffidae]] |
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| species = camelopardalis |
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| genus = ''[[Giraffa]]'' |
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| |
| species_link = Giraffa camelopardalis |
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| subspecies = |
| subspecies = rothschildi |
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| authority = Lydekker, 1903 |
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| trinomial = ''Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi'' |
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| synonyms = ''G.c. rothschildi'' <small>([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1903)</small> |
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| range_map = Giraffa_camelopardalis_subspecies_map.jpg |
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| range_map_caption = Rothschild's giraffe's range in light green |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Rothschild's giraffe''' ('''''Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis ''''') is an ecotype of the [[Nubian giraffe]]. It is one of the most endangered distinct populations of [[giraffe]], with 1,399 mature individuals estimated in the wild in 2018.<ref name=iucn/> |
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The '''Rothschild Giraffe''', named after Tring Zoological Museum's founder, [[Lord Walter Rothschild]],<ref name=obit>{{Cite web |
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| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1589085,00.html |
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| title = Obituary - Betty Leslie-Melville |
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| publisher = [[The Guardian]] |
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| date = 2005-10-11 |
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| accessdate =2007-04-19 |
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}}</ref> also known as the '''Baringo Giraffe''', named after the Lake Baringo area of Kenya,<ref>{{Cite web |
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| url = http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/lbmi/reports/03_Lake_Baringo_27February2006.pdf |
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| title = Lake Baringo |
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| author = Eric O. Odada |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-19 |
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}}</ref> or as the '''Ugandan Giraffe''' is the most endangered of [[giraffe]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |
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| url = http://www.woburnsafari.co.uk/news/article.php?sID=34 |
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| title = News - Christmas Baby makes New Year debut at Woburn Safari Park - 10th January |
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| publisher = [[Woburn Safari Park]] |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-19 |
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}}</ref><!-- UNTIL NO CITATION, removed... |
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== Taxonomy and evolutionary history == |
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with less than one hundred believed to exist in the wild, limited to the plains of East Africa.{{fact}} |
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[[File:Lake Nakuru (17417446).jpg|thumb|left|Rothschild's giraffes at [[Lake Nakuru National Park]] in Kenya]] |
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[[File:Rothschild giraffe in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG|thumb|left|Rothschild's giraffes at [[Murchison Falls National Park]] in Uganda]] |
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The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.<ref name=iucn/> ''Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi'' is named after the [[Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum|Tring Museum]]'s founder, [[Walter Rothschild]],<ref name=obit>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,1589085,00.html|title=Obituary - Betty Leslie-Melville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 October 2005|access-date=19 April 2007|location=London|first=Christopher|last=Reed}}</ref> and is also known as the '''Baringo giraffe''', after the [[Lake Baringo]] area of Kenya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/lbmi/pdf/03_Lake_Baringo_27February2006.pdf |title=Lake Baringo |author=Odada, Eric O. |access-date=7 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055411/http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/lbmi/pdf/03_Lake_Baringo_27February2006.pdf |archive-date= 5 June 2011 }}</ref> or as the '''Ugandan giraffe'''. All of those living in the wild are in protected areas in [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]]. In 2007, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as a separate species from other giraffe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=David M.|last2=Brenneman|first2=Rick A.|last3=Koepfli|first3=Klaus-Peter|last4=Pollinger|first4=John P. |last5=Milá |first5=Borja |last6=Georgiadis|first6=Nicholas J.|last7=Louis|first7=Edward E.|last8=Grether|first8=Gregory F. |last9=Jacobs |first9=David K. |date=2007-01-01|title=Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe|journal=BMC Biology |volume=5 |pages=57 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-5-57|issn=1741-7007|pmc=2254591|pmid=18154651 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2016, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as conspecific with the [[Nubian giraffe]] (elevated to full species), but that taxonomy has not been widely adopted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bercovitch |first1=Fred B. |last2=Berry |first2=Philip S.M. |last3=Dagg |first3=Anne |last4=Deacon |first4=Francois |last5=Doherty |first5=John B. |last6=Lee |first6= Derek E. |last7=Mineur|first7=Frédéric|last8=Muller|first8=Zoe|last9=Ogden|first9=Rob|author3-link=Anne Innis Dagg|date=2017-02-20 |title= How many species of giraffe are there?|journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4|pages=R136–R137|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039|issn=0960-9822|pmid=28222287|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/4c828f1a-f644-4268-9197-eb50244a1d75 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Characteristics == |
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--> While giraffes in general are classified as [[Lower Risk: Conservation Dependent]], the Rothschild Giraffe is at particular risk of [[hybridisation]], as the population is so limited in numbers. It is almost extinct in the wild. There are very few locations where the Rothschild Giraffe can be seen in the wild, with one notable hotspot being [[Lake Nakuru National Park]] in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |
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The Rothschild's giraffe is easily distinguishable from other subspecies. The most obvious sign is in the coloring of the coat or [[Fur|pelt]]. Whereas the [[reticulated giraffe]] has very clearly defined dark patches with bright-whitish channels between them, Rothschild's giraffe more closely resembles the [[Masai giraffe]]. However, when compared to the Masai giraffe, the Rothschild's [[ecotype]] is paler, the orange-brown patches are less jagged and sharp in shape, and the connective channel is of a [[Cream (colour)|creamier hue]] compared to that seen on the reticulated giraffe. In addition, Rothschild's giraffe displays no markings on the lower leg, giving it the impression of wearing white stockings.<ref name=obit/> |
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| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1344/ |
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| title = Lake Nakuru National Park |
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| publisher = [[UNESCO]] |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-19 |
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}}</ref> There are various captive breeding programmes in place - most notably at [[The Giraffe Centre]] in [[Nairobi]], Kenya - which aim to expand the gentic gene-pool in the wild population of the Rothschild Giraffe. |
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Another distinguishing feature of Rothschild's giraffe, although harder to spot, is the number of [[ossicone]]s on the head. This is the only ''[[Giraffe|Giraffa]]'' [[phenotype]] to be born with five ossicones. Two of these are the larger and more obvious ones at the top of the head, which are common to all giraffes. The third ossicone can often be seen in the center of the giraffe's forehead, and the other two are behind each ear.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park/item/381-giraffes-will-be-translocated-to-lake-mburo-national-park|website=www.ugandawildlife.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> They are also taller than many other populations, measuring up to {{convert|5.88|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall.<ref name=Dagg>{{cite book|last1=Dagg|first1=A.I.|first2=J. B.|last2=Foster|author1-link=Anne Innis Dagg|year=1982|title=The Giraffe. Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology (with updated supplementary material)|publisher=Krieger Publishing Company|location=Malabar, Florida}}</ref><ref name=Nowak1999>{{cite book|last=Nowak|first=R. M.|year=1999|pages=1086–1089|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|volume=1|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, USA and London, UK}}</ref> They can weigh up to 2,500 pounds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information|date=13 March 2014 |url=https://www.giraffeworlds.com/rothschild-giraffe/|access-date=2020-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Rothschild Giraffes are easily distinguishable from other subspecies. The most obvious visible sign is in the colouring of its coat, or [[pelt]]. Where the [[Reticulated Giraffe]] has very clearly defined dark patches with bright white channels betwen them, the Rothschild Giraffe more resembles the [[Masai Giraffe]]. However, when compared to the Masai Giraffe, the Rothschild subspecies is paler and the orange-brown patches are less jagged with a creamier channel between patches than the Reticulated Giraffe. In addition, the Rothschild Giraffe displays no markings on the lower leg, giving the impression that it is wearing white stockings.<ref name=obit/> |
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Males are larger than females by a few hundred pounds<ref name=":0" /> and their two largest ossicones are usually bald from sparring. They usually tend to be darker in colour than the females, although this is not a guaranteed sexing indicator. |
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Another distinguishing feature of the Rothschild Giraffe, although harder to distinguish, is the number of horns on the head. This is the only subspecies to be born with five 'horns'. Two of these are 'true' horns at the top of the head, in common with all giraffes. The third 'horn' can often be seen in the centre of the giraffe's forehead and the other two behing each ear.<ref name=vic>{{Cite web |
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| url = http://www.zoo.org.au/education/factsheets/mam-giraffe.pdf |
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| title = ROTHSCHILD GIRAFFE - Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi |
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| publisher = Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-19 |
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}}</ref> They are also taller than many other subspecies, measuring up to six metres tall (20 ft).<ref name=obit/> |
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The meat of the Rothschild giraffe is supposedly very sweet and its bones contain a specific type of fat that traditional cultures use as medicinal components.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saving the endangered Rothschild giraffe – DW – 06/19/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/saving-the-endangered-rothschild-giraffe/video-65924189 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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Rothschild Giraffes can mate at any time of the year and have a gestation period of between 14 and 16 months, with one calf being born. They live in small herds, with males and females (and their calves) living seperately, only mixing for mating purposes.<ref name=vic/> |
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== Habitat and distribution == |
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Males are larger than females and their two 'true' horns are usually bald from sparring. They also tend to be darker in colour than the females, although this is not a guaranteed sexing indicator. |
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Isolated populations of Rothschild's giraffes live in [[savannah]]s, [[grassland]]s, and open [[woodland]]s of Uganda and Kenya. They are possibly regionally extinct from [[South Sudan]] and northeastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. |
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== Ecology and behavior == |
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==References== |
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Rothschild's giraffes mate at any time of the year and have a [[gestation period]] of 14 to 16 months, typically giving birth to a single calf. They live in small [[herd]]s, with males and females (and their calves) living separately, only mixing for mating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rothschild's Giraffe Joins List of Species Threatened by Extinction {{!}} African Wildlife Foundation|url=https://www.awf.org/news/rothschilds-giraffe-joins-list-species-threatened-extinction|website=www.awf.org|date=13 August 2010 |access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> The Rothschild's giraffes are tolerant of other animals around them as long as they don't feel threatened. For the most part, they are very friendly, but the males are known to engage in fights for mating. Since this species can mate all year long, those battles seem to be frequent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information|date=13 March 2014 |url=https://www.giraffeworlds.com/rothschild-giraffe/|access-date=2020-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of Kenya]] |
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[[Category:Giraffes]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Africa]] |
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== Threats and conservation == |
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{{even-toed-ungulate-stub}} |
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As of 2018, Rothschild's giraffe is classified as [[near threatened]]. Very few locations are left where Rothschild's giraffe can be seen in the wild, with notable spots being [[Lake Nakuru National Park]] in Kenya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1344/|title=Lake Nakuru National Park|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Murchison Falls National Park]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visituganda.com/parks.html |title=National Parks & Safaris |publisher=Uganda Tourist Board |access-date=9 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210172250/http://visituganda.com/parks.html |archive-date=10 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in northern Uganda. Their predators are [[Spotted hyena|hyenas]], [[lion]]s, [[crocodile]]s, and [[leopard]]s.<ref name=":0"/> |
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Two dwarf giraffes standing only {{convert|9.5|ft|m}} tall have been spotted in Murchison Falls National Park. Scientists speculate their [[dwarfism]] may have been caused by inbreeding due to species decline.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Colin |title=Secret life of dwarf giraffes uncovered in Africa |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/secret-life-dwarf-giraffes-uncovered-012932184.html |website=news.yahoo.com |date=9 January 2021 |publisher=The Telegraph |access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> |
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[[it:Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi]] |
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Three Rothschild's giraffes were electrocuted by low-hanging power lines in Soysambu conservancy in Nakuru, Kenya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya: Endangered giraffes killed by low power lines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56153746 |access-date=February 22, 2021 |work=BBC News |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> |
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== In captivity == |
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Various captive breeding programmes are in place – notably at the [[Giraffe Centre]] in [[Nairobi]], Kenya – which aim to expand the [[gene pool]] in the wild population of Rothschild's giraffe. {{As of|January 2011}}, more than 450 are kept in [[International Species Information System|ISIS]] (international species information system) registered zoos (which does not include the Nairobi Giraffe Centre), making both it and the [[reticulated giraffe]] the most commonly kept [[phenotype]]s of ''Giraffa''.<ref name=ISIS>International Species Information System (2011). ''[https://app.isis.org/abstracts/Abs77545.asp Giraffa camelopardalis].'' Version 12 January 2011.</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi|Rothschild's giraffes}} |
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* {{Wikispecies-inline|Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi|''Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi''}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2222461}} |
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[[Category:Giraffes|Rothschild's giraffe]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Kenya]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of South Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Uganda]] |
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[[Category:Endangered fauna of Africa]] |
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[[Category:Mammals described in 1903|Rothschild's giraffe]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Walter Rothschild]] |
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[[Category:Subspecies]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:18, 18 June 2024
| Rothschild's giraffe | |
|---|---|
| |
| A male Rothschild's giraffe at Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Giraffidae |
| Genus: | Giraffa |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | G. c. rothschildi
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi Lydekker, 1903
| |
| |
| Rothschild's giraffe's range in light green | |
| Synonyms | |
|
G.c. rothschildi (Lydekker, 1903) | |
Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis ) is an ecotype of the Nubian giraffe. It is one of the most endangered distinct populations of giraffe, with 1,399 mature individuals estimated in the wild in 2018.[1]
Taxonomy and evolutionary history
[edit]
The IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.[1] Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi is named after the Tring Museum's founder, Walter Rothschild,[2] and is also known as the Baringo giraffe, after the Lake Baringo area of Kenya,[3] or as the Ugandan giraffe. All of those living in the wild are in protected areas in Kenya and Uganda. In 2007, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as a separate species from other giraffe.[4] In 2016, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as conspecific with the Nubian giraffe (elevated to full species), but that taxonomy has not been widely adopted.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]The Rothschild's giraffe is easily distinguishable from other subspecies. The most obvious sign is in the coloring of the coat or pelt. Whereas the reticulated giraffe has very clearly defined dark patches with bright-whitish channels between them, Rothschild's giraffe more closely resembles the Masai giraffe. However, when compared to the Masai giraffe, the Rothschild's ecotype is paler, the orange-brown patches are less jagged and sharp in shape, and the connective channel is of a creamier hue compared to that seen on the reticulated giraffe. In addition, Rothschild's giraffe displays no markings on the lower leg, giving it the impression of wearing white stockings.[2]
Another distinguishing feature of Rothschild's giraffe, although harder to spot, is the number of ossicones on the head. This is the only Giraffa phenotype to be born with five ossicones. Two of these are the larger and more obvious ones at the top of the head, which are common to all giraffes. The third ossicone can often be seen in the center of the giraffe's forehead, and the other two are behind each ear.[6] They are also taller than many other populations, measuring up to 5.88 metres (19.3 feet) tall.[7][8] They can weigh up to 2,500 pounds.[9]
Males are larger than females by a few hundred pounds[9] and their two largest ossicones are usually bald from sparring. They usually tend to be darker in colour than the females, although this is not a guaranteed sexing indicator.
The meat of the Rothschild giraffe is supposedly very sweet and its bones contain a specific type of fat that traditional cultures use as medicinal components.[10]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Isolated populations of Rothschild's giraffes live in savannahs, grasslands, and open woodlands of Uganda and Kenya. They are possibly regionally extinct from South Sudan and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ecology and behavior
[edit]Rothschild's giraffes mate at any time of the year and have a gestation period of 14 to 16 months, typically giving birth to a single calf. They live in small herds, with males and females (and their calves) living separately, only mixing for mating.[11] The Rothschild's giraffes are tolerant of other animals around them as long as they don't feel threatened. For the most part, they are very friendly, but the males are known to engage in fights for mating. Since this species can mate all year long, those battles seem to be frequent.[12]
Threats and conservation
[edit]As of 2018, Rothschild's giraffe is classified as near threatened. Very few locations are left where Rothschild's giraffe can be seen in the wild, with notable spots being Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya[13] and Murchison Falls National Park[14] in northern Uganda. Their predators are hyenas, lions, crocodiles, and leopards.[9]
Two dwarf giraffes standing only 9.5 feet (2.9 m) tall have been spotted in Murchison Falls National Park. Scientists speculate their dwarfism may have been caused by inbreeding due to species decline.[15]
Three Rothschild's giraffes were electrocuted by low-hanging power lines in Soysambu conservancy in Nakuru, Kenya.[16]
In captivity
[edit]Various captive breeding programmes are in place – notably at the Giraffe Centre in Nairobi, Kenya – which aim to expand the gene pool in the wild population of Rothschild's giraffe. As of January 2011[update], more than 450 are kept in ISIS (international species information system) registered zoos (which does not include the Nairobi Giraffe Centre), making both it and the reticulated giraffe the most commonly kept phenotypes of Giraffa.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Fennessy, S., Fennessy, J., Muller, Z., Brown, M. & Marais, A. (2018). Rothschild’s Giraffe.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- ^ a b Reed, Christopher (11 October 2005). "Obituary - Betty Leslie-Melville". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
- ^ Odada, Eric O. "Lake Baringo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
- ^ Brown, David M.; Brenneman, Rick A.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John P.; Milá, Borja; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Louis, Edward E.; Grether, Gregory F.; Jacobs, David K. (1 January 2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5: 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
- ^ Bercovitch, Fred B.; Berry, Philip S.M.; Dagg, Anne; Deacon, Francois; Doherty, John B.; Lee, Derek E.; Mineur, Frédéric; Muller, Zoe; Ogden, Rob (20 February 2017). "How many species of giraffe are there?". Current Biology. 27 (4): R136–R137. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039. hdl:20.500.11820/4c828f1a-f644-4268-9197-eb50244a1d75. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28222287.
- ^ "Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park". www.ugandawildlife.org. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Dagg, A.I.; Foster, J. B. (1982). The Giraffe. Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology (with updated supplementary material). Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
- ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Baltimore, USA and London, UK: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1086–1089.
- ^ a b c "Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information". 13 March 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Saving the endangered Rothschild giraffe – DW – 06/19/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "Rothschild's Giraffe Joins List of Species Threatened by Extinction | African Wildlife Foundation". www.awf.org. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information". 13 March 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ "Lake Nakuru National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
- ^ "National Parks & Safaris". Uganda Tourist Board. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- ^ Freeman, Colin (9 January 2021). "Secret life of dwarf giraffes uncovered in Africa". news.yahoo.com. The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ "Kenya: Endangered giraffes killed by low power lines". BBC News. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ International Species Information System (2011). Giraffa camelopardalis. Version 12 January 2011.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Rothschild's giraffes at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi at Wikispecies
