THC Science

Romania
*România* (Romanian)
Romania România (Romanian)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!"; ("Awaken thee, Romanian!");
	Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey); – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Bucharest; 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E
Official languages	Romanian
Recognised minority; languages	See here Albanian ; Armenian ; Bulgarian ; Croatian ; Czech ; German ; Greek ; Italian ; Macedonian ; Hungarian ; Polish ; Portuguese ; Romani ; Russian ; Ruthenian ; Serbian ; Slovak ; Tatar ; Turkish ; Ukrainian ; Yiddish ;
Ethnic groups (2021)	89.3% Romanians; 6.0% Hungarians; 3.4% Romani; 1.2% others;
Religion (2021)	84.79% Christianity 73.6% Eastern Orthodoxy; 6.44% Protestantism; 4.49% Catholicism; 0.24% other Christian; ; ; 0.8% no religion; 0.44% other; 9.01% unanswered; 4.94% missing data;
Demonym(s)	Romanian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister	Marcel Ciolacu
• President of the Senate	Nicolae Ciucă
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Alfred Simonis
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Establishment history
• Principality of Wallachia	1330
• Principality of Moldavia	1346
• Little Union	24 January 1859
• De jure Independence from the Ottoman Empire	9 May 1877/1878
• Great Union	1 December 1918/1921
• Military dictatorship	1941
• Communist Romania	30 December 1947
• Joined the United Nations	14 December 1955
• Current state form	27 December 1989
• Constitution adopted	8 December 1991
• Joined NATO	29 March 2004
• Joined the European Union	1 January 2007
Area
• Total	238,398 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)
• Water (%)	3
Population
• January 2023 estimate	19,051,562 (63rd)
• 2021 census	19,053,815 (67th)
• Density	79.9/km2 (206.9/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$817.986 billion (35th)
• Per capita	$43,179 (48th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$369.971 billion (41st)
• Per capita	$19,530 (56th)
Gini (2023)	31.0; medium
HDI (2022)	0.827; very high (53rd)
Currency	Romanian leu (RON)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
ISO 3166 code	RO
Internet TLD	.roa
	Website; https://www.gov.ro/
	Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.;

Romania^[a] is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.^[15]^[16]^[17] It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km² (92,046 sq mi) with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.

Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows southeast for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).^[18]

Settlement in what is now Romania began in the Lower Paleolithic followed by written records attesting the kingdom of Dacia, its conquest, and subsequent Romanisation by the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. During World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania fought together with the Allied Powers from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș became part of the Kingdom of Romania.^[19] In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the Red Army, Romania became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and a market economy.

Romania is a high-income country,^[20] with a very high Human Development Index^[14] and a highly complex economy,^[21] that is emerging to be a middle power in international affairs.^[22]^[23] Romania ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.^[24] Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,^[25] being the world's 41st largest by nominal GDP, and the 35th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the fastest and cheapest internet speeds in the world.^[26] Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanians and religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language (more specifically Eastern Romance). Romania is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, NATO, the Council of Europe, BSEC, and WTO.

Etymology

"Romania" derives from the local name for Romanian (Romanian: român), which in turn derives from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman" or "of Rome".^[27] This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.^[28]^[29]^[30] The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung",^[31] is notable for including the first documented occurrence of Romanian in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as Țara Rumânească.

History

Prehistory

Three Chalcolithic ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from Scânteia, Romania and displayed at the Moldavia National Museum Complex

Human remains found in Peștera cu Oase ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known Homo sapiens in Europe.^[32] Neolithic agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from Thessaly in the 6th millennium BC.^[33]^[34] Excavations near a salt spring at Lunca yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.^[35] The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",^[36] which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).^[37]^[38]

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture—the best known archaeological culture of Old Europe—flourished in Muntenia, southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia between c. 5500 to 2750 BC.^[39] During its middle phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in Neolithic Europe, some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.^[40] The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of Bronze Age societies.^[38]

Antiquity

Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.^[41]^[42] Among the native peoples, Herodotus listed the Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania and the Syginnae of the plains along the river Tisza at the beginning of the 5th century BC.^[43] Centuries later, Strabo associated the Getae with the Dacians who dominated the lands along the southern Carpathian Mountains in the 1st century BC.^[44] Burebista was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.^[44]^[45] He also conquered the Greek colonies in Dobruja and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the Balkan Mountains between around 55 and 44 BC.^[44]^[46] After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.^[44]^[47]

The Romans reached Dacia during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD.^[47] Dacia was again united under Decebalus around 85 AD.^[44]^[48] He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD.^[49] Emperor Trajan transformed Banat, Oltenia, and the greater part of Transylvania into a new province called Roman Dacia, but Dacian and Sarmatian tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.^[50]^[51] The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.^[52]^[53] Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the origin of the Romanians—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' ethnogenesis.^[54]^[55] The Carpians, Goths, and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.^[56] The Romans could not resist, and Emperor Aurelian ordered the evacuation of the province Dacia Trajana in the 270s.^[57] Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.^[58] The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as Scythia Minor) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.^[54]^[59]

Middle Ages

Gutthiuda, or the land of the Gothic-speaking Thervingi, and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)

The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their suzerainty.^[60]^[61]^[62] The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the Huns invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.^[60]^[62]^[63] The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.^[60]^[64] The Gepids took possession of the former Dacia province.^[65]^[66] Place names that are of Slavic origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.^[67] The first Slavic groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,^[68] in Transylvania around 600.^[69] The nomadic Avars defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.^[60]^[70] The Bulgars, who also came from the European Pontic steppe, occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.^[60]

First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) around 850

After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa.^[60] The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs, and Vlachs (or Romanians) but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern Transylvania around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.^[71] The Council of Preslav declared Old Church Slavonic the language of liturgy in the country in 893.^[72] The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.^[73]

The Magyars (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the Pechenegs jointly forced them to abandon this region for the lowlands along the Middle Danube around 894.^[74] Centuries later, the Gesta Hungarorum wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—Glad, Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.^[75]^[76] The Gesta also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, Khazars, and Székelys—inhabiting the same regions.^[77]^[78] The reliability of the Gesta is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.^[79]^[80]^[81] The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.^[82]

Byzantine missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s^[83] and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.^[84] The first king of Hungary, Stephen I, who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established Roman Catholic bishoprics (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.^[85]^[86] Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the Oghuz Turks followed them, and the nomadic Cumans became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.^[87] Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.^[88] Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their Balkan homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.^[89]

Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the Kingdom of Hungary.^[90]^[91] The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around 1200.^[92] Colonists from the Holy Roman Empire—the Transylvanian Saxons' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.^[92]^[93] A high-ranking royal official, styled voivode, ruled the Transylvanian counties from the 1170s, but the Székely and Saxon seats (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.^[94] Royal charters wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities.^[95] Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.^[96] Also in the 13th century, the Republic of Genoa started establishing colonies on the Black Sea, including Calafat, and Constanța.^[97]^[98]

The Mongols destroyed large territories during their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe in 1241 and 1242.^[99] The Mongols' Golden Horde emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but Béla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.^[100]^[101] Basarab I of Wallachia united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.^[102] He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Posada and secured the independence of Wallachia in 1330.^[103]^[104] The second Romanian principality, Moldavia, achieved full autonomy during the reign of Bogdan I around 1360.^[104] A local dynasty ruled the Despotate of Dobruja in the second half of the 14th century, but the Ottoman Empire took possession of the territory after 1388.^[105]

Princes Mircea I and Vlad III of Wallachia, and Stephen III of Moldavia defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.^[106]^[107] A military commander of Romanian origin, John Hunyadi, organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in 1456.^[108] Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and they rose up in an open rebellion in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.^[109] The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the Union of the Three Nations, became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.^[110] The Orthodox Romanian knezes ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.^[110]

Early Modern Times and national awakening

The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.^[110] Transylvania and Maramureș, along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the Principality of Transylvania.^[111] Reformation spread and four denominations—Calvinism, Lutheranism, Unitarianism, and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.^[112] The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,^[112] although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.^[113]^[114]

During the Long Turkish War, Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.

The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.^[115] The Wallachian prince, Michael the Brave, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600.^[116]^[117] The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.^[116] Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.^[118]

The united armies of the Holy League expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the Habsburg monarchy.^[119] The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the union with the Roman Catholic Church in 1699.^[120] The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.^[121] The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.^[122] The organisation of the Transylvanian Military Frontier caused further disturbances, especially among the Székelys in 1764.^[123]

Princes Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Constantin Brâncoveanu of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.^[124] The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the Phanar district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.^[125]^[126] The Phanariot princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.^[127] The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or Bukovina, in 1775, and the Russian Empire seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or Bessarabia, in 1812.^[128]^[129]

A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.^[130]^[131] The Uniate bishop, Inocențiu Micu-Klein who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.^[132]^[131] Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.^[133]^[130]

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the Danubian Principalities) in 1774.^[134] Taking advantage of the Greek War of Independence, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.^[135] After a new Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Adrianople strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.^[136]

Mihail Kogălniceanu, Nicolae Bălcescu and other leaders of the 1848 revolutions in Moldavia and Wallachia demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.^[137]^[138] The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red tricolour as the national flag.^[139] In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the Hungarian revolutionaries after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.^[139] Bishop Andrei Șaguna proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.^[140]

Independence and monarchy

The Treaty of Paris put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the Great Powers in 1856.^[138] After special assemblies convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged the unification of the two principalities, the Great Powers did not prevent the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as their collective domnitor (or ruling prince) in January 1859.^[141] The united principalities officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February 1862.^[142] Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.^[143]^[144]

Cuza's successor, a German prince, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (or Carol I), was elected in May.^[145] The parliament adopted the first constitution of Romania in the same year.^[146] The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the Congress of Berlin and Carol I was crowned king in 1881.^[147] The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.^[147] Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a Greater Romania, the government did not openly support their irredentist projects.^[148]

The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the Austro-Hungarian Compromise brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867.^[149] Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.^[147] Leaders of the Romanian National Party proposed the federalisation of Austria-Hungary and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.^[150]^[151]

World Wars and Greater Romania

Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.^[152]^[153] Romania seized Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War in 1913.^[154] German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the Triple Entente of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.^[154] The country remained neutral when World War I broke out in 1914, but Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu started negotiations with the Entente Powers.^[155] After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest, Romania entered the war against the Central Powers in 1916.^[155]^[156] The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early 1917.^[157] After the October Revolution turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a harsh peace treaty with the Central Powers in May 1918,^[158] but the collapse of Russia also enabled the union of Bessarabia with Romania.^[159] King Ferdinand again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before Germany capitulated on 11 November 1918.^[158]

Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.^[158] The General Congress of Bukovina proclaimed the union of the province with Romania on 28 November 1918, and the Grand National Assembly proclaimed the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom on 1 December.^[160]^[161] Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the Soviet Union did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.^[162] Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war 137,000 to 295,000 km² (53,000 to 114,000 sq mi).^[163] A new electoral system granted voting rights to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.^[164] Gender equality as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.^[165] Calypso Botez established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.^[165] Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the population, but the new constitution declared it a unitary national state in 1923.^[163]^[166]^[167] Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.^[168]

Agriculture remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the interwar period.^[169]^[170] With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.^[170] Two parties, the National Liberal Party and the National Peasants' Party, dominated political life, but the Great Depression in Romania brought about significant changes in the 1930s.^[171]^[172] The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and anti-Semitic Iron Guard and the authoritarian tendencies of King Carol II.^[173] The King promulgated a new constitution and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.^[174]^[175]

Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only Northern Transylvania was regained after the end of World War II.

The 1938 Munich Agreement convinced King Carol II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.^[176] German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.^[176] The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade Adolf Hitler to guarantee Romania's frontiers.^[177] Romania was forced to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union on 26 June 1940, Northern Transylvania to Hungary on 30 August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.^[178] After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, Michael I, on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a national-legionary state under the leadership of General Ion Antonescu.^[179] Antonescu signed the Tripartite Pact of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23 November.^[180] The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.^[181]

Romania entered World War II soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.^[182] The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed Transnistria (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.^[183] Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.^[184] Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,^[185] but their fundamental rights were limited.^[186] After the September 1943 Allied armistice with Italy, Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.^[187]^[188] After the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to extermination camps from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.^[184]^[189]

After the Soviet victory in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, Iuliu Maniu, a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.^[190] To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the Social Democratic and Communist parties.^[191] After a successful Soviet offensive, the young King Michael I ordered Antonescu's arrest and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944.^[192] Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but Joseph Stalin regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.^[193] Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, Petru Groza, the prime minister in March 1945.^[194]^[195] The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.^[195] In February 1947, the Paris Peace Treaties confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.^[196]^[197]

Communism

During the Soviet occupation of Romania, the communist-dominated government called for new elections in 1946, which they fraudulently won, with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.^[198] Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.^[199] Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced King Michael I to abdicate and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a people's republic.^[200]^[201] Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (SovRoms) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.^[202]^[203]^[204]

In 1948, the state began to nationalise private firms and to collectivise agriculture.^[205] Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the Securitate—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of purges during which numerous "enemies of the state" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as extrajudicial killing.^[206] Nevertheless, anti-communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.^[207] A 2006 commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.^[208]

In 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia. Ceaușescu even publicly condemned the action as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".^[209] It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's Six-Day War and established diplomatic relations with West Germany the same year.^[210] At the same time, close ties with the Arab countries and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–Egypt and Israel–PLO peace talks.^[211]

As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),^[212] the influence of international financial organisations—such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's autocratic rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing austerity steps that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe cult of personality, which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent Romanian Revolution of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured.

After a trial, Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.^[213]^[214] The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.

Contemporary period

After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (FSN), led by Ion Iliescu, took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.^[215]^[216] In March 1990, violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of that year's legislative elections and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the Golaniad. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local^[217] and foreign media,^[218] and is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad.^[219]^[220]

The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the Social Democratic Party (PDSR then PSD) and the Democratic Party (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 Emil Constantinescu was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.^[221]

In 2009, the country was bailed out by the International Monetary Fund as an aftershock of the Great Recession in Europe.^[222] In November 2014, Sibiu former FDGR/DFDR mayor Klaus Iohannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the Romanian diaspora in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.^[223] In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă.^[224]

The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.^[225]

Corruption has been a major issue in contemporary Romanian politics.^[226] In November 2015, massive anti-corruption protests which developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.^[227] During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the biggest protests since 1989 took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.^[228]^[229] Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A National Anticorruption Directorate was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in Belgium, Norway and Spain.^[230] Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the National Anticorruption Directorate.^[231]

NATO and EU integration

After the end of the Cold War, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.^[232] The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.^[233]

During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".^[234] This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.^[235]^[236] However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the late 2000s' recession leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.^[237] This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.^[238] Worsening economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a political crisis in 2012.^[239]

Near the end of 2013, The Economist reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisation in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.^[240] In 2016, the Human Development Index ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".^[241]

Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.^[242]

Geography and climate

Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe, having an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).^[243]^: 17 It lies between latitudes 43° and 49° N and longitudes 20° and 30° E. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest is Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.^[243]^: 11 They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus, the Pannonian Plain and the Wallachian plains.

Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Balkan mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, East European forest steppe, Pannonian mixed forests, Carpathian montane conifer forests, and Pontic steppe.^[244] Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.^[245] There are almost 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.^[246] The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.^[247] At 5,800 km² (2,200 sq mi),^[248] the Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,^[249] and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.^[250]

Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.^[251] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.^[252] Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.^[253]

The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate,^[253] with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,^[254] including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears^[255] and 20% of its wolves.^[256]

Climate

Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.^[257] In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.^[258] In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).^[258] Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm (22 in).^[243]^: 29 There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.^[259]

Governance

Klaus Iohannis
President

Marcel Ciolacu
Prime Minister

The Constitution of Romania is based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Romania as a "flawed democracy" in 2023. Freedom House also considers Romania to be free.^[260]^[261]

The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a semi-presidential republic where executive functions are held by both the government and the president.^[262] The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the Parliament (residing at the Palace of the Parliament), consists of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) whose members are elected every four years by simple plurality.^[263]^[264]

The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the High Court of Cassation and Justice being the supreme court of Romania.^[265] There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the French model, is based on civil law and is inquisitorial in nature. The Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.^[263]^[266] Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including judicial reforms, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.^[267]

Foreign relations

Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited relations involving the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.^[268]

In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.^[269] Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.^[269] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.^[269]

Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the rule of law,^[270] a fundamental principle of EU membership.^[271]

In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.^[272] In May 2009, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."^[273]

Relations with Moldova are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a common history.^[269] A movement for unification of Moldova and Romania appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule^[274] but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.^[275] After the 2009 protests in Moldova and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.^[276]

Military

The Romanian Armed Forces consist of land, air, and naval forces led by a Commander-in-chief under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defence, and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.^[277] Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,^[278] with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.^[279] Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.

The Air Force operates F-16AM/BM MLU fighters,^[280] C-27J Spartan and C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, as well as IAR 330 and IAR 316 helicopters.^[281] A procurement program for F-35 fifth-generation fighters is also currently being carried out.^[282] The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two Type 22 frigates acquired from the British Royal Navy,^[283] as well as four corvettes. The River Flotilla operates Mihail Kogălniceanu and Smârdan-class river monitors.^[284]

Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in Afghanistan beginning in 2002,^[285] with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US).^[286]^[287] Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.^[288] Romanian troops participated in the occupation of Iraq, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the Regele Ferdinand participated in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.^[289]

In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the Romania-United States agreement signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental missile shield.^[290] The Aegis Ashore missile system based at Deveslu became operational in 2016.^[291]

Administrative divisions

Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe, pronounced judetse) and the municipality of Bucharest. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.^[292] Each county is subdivided further into cities and communes, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.^[243]^: 17 A total of 103 of the larger cities have municipality status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six sectors^[243]^: 6 and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.

The NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.^[293] The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four macroregions) and NUTS-2^[294] (eight development regions) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.^[293]

Development region	Area (km²)	Population (2011)^[295]	Most populous urban centre^*^[296]
Nord-Vest	34,159	2,600,132	Cluj-Napoca (411,379)
Centru	34,082	2,360,805	Brașov (369,896)
Nord-Est	36,850	3,302,217	Iași (382,484)
Sud-Est	35,762	2,545,923	Constanța (425,916)
Sud – Muntenia	34,489	3,136,446	Ploiești (276,279)
București - Ilfov	1,811	2,272,163	Bucharest (2,272,163)
Sud-Vest Oltenia	29,212	2,075,642	Craiova (356,544)
Vest	32,028	1,828,313	Timișoara (384,809)

Economy

In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $38,721.^[297]^[298] According to the World Bank, Romania is a high-income economy.^[20] According to Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.^[299]

After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the Romanian Statistics Office, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.^[300] However, the Great Recession forced the government to borrow externally, including an IMF €20 billion bailout program.^[301] According to The World Bank, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.^[302] Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,^[303] and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.^[304] Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.^[305]

Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.^[306] The largest local companies include car maker Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol, Ford Romania, Electrica, Romgaz, RCS & RDS and Banca Transilvania.^[307] As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.^[308]

After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.^[309] In 2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.^[310] The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.^[311] Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.^[312]

Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.^[313] Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.^[313] Some companies that have invested in Romania include Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Procter & Gamble, Citibank, and IBM.^[314]

According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.^[315] The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.^[315]

Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.^[316] After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the euro in 2029.^[317]

In January 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be US$122 billion according to CEIC data.^[318]

Infrastructure

According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).^[319] The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.^[320] Romania's rail transport experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,^[263] accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.^[263] Bucharest Metro, the only underground railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.^[321] There are sixteen international commercial airports in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport in 2017.^[322]

Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.^[323] Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.^[324] In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%).^[325] It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.^[326] With one of the largest reserves of crude oil and shale gas in Europe^[327] it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,^[328] and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at Cernavodă further.^[329]

There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.^[330] According to Bloomberg, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to The Independent, it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,^[331]^[332] with Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.^[333]

Tourism

Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.^[334] The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.^[335] Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.^[336] More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.^[337] The popular summer attractions of Mamaia and other Black Sea Resorts attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.^[338]^[339]

Putna Monastery in Bukovina, one of the medieval churches of Moldavia

The Danube Delta with its wildlife

Bran Castle

Mamaia Black Sea resort

Most popular skiing resorts are along the Valea Prahovei and in Poiana Brașov. Castles, fortifications, or strongholds as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Brașov, Alba Iulia, Baia Mare, Bistrița, Mediaș, Cisnădie, Sebeș, or Sighișoara also attract a large number of tourists. Bran Castle, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being Dracula's Castle.^[340] Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.^[341]^[342]

Rural tourism, focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local folklore and customs, has become an important alternative,^[343] and is targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the painted churches of northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș, or the villages with fortified churches in Transylvania.^[344] The Via Transilvanica long-distance hiking and cycling trail, which crosses 10 counties in the Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina regions of the country further promotes rural slow tourism.^[345]

In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.^[346] More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.^[347] According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.^[347]

Science and technology

Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, Traian Vuia built the first airplane to take off under its own power^[348] and Aurel Vlaicu built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,^[349] while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of fluidics.^[350] Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 types of bacteria;^[351] biologist Nicolae Paulescu developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;^[352] while Emil Palade received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology.^[353] Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesise amphetamine, and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.^[354]

During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable brain drain.^[355] In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by research and development spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.^[356]^[357] The country joined the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2011,^[358] and CERN in 2016.^[359] In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.^[360]

In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.^[361] In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".^[362] Romania was ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.^[363]^[364]^[365]

The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser will be built in Romania.^[366] In early 2012, Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana.^[367] Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the International Space Station.^[368]

Demographics

According to the 2021 Romanian census, Romania's population was 19,053,815.^[11] Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of sub-replacement fertility rates and negative net migration rate. According to the 2021 Romanian census, Romanians made up 89.33% of the population, Hungarians 6.05% and the Roma 3.44% of the population,^[11] but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.^[369] International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.^[370]^[371]^[372] According to the Council of Europe, the Roma makes up 8.32% of the population.^[373]^{[failed verification]} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Other minorities include Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Lipovans, Aromanians, Tatars, and Serbs.^[374] In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,^[375] but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.^[374] As of 2009^[update], there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.^[235]

The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,^[376] it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.^[377] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.^[378] The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,^[376] with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.^[376]^[379]^[380] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).^[381] The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.^[382] After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.^[383] For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.^[384]

Languages

Language frequency as spoken in Romania (2021 Census)^[385]
Language			Percentage
Romanian			91.55%
Hungarian			6.28%
Romani			1.20%
Ukrainian			0.25%
Turkish			0.10%
German			0.10%
Russian			0.09%
Others			0.43%

The official language is Romanian, a Romance language (the most widely spoken of the Eastern Romance branch), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, but shares many features equally with the rest of the Western Romance languages, specifically Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan.^[386] The Romanian alphabet contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ă, â, î, ț, and ș), totaling 31.^[386]

Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while Hungarian and Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of Ukrainian (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),^[387] 17,101 native speakers of Turkish, 15,943 native speakers of German, and 14,414 native speakers of Russian living in Romania.^[385]^[388]

According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.^[389] English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.^[390] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.^[391] According to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.^[392]

Religion

Romania is a secular state and has no state religion. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,^[4] 73.86% of respondents identified as Orthodox Christians, with 73.42% belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Other denominations include Protestantism (6.22%), Roman Catholicism (3.89%), and Greek Catholicism (0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 Jewish (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are irreligious, 57,205 are atheist, 25,485 are agnostic, and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.^[4]

The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,^[393] and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and uses a Romance liturgical language.^[394] Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.^[395] Romania has the world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population.^[396]^[397]

Urbanisation

Although 54.0% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011,^[398] this percentage has been declining since 1996.^[399] Counties with over 2⁄3 urban population are Hunedoara, Brașov and Constanța, while those with less than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman.^[398] Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.^[400] Its larger urban zone has a population of almost 2.2 million,^[401] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the city proper.^[402]^[403]^[404]

Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.^[400] Metropolitan areas have been constituted for most of these cities.

Largest cities in Romania 2021 Census^[405]
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Bucharest Cluj-Napoca	1	Bucharest	Bucharest	1,716,961	11	Brăila	Brăila	154,686	Iași Constanța
	2	Cluj-Napoca	Cluj	286,598	12	Arad	Arad	145,078
	3	Iași	Iași	271,692	13	Pitești	Argeș	141,275
	4	Constanța	Constanța	263,688	14	Bacău	Bacău	136,087
	5	Timișoara	Timiș	250,849	15	Sibiu	Sibiu	134,309
	6	Brașov	Brașov	237,589	16	Târgu Mureș	Mureș	116,033
	7	Craiova	Dolj	234,140	17	Baia Mare	Maramureș	108,759
	8	Galați	Galați	217,851	18	Buzău	Buzău	103,481
	9	Oradea	Bihor	183,105	19	Râmnicu Vâlcea	Vâlcea	93,151
	10	Ploiești	Prahova	180,540	20	Satu Mare	Satu Mare	91,520

Education

Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.^[407] In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in kindergarten (three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).^[408] In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.^[409] Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.^[410]^[411] Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal private tutoring system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.^[412]

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.^[413]

Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the International Mathematical Olympiad with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. Ciprian Manolescu managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.^[414] Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the International Olympiad in Informatics with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.^[415]^[416]^[417]

Healthcare

Romania has a universal health care system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.^[418] It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.^[419] In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,^[420] with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,^[421] and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.^[422] As of 2013^[update], the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.^[423]

Culture

Arts and monuments

The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School scholars.^[424] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem Luceafărul.^[425]

In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco,^[426] Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Grigorescu, Marin Preda, Liviu Rebreanu,^[427] Eugène Ionesco, Emil Cioran, and Constantin Brâncuși. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture Bird in Space, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.^[428]^[429] Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while Banat Swabian writer Herta Müller received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature.^[430]

Prominent Romanian painters include: Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza, and Theodor Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include: Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti, and especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.^[431]

Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir,^[432]^[433] Inna,^[434] Alexandra Stan,^[435] and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian popcorn music style had established itself in the international mainstream.^[436]^[437]^[438] At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.^[439]

In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes Film Festival, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu by Cristi Puiu won the Prix Un Certain Regard in 2005,^[440] while 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu won the festival's top prize, the Palme d'Or, in 2007.^[441] At the Berlin International Film Festival, Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear in 2013.^[442]

The list of World Heritage Sites includes six cultural sites located within Romania, including eight painted churches of northern Moldavia, eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery, and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara.^[443] The city of Sibiu, with its Brukenthal National Museum, was selected as the 2007 European Capital of Culture and the 2019 European Region of Gastronomy.^[444]^[445] Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of Peleș Castle,^[446] Corvin Castle, and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".^[447]

Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the Great Union Day, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.^[448] Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: plugușorul, sorcova, ursul, and capra.^[449]^[450] The traditional Romanian dress that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.^[451] There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.^[452] In the Easter, traditions such as painting the eggs are very common. On 1 March mărțișor gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.^[453]

Romanian cuisine has been influenced by Austrian and German cuisine (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg monarchy), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the Balkan region such as the Greek, Bulgarian, or Serbian cuisine.^[454] Ciorbă includes a wide range of sour soups, while mititei, mămăligă (similar to polenta), and sarmale are featured commonly in main courses.^[455]

Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.^[456]^[457] Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: chiftele, tobă and tochitură at Christmas; drob, pască and cozonac at Easter and other Romanian holidays.^[458] Țuică is a strong plum brandy reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the largest plum producers in the world).^[459]^[460] Traditional alcoholic beverages also include wine, rachiu, palincă and vișinată, but beer consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.^[461]

Media

Sports

Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): Nadia Comăneci, Gheorghe Hagi, Simona Halep, and Cristina Neagu

Football is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018^[update]. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to UEFA.^[462]

The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The Romania national football team played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three FIFA World Cups, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, eventually being ranked 3rd by FIFA in 1997.^[463]

The core player of this golden generation was Gheorghe Hagi, who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".^[464] Other successful players include the European Golden Shoe winners: Dudu Georgescu, Dorin Mateuț and Rodion Cămătaru, Nicolae Dobrin,^[465] Ilie Balaci,^[466] Florea Dumitrache,^[467] Mihai Mocanu,^[468] Michael Klein,^[469] Mircea Rednic,^[469] Cornel Dinu,^[467] Mircea Lucescu,^[470] Costică Ștefănescu,^[471] Liță Dumitru,^[472] Lajos Sătmăreanu,^[473] Ștefan Sameș,^[474] Ladislau Bölöni,^[475] Anghel Iordănescu,^[476] Miodrag Belodedici,^[477] Helmuth Duckadam,^[478] Marius Lăcătuș,^[469] Victor Pițurcă^[479] and many others, and most recently Gheorghe Popescu,^[480] Florin Răducioiu,^[481] Dorinel Munteanu,^[482] Dan Petrescu,^[483] Adrian Mutu,^[484] Cristian Chivu,^[484] or Cosmin Contra.^[484] Romania's home ground is the Arena Națională in Bucharest.

The most successful club is Steaua București, who were the first Eastern European team to win the UEFA Champions League in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.^[485] Dinamo București reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup semi-final in 1990.^[486] Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid București,^[487] UTA Arad,^[488] Universitatea Craiova,^[489] Petrolul Ploiești,^[490] CFR Cluj,^[491] Astra Giurgiu,^[492] and Viitorul Constanța^[493] (the latter having recently merged with FCV Farul Constanța).^[494]

Tennis is the second most popular sport.^[495] Romania reached the Davis Cup finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.^[496] In singles, Ilie Năstase was the first year-end World Number 1 in the ATP rankings in 1973, winning several Grand Slam titles. Also Virginia Ruzici won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep won the French Open in 2018 and Wimbledon in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as WTA's World Number 1. And in doubles Horia Tecău won three Grand Slams and the ATP Finals final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.^[497]

The second most popular team sport is handball.^[495] The men's team won the handball world championship in 1961, 1964, 1970, 1974 making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The women's team won the world championship in 1962 and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the EHF Champions League a total of three times, Steaua București won in 1968 as well as 1977 and Dinamo București won in 1965. The most notable players include Ștefan Birtalan, Vasile Stîngă (all-time top scorer in the national team) and Gheorghe Gruia who was named the best player ever in 1992.^[498] In present-day Cristina Neagu is the most notable player and has a record four IHF World Player of the Year awards.^[499] In women's handball, powerhouse CSM București lifted the EHF Champions League trophy in 2016.^[500]

Popular individual sports include combat sports,^[495] martial arts,^[495] and swimming.^[495] In professional boxing, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include Lucian Bute, Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Adrian Diaconu, and Michael Loewe.^[501] Another popular combat sport is professional kickboxing, which has produced prominent practitioners including Daniel Ghiță,^[502] and Benjamin Adegbuyi.^[503]

Romania's 306 all-time Summer Olympics medals would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The 1984 Summer Olympics was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the medal rankings. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.^[504]

Gymnastics is the country's major medal-producing sport,^[505] with Olympic and sport icon Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.^[506] Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers Elisabeta Lipa (1984–2004) and Georgeta Damian (2000–2008).^[507] The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.^[508]

Notes

^ /roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a]

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Primary sources

The Ancient History of Herodotus (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.

External links

Country Profile from BBC News.
Romania Article and Country Profile from Encyclopædia Britannica
Romania Profile from Balkan Insight.
România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data from INS
Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

Government

Romanian Presidency
Romanian Parliament Archived 28 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine

Culture and history links

46°N 25°E / 46°N 25°E / 46; 25

[15] /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ^ⓘ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [r o m ɨ ˈ n i .a ] ^ⓘ

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[19] Coord. Andrei, Tudorel (2019). ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic [ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary] (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Institute of Statistics (Romania). p. 5. ISSN 2066-4079. Retrieved 29 February 2024. Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation]

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[21] Christine Lagarde (16 July 2013). "Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024. Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge.

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[30] Holban, Maria (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române (in Romanian). Vol. II. Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică. pp. 158–161. Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli ...

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Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI WorldCat
National	Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Portugal Vatican
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
People	UK Parliament
Other	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+| native_name            = {{native name|ro|România}}
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+| image_flag             = Flag of Romania.svg
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-<br /><center>[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</center>
+| national_anthem        = "[[Deșteaptă-te, române!]]"<br />("Awaken thee, Romanian!")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</div>
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+| largest_city           = capital
-|official_languages     = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|title=Constitution of Romania|publisher=Cdep.ro|access-date=2 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|archivedate=7 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+| official_languages     = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|title=Constitution of Romania|publisher=Cdep.ro|access-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
-| languages2_type       = Recognised minority<br />languages<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+| languages2_type        = Recognised minority<br />languages<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
-| languages2            =
+| languages2             = {{Collapsible list
+| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
-{{Collapsible list
+| title= ''See here''
- |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
+| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
- |title= ''See here''
- |[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
+| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
- |[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
+| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
- |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
+| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
- |[[Czech language|Czech]]
+| [[Czech language|Czech]]
- |[[German language|German]]
+| [[German language|German]]
- |[[Greek language|Greek]]
+| [[Greek language|Greek]]
- |[[Italian language|Italian]]
+| [[Italian language|Italian]]
+| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
- |[[Yiddish]]
- |[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
+| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
- |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
+| [[Polish language|Polish]]
- |[[Polish language|Polish]]
+| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
- |[[Romani language|Romani]]
+| [[Romani language|Romani]]
- |[[Russian language|Russian]]
+| [[Russian language|Russian]]
- |[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]
+| [[Rusyn language|Ruthenian]]
- |[[Serbian language|Serbian]]
+| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
- |[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
+| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
- |[[Crimean Tatar language|Tatar]]
+| [[Dobrujan Tatar|Tatar]]
- |[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
+| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
- |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
+| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
+| [[Yiddish]]
 }}
-|ethnic_groups =
+| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
+ | 89.3% [[Romanians]]
- {{unbulleted list
+ | 6.0% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]
-  | 88.9% [[Romanians]]
-  |  6.1% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]
+ | 3.4% [[Romani people in Romania|Romani]]
-  |  3.3% [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]]
+ | 1.2% [[Minorities in Romania|others]]
-  |  0.2% [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]]
-  |  0.2% [[Germans of Romania|Germans]]
  }}
+| ethnic_groups_year     = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
-|ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="CensusRef">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census (final results)|publisher=INSSE|accessdate=28 August 2012|language=ro|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|archivedate=17 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702045135/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|demonym = [[Romanians|Romanian]]
+| demonym                = [[Romanians|Romanian]]
-|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]<br />[[republic]]
+| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
-|leader_title1 = [[President of Romania|President]]
+|{{Tree list}}
-|leader_name1 = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
+* 84.79% [[Christianity]]
-|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]
+** 73.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
-|leader_name2  = [[Viorica Dăncilă]]
+** 6.44% [[Protestantism]]
-|legislature = [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]
-|upper_house = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]
+** 4.49% [[Catholic Church in Romania|Catholicism]]
+** 0.24% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
-|lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]
+{{Tree list/end}}
-|sovereignty_type = [[History of Romania|Establishment history]]
+|0.8% [[Irreligion in Romania|no religion]]
-|established_event1 = First Romanian polities
+|0.44% [[Religion in Romania|other]]
-|established_date1 = 10th century – 1330
+<!--|13.95% either missing data or unanswered, of which:-->
-|established_event2 = [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]]
+|9.01% unanswered
-|established_date2 = 1330
+|4.94% missing data
-|established_event3 = [[Principality of Moldavia]]
+}}
-|established_date3 = 1346
+| religion_year          = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
-|established_event4 = [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]]
+| religion_ref           = <ref name="Census2021-Religion">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804110637/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Contributors 2022 Kivu">{{cite web |first=Mircea | last=Kivu | title=Un recensământ cu grave probleme | website=Contributors | date=2022-08-19 | url=https://www.contributors.ro/un-recensamant-cu-grave-probleme/ | access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref>
-|established_date4 = 1570
+| government_type        = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
-|established_event5 = First common rule under [[Michael the Brave]]
+| leader_title1          = [[President of Romania|President]]
-|established_date5 = 1600
+| leader_name1           = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
-|established_event6 = [[United Principalities]]<sup>a</sup>
+| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]
-|established_date6 = 24 January 1859
+| leader_name2           = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]
-|established_event7 = [[Romanian War of Independence|Independence]] from<br />the [[Ottoman Empire]]
+| leader_title3          = [[President of the Senate of Romania|President of the Senate]]
-|established_date7 = 9 May 1877{{\}}1878<sup>b</sup>
+| leader_name3           = [[Nicolae Ciucă]]
-|established_event8 = [[Kingdom of Romania]]
+| leader_title4          = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
-|established_date8 = 14 March 1881
+| leader_name4           = [[Alfred Simonis]]
-|established_event9 = [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|Great Union]]<sup>c</sup>
+| legislature            = [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]
-|established_date9 = 1 December 1918<sup>d</sup>
+| upper_house            = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]
-|area_km2 = 238,397
+| lower_house            = [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]
-|area_rank = 81st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
+| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Romania|Establishment history]]
-|area_sq_mi = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
+| established_event1     = [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]]
-|percent_water = 3
+| established_date1      = 1330
-|population_estimate = 19,638,000 {{decrease}}<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2017e.pdf "Annual official estimate"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003533/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2017e.pdf|date=30 August 2017}}.(PDF) 2017 Revision</ref>
+| established_event2     = [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]]
-|population_census = 20,121,641<ref name="CensusRef" />
+| established_date2      = 1346
-|population_estimate_year = 2017
+| established_event3     = [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|Little Union]]
-|population_estimate_rank= 59th
+| established_date3      = 24 January 1859
-|population_census_year = 2011
+| established_event4     = [[Romanian War of Independence|De jure Independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]]
-|population_census_rank = 58th
+| established_date4      = 9 May 1877/1878
-|population_density_km2 = 84.4
+| established_event5     = [[Great Union]]
-|population_density_sq_mi = 218.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
+| established_date5      = 1 December 1918/1921
-|population_density_rank = 117th
+| established_event6     = [[Kingdom of Romania|Military dictatorship]]
-|GDP_PPP = $547 billion<ref name=imfgdp>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=25&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
+| established_date6      = 1941
-|GDP_PPP_year = 2019
+| established_event7     = [[People's Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]]
-|GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd
+| established_date7      = 30 December 1947
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $28,189<ref name=imfgdp/>
+| established_event8     = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 109|Joined]] the [[United Nations]]
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 55th
+| established_date8      = 14 December 1955
-|GDP_nominal = $265 billion<ref name=imfgdp />
+| established_event9     = [[Romanian Revolution|Current state form]]
-|GDP_nominal_year = 2019
+| established_date9      = 27 December 1989<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsJADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|title=Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach|first=Robert|last=Elgie|date=28 November 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137346223|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu3TAAAAMAAJ&q=emblem|title=Romania Directory|date=1 April 1990|publisher=Editura Cronos|isbn=9789739000000|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|title=DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ|website=legislatie.just.ro|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906055113/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|GDP_nominal_rank = 49th
+| established_event13    = [[Romanian constitution|Constitution adopted]]
-|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,664<ref name=imfgdp />
+| established_date13     = 8 December 1991
-|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th
+| established_event14    = [[Enlargement of NATO#Vilnius Group|Joined]] [[NATO]]
-|Gini = 35.9 <!--number only-->
+| established_date14     = 29 March 2004
-|Gini_year = 2015
+| established_event15    = [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]
-|Gini_change =  decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| established_date15     = 1 January 2007
-|Gini_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RO |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
+| area_km2               = 238,398
-|Gini_rank =
+| area_footnote          = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf  |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (pg.17)|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] (www.insse.ro/cms/en) |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054533/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf}}</ref>
-|HDI = 0.811 <!--number only-->
+| area_rank              = 81st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
-|HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
+| area_sq_mi             = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
-|HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| percent_water          = 3
-|HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|title=2016 Human Development Report|date=2018|accessdate=20 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|pages=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322121226/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+| population_estimate    = 19,051,562<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf |title=Populaţia rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2023 |publisher=INSSE (www.insse.ro) |access-date=2023-08-30 |language=ro |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830090953/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|HDI_rank = 52nd
+| population_census      = {{decreaseNeutral}} 19,053,815<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2021 |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=ro |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928063329/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|currency = [[Romanian Leu]]
+| population_estimate_year = January 2023
-|currency_code = RON
+| population_estimate_rank = 63rd
-|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| population_census_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
-|utc_offset = +2
+| population_census_rank = 67th
-|utc_offset_DST = +3
+| population_density_km2 = 79.9
-|time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
+| population_density_sq_mi = 218.6 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
-|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
+| population_density_rank = 136th
-|drives_on = right
+| GDP_PPP                             = {{increase}} $817.986 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=968,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Romania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>
-|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Romania|+40]]
+| GDP_PPP_rank                    = 35th
-|patron_saint = [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]]
+| GDP_PPP_year                    = 2024
-| iso3166code  = RO
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = {{increase}} $43,179<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
-|cctld = [[.ro]]<sup>e</sup>
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 48th
-|footnote_a = The double election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] in [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] (respectively, 5 and 24 January 1859).
+| GDP_nominal                       = {{increase}} $369.971 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
-|footnote_b = Independence proclaimed on 9 May 1877, internationally recognised in 1878.
+| GDP_nominal_rank              = 41st
-|footnote_c = The union of Romania with [[Bessarabia]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Transylvania]] in 1918.
+| GDP_nominal_year              = 2024
-|footnote_d = Monarchy was abolished on 30 December 1947 upon the proclamation of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|People's Republic]] and was changed with the [[1965 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] upon its adoption on 21 August 1965 as the Socialist Republic. The Communist regime [[Romanian Revolution|fell]] on 22 December 1989, the new democratic government was installed on 20 May 1990 and the new post-communist [[Constitution of Romania|constitution]] was adopted on 21 November 1991. Romania joined the [[European Union]] on 1 January 2007.
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita     = {{increase}} $19,530<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
-|footnote_e = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 56th
+| Gini                   = 31.0 <!--number only-->
+| Gini_year              = 2023
+| Gini_change            = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| Gini_ref               = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| Gini_rank              =
+| HDI                    = 0.827 <!--number only-->
+| HDI_year               = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
+| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| HDI_rank               = 53rd
+| currency               = [[Romanian leu]]
+| currency_code          = RON
+| time_zone              = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| drives_on              = [[driving side|right]]
+| utc_offset             = +2
+| utc_offset_DST         = +3
+| time_zone_DST          = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
+| calling_code           = +40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
+| patron_saint           = [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]]
+| cctld                  = [[.ro]]<sup>a</sup>
+| official_website       = https://www.gov.ro/
+| footnote_a             = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
+| today                  =
 }}
-'''Romania''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|ro|MAY|nee|ə}}; {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}) is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]]. It borders the [[Black Sea]] to the southeast, [[Bulgaria]] to the south, [[Ukraine]] to the north, [[Hungary]] to the west, [[Serbia]] to the southwest, and [[Moldova]] to the east. It has a predominantly [[temperate climate|temperate]]-[[continental climate]]. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi), Romania is the [[List of European countries by area|12th largest country]] and also the [[List of European Union member states by population|7th most populous]] member state of the [[European Union]], having almost 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]] and other major [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|urban areas]] include [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Timișoara]], [[Iași]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], or [[Brașov]].
+'''Romania'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg}} {{respell|roh|MAY|nee|ə}}; {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}}} is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>*{{Cite web |title=Romania |url=https://www.presidency.ro/en/president/romania |website=presidency.ro |publisher=[[President of Romania|Presidential Administration of Romania]] |quote=Geographical Facts ― Romania lies in the northern hemisphere, in the south-eastern Central Europe at the junction with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and at the crossroad of important routes. |access-date=26 February 2024 }}
+*{{cite journal |access-date=26 February 2024 |first=Peter |last=Jordan |journal=Europa Regional |year=2005 |title=Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien |trans-title=The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=162–173 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) |location=[[Leipzig]] |via=Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) |url=http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html }}
+*{{cite journal |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |title=Romania: a geopolitical outline |first=Radu |last=Săgeată |journal=Potsdamer geographische Forschungen - Am östlichen Rand der Europäischen Union |publisher=[[University of Potsdam]] |location=[[Brandenburg]] |date=2009-12-02 |issue=28 |pages=45–58 |language=en |isbn=978-3-940793-97-3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229081147/https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite book |last=Coord. Andrei |first=Tudorel |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/romania_in_cifre_2019_2.pdf |title=ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic |trans-title=ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]] |year=2019 |location=[[Bucharest]] |page=5 |quote=Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation] |language=ro |issn=2066-4079 |access-date=29 February 2024 }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://dig.watch/countries/romania |title=Romania |website=dig.watch |publisher=Geneva Internet Platform - Digital Watch Observatory |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319122146/https://dig.watch/countries/romania |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp071613 |title=Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity |website=imf.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |author=Christine Lagarde |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=1 March 2024 |quote=Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge. |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301195944/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp071613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>*{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |title=7 Invitees - Romania at a glance |website=nato.int |publisher=[[NATO]] |date=19 February 2004 |access-date=28 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in South-East Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. [...] The parallel of 45º north latitude (midway between the Equator and the North Pole) crosses Romania 70 km north of the capital, and the meridian of 25º east longitude (midway between the shore of the Atlantic and the Ural Mountains) passes 90 km west of Bucharest. Romania is situated at the contact of Central Europe with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, [...] its territory constituting a bridge between Central and Southeastern Europe and the Near East. |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029052253/https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |url-status=live }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=B8 |title=GDP growth (annual %) - Central Europe and the Baltics |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 March 2024 }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |title=Central Europe: Higher funding costs in bond markets |website=economic-research.bnpparibas.com |publisher=[[BNP Paribas]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319122141/https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |title=The Evolution of Central Europe |date=Dec 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |access-date=Mar 2, 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302152113/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-europe/ |title=The lessons from the last 100 years of Central Europe's history |date=Nov 13, 2018 |author=Prince Michael of Liechtenstein }} → {{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-european-countries/ |title=The Central European dilemma |date=Nov 4, 2021 |publisher=GIS Reports |access-date=March 2, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |title=The future of Romania in Europe, its relations with Moldova and the continental chessboard with Russia |website=blue-europe.eu |publisher=Blue Europe - The European Think Hub |author=Henrique Horta |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=26 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, on the western beaches of the Black Sea. [...] Minor geographical modifications have been made since [the 19th century], but the majority of what is now modern Romania is made up of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. [...] Wallachia’s development was influenced by South Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of its proximity to the Balkans. [...] The Transylvanian Highlands are connected to Central Europe, where the Catholic religion and Austro-Hungarian influences can still be seen today. [...] However, Moldavia has a significant cultural impact, and was impacted by Eastern European elements like the Orthodox religion and the Russian Empire. [...] In this context, Romania is seen as being on the outskirts of South, East, and Central Europe. [...] Constanza’s deep-water port serves as a geo-economic center connecting the markets of Central and Eastern Europe by road, rail, and air. [...] Romania has a fair share of geopolitical goals due to its location at the intersection of Central, East, and South Europe. |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227084944/https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It borders [[Ukraine]] to the north and east, [[Hungary]] to the west, [[Serbia]] to the southwest, [[Bulgaria]] to the south, [[Moldova]] to the east, and the [[Black Sea]] to the southeast. It has a predominantly [[continental climate]], and an area of {{convert|238397|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest country]] in Europe and the [[List of European Union member states by population|sixth-most populous]] member state of the [[European Union]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]], followed by [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Iași]], [[Timișoara]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], [[Brașov]], and [[Galați]].
-The [[Danube|River Danube]], Europe's second-longest river, rises in [[Germany]]'s [[Black Forest]] and flows in a general southeast direction for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Mountains]], which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html|title=Romania Geography|publisher=aboutromania.com|access-date=4 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html|archivedate=28 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Europe's second-longest river, the [[Danube]], rises in Germany's [[Black Forest]] and flows southeast for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, before emptying into Romania's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania Geography |url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=aboutromania.com}}</ref>
-Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a [[United Principalities|personal union]] of the Danubian Principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. Following [[World War I]], when Romania fought on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]], [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]] as well as parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the sovereign [[Kingdom of Romania]]. In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]], and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June 1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it [[King Michael's Coup|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war, under the occupation of the [[Red Army]]'s forces, Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania since 1989|began a transition]] back towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]].
+Settlement in what is now Romania began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] followed by written records attesting the kingdom of [[Dacia]], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|its conquest]], and subsequent [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during [[late antiquity]]. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a [[personal union]] of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Danubian Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. During [[World War I]], after declaring its [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in 1914, Romania [[Romania in World War I|fought]] together with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]], and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|title=Romania during the period of neutrality|last=Stoleru|first=Ciprian|date=13 September 2018|website=Europe Centenary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111152/https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June–August&nbsp;1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November&nbsp;1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June&nbsp;1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], [[Romania in World War II|fighting against the Soviet Union]] until August&nbsp;1944, when it [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the [[Red Army]], Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989&nbsp;Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania (1989–present)|began a transition]] towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]].
+Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income country]],<ref name="WB GROUP"/> with a very high [[Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]<ref name="UNHDR"/> and a highly complex economy,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |title=Country & Product Complexity Rankings |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |publisher=[[The Atlas of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504000817/https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |url-status=live }} → {{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/185 |title=Romania |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] - Growth Lab |quote=Romania is ⁨a high-income country, ranking as the ⁨⁨45th richest economy per capita [in 2021] out of 133 studied. [...] Romania ranks as the ⁨⁨19th most complex country in the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranking. Compared to a decade prior, ⁨Romania's ⁨economy has become more complex, ⁨improving 9 positions in the ECI ranking. [...] Romania is ⁨more complex than expected for its income level. |date=2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 }}</ref> that is emerging to be a [[middle power]] in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions |url=http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |website=ier.gov.ro |publisher=European Institute of Romania |author=Radu Magdin |date=February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313224041/http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Clingendael Institute |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150939/https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425045622/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Băzăvan |first=Adrian |date=2023-08-20 |title=România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa |url=https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Cred în România |language=ro-RO |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235043/https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> being the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|41st largest by nominal GDP]], and the 35th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest and cheapest internet speeds]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=30 de ani de Internet în România. Țara noastră rămâne în primele 10 state din lume la viteza de navigare grație rețelelor fixe |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=www.digi24.ro |language=ro |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129193306/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and OMV [[Petrom]]. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic [[Romanians]] and religiously identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]], speaking [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (more specifically [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]). Romania is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Schengen Area]], [[NATO]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]], and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].
-The [[sovereign state]] of Romania is a [[developing country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 April 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425031145/https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries |archivedate=25 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 September 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094539/https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/ |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ranks 52nd in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|title=- Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> It has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|47th largest economy by nominal GDP]] and an annual economic growth rate of 7% (2017), the highest in the EU at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |title="Country Comparison : GDP - Real Growth Rate", CIA World Factbook, accessed 26 July 2017 |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |access-date=26 July 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |archivedate=1 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and [[Petrom|OMV Petrom]]. It has been a member of the [[United Nations]] since 1955, part of [[NATO]] since 2004, and part of the [[European Union]] since 2007. An overwhelming majority of the population identifies themselves as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and are native speakers of [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]].
-==Etymology==<!--linked-->
+==Etymology==
 {{Main|Name of Romania}}
-''Romania'' derives from the Latin ''romanus'', meaning [[Ancient Rome|"citizen of Rome"]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=rom%C3%A2n |title=Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1998; New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 2002 |publisher=Dexonline.ro |access-date=25 September 2010 |language=ro |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517200517/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv%3Drom%25C3%25A2n |archivedate=17 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first known use of the appellation was attested to in the 16th century by [[Italians|Italian]] humanists travelling in [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{Cite book|quote="nunc se Romanos vocant"|first=Andréas|last=Veress|title=Acta et Epistolae|volume=I|page=243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|quote="...&nbsp;si dimandano in lingua loro Romei&nbsp;... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,&nbsp;..."|author=Cl. Isopescu|title=Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento|journal=Bulletin de la Section Historique|volume=XVI|year=1929|pages=1–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote="Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli&nbsp;..."|first=Maria|last=Holban|title=Călători străini despre Țările Române|language=Romanian|publisher=Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică|year=1983|volume=II|pages=158–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote="Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur&nbsp;... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain&nbsp;..."|title=Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48|first=Paul|last=Cernovodeanu|journal=Studii și materiale de istorie medievală|volume=IV|year=1960|page=444|language=Romanian}}</ref>
+"Romania" derives from the local name for [[Romanians|Romanian]] ({{lang-ro|român}}), which in turn derives from [[Latin]] [[wikt:romanus|''romanus'']], meaning "[[Roman people|Roman]]" or "of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=rom%C3%A2n |title=''Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 1998; ''New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 2002 |publisher=Dexonline.ro |access-date=25 September 2010 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517200517/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv%3Drom%25C3%25A2n |archive-date=17 May 2016  }}</ref> This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th&nbsp;century by Italian humanists travelling in [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|it|...&nbsp;si dimandano in lingua loro Romei&nbsp;... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,&nbsp;...}} |author=Cl. Isopescu|title=Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento|journal=Bulletin de la Section Historique|volume=XVI|year=1929|pages=1–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote={{lang|it|Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli&nbsp;...}}|first=Maria|last=Holban|title=Călători străini despre Țările Române|language=ro|publisher=Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică|year=1983|volume=II|pages=158–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|fr|Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur&nbsp;... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain&nbsp;...}} |title=Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48|first=Paul|last=Cernovodeanu|journal=Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medievală|volume=IV|year=1960|page=444|language=ro}}</ref> The oldest known surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "[[Neacșu's letter|Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung]]",<ref>{{Citation |last=Iliescu |first=Maria |title=History of the Romanian Lexicon |date=2021-05-26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-08-22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235208/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-471 |url-status=live }}</ref> is notable for including the first documented occurrence of ''Romanian'' in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as {{lang|ro|Țara Rumânească}}.
-[[File:Neacşu's letter.jpg|thumb|left|[[Neacșu's letter]] from 1521, the oldest surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]].]]
-The oldest known surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a 1521 letter known as the "[[Neacșu's letter|Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung]]",<ref>Ion Rotaru, ''Literatura română veche'', [http://www.cimec.ro/istorie/neacsu/eng/people.htm "The Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609023008/https://www.cimec.ro/Istorie/neacsu/eng/people.htm |date= 9 June 2011 }}, București, 1981, pp. 62–65</ref> is also notable for including the first documented occurrence of the country's name: Wallachia is mentioned as ''Țeara Rumânească'' (old spelling for "The Romanian Land"; ''țeara'' from the [[Latin]] ''terra'', "land"; current spelling: ''Țara Românească'').
+==History==
-Two spelling forms: ''român'' and ''rumân'' were used interchangeably<ref group=lower-alpha>''"am scris aceste sfente cărți de învățături, să fie popilor rumânesti&nbsp;... să înțeleagă toți oamenii cine-s rumâni creștini"'' "Întrebare creștinească" (1559), Bibliografia românească veche, IV, 1944, p. 6. <br />''"...&nbsp;că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială multă&nbsp;... și le-au dăruit voo fraților români,&nbsp;... și le-au scris voo fraților români"'' Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582), București, 1968. <br />''În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul&nbsp;...'', Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, p. 133–134.</ref> until sociolinguistic developments in the late 17th century led to semantic differentiation of the two forms: ''rumân'' came to mean "[[indentured servant|bondsman]]", while ''român'' retained the original ethnolinguistic meaning.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Brezeanu|first = Stelian|title =Romanitatea Orientală în Evul Mediu|publisher =Editura All Educational|year=1999|location =Bucharest|pages =229–246 }}</ref> After the abolition of [[serfdom]] in 1746, the word ''rumân'' gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form ''român''.<ref group=lower-alpha>In his literary testament [[Ienăchiță Văcărescu]] writes: "Urmașilor mei Văcărești!/Las vouă moștenire:/Creșterea limbei românești/Ș-a patriei cinstire." <br />In the ''"Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă și a răzmeriței din timpul lui pe la 1790"'' a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Țara Românească.</ref> [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term ''Rumânia'' to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia."<ref>Goina, Călin. ''[http://epa.oszk.hu/00400/00476/00005/pdf/13.pdf How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095221/http://epa.oszk.hu/00400/00476/00005/pdf/13.pdf |date=10 October 2017 }}'' in ''Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society''.</ref>
+<!---PLEASE stop expanding this section, ESPECIALLY without adding references. It is already too large. Expand the sub-articles instead.---->
+{{Main|History of Romania}}
+===Prehistory===
-The use of the name ''Romania'' to refer to the common homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century.<ref group=lower-alpha>In 1816, the Greek scholar [[Dimitrie Daniel Philippide]] published in [[Leipzig]] his work ''The History of Romania'', followed by ''The Geography of Romania''. <br />On the [[Headstone|tombstone]] of [[Gheorghe Lazăr]] in [[Avrig]] (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morți a înviat/Așa tu România din somn ai deșteptat."</ref> The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/ro-wm.html |title=Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859–61 |access-date=5 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609174152/http://www.fotw.net/flags/ro-wm.html |archivedate=9 June 2007 |df= }}</ref>
+[[File:库库特尼陶碗陶罐.JPG|thumb|Three [[Chalcolithic]] ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from [[Scânteia, Iași|Scânteia]], Romania and displayed at the [[Palace of Culture (Iași)|Moldavia National Museum Complex]]|267x267px]]
+Human remains found in [[Peștera cu Oase]] ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in Europe.{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}} [[Neolithic]] agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from [[Thessaly]] in the 6th&nbsp;millennium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=125–127}} Excavations near a [[salt spring]] at [[Vânători-Neamț|Lunca]] yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Patrick |last=Gibbs |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/weller/ |title=Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/ |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} which were larger than {{convert|800|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html |title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity |author= John Noble Wilford |publisher= [[The New York Times]] (30 November 2009)|date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170423023342/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= 23 April 2017 }}</ref>{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
-In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt ''Rumania'' or ''Roumania''.<ref>See, for example, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/opinion/rumania-remarkable-common-ground.html Rumania: Remarkable Common Ground"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231183344/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/opinion/rumania-remarkable-common-ground.html |date=31 December 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'' (December 21, 1989).</ref> ''Romania'' became the predominant spelling around 1975.<ref>See the [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Romania%2CRumania%2CRoumania&year_start=1870&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3 Google Ngrams for Romania, Rumania, and Roumania].</ref> ''Romania'' is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a1|title=General principles|publisher=cdep.ro|language=Romanian|access-date=7 September 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a1|archivedate=7 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A handful of other languages (including Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, and Norwegian) have also switched to "o" like English, but most languages continue to prefer forms with ''u'', e.g. French ''Roumanie'', German and Swedish ''Rumänien'', Spanish ''Rumanía'', Polish ''Rumunia'', Russian Румыния (''Rumyniya''), and Japanese ルーマニア (''Rūmania'').
+The [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]]—the best known [[archaeological culture]] of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]—flourished in [[Muntenia]], southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia between c. 5500 to 2750 BC.<ref name="Mantu">{{cite journal | last = Mantu | first = Cornelia-Magda | title = Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area | journal = Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica | volume = VII | page = 267 | publisher = Iași University | location = Iași, Romania | year = 2000 | url = http://cisa.uaic.ro/saa/no7.htm | oclc = 228808567 | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110711055237/http://cisa.uaic.ro/saa/no7.htm | archive-date = 11 July 2011}}</ref> During its middle phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in [[Neolithic Europe]], some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/8641305|title=High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization|first=Johannes|last=Müller|website=academia.edu|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113190128/http://www.academia.edu/8641305/High_precision_Tripolye_settlement_plans_demographic_estimations_and_settlement_organization|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>
+The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800&nbsp;BC, showing the militant character of [[Bronze Age]] societies.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
-===Official names===
+===Antiquity===
+{{Main|Romania in Antiquity}}
-*1859–1862: '''[[United Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]'''
+{{See also|Legacy of the Roman Empire}}
-*1862–1866: '''[[United Principalities|Romanian United Principalities]]''' or Romania
+[[File:Dacia 82 vChr.png|left|thumb|Maximum territorial extent of the [[Dacia|Kingdom of Dacia]] during [[Burebista]]'s reign (early 40s BC)]]
-*1866–1881: '''[[United Principalities|Romania]]''' or Principality of Romania
-*1881–1947: '''[[Kingdom of Romania]]''' or Romania
-*1947–1965: '''[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]]''' (RPR) or Romania
-*1965–[[Romanian Revolution|December, 1989]]: '''[[Socialist Republic of Romania]]''' (RSR) or Romania
-*December, 1989–present: '''Romania'''
+Greek colonies established on the [[Black Sea]] coast in the 7th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=3}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=3}} Among the native peoples, [[Herodotus]] listed the [[Getae]] of the Lower Danube region, the [[Agathyrsi]] of Transylvania and the [[Syginnae]] of the plains along the river [[Tisza]] at the beginning of the 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Rustoiu|2005|pp=32, 35–36}} Centuries later, [[Strabo]] associated the Getae with the [[Dacians]] who dominated the lands along the southern [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the 1st&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}} [[Burebista]] was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=14}} He also conquered the Greek colonies in [[Dobruja]] and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the [[Balkan Mountains]] between around 55&nbsp;and&nbsp;44 BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=14–15}} After Burebista was murdered in 44&nbsp;BC, his kingdom collapsed.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}}
-==History==
+[[File:Sarmizegetusa Regia.JPG|thumb|alt=Remains of circular buildings in a glade|Ruins of sanctuaries at [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] (Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus)]]
-<!---PLEASE stop expanding this section, ESPECIALLY without adding references. It is already too large. Expand the sub-articles instead.---->
-{{Main|History of Romania}}
+The Romans reached [[Dacia]] during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}} [[Dacia]] was again united under [[Decebalus]] around 85&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=15}} He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=9–10}} Emperor [[Trajan]] transformed [[Banat]], [[Oltenia]], and the greater part of Transylvania into a new [[Roman province|province]] called [[Roman Dacia]], but Dacian and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=68–69, 97–98}} The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=13–14}} Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the [[origin of the Romanians]]—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' [[ethnogenesis]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=19–20}} The [[Carpians]], [[Goths]], and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the&nbsp;210s.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=14}} The Romans could not resist, and Emperor [[Aurelian]] ordered the evacuation of the province [[Dacia Trajana]] in the 270s.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=105–107}} Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=8, 10}} The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as [[Scythia Minor (Roman province)|Scythia Minor]]) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=108, 110–111}}
-===Prehistory and Antiquity===
+=== Middle Ages ===
-{{Main|Romania in Antiquity}}
+{{Main|Romania in the Early Middle Ages|Romania in the Middle Ages|Founding of Wallachia|Founding of Moldavia}}
-Human remains found in [[Peștera cu Oase]] ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon dated as being from circa 40,000 years ago, represent the oldest known ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in Europe.{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}} [[Neolithic]] techniques and agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from [[Thessaly]] in the 6th millenium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=125–127}} Excavations near a [[salt spring]] at [[Vânători-Neamț|Lunca]] yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here the production of salt started between 6050 and 5900 BC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Patrick |last=Gibbs |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/weller/ |title=Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |access-date=12 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/ |archivedate=30 April 2011 |df= }}</ref> The first permanent settlements also appeared in the Neolithic.{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} Some of them developed into "proto-cities",{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} which were larger than {{convert|800|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all|title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity|author=John Noble Wilford|publisher=The New York Times (30 November 2009)|date=1 December 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231183544/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all|archivedate=31 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}} The [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture]]{{mdash}}the best known [[archaeological culture]] of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]{{mdash}}flourished in [[Muntenia]], southeastern [[Transylvania]] and northeastern [[Moldavia]] in the 3rd millenium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}} The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of [[Bronze Age]] societies.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
+[[File:Gutthiuda.jpg|thumb|left|Gutthiuda, or the land of the [[Gothic language|Gothic]]-speaking [[Thervingi]], and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)]]
+The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the&nbsp;230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their [[suzerainty]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=116–117, 165}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}} The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the [[Huns]] invaded their territory in&nbsp;376, causing new waves of migrations.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|p=151}} The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in&nbsp;454.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=151, 207–208}} The [[Gepids]] took possession of the former Dacia province.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=54}} Place names that are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=131}} The first [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th&nbsp;century,{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=395–397}} in Transylvania around&nbsp;600.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=97–99}} The nomadic [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around&nbsp;570.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=62–63}} The [[Bulgars]], who also came from the European [[Pontic steppe]], occupied the Lower Danube region in&nbsp;680.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}
-Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the 7th century BC became important centers of commerce with the local tribes.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=3}}{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=3}} Among the native peoples, [[Herodotus]] listed the [[Getae]] of the Lower Danube region, the [[Agathyrsi]] of Transylvania and the [[Syginnae]] of the plains along the river [[Tisza]] at the beginning of the 5th century BC.{{sfn|Rustoiu|2005|pp=32, 35–36}} Centuries later, [[Strabo]] associated the Getae with the [[Dacians]] who dominated the lands along the southern [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the 1st century BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=7}} [[Burebista]] was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=14}} He also conquered the Greek colonies in [[Dobruja]] and the neighboring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the [[Balkan Mountains]] between around 55 and 44 BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=14–15}} After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his empire collapsed.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}}
+[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb| [[First Bulgarian Empire]] (681–1018) around 850]]
-The Romans reached Dacia during Burebista's reign and conquered [[Dobruja]] in 46 AD.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}} [[Dacia]] was again united under [[Decebalus]] around 85.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=15}} He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army annihilated his troops in 106.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|pp=9–10}} Emperor [[Trajan]] transformed [[Banat]], [[Oltenia]] and the greater part of Transylvania into the new [[Roman province]] of [[Roman Dacia|Dacia]], but Dacian, [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=68–69, 97–98}} The Romans pursued an organized colonization policy and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|pp=13–14}} Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory{{mdash}}one of the main theories about the [[origin of the Romanians]]{{mdash}}say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' [[ethnogenesis]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=19–20}}
+After the [[Avar Khaganate]] collapsed in the&nbsp;790s, the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river [[Tisa]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}} The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, [[Slavs]], and [[Vlachs]] (or Romanians) but the [[Slavicisation]] of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern [[Transylvania]] around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=2001 |chapter=Southern Transylvania under Bulgar Rule |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032324/https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Council of Preslav]] declared [[Old Church Slavonic]] the language of liturgy in the country in&nbsp;893.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=168, 177}} The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=37}}
+The [[Hungarians|Magyars]] (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the&nbsp;830s, but the Bulgarians and the [[Pechenegs]] jointly forced them to abandon this region for the [[Great Hungarian Plain|lowlands along the Middle Danube]] around&nbsp;894.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=123, 178}} Centuries later, the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—[[Glad (duke)|Glad]], [[Menumorut]] and the Vlach [[Gelou]]—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=20}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=14–15}} The ''Gesta'' also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, [[Khazars]], and [[Székelys]]—inhabiting the same regions.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=140}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=36}} The reliability of the ''Gesta'' is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=15–16 (note 41)}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=111}} The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=182–183}}
-The [[Carpians]], [[Goths]] and other neighboring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.{{sfn|Hitchins|1991|p=14}} The Romans could not resist and Emperor [[Aurelian]] ordered the evacuation of the province in 271.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=105–107}} Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=8, 10}} The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as [[Scythia Minor]]) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=108, 110–111}}
+[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the&nbsp;940s{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=189–190}} and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the&nbsp;970s.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=152}} The first [[king of Hungary]], [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen&nbsp;I]], who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established [[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholic bishoprics]] (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=248–250}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=40–41}} Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the&nbsp;1040s; the [[Oghuz Turks]] followed them, and the nomadic [[Cumans]] became the dominant power of the steppes in the&nbsp;1060s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=304–305}} Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=157}} Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their [[Balkan Peninsula|Balkan]] homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th&nbsp;century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=183}}
-<center>
-<gallery>
-File:Oase 2 skull (Homo sapiens).jpg|alt=A partially reconstructed skull|Skull from the "[[Peștera cu Oase|Cave with Bones]]" (the oldest known remain of ''Homo sapiens'' in Europe).
-File:SoborulZeitelorCucuteni.JPG|alt=Clay figurine of a sitting woman|thumb|"Goddess" (an anthropomorphic clay figurine of the [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]].
-File:Dacia 82 vChr.png|thumb|[[Burebista]]'s kingdom in the 40s BC.
-File:Sarmizegetusa Regia.JPG|alt=Remains of circular buildings in a glade|Ruins of sanctuaries at [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] (Dacia's capital during Burebista and Decebal's reign).
-File:Decebal's portrait.png|alt=A bearded man wearing a cap|[[Decebalus]] (the last Dacian king concluded a peace treaty with the Romans after the [[First Dacian War]]).
-File:094 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XCIV.jpg|Roman soldiers salute [[Emperor Trajan]] during the [[Second Dacian War|Second Roman–Dacian War]] (the war ended with the fall of the Dacian Kingdom).
-File:Roman soldiers fighting against Dacians, battle scene in shallow depth with horses and horn-players (after a bas-relief on the Arch of Constantine, Rome) MET DP827716.jpg|thumb|left|Roman soldiers fighting Dacians, depiction based on a bas-relief from the [[Arch of Constantine]] in Rome
-File:UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg|alt=Aerial view of the ruins of a circular building made of stones|Ruins of the [[amphitheatre]] at [[Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa]] (the capital of Roman Dacia).
-File:2009-DSC08033.jpg|alt=Ruins of a building made of stones and bricks|Roman baths at [[Potaissa (castra)|Potaissa]] (a Roman ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' in Dacia)
-File:Dinogetia Crucifix Byzantine art.JPG|alt=A golden cross decorated with four large gems, depicting Jesus|A 4th-century pectoral cross from [[Dinogetia]] (a Roman town in Scythia Minor).
-</gallery>
-</center>
+[[File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg|thumb|[[Vlad III of Wallachia]] (also known as Vlad the Impaler), medieval ruler of Wallachia]]
-===Middle Ages===
-{{POV section|date=January 2019}}
-{{Section OR|date=January 2019}}
+Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=144–145}} The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around&nbsp;1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around&nbsp;1200.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}} Colonists from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]—the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]' ancestors—came to the province in the&nbsp;1150s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=21}} A high-ranking royal official, styled [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]], ruled the Transylvanian [[Counties of Hungary (before 1920)|counties]] from the&nbsp;1170s, but the Székely and Saxon [[Seat (territorial administrative unit)|seats]] (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=41–43}} Royal charters wrote of the "[[Vlachs]]' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th&nbsp;century, indicating the existence of [[Romanian district|autonomous Romanian communities]].{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=189}} Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the&nbsp;1230s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=408}} Also in the 13th&nbsp;century, the [[Republic of Genoa]] started establishing [[Genoese colonies|colonies]] on the Black Sea, including [[Calafat]], and [[Constanța]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heyd|first=Guglielmo|title=Le Colonie Commerciali Degli Italiani in Oriente Nel Medio Evo|publisher=HardPress Publishing|pages=97|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iliescu|first=Octavian|title=Revue Roumaine d'Histoire (Contributions à l'histoire des colonies génoises en Roumanie aux XIIIe – XVe siècles)|publisher=Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie|pages=25–52}}</ref>
-{{Main|Romania in the Early Middle Ages|Romania in the Middle Ages}}
+The Mongols destroyed large territories during [[Mongol invasion of Europe|their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe]] in&nbsp;1241 and&nbsp;1242.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=43–44}} The Mongols' [[Golden Horde]] emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but [[Béla&nbsp;IV]] of Hungary's land grant to the [[Knights Hospitallers]] in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local [[Vlach]] rulers were subject to the king's authority in&nbsp;1247.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=407, 414}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=44}} [[Basarab&nbsp;I of Wallachia]] united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the&nbsp;1310s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=45}} He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the [[Battle of Posada]] and secured the independence of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]] in&nbsp;1330.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=46}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} The second Romanian principality, [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]], achieved full autonomy during the reign of [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan&nbsp;I]] around&nbsp;1360.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} A local dynasty ruled the [[Despotate of Dobruja]] in the second half of the 14th&nbsp;century, but the [[Ottoman Empire]] took possession of the territory after&nbsp;1388.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=202}}
-{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=400
-|image1=Mihai 1600.png|caption1=The three principalities of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Transylvania]] under the reign of [[Michael the Brave]].
+Princes [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea&nbsp;I]] and [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad&nbsp;III of Wallachia]], and [[Stephen the Great|Stephen&nbsp;III of Moldavia]] defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from&nbsp;1417 and&nbsp;1456, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=60–61, 63–66}} A military commander of Romanian origin, [[John Hunyadi]], organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in&nbsp;1456.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=61–62}} Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and [[Transylvanian peasant revolt|they rose up in an open rebellion]] in&nbsp;1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=30–31}} The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the [[Unio Trium Nationum|Union of the Three Nations]], became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} The Orthodox Romanian ''[[Knez (Vlach leader)|knezes]]'' ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}}
-|image2=074 - Mihai Viteazul.jpg|caption2=[[Michael the Brave]] was assassinated on 9 August, 1601.
+=== Early Modern Times and national awakening ===
+{{Main|Early Modern Romania|Romanian War of Independence}}
+The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} Transylvania and [[Maramureș]], along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=41}} Reformation spread and four denominations—[[Reformed Church in Romania|Calvinism]], [[Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania|Lutheranism]], [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarianism]], and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|p=419}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=71}}
+{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=400
+|image1=Mihai 1600.png
+|image2=MihaiViteazul.jpg|footer=During the [[Long Turkish War]], [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian Prince]] [[Michael the Brave]] (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Transylvania]], covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.
 }}
+The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the [[Holy League (1594)|Holy League]] against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=54}} The Wallachian prince, [[Michael the Brave]], united the three principalities under his rule in May&nbsp;1600.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=55–56}} The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}} Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—[[Gabriel Bethlen]] of Transylvania, [[Matei Basarab]] of Wallachia, and [[Vasile Lupu]] of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=75–76}}
-In the [[Middle Ages]], Romanians lived in three [[principality|principalities]]:{{lopsided|date=January 2019}} [[Wallachia]] ({{lang-ro|Țara Românească}} – "The Romanian Land"), [[Moldavia]] ({{lang-ro|Moldova}}) and in Transylvania.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pop|first=Ioan-Aurel |date= Winter 2001|title= The Romanians' Identity in the 16th Century According to Italian Authors |url=http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/jspui/bitstream/123456789/48238/1/Pop%20Ioan%20Aurel-The%20Romanians%20Identity-2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014083711/http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/jspui/bitstream/123456789/48238/1/Pop%20Ioan%20Aurel-The%20Romanians%20Identity-2001.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=14 October 2014 |journal=Transylvanian Review |publisher= Romanian Cultural Foundation |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=3 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> The existence of independent Romanian [[voivodeship]]s in [[Transylvania]] as early as the 9th century is mentioned in ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'',{{lopsided|date=January 2019}} but by the 11th century, Transylvania had become{{when|date=January 2019}} a largely autonomous part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{cite web|first = László|last = Makkai|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla|title = History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)|volume = 1|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press|location = New York|year = 2001|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html|access-date = 31 August 2008|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210193801/http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html|archivedate = 10 December 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2019}}
+The united armies of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the [[Habsburg monarchy]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=79}} The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the [[church union|union with the Roman Catholic Church]] in 1699.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=42}} The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=60}} The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=61}} The organisation of the [[Transylvanian Military Frontier]] caused further disturbances, [[Siculicidium|especially among the Székelys in 1764]].{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=432–434}}
-[[File:Stefan cel Mare.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[List of rulers of Moldavia|Moldavian Prince]] [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]] was designated the title '[[Athleta Christi]]' by [[Pope Sixtus IV]] for his victories against the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]
+Princes [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] of Moldavia and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=44–45}} The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the [[Fener|Phanar]] district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=73–74}} The [[Phanariotes|Phanariot]] princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=74–75, 78}} The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or [[Bukovina]], in 1775, and the [[Russian Empire]] seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or [[Bessarabia]], in 1812.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=92}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=75–76}}
-In the other parts, many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only under [[Basarab I of Wallachia|Basarab I]] and [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan I]] the larger principalities of [[Foundation of Wallachia|Wallachia]] and [[Foundation of Moldavia|Moldavia]] would emerge in the 14th in [[Bulgarian lands across the Danube|the northernmost vassal]] of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] regions{{sfn|Vásáry|2005|p=30}}<ref name="pavlov">{{cite web|url=http://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/za.htm|title=За северната граница на Второто българско царство през XIII-XIV в.|last=Павлов|first=Пламен|publisher=LiterNet|language=Bulgarian|accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> Under [[Radu I of Wallachia|Radu I]] and his successor [[Dan I of Wallachia|Dan I]], the realms in Transylvania and Severin continued to be disputed with Hungary.<ref>Ștefănescu, p. 94</ref>, remained largely autonomous from the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and very soon tried to withstand the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] threat.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Ștefănescu|first =Ștefan |title =Istoria medie a României|year =1991|location =Bucharest|volume =I|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last =Predescu|first =Lucian |title =Enciclopedia Cugetarea|year =1940}}</ref>
+A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} The [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate bishop]], [[Inocențiu Micu-Klein]] who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=89–90}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum|plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation]] in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|right|Animated map depicting the territorial changes of Romania from 1859 to 2010]]
-By 1541, the entire [[Balkan peninsula]] and most of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Hungary]] had been conquered and integrated into the Ottoman Empire. By contrast, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, while under Ottoman [[suzerainty]], preserved partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century (Transylvania until 1711<ref>{{Cite book|first = Ágnes R.|last = Várkonyi|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla|title = History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)|volume = 2|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|place = New York|year = 2001|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html|access-date = 31 August 2008|contribution = Columbia University Press|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430052120/http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html|archivedate = 30 April 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref>). This period featured several prominent rulers such as: [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]], [[Vasile Lupu]], [[Alexander I of Moldavia|Alexander the Good]] and [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] in Moldavia; [[Vlad the Impaler]], [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]], [[Matei Basarab]], [[Neagoe Basarab]] and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] in Wallachia; and [[Gabriel Bethlen]] in the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]], as well as [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Matthias Corvinus]] in Transylvania, while it was still a part of the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref name="cumans">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511110153&ss=fro|title=Cumans and Tatars|last=István|first=Vásáry|publisher=cambridge.org|access-date=7 September 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013519/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511110153&ss=fro|archivedate=4 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Enache Andrei|title=Copy of Domnitori Romani|url=https://prezi.com/jssvqwhaeu6q/copy-of-domnitori-romani/|access-date=5 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410133119/https://prezi.com/jssvqwhaeu6q/copy-of-domnitori-romani/|archivedate=10 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the [[Danubian Principalities]]) in 1774.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=68}} Taking advantage of the [[Greek War of Independence]], a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January&nbsp;1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=103–104}} After a [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|new Russo-Turkish War]], the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]] strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in&nbsp;1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=81}}
-In 1600, all three principalities were ruled simultaneously by the [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian prince]] [[Michael the Brave]] (''Mihai Viteazul''), who was considered, later on, the precursor of modern Romania and became a point of reference for [[Romantic nationalism|nationalists]], as well as a catalyst for achieving a single Romanian state.<ref>Giurescu, p. 211–13. {{cite book | last = Giurescu | first = Constantin C. | authorlink = Constantin C. Giurescu | title = Istoria Românilor | origyear = 1935 | year = 2007 | location = Bucharest | publisher = Editura All | isbn = | oclc = |language=ro}}</ref>
+[[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]] and other leaders of the [[Moldavian Revolution of 1848|1848 revolutions in Moldavia]] and [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachia]] demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=99}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] as the [[Flag of Romania|national flag]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian revolutionaries]] after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} Bishop [[Andrei Șaguna]] proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=99}}
-===Independence and monarchy===
+[[File:Alexander Johann Cuza Kriehuber (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], the first [[Domnitor]] (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866]]
-{{Main|Early Modern Romania|National awakening of Romania|United Principalities|Romanian War of Independence|Kingdom of Romania}}
-[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|right|upright=1|Changes in Romania's territory since 1859.]]
+=== Independence and monarchy ===
-During the period of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule in Transylvania and of Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most [[Romanians]] were given few rights<ref>[[David Prodan]], ''[[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]]'', [[Bucharest]], 1948.</ref> in a territory where they formed the majority of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kocsis |first=Karoly |last2=Kocsis-Hodosi |first2=Eszter |year=1999 |title=Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880–1992) |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222171134/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm |archivedate=22 February 2008 |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kocsis |first =Karoly|last2 =Kocsis-Hodosi |first2 =Eszter|title =Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin|year =2001|page =102|publisher =Simon Publications|isbn =1-931313-75-X}}</ref> Nationalistic themes became principal during the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolutions in [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachia]] and [[Moldavian Revolution of 1848|Moldavia]]. The flag adopted for Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-red horizontal [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] (with blue above, in line with the meaning "Liberty, Justice, Fraternity"),<ref>Gazeta de Transilvania, year XI, no. 34 of 26 April 1848, p. 140.</ref> while Romanian students in Paris hailed the new government with the same flag "as a symbol of union between Moldavians and Wallachians".<ref>Dogaru (1978), p. 862.</ref><ref name="Căzănișteanu 1967, p. 36">Căzănișteanu (1967), p. 36.</ref> The same flag, with the tricolour being mounted vertically, would later be officially adopted as the national [[flag of Romania]].<ref>Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 257. Năsturel, Petre Vasiliu, ''Steagul, stema română, însemnele domnești, trofee'' (The Romanian flag [and] coat of arms; the princely insignias [and] trophies), Bucharest, 1903.</ref>
+{{Main|Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|United Principalities|4 = Kingdom of Romania}}
-After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the [[Great Powers]] supported the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state.<ref name="Principalities">{{cite book|author1=Charles Jelavich|author2=Barbara Jelavich|title=The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBYriPYyfUoC&pg=PA114|year=2012|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80360-9|page=114}}</ref> But in the aftermath of the [[Crimean War]], the electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia voted in 1859 for the same leader, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], as ''[[Domnitor]]'' ("ruling prince" in Romanian), and the two principalities became a [[United Principalities|personal union]] formally under the suzerainty of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bobango|first=Gerald J|title=The emergence of the Romanian national State|publisher=Boulder|year=1979|location=New York|isbn=978-0-914710-51-6}}</ref> Following a ''coup d'état'' in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince [[Carol I of Romania]] of the House of [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]. During the 1877–1878 [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]] Romania fought on the Russian side,<ref>{{cite web|language =Russian|title =San Stefano Preliminary Treaty|year =1878|url =http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|access-date =31 August 2008|deadurl =no|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080421042217/http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|archivedate =21 April 2008|df =dmy-all}}</ref> and in the aftermath, it was recognized as an [[Romanian War of Independence|independent]] state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers by the [[Treaty of San Stefano]] and the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite book|work=Internet Modern History Sourcebook|title=The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 – Excerpts on the Balkans|date=13 July 1878|place=Berlin|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|access-date=31 August 2008|publisher=Fordham University|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|archivedate=8 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patterson |first=Michelle |title=The Road to Romanian Independence |journal=Canadian Journal of History |date=August 1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098 |access-date=31 August 2008 |format=– <sup>[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3APatterson+intitle%3AThe+Road+to+Romanian+Independence&as_publication=Canadian+Journal+of+History&as_ylo=1996&as_yhi=1996&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098 |archivedate=24 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The new [[Kingdom of Romania]] underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired [[Southern Dobruja]] from [[Bulgaria]] after the [[Second Balkan War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Anderson|first =Frank Maloy|last2 =Hershey|first2 =Amos Shartle|title =Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914|publisher =Government Printing Office|year =1918|location =Washington D.C.}}</ref>
+The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|Great Powers]] in&nbsp;1856.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} After [[Ad hoc Divans|special assemblies]] convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|the unification of the two principalities]], the Great Powers did not prevent the election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] as their collective ''[[domnitor]]'' (or ruling prince) in January 1859.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=108}} The [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|united principalities]] officially adopted the name Romania on 21&nbsp;February 1862.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=105–106}} Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February&nbsp;1866.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=109–111}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=109–111}}
-===World Wars and Greater Romania===
-{{Main|Romania during World War I|Greater Romania|Romania in World War II}}
+Cuza's successor, a German prince, [[Carol I of Romania|Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] (or Carol&nbsp;I), was elected in May.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=111}} The parliament adopted the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|first constitution of Romania]] in the same year.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=112}} The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the [[Congress of Berlin]] and Carol&nbsp;I was crowned king in 1881.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a [[Greater Romania]], the government did not openly support their [[Irredentism|irredentist]] projects.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=166}}
-{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=400
-|image1=Austria-Hungary (ethnic).jpg|caption1=Late [[19th century]] ethnic map of [[Central Europe]] depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue. [[Hungarians]] are marked in yellow and [[Germans]] in pink.
-|image2=Romanians before WW1.jpg|caption2=A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations marked in black and surrounding enclaves of [[Germans of Romania|German-speaking minorities]] in red.
-}}
+The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] brought about the union of the province with Hungary in&nbsp;1867.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=157}} Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Leaders of the [[Romanian National Party]] proposed the federalisation of [[Austria-Hungary]] and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=145}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=118–119}}
-Romania remained neutral for the first two years of [[World War I]]. Following the secret [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|Treaty of Bucharest]], according to which Romania would acquire territories with a majority of Romanian population from [[Austria-Hungary]], it joined the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] and declared war on 27 August 1916.<ref>{{cite web|last =Horne|first =Charles F.|year =|title =Romania's Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary|volume =V|publisher =Source Records of the Great War|url =http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/romaniawardeclaration.htm|access-date =31 August 2008|deadurl =no|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081207045455/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/romaniawardeclaration.htm|archivedate =7 December 2008|df =dmy-all}}</ref> After initial advances the [[Romania during World War I|Romanian military campaign]] quickly turned disastrous for Romania as the [[Central Powers]] occupied two-thirds of the country within months, before reaching a stalemate in 1917. The [[October Revolution]] and Russian withdrawal from the War left Romania alone and surrounded, and a cease fire was negotiated at [[Armistice of Focșani|Focșani]] that December.
+===World Wars and Greater Romania===
-[[File:King Carol I of Romania with his nephew and great nephew.jpg|thumb|right|175px|King [[Carol I of Romania]] with his nephew [[Ferdinand I of Romania]] and great nephew [[Carol II of Romania]].]]
+{{Main|Romania in World War I|Greater Romania|Romania in World War II}}
+[[File:Austria-Hungary (ethnic).jpg|thumb|left|Late 19th century ethnic map of Central Europe depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue. [[Hungarians]] are marked in yellow and [[Germans]] in pink.]]
+Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in&nbsp;1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=149–150}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=165}} Romania seized [[Southern Dobruja]] from Bulgaria in the [[Second Balkan War]] in 1913.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the [[Triple Entente]] of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} The country remained neutral when [[World War&nbsp;I]] broke out in&nbsp;1914, but Prime Minister [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]] started negotiations with the Entente Powers.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}} After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|Treaty of Bucharest]], Romania entered the war against the [[Central Powers]] in 1916.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=151}} The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early&nbsp;1917.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=169–170}} After the [[October Revolution]] turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|harsh peace treaty]] with the Central Powers in May&nbsp;1918,{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} but the collapse of Russia also enabled the [[union of Bessarabia with Romania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=170–171}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Germany capitulated]] on 11&nbsp;November 1918.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}}
-Romania was occupied and a harsh [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|peace treaty]] was signed in May 1918. In November, Romania reentered the conflict. Total military and civilian losses from 1916 to 1918, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik|last=Erlikman|first=Vadim|year= 2004|publisher=|location= Moscow|isbn= 5-93165-107-1}}</ref> After the war, the transfer of [[Bukovina]] from Austria was acknowledged by the 1919 [[Treaty of Saint Germain]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia|author=Bernard Anthony Cook|page=162|isbn=0-8153-4057-5|year=2001|publisher=Taylor&Francis}}</ref> [[Transylvania]] and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]] and [[Maramureș]]  from [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] by the 1920 [[Treaty of Trianon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon|title=Text of the Treaty of Trianon|publisher=World War I Document Archive|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204035603/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon|archivedate=4 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and of [[Bessarabia]] from Russian rule by the 1920 [[Treaty of Paris (1920)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2192802|title=The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia|author=Malbone W. Graham|journal=The American Journal of International Law|date=October 1944|volume=38|issue=4|pages=667–673|publisher=American Society of International Law|jstor=2192802}}</ref> All cessions made to the Central Powers in the ceasefire and treaty were nullified and renounced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~raina20s/ww1/play.html|title=World War I: The Players|website=www.mtholyoke.edu|access-date=2 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094541/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~raina20s/ww1/play.html|archivedate=10 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[File:King Carol I of Romania with his nephew and great nephew.jpg|thumb|right|upright|King [[Carol I of Romania]] with his nephew [[Ferdinand I of Romania]] and great-nephew [[Carol II of Romania]]]]
-The following [[interwar period]] is referred as [[Greater Romania]], as the country achieved its greatest territorial extent at that time (almost {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref name="mare rom">{{cite web|url=http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm|language=Romanian|title=Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919–1940)|publisher=ici.ro|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612075330/http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm|archivedate=12 June 2008|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> Radical agricultural reforms, and a new constitution creating a democracy, allowed rapid economic growth. With oil production of 7.2 million tons in 1937, Romania ranked second in Europe and seventh in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aneir-cpce.ro/chapter1/his1.htm |title=his1 |publisher=Aneir-cpce.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192153/http://www.aneir-cpce.ro/chapter1/his1.htm |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/social/VIDEO_Inregistrare_senzationala_cu_Hitler-_-Fara_petrolul_din_Romania_nu_as_fi_atacat_niciodata_URSS-ul_0_379162423.html |title=VIDEO Înregistrare senzațională cu Hitler: "Fără petrolul din România nu aș fi atacat niciodată URSS-ul" |publisher=adevarul.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111061509/http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/social/VIDEO_Inregistrare_senzationala_cu_Hitler-_-Fara_petrolul_din_Romania_nu_as_fi_atacat_niciodata_URSS-ul_0_379162423.html |archivedate=11 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was Europe's second-largest food producer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/motoring/europa/7306099/Business-in-Romania-a-country-thats-fast-off-the-Bloc.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Business in Romania: a country that's fast off the Bloc – Two years of EU membership have transformed the business face of Romania and savvy UK firms are reaping the rewards. Paul Bray reports. | date=24 February 2010 | access-date=1 May 2010 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529070719/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/motoring/europa/7306099/Business-in-Romania-a-country-thats-fast-off-the-Bloc.html | archivedate=29 May 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, the early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, and there were over 25 governments in the course of the decade.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} On several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and chauvinistic [[Iron Guard]] and the authoritarian tendencies of [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/RomaPM.html|title=Post-War Romania|website=www.shsu.edu|access-date=2 May 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309232753/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/RomaPM.html|archivedate=9 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} The [[General Congress of Bukovina]] proclaimed [[Union of Bukovina with Romania|the union of the province with Romania]] on 28&nbsp;November 1918, and the [[1918 Romanian National Assembly election|Grand National Assembly]] proclaimed [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom]] on 1&nbsp;December.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=156}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=124–125}} Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the [[Soviet Union]] did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=125}} Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war {{convert|137000|to|295000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}} A new electoral system granted [[voting rights]] to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=167}} [[Gender equality]] as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} [[Calypso Botez]] established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30%&nbsp;of the population, but the [[1923 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] declared it a unitary national state in 1923.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=127}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=158, 183}} Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=183}}
-[[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained.]]
+[[Agriculture in Romania|Agriculture]] remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the [[interwar period]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=128}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} With oil production of 5.8&nbsp;million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} Two parties, the [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] and the [[National Peasants' Party]], dominated political life, but the [[Great Depression in Romania]] brought about significant changes in the 1930s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=129}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–169}} The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and [[anti-Semitic]] [[Iron Guard]] and the authoritarian tendencies of [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol&nbsp;II]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–168}} The King promulgated a [[1938 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=174–175}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=207}}
-During World War II, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on 28 June 1940, it received a [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina#Soviet ultimatum|Soviet ultimatum]] with an implied threat of [[invasion]] in the event of non-compliance.<ref name="ultimatum">{{Cite book|url=http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113170140/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm |archivedate=13 November 2007 |title=Istoria Românilor între anii 1918–1940 |author1=Ioan Scurtu |author2=Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu |author3=Georgiana Margareta Scurtu |language=Romanian |publisher=University of Bucharest |year=2002 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Again foreign powers created heavy pressure on Romania, by means of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] of non-aggression from 23 August 1939. As a result of it the Romanian government and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well as from northern Bukovina in order to avoid war with the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagy-Talavera|first=Nicolas M.|title=Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=1970|page=305|isbn=973-9432-11-5}}</ref> The king was compelled to abdicate and appointed general [[Ion Antonescu]] as the new prime minister with full powers in ruling the state by royal decree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decret regal privind investirea generalului Ion Antonescu cu depline puteri|url=http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-15.htm|work=Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940|access-date=19 September 2011|author1=Ioan Scurtu|author2=Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu|author3=Georgiana Margareta Scurtu|language=Romanian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002052125/http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-15.htm|archivedate=2 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Romania was prompted to join [[Axis powers|the Axis]] military campaign. Thereafter, southern [[Dobruja]] was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received [[Northern Transylvania]] as result of an Axis powers' arbitration.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Broszat|language=German|title=Deutschland – Ungarn – Rumänien. Entwicklung und Grundfaktoren nationalsozialistischer Hegemonial- und Bündnispolitik 1938–1941|journal=[[Historische Zeitschrift]]|issue=206|year=1968|pages=552–553}}</ref>
+[[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained after the end of World War II.]]
-[[File:Operation Tidal Wave in 1943.jpg|thumb|right|American [[B-24 Liberator]] flying over a burning oil refinery at [[Ploiești]], as part of [[Operation Tidal Wave]] on 1 August 1943. Due to its role as a major supplier of oil to the [[Axis powers|Axis]], Romania was a prime target of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.]]
+The 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] convinced King Carol&nbsp;II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade [[Adolf Hitler]] to guarantee Romania's frontiers.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=198–199}} Romania was forced to [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union]] on 26&nbsp;June 1940, [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary on 30&nbsp;August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=131–132}} After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, [[Michael I of Romania|Michael&nbsp;I]], on 6&nbsp;September, and Romania was transformed into a [[National Legionary State|national-legionary state]] under the leadership of General [[Ion Antonescu]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=133}} Antonescu signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23&nbsp;November.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=213}} The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=214–215}}
-The [[Ion Antonescu|Antonescu]] fascist regime played a major role in [[History of the Jews in Romania#The Holocaust|The Holocaust in Romania]],<ref>''Note: follow the World War II link'': {{cite report|editor=Ronald D. Bachman|title=Romania:World War II|edition=2|publisher=Library of Congress.Federal Research Division|location=Washington D.C.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html|date=9 November 2005|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html|archivedate=14 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], [https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/romania Romania], ''Holocaust Encyclopedia''</ref> and copied the [[Nazism|Nazi]] policies of oppression and genocide of [[Jews]] and [[Romani people|Roma]], mainly in the Eastern territories reoccupied by the Romanians from the Soviet Union. In total between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews in Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina and the [[Transnistria Governorate]]) were killed during the war<ref>{{cite web |author=Ilie Fugaru |url=http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20041111-023944-6848r.htm |title=Romania clears doubts about Holocaust past |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |date=11 November 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311231435/http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20041111-023944-6848r.htm |archivedate=11 March 2005}}</ref><ref name="Commission">{{cite web
- |author      = International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
- |title       = Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations
- |work        = Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
- |publisher   = Yad Vashem (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority)
- |date        = 28 January 2012
- |url         = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf
- |format      = PDF
- |doi         =
- |access-date  = 28 January 2012
- |authorlink  = Wiesel Commission
- |deadurl     = no
- |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184554/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf
- |archivedate = 12 January 2012
- |df          = dmy-all
-}}</ref>
-and at least 11,000 [[Romani people|Romanian Gypsies ("Roma")]] were also killed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Associated |first=The |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-more-than-280-000-jews-killed-in-romania-in-wwii-1.140033 |title=Study: More than 280,000 Jews killed in Romania in WWII – Haaretz Daily Newspaper &#124; Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929065339/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-more-than-280-000-jews-killed-in-romania-in-wwii-1.140033 |archivedate=29 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In August 1944, a [[coup d'état]] led by [[Michael I of Romania|King Michael]] toppled [[Ion Antonescu]] and his regime. Antonescu was convicted of war crimes and executed on 1 June 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ion-Antonescu|title=Ion Antonescu {{!}} ruler of Romania|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520130828/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ion-Antonescu|archivedate=20 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 9 October is now the [[National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust]] in Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/member-countries/holocaust-education-remembrance-and-research-romania|title=Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research in Romania|publisher=holocaustremembrance.com|access-date=4 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417120456/http://www.holocaustremembrance.com/member-countries/holocaust-education-remembrance-and-research-romania|archivedate=17 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[File:Operation Tidal Wave in 1943.jpg|thumb|right|American [[B-24 Liberator]] flying over a burning oil refinery at [[Ploiești]], as part of [[Operation Tidal Wave]] on 1&nbsp;August 1943. Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the [[Axis powers|Axis]], Romania was a prime target of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.]]
-During the Antonescu fascist regime, Romanian contribution to [[Operation Barbarossa]] was enormous, with the Romanian Army of over 1.2 million men in the summer of 1941, fighting in numbers second only to Nazi Germany.<ref name='Sources'>{{cite book|last=Axworthy|first=Mark| last2=Scafes|first2=Cornel|last3=Craciunoiu|first3=Cristian (editors)|title=Third axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces In the European War 1941–1945|publisher=Arms & Armour Press|year=1995| location=London|pages=1–368|isbn=963-389-606-1}}</ref>
-Romania was the main source of oil for the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2worldwar2.com/mistakes.htm#ploesti|title=The Biggest Mistakes in World War 2:Ploesti – the most important target|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918013749/http://www.2worldwar2.com/mistakes.htm#ploesti|archivedate=18 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and thus became the target of [[Bombing of Romania in World War II|intense bombing]] by the Allies. Growing discontent among the population eventually peaked in August 1944 with [[King Michael's Coup]], and the country switched sides to join the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. It is estimated that the coup shortened the war by as much as six months.<ref>Constantiniu, Florin, ''O istorie sinceră a poporului român'' ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1997, {{ISBN|973-9243-07-X}}</ref> Even though the Romanian Army had suffered 170,000 casualties after switching sides,<ref>{{Cite book|first=Michael|last=Clodfelter|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000|edition=2|year=2002|page=582|isbn=0-7864-1204-6|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC}}</ref> Romania's role in the defeat of Nazi Germany was not recognized by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Conference]] of 1947,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/5/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033400/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/5/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html |archivedate=30 September 2007 |title=World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides |first=Eugen |last=Tomiuc |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> as the [[Soviet Union]] annexed [[Bessarabia]] and other territories corresponding roughly to present-day [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]], and Bulgaria retained Southern Dobruja, but Romania did regain [[Northern Transylvania]] from Hungary.
+Romania entered [[World War&nbsp;II]] soon after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=208}} The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]] (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=216–217}} Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |author=International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |title=Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations |work=Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority) |date=28 January 2012 |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |access-date=28 January 2012 |author-link=Wiesel Commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184554/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=222}} but their fundamental rights were limited.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=210}} After the September 1943 [[Armistice of Cassibile|Allied armistice with Italy]], Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, ''Joining Hitler's Crusade'', p. 78 |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112216/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 9</ref> After the [[Operation Margarethe|German occupation of Hungary]] in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to [[extermination camp]]s from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.<ref name="Commission"/>{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=689}}
+After the Soviet victory in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1943, [[Iuliu Maniu]], a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=211–212}} To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)|Social Democratic]] and [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist]] parties.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=219}} After a successful Soviet offensive, the young [[King Michael's Coup|King Michael&nbsp;I ordered Antonescu's arrest]] and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23&nbsp;August 1944.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=215}} Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but [[Joseph Stalin]] regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=215, 221}} Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, [[Petru Groza]], the prime minister in March 1945.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=223–224}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} In February 1947, the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]] confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=692}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=224}}
+=== Communism ===
-===Communism===
 {{Main|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
-[[File:Mihai I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|King [[Michael I of Romania]] was forced to [[Abdication|abdicate]] during the last days of December, 1947 by the Communists, concomitantly with the [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]] of the country.]]
+[[File:Mihai I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|King [[Michael&nbsp;I of Romania]] was forced to [[Abdication|abdicate]] by the communists in late December 1947, simultaneously with the [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]] of the country.]]
-During the [[Soviet occupation of Romania]], the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist]]-dominated government called for new elections in [[Romanian general election, 1946|1946]], which were [[Electoral fraud|fraudulently won]], with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.<ref>Giurescu, "«Alegeri" după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113</ref> Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|publisher=Federal research Division, Library of Congress|title=Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|archivedate=14 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], a Communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first Communist leader. In 1947 he and others forced [[King Michael I]] to [[Abdication|abdicate]] and leave the country, and proclaimed Romania a [[people's republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|title=Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910005158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|archivedate=10 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania – Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|archivedate=10 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies ([[SovRom]]s) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Carmen |last=Rîjnoveanu |title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict |year=2003 |page=1 |publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195137/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf |archivedate=24 June 2008 |format=PDF |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution |place=London |publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=90-5823-027-9|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu |title=On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism|language=Romanian|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year =2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=973-669-175-6}}</ref>
+During the [[Soviet occupation of Romania]], the communist-dominated government called for new [[1946 Romanian general election|elections]] in 1946, which they [[Electoral fraud|fraudulently won]], with a fabricated 70%&nbsp;majority of the vote.<ref>Giurescu, "'Alegeri' după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113</ref> Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|title=Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced [[King Michael&nbsp;I]] to [[Abdication|abdicate]] and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a [[people's republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|title=Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania – Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies ([[SovRom]]s) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Carmen|last=Rîjnoveanu|title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict|year=2003 |page=1|publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195137/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution|place=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-90-5823-027-0|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu|title=On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism|language=ro|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year=2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=978-973-669-175-1}}</ref>
-In 1948, the state began to [[nationalization in Romania|nationalize]] private firms and to [[collectivization in Romania|collectivize]] agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stan|last=Stoica|title=Dicționar de Istorie a României|publisher=Editura Merona|location=Bucharest|year=2007 |pages= 77–78; 233–34|language=Romanian|isbn=973-7839-21-8}}</ref> Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the [[Securitate]] (the Romanian secret police). During this period the regime launched several campaigns of purges in which numerous "[[enemies of the state]]" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment, such as deportation, internal exile, and internment in forced labour camps and prisons, sometimes for life, as well as extrajudicial killing.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Cicerone|last=Ionițoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar|publisher=Editura Mașina de scris |location=Bucharest |year=2000 |isbn= 973-99994-2-5|language=Romanian}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|anti-Communist resistance]] was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securității, ''Bande, bandiți si eroi; Grupurile de rezistență și Securitatea (1948–1968)'', Editura Enciclopedica, București, 2003</ref> A [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania|2006 Commission]] estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite report|title=Raportul Comisiei Prezidențiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|publisher=Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|date=15 December 2006|pages=215–217}}</ref>
+In 1948, the state began to [[nationalization in Romania|nationalise]] private firms and to [[collectivization in Romania|collectivise]] agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stan|last=Stoica|title=Dicționar de Istorie a României|publisher=Editura Merona|location=Bucharest|year=2007|pages=77–78; 233–34|language=ro|isbn=978-973-7839-21-3}}</ref> Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the [[Securitate]]—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of [[purges]] during which numerous "[[enemies of the state]]" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as [[extrajudicial killing]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Cicerone|last=Ionițoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar|publisher=Editura Mașina de scris|location=Bucharest|year=2000|isbn=978-973-99994-2-7|language=ro}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|anti-communist resistance]] was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securității, ''Bande, bandiți si eroi; Grupurile de rezistență și Securitatea (1948–1968)'', Editura Enciclopedica, București, 2003</ref> A [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania|2006 commission]] estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite report|title=Raportul Comisiei Prezidențiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|publisher=Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|date=15 December 2006|url=http://old.presidency.ro/static/rapoarte/Raport_final_CPADCR.pdf|pages=215–217|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111455/http://old.presidency.ro/static/rapoarte/Raport_final_CPADCR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Ceausescu Anul Nou.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] ruled Romania as its Communist leader from 1965 until 1989.]]
+[[File:Ceausescu Anul Nou.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], who ruled Romania as its communist leader from 1965 until 1989]]
-In 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power and started to conduct the foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, Communist Romania was the only [[Warsaw Pact]] country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]] (with Ceaușescu at the time even [[Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968|publicly condemning the action]] as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world"<ref>{{cite AV media|language=Romanian|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|title=Political Tension 1968|publisher=British Pathé|date=21 August 1968|location=Bucharest|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235945/http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|archivedate=21 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>); it was also the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] after 1967's [[Six-Day War]]; and established diplomatic relations with [[West Germany]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191547/http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|archivedate=5 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the same time, close ties with the [[Arab world|Arab countries]] (and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–[[Egypt]] and Israel–PLO peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191645/http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|archivedate=5 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only [[Warsaw Pact]] country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Ceaușescu even [[Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968|publicly condemned the action]] as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".<ref>{{cite AV media|language=ro|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|title=Political Tension 1968|publisher=British Pathé|date=21 August 1968|location=Bucharest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235945/http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's [[Six-Day War]] and established diplomatic relations with [[West Germany]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191547/http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> At the same time, close ties with the [[Arab world|Arab countries]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–[[Egypt]] and Israel–PLO peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191645/http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
-[[File:Revolutia Bucuresti 1989 000.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in Europe that brought an end to Communist rule.]]
+[[File:Revolutia Bucuresti 1989 000.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in the [[Iron Curtain]] that brought an end to communist rule.]]
-As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10&nbsp;billion),<ref>{{cite web |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989 |publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117154720/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf |archivedate=17 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the influence of international financial organizations (such as the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]]) grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's [[autocracy|autocratic]] rule. The latter eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity steps]] that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all foreign government debt of Romania in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality|cult of personality]], which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution, together with his wife, in the violent [[Romanian Revolution]] of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.
+As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3&nbsp;billion to $10&nbsp;billion),<ref>{{cite web |last=Deletant|first=Dennis|title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989|publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117154720/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> the influence of international financial organisations—such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[World Bank]]—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's [[autocracy|autocratic]] rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity steps]] that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality|cult of personality]], which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent [[Romanian Revolution]] of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured.
+After a trial, [[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad]] at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.<ref>{{cite news |title=EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Ceausescu Wept as He Faced Firing Squad, Footage Shows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/23/world/evolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 April 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922120742/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/23/world/evolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upheaval in the East; Report on Ceausescus' Burial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html |website=New York Times |date=27 January 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810104716/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.
+=== Contemporary period ===
-===Contemporary period===
 {{Main|History of Romania since 1989}}
-[[File:RO B University square rally.jpg|thumb|right|Anti-Communist rally in Bucharest (early 1990)]]
+[[File:RO B University square rally.jpg|thumb|right|An anti-communist and anti-[[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN) rally in Bucharest (1990)]]
-After the 1989 revolution, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (NSF), led by [[Ion Iliescu]], took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carothers |first=Thomas |title=Romania: The Political Background |url=http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf |format=PDF |quote="This seven-year period can be characterized as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy." |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827222957/http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf |archivedate=27 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hellman |first=Joel |title=Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist |journal=Transitions World Politics |volume=50 |issue=2 |date=January 1998 |pages=203–234}}</ref> In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of [[Romanian general election, 1990|that year's legislative elections]] and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate — rapidly grew to become what was called the [[Golaniad]]. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013205/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/ |archivedate=22 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and foreign media,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013250/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |archivedate=22 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is remembered as the [[June 1990 Mineriad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bohlen |first=Celestine |title=Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D6113DF936A25755C0A966958260 |quote=Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania descended on the capital city today |access-date=31 August 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=15 June 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011847/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/ |archivedate=22 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+After the 1989 revolution, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), led by [[Ion Iliescu]], took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carothers|first=Thomas|title=Romania: The Political Background|url=http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|quote=This seven-year period can be characterised as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy.|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827222957/http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hellman|first=Joel|title=Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist|journal=Transitions World Politics|volume=50|issue=2|date=January 1998|pages=203–234|doi=10.1017/S0043887100008091|s2cid=55115094}}</ref> In March 1990, [[Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș|violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș]] as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of [[1990 Romanian general election|that year's legislative elections]] and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the [[Golaniad]]. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013205/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and foreign media,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013250/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and is remembered as the [[June 1990 Mineriad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bohlen|first=Celestine|title=Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|quote=Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania descended on the capital city today|access-date=31 August 2008|work=The New York Times|date=15 June 1990|archive-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011847/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>
-The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] and the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]]. The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 [[Emil Constantinescu]] was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while [[Traian Băsescu]] was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.<ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002223/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref>
+The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PDSR then PSD) and the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 [[Emil Constantinescu]] was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while [[Traian Băsescu]] was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.<ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002223/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm |date=4 March 2016}}. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref>
-In November 2014, [[Sibiu]] ({{lang-de|Hermannstadt}}) mayor [[Klaus Iohannis|Klaus Johannis]] was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] [[Victor Ponta]], who had been in the lead in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the [[Romanian diaspora]], of which almost 50 percent voted for Iohannis in the first tour, compared to 16 percent for Ponta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|title=Romania profile – Leaders – BBC News-GB|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717161427/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|archivedate=17 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In 2009, the country was bailed out by the [[International Monetary Fund]] as an aftershock of the [[Great Recession in Europe]].<ref name="igber">{{cite news|last1=Reguly|first1=Eric|title=In Gold Blood|url=https://www.newsweek.com/gold-blood-251438|publisher=Newsweek|date=20 May 2014|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213916/https://www.newsweek.com/gold-blood-251438|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Sibiu]] former [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania|FDGR/DFDR]] mayor [[Klaus Iohannis]] was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]], who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the [[Romanian diaspora]] in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|title=Romania profile – Leaders – BBC News-GB|work=BBC News |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717161427/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister [[Viorica Dăncilă]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/romania-centrist-president-re-elected-by-a-landslide-klaus-iohannis|title=Romanian centrist president re-elected by a landslide|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=24 November 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
-[[File:Protest against corruption - Bucharest 2017 - Arcul de Triumf - 2.jpg|thumb|Romania has seen large waves of protests against judicial reforms during the [[2017–2018 Romanian protests]].]]
+[[File:Protest against corruption - Bucharest 2017 - Piata Universitatii - 5.jpg|thumb|Romania saw large waves of protests against judicial reforms of the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|PSD]]-[[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)|ALDE]] government during the [[2017–2019 Romanian protests]].]]
-The post-1989 period is also characterized by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period have been closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the post-1989 regimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93 |title=DEINDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN SHRINKAGE IN ROMANIA. WHAT LESSONS FOR THE SPATIAL POLICY? |author=Claudia POPESCU |access-date=8 October 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231182636/http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93 |archivedate=31 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|title=Deindustrialization and Urban Shrinkage in Romania. What Lessons for the Spatial Policy?|first=Claudia|last=Popescu|access-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231182636/http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|archive-date=31 December 2016 }}</ref>
-Corruption has also been a [[Corruption in Romania|major issue]] in contemporary Romanian politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-corruption-idUSBRE85J13X20120620|title=Romania sends ex-prime minister Nastase to jail for corruption|first=Ioana|last=Patran|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|title=Romania's powerful mayors tumble in corruption crackdown|first=Luiza|last=Ilie|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/romanians-rally-again-in-anti-corruption-anti-government-protests-idUSKBN1KW0LI|title=Romanians rally again in anti-corruption, anti-government protests|first=Radu-Sorin|last=Marinas|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-corruption/romania-making-little-progress-fighting-corruption-european-agency-says-idUSKBN1F71W7|title=Romania making little progress fighting corruption, European agency...|first=Reuters|last=Editorial|publisher=}}</ref> In November 2015, massive [[2015 Romanian protests|anti-corruption protests]] which developed in the wake of the [[Colectiv nightclub fire]] led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]].<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183 Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest nightclub fire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115091112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183 |date=15 November 2015 }}". BBC News. 4 November 2015.</ref> In 2017-2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the [[2017–2018 Romanian protests|biggest protests since 1989]] took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|title=Huge Romania rally despite decree repeal|date=6 February 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|title=Thousands of Romanians rally against ruling party's judicial overhaul|first=Radu-Sorin|last=Marinas|publisher=}}</ref>
+Corruption has been a [[Corruption in Romania|major issue]] in contemporary Romanian politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|title=Romania's powerful mayors tumble in corruption crackdown|first=Luiza|last=Ilie|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=October 2015|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025624/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2015, massive [[2015 Romanian protests|anti-corruption protests]] which developed in the wake of the [[Colectiv nightclub fire]] led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183 Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest nightclub fire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115091112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183|date=15 November 2015}}". [[BBC News]]. 4 November 2015.</ref> During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the [[2017–2018 Romanian protests|biggest protests since 1989]] took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|title=Huge Romania rally despite decree repeal|date=6 February 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812033239/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|title=Thousands of Romanians rally against ruling party's judicial overhaul|first=Radu-Sorin|last=Marinas|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 November 2017|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061556/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A [[National Anticorruption Directorate]] was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in [[Belgium]], [[Norway]] and [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml |title=Direcția Națională Anticorupție |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502100056/https://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the [[National Anticorruption Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241712.htm|title=2015 Investment Climate Statement - Romania|work=The US Department of State|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205183454/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241712.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Nevertheless, many efforts were made. A [[National Anticorruption Directorate]] was formed in the country in 2002, and according to [[Transparency International]]'s annual [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] Romania is now less corrupt than [[Italy]] or [[Greece]] (and equals neighbour Hungary).<ref name="cpi20162">{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref>
-===NATO and EU integration===
+==== NATO and EU integration ====
 [[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|left|Romania joined the [[European Union]] in 2007 and signed the [[Treaty of Lisbon]].]]
-After the end of the [[Cold War]], Romania developed closer ties with [[Western Europe]] and the [[United States]], eventually joining [[NATO]] in 2004, and hosting the [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 summit]] in Bucharest.<ref>{{Cite news|title =NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url =http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher =NATO|access-date =31 August 2008|deadurl =no|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134550/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|archivedate =11 September 2008|df =dmy-all}}</ref>
-The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the [[European Union]] and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|full member]] on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=26 September 2006 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203223404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm |archivedate=3 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
-During the 2000s, Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |title=Adevarul |publisher=Adevarul.ro |access-date=25 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080920030429/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061|archivedate=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced internal poverty and established a functional democratic state.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html Human Development Report 2009&nbsp;– Country Fact Sheets&nbsp;– Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131652/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html |date= 1 November 2013 }}. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642# Tracking the Millennium Development Goal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126063611/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642 |date=26 November 2013 }}. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the [[Great Recession|late-2000s recession]] leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and budget deficit in 2009.<ref name=wsj4dec09>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639 |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |title=Romania Faces Crucial Vote |date=4 December 2009 |author=Joe Parkinson |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710033758/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639 |archivedate=10 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This led to Romania borrowing from the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[https://www.imf.org/external/country/ROU/index.htm Romania and the IMF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084621/https://www.imf.org/external/country/ROU/index.htm |date=9 April 2015 }}</ref> The worsening economic conditions led to [[2012 Romanian constitutional crisis|unrest]] and triggered a political crisis in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html |title=Romanian Politics in 2012: Intra-Cabinet Coexistence and Political Instability |work=South-East European Journal of Political Science |author1=Gheorghe Stoica |author2=Lavinia Stan |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152657/http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html |archivedate=24 February 2014 |df= }}</ref>
+After the end of the [[Cold War]], Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining [[NATO]] in 2004, and hosting the [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 summit]] in Bucharest.<ref>{{cite news|title=NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher=[[NATO]]|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134550/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|archive-date=11 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the [[European Union]] and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|full member]] on 1&nbsp;January 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=31 August 2008|date=26 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203223404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref>
+During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |title=Adevarul|publisher=Adevarul.ro|access-date=25 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920030429/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html Human Development Report 2009 – Country Fact Sheets – Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131652/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html |date=1 November 2013}}. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642# Tracking the Millennium Development Goal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126063611/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642 |date=26 November 2013}}. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the [[Great Recession|late 2000s' recession]] leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.<ref name=wsj4dec09>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Romania Faces Crucial Vote|date=4 December 2009|author=Joe Parkinson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710033758/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ROU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084621/https://www.imf.org/external/country/ROU/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Romania and the IMF|archive-date=9 April 2015|website=IMF}}</ref> Worsening economic conditions led to [[2012 Romanian constitutional crisis|unrest]] and triggered a political crisis in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html|title=Romanian Politics in 2012: Intra-Cabinet Coexistence and Political Instability|work=South-East European Journal of Political Science|author1=Gheorghe Stoica|author2=Lavinia Stan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152657/http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html |archive-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
-[[File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG|thumb|right|Romania joined [[NATO]] in 2004 and hosted [[2008 Bucharest summit|its 2008 summit]] in [[Bucharest]].]]
-Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania's Infrastructure and International Transport Links |work=Assessment of the Romanian Economy |publisher=Romania Central |url=http://www.romania-central.com/economy-of-romania/4-assessment-of-the-romanian-economy/42-statistical-analysis-of-the-business-environment/421-variables-and-data/4213-infrastructure-in-romania/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321115830/http://www.romania-central.com/economy-of-romania/4-assessment-of-the-romanian-economy/42-statistical-analysis-of-the-business-environment/421-variables-and-data/4213-infrastructure-in-romania/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=21 March 2009 |access-date=21 August 2010 }}</ref> medical services,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216135256/http://denisamorariu.wordpress.com/2010/01/08/romania-world%E2%80%99s-53rd-country-in-quality-of-life-index/ Romania, world's 53rd country in quality of life index « Denisa Morariu]. Denisamorariu.wordpress.com (8 January 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> [[Education in Romania|education]],<ref>[http://www.citynews.ro/cluj/din-licee-5/sistemul-de-invatamant-distrus-de-lipsa-reformelor-61362/ Sistemul de invatamant distrus de lipsa reformelor&nbsp;– Cluj] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005223341/http://www.citynews.ro/cluj/din-licee-5/sistemul-de-invatamant-distrus-de-lipsa-reformelor-61362/ |date=5 October 2011 }}. citynews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> and [[Corruption in Romania|corruption]].<ref>[http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167506/index.en.shtml D+C 2010/03&nbsp;– Focus&nbsp;– Roos: In Romania and Bulgaria, civil-society organisations are demanding rule of law&nbsp;– Development and Cooperation&nbsp;– International Journal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809032215/https://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167506/index.en.shtml |date= 9 August 2011 }}. Inwent.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> Near the end of 2013, [[The Economist]] reported Romania again enjoying 'booming' [[economic growth]] at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets |title=Romania is booming |publisher=The Economist |date=17 December 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164338/http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets |archivedate=1 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016 the [[Human Development Index]] ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<ref name="UNDP2016">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=22 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825175902/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|archivedate=25 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG|thumb|right|Romania joined [[NATO]] in 2004 and hosted [[2008 Bucharest summit|its 2008 summit]] in Bucharest.]]
-Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy and Spain. In 2008, the [[Romanian diaspora]] was estimated to be at over two&nbsp;million people.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url=http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207131655/http://focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Near the end of 2013, ''[[The Economist]]'' reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisation in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|title=Romania is booming|newspaper=The Economist|date=17 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164338/http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Human Development Index]] ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<ref name="UNDP2016">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825175902/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
+Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanians emigrated]] to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6&nbsp;million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|title=Report: Romanian diaspora, fifth largest in the world|website=Romania Insider|date=16 July 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907095330/https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Geography and climate==
@@ Line 320: / Line 333: @@
 [[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Topographic map of Romania]]
-With an area of {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi|}}, Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the [[List of European countries in order of geographical area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe.<ref name=yearbook>{{cite report|publisher=National Institute of Statistics (Romania) |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=2018-06-07 | language=| title= Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2017|date=2018}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]].
+Romania is the largest country in [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]] and the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe, having an area of {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=yearbook>{{cite report|publisher=National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2017|date=2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142659/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]]. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}—the highest is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|11}} They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus, the [[Pannonian Plain]] and the [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains.
+Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Central European mixed forests]], [[East European forest steppe]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]], and [[Pontic steppe]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of [[Protected areas of Romania|protected areas in Romania]] covering 13&nbsp;[[national park]]s and three [[biosphere]] reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee)|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archive-date=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122065109/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains.
+Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014  }}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23&nbsp;have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74&nbsp;extinct, 39&nbsp;endangered, 171&nbsp;vulnerable, and 1,253&nbsp;rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>
-The [[Carpathian Mountains]] dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}, the highest of which is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|11}} They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus and [[Carpathian Basin]] and [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains.
+The [[fauna of Romania]] consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085&nbsp;[[invertebrate]] and 707&nbsp;[[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400&nbsp;unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50%&nbsp;of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|access-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> and 20%&nbsp;of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015  }}</ref>
-About 47% of the country's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no)|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|archivedate=10 February 2008|df=}}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee)|accessdate=10 January 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|archivedate=17 November 2007}}</ref>
-The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the [[Black Sea]], forming the [[Danube Delta]], which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 January 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archivedate=27 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |access-date=10 January 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archivedate=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 January 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archivedate=27 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130}}</ref>
-Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archivedate=10 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=Romanian |access-date=7 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archivedate=23 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>
-The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 [[invertebrate]] and 707 [[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |format=PDF |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |access-date=10 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archivedate=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|format=PDF|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|access-date=2 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 20% of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |format=PDF |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |access-date=2 October 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archivedate=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 ===Climate===
+[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]
-Owing to its distance from open [[sea]] and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}} in the south and {{convert|8|°C}} in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=10 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archivedate=23 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to around {{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|29}}
+Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}}&nbsp;in the south and {{convert|8|°C}}&nbsp;in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately {{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|29}}
-There are some regional differences: in the western parts, such as [[Banat]], the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In [[Dobruja]], the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114 Clima Romaniei | Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114 |date=22 January 2016 }}</ref>
+There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoromania.ro/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|title=Meteo Romania &#124; Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
-{{stack|[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]}}
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities in Romania<ref name=DWD>{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de| title = Klimatafel von Rumänien| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]| language = German| access-date = 20 December 2016| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6aGM1eVkG?url=http://www.dwd.de/| archivedate = 24 July 2015| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
-|-
-!Location
-!July (°C)
-!July (°F)
-!January (°C)
-!January (°F)
-|-
-|[[Bucharest]] || 28.8/15.6 || 84/60 || 1.5/−5.5 || 35/22
-|-
-|[[Cluj-Napoca]] || 24.5/12.7 || 76/55 || 0.3/−6.5 || 33/20
-|-
-|[[Timișoara]] || 27.8/14.6 || 82/58 || 2.3/−4.8 || 36/23
-|-
-|[[Iași]] || 26.8/15 || 80/59 || −0.1/−6.9 || 32/20
-|-
-|[[Constanța]] || 25.9/18 || 79/64 || 3.7/−2.3 || 39/28
-|-
-|[[Craiova]] || 28.5/15.7 || 83/60 || 1.5/−5.6 || 35/22
-|-
-|[[Brașov]] || 24.2/11.4 || 76/53 || −0.1/−9.3 || 32/15
-|-
-|[[Galați]] || 27.9/16.2 || 82/61 || 1.1/–5.3 || 34/22
-|}
 ==Governance==
 {{Main|Politics of Romania|Government of Romania}}
+{{Multiple image
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:left; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"
+| direction         = horizontal
-|-
+| align             = left
-| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Klaus Iohannis Senate of Poland 2015 02 (cropped 2).JPG|120px]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Viorica Dăncilă.jpg|118px]]
+| caption_align     = center
-|-
+| total_width       = 340
-| style="text-align:center;"|[[Klaus Iohannis]]<br /><small>[[President of Romania|President]]</small>
+| image1            = EPP_Athens,_2-3_December,_2022_(52539790143)_(cropped).jpg
-| style="text-align:center;"|[[Viorica Dăncilă]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]</small>
+| image2            = Marcel_Ciolacu_-_18.06.2022,_Ședința_comună_a_Parlamentelor_Republicii_Moldova_și_României_(cropped).jpg
-|}
+| caption1          = [[Klaus Iohannis]]<br /><small>[[President of Romania|President]]</small>
+| caption2          = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]</small>
+| alt1              =
+| alt2              =
+}}
+The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on [[Constitution of France|the constitution of France's Fifth Republic]] and was approved in a national referendum on 8&nbsp;December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Romania as a "[[Defective democracy|flawed democracy]]" in 2023. [[Freedom House]] also considers Romania to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902194403/https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on the [[Constitution of France]]'s Fifth Republic and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991, and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with the EU legislation. The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a [[semi-presidential]] republic where executive functions are held by both [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Tony|last=Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=14 March 1990 |access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref> The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archivedate=31 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a [[semi-presidential]] republic where executive functions are held by both the [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=14 March 1990 |access-date=29 August 2011|isbn=9780191599156 }}</ref> The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archive-date=31 October 2012  }}</ref>
-The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]], which is the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120910190947/http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=High Court of Cassation and Justice -—Romania |title=Presentation |access-date=31 August 2008 |df= }}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]], considering that it is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituțională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituțională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended through a public referendum.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Romanian Legal system |publisher=CIA Factbook |year=2000 |access-date=11 January 2008 |df= }}</ref> The 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including [[judicial reform]]s, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.
+The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] being the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910190947/http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=[[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] -—Romania |title=Presentation |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]], is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituțională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituțională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Romanian Legal system |publisher=CIA Factbook |year=2000 |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including [[judicial reform]]s, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |title=Post-Accession (Anti-)Corruption Record in Romania and Bulgaria |journal=L'Europe en Formation |volume=364 |issue=2 |last1=Tanasoiu |first1=Cosmina |last2=Racovita |first2=Mihaela |date=2012 |pages=243–263 |doi=10.3917/eufor.364.0243 |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190529/https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Foreign relations===
@@ Line 386: / Line 373: @@
 [[File:Diplomatic missions of Romania.PNG|thumb|230px|right|Diplomatic missions of Romania]]
-[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Romanian President Iohannis Meet Before Reporters in Washington (34356507264).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Romania is a noteworthy ally of the [[United States]], being the first [[NATO]] member state that agreed to support increasing its [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|defence]] spending after the 2017 Trump-Iohannis meeting at the [[White House]].]]
+[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Romanian President Iohannis Meet Before Reporters in Washington (34356507264).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first [[NATO]] member state that agreed to support increasing its [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|defence]] spending after the 2017 Trump–Iohannis meeting at the [[White House]].]]
+Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29&nbsp;March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1&nbsp;January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archive-date=29 December 2009  }}</ref>
+In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=ro|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914103728/http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae /> Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae />
-Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the [[Western world|West]] in general, more specifically with the United States and the [[European Union]], albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]. It joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank]] in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqfQ6Tl4?url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archivedate=17 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Romania opted on 1&nbsp;January 2007, to accede to the [[Schengen Area]], and its bid to join was approved by the [[European Parliament]] in June 2011, but was rejected by the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]] in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the [[rule of law]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romanias-schengen-accession-in-jeopardy-over-rule-of-law/|title=Romania's Schengen Accession in Jeopardy Over Rule of Law|date=14 May 2019|website=Schengen Visa Info|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813134551/https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romanias-schengen-accession-in-jeopardy-over-rule-of-law/|url-status=live}}</ref> a fundamental principle of EU membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europarlamentti.info/en/values-and-objectives/values/|title=EU|website=europarlamentti.info|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826143011/http://europarlamentti.info/en/values-and-objectives/values/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Past recent governments states that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=Romanian|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=28 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914103728/http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|archivedate=14 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae /> Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae /> Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed [[Hungary–Romania relations|strong relations]] with [[Hungary]]. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to adhere the [[Schengen Area]], and its bid to join was approved by the [[European Parliament]] in June 2011, but was rejected by the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]] in September 2011.
-In December 2005, President [[Traian Băsescu]] and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Note: Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408231549/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|archivedate=8 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Hillary Clinton]], US [[Secretary of State]], declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."<ref>[http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512144240/http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|date=12 May 2009}}</ref>
+In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Note: Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191232/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Hillary Clinton]], US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512144240/http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|title=Bucharest Herald Resources & Information|archive-date=12 May 2009|url-status=dead|website=www.bucharestherald.com}}</ref>
-[[Romanian-Moldovan relations|Relations with Moldova]] are a special case, considering that the two countries share the same language and a [[History of Moldavia|common history]].<ref name=mae /> A [[movement for unification of Romania and Moldova]] appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule,<ref name=cfis>{{cite journal|url=http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |title=Romania'S Relations with the Republic of Moldova |author1=Gabriel Andreescu |author2=Valentin Stan |author3=Renate Weber |journal=International Studies |publisher=Centre for International Studies |date=30 October 1994 |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223003657/http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |archivedate=23 February 2008 }}</ref> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<ref name=Ihrig>{{cite web|url=http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|format=PDF|title=Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth|first=Stefan|last=Ihrig|access-date=17 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001165700/http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|archivedate=1 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After the [[2009 Moldovan protests|2009 protests in Moldova]] and subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|title=Moldova, Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations|work=People's Daily|access-date=11 August 2011|date=29 April 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022407/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|archivedate=18 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[Romanian-Moldovan relations|Relations with Moldova]] are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a [[History of Moldavia|common history]].<ref name=mae /> A [[Unification of Moldova and Romania|movement for unification of Moldova and Romania]] appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule<ref name=cfis>{{cite journal|url=http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |title=Romania'S Relations with the Republic of Moldova |author1=Gabriel Andreescu |author2=Valentin Stan |author3=Renate Weber |journal=[[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]] |publisher=Centre for International Studies |date=30 October 1994 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223003657/http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |archive-date=23 February 2008 }}</ref> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<ref name=Ihrig>{{cite web|url=http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|title=Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth|first=Stefan|last=Ihrig|access-date=17 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001165700/http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> After the [[2009 Moldovan protests|2009 protests in Moldova]] and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|title=Moldova, Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations|work=[[People's Daily]]|access-date=11 August 2011|date=29 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022407/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>
 ===Military===
@@ Line 400: / Line 389: @@
 {{See also|Romania–United States relations}}
-[[File:Exercitiu de debarcare a infanteristilor marini pe plaja de la Vadu.jpg|thumb|Romanian marine troopers during a combined Dutch-Romanian exercise at [[Corbu, Constanța|Vadu]] beach.]]
+[[File:Exercitiu de debarcare a infanteristilor marini pe plaja de la Vadu.jpg|thumb|Romanian marine troopers during a combined Dutch–Romanian exercise at [[Corbu, Constanța|Vadu]] beach]]
-[[File:Misiune de patrulare.jpg|thumb|right|Romania is the fourth largest contributor of [[Romanian Armed Forces|troops]] in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]].]]
-The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|Land]], [[Romanian Air Force|Air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|Naval Forces]], and are led by a [[Commander-in-chief]] under the supervision of the [[Ministry of Defense (Romania)|Ministry of Defense]], and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 are military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania |url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403205407/http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm |archivedate= 3 April 2008 |title=Press conference |date=21 January 2003 |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or approximately US$2.9&nbsp;billion, with a total of $11&nbsp;billion spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new equipment.<ref name="ZF">{{cite web|url=http://www.zf.ro/articol_99920/bugetul_mapn__2_05__din_pib__in_2007.html |title=MoND Budget as of 2007 |publisher=[[Ziarul Financiar]] |date=30 October 2006 |language=Romanian |access-date=31 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422075245/http://www.zf.ro/articol_99920/bugetul_mapn__2_05__din_pib__in_2007.html |archivedate=22 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
+The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|land]], [[Romanian Air Force|air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|naval forces]] led by a [[Chief of the Romanian General Staff|Commander-in-chief]] under the supervision of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|Ministry of National Defence]], and by the [[President of Romania|president]] as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref> Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44%&nbsp;of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|date=7 July 2023|publisher=NATO|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with a total of $9&nbsp;billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|title=Romania intends to buy F35 fighter jets - president|website=SeeNews |access-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040215/https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.
-The Air Force currently operates modernized Soviet [[MiG-21]] Lancer fighters which are due to be replaced by twelve [[F-16]]s, recently purchased.<ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s "Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806190518/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s |date=6 August 2016 }}</ref> The Air Force purchased seven new [[C-27J Spartan]] [[tactical airlift]]ers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/12/340509/pictures-romania-accepts-first-c-27j-spartans.html |title=PICTURES: Romania accepts first C-27J Spartans-12/04/2010-London |publisher=Flightglobal.com |access-date=28 September 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415191636/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/12/340509/pictures-romania-accepts-first-c-27j-spartans.html |archivedate=15 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> while the Naval Forces acquired two modernized [[Type 22 frigate]]s from the British [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="awst_20061211">{{Cite news|title=Spartan Order|publisher=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref>
+The Air Force operates [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU|F-16AM/BM MLU]] fighters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806190518/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|url-status=dead|title=Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s|first=David|last=Donald|archive-date=6 August 2016|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> [[C-27J Spartan]] and [[C-130 Hercules]] [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]], as well as [[IAR 330]] and [[IAR 316]] helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|title= World Air Forces 2023|newspaper= Flight Global|publisher= Flightglobal Insight|year= 2022|doi= |access-date= 12 January 2023|archive-date= 7 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224755/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|url-status= live}}</ref> A [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement#Romania|procurement program]] for [[F-35]] [[fifth-generation fighter]]s is also currently being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|title=Romania eyes 32 F-35s under $6.5 billion deal|author=Jaroslaw Adamowski|website=defensenews.com|date=10 August 2023|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235041/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two [[Type 22 frigate]]s acquired from the British [[Royal Navy]],<ref name="awst_20061211">{{cite magazine|title=Spartan Order|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> as well as four corvettes. The [[Romanian Danube Flotilla|River Flotilla]] operates [[Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitor|Mihail Kogălniceanu]] and [[Smârdan-class river monitor]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref>
-Romania has contributed troops to the international coalition in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] since 2002,<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania: 2 soldiers killed, 1 injured in Afghanistan |date = 7 May 2016 |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = Colorado Springs Gazette |url = http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042701/http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |archivedate = 17 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contributor according to the US). <ref>[https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554 Joint Press Conference of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and US President Donald Trump, Rose Garden, White House]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Romania To Send 450 More Troops To Afghanistan |date = 21 December 2014 |agency = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url = http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |access-date = 7 July 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065348/http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |archivedate = 19 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania ends combat mission in Afghanistan with visit from Prime Minister |date = 30 June 2014 |agency = Associated Press |url = http://www.rs.nato.int/article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171014093902/https://www.rs.nato.int/pagenotfound.aspx?page=article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html.aspx |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 14 October 2017 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Romanian troops participated in the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]], reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The [[Regele Ferdinand frigate]] participated in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |title=''Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament'' |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2011 |language=Romanian |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033747/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |archivedate=25 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] beginning in 2002,<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania: 2 soldiers killed, 1 injured in Afghanistan |date = 7 May 2016 |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = [[Colorado Springs Gazette]] |url = http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042701/http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |archive-date = 17 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th&nbsp;largest contribution according to the US).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554|title=Joint Press Conference of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and US President Donald Trump, Rose Garden, White House – Embassy of Romania to the United States of America|website=washington.mae.ro|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182241/https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Romania To Send 450 More Troops To Afghanistan |date = 21 December 2014 |agency = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url = http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065348/http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |archive-date = 19 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania ends combat mission in Afghanistan with visit from Prime Minister |date = 30 June 2014 |agency = [[Associated Press]] |url = http://www.rs.nato.int/article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171014093902/https://www.rs.nato.int/pagenotfound.aspx?page=article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date = 14 October 2017 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Romanian troops participated in the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]], reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24&nbsp;July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the ''[[Regele Ferdinand frigate|Regele Ferdinand]]'' participated in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |title=''Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament'' |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2011 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033747/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |archive-date=25 March 2011  }}</ref>
-In December 2011, the [[Senate of Romania|Romanian Senate]] unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the [[Romania–United States relations|Romania-United States agreement]] signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System|ballistic missile defence system]] in Romania as part of [[NATO]]'s efforts to build a continental [[NATO missile defence system|missile shield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |title=''Romania ratifies US missile shield agreement'' |publisher=SpaceWar |date=6 December 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130202181841/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |archivedate=2 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the [[Romania–United States relations|Romania-United States agreement]] signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System|ballistic missile defence system]] in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental [[NATO missile defence system|missile shield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |title=Romania ratifies US missile shield agreement |publisher=SpaceWar |date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202181841/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |archive-date=2 February 2013  }}</ref> The [[Aegis Ashore]] missile system based at [[Deveselu Military Base|Deveslu]] became operational in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/05/12/aegis-ashore-site-in-romania-declared-operational|title=Aegis Ashore Site in Romania Declared Operational|first=Sam|last=LaGrone|website=news.usni.org|date=12 May 2016|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609082649/https://news.usni.org/2016/05/12/aegis-ashore-site-in-romania-declared-operational|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Administrative divisions===
 <!---[[File:Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg|thumb|Map of [[Development regions of Romania|Romania's eight development regions]]. The forty-one local administrative units (counties) are also highlighted, but Bucharest and [[Ilfov county]] are shown combined. The two form a development region of their own, surrounded by the [[Sud (development region)|Sud region]].]]--->
 {{Main|Administrative divisions of Romania}}
-Romania is divided into 41 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] (județe, pronounced judets) and the municipality of [[Bucharest]]. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]] responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<ref name="descopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |title=Geografia Romaniei |publisher=descopera.net |language=Romanian |access-date=7 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219224756/http://descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |archivedate=19 February 2009 |df= }}</ref> Each county is further subdivided into [[cities of Romania|cities]] and [[Communes of Romania|communes]], which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|17}} A total of 103 of the larger cities have [[Municipalities of Romania|municipality]] statuses, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six [[sectors of Bucharest|sectors]]<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|6}} and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.
+Romania is divided into 41 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] (''județe'', pronounced judetse) and the municipality of [[Bucharest]]. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]] responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<ref name="descopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |title=Geografia Romaniei |publisher=descopera.net |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219224756/http://descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> Each county is subdivided further into [[cities of Romania|cities]] and [[Communes of Romania|communes]], which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320&nbsp;cities and 2,861&nbsp;communes in Romania.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|17}} A total of 103&nbsp;of the larger cities have [[Municipalities of Romania|municipality]] status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six [[sectors of Bucharest|sectors]]<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|6}} and has a prefect, a general mayor (''primar''), and a general city council.
-The NUTS-3 ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) level divisions of European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.<ref name=nuts /> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four [[macroregions of Romania|macroregions]]) and NUTS-2<ref name="LEGE nr.151 din 15 iulie 1998">{{cite web|title=LEGE nr. 151 din 15 iulie 1998|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|language=Romanian|access-date=1 July 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235242/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|archivedate=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]]) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity, and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.<ref name=nuts>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118234301/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archivedate=18 January 2008 |title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
+The NUTS-3 ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41&nbsp;counties plus Bucharest.<ref name=nuts /> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four [[macroregions of Romania|macroregions]]) and NUTS-2<ref name="LEGE nr.151 din 15 iulie 1998">{{cite web|title=LEGE nr. 151 din 15 iulie 1998|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|language=ro|access-date=1 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235242/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> (eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]]) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.<ref name=nuts>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118234301/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-date=18 January 2008 |title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 {{Romanian counties map |Map=Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg}}
@@ Line 423: / Line 411: @@
 ![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
 !Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
-!Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | title=2011 Regions Population | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043140/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | archivedate=29 September 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+!Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | title=2011 Regions Population | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043140/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | archive-date=29 September 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
-![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban center]]<sup>*</sup><ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_3.xlsx | title = Population at 20 October 2011 | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 5 July 2013 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | language = Romanian}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
+![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban centre]]<sup>*</sup><ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_3.xlsx | title = Population at 20 October 2011 | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 5 July 2013 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | language = ro}}{{dead link|date=June 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 |- style="text-align:center;"
 |style="background:#a1e0a1;"|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest]]
@@ Line 451: / Line 439: @@
 |[[Ploiești metropolitan area|Ploiești]] (276,279)
 |- style="text-align:center;"
-|style="background:#e4d59e;"|[[București - Ilfov|București – Ilfov]]
+|style="background:#e4d59e;"|[[București - Ilfov]]
 |1,811
 |2,272,163
@@ Line 474: / Line 462: @@
 {{Further|Agriculture in Romania|Industry of Romania}}
+In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737&nbsp;billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $38,721.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822181532/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=11 April 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414154927/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the World Bank, Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]].<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77%&nbsp;of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44%&nbsp;in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904172547/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[File:City Gate Towers.jpg|thumb|left|[[City Gate Towers]]  in Bucharest]]
+After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%,&nbsp;one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> However, the [[Great Recession]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20&nbsp;billion bailout program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|url-status=dead|title=Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Romania |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922222037/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,<ref name="Romania1">{{cite web |title= În luna Iunie 2023, câștigul salarial mediu brut pe economie a fost 7364 LEI și cel net 4600 LEI |url= https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |publisher= National Institute of Statistics - Romania |website= www.insse.ro |access-date= 2023-08-11 |archive-date= 11 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112323/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1%&nbsp;in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3%&nbsp;in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017  }}</ref>
-[[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|As of 2007, Romania is part of the [[European Single Market|EU single market]].]]
+[[File:Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|The [[CEC Palace]], situated on Bucharest's [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]]]]
-As for 2018, due to the recent economic growth, the country now has a high income mixed-economy with a [[nominal GDP per capita]] of $12,575 and $26,499 PPP. In 2016, Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $441.601 billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $22,348.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=24&pr1.y=9&c=968&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095227/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=24&pr1.y=9&c=968&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}, [[IMF]] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017</ref> According to the [[World Bank]], Romania was an upper-middle income country economy.<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/?locations=RO-XT World Bank – Data for Romania 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010142627/https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=RO-XT |date=10 October 2017 }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 63% of the EU average in 2017, an increase from 41% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/GDP_per_capita,_consumption_per_capita_and_price_level_indices |title=GDP per capita, consumption per capita and price level indices |access-date=13 June 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702200346/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/GDP_per_capita,_consumption_per_capita_and_price_level_indices |archivedate=2 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+[[File:Bucharest - Smârdan Street (28547822606).jpg|thumb|left|The old [[Bucharest Stock Exchange]] Palace (presently, Bucharest's Chamber of Commerce and Industry), situated in the capital's historical city centre]]
+Industrial output growth reached 6.5%&nbsp;year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archive-date=12 June 2014  }}</ref> As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=[[IMF]]|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>
-After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterized by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|format=PDF|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, a recession following the [[global financial crisis of 2008–2009]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20bn bailout program.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html nytimes.com: "Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout" 1 Nov 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html |date=21 July 2016 }}</ref> GDP has been growing by over 2% each year since.<ref name="Eurostat – Real GDP growth rate">{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/articole/crestere+economica+romania+2014|title=Veste excelenta pentru Romania de la Banca Mondiala (Video)|access-date=11 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618095328/http://www.ziare.com/articole/crestere+economica+romania+2014|archivedate=18 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], the GDP per capita [[purchasing power parity]] grew from $13,442 in 2007 to an estimated $22,124 in 2015.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |format=PDF |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4% |language= |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Romania still has one of the lowest net average monthly wages in the EU of €540 in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs12e16.pdf |title=Average gross earnings in Romania |date=16 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113855/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs12e16.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=Eurostat|access-date=5 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archivedate=5 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania is at 4.3% in August 2018, which is very low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017" />
+After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |url-status=dead |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|title=Romania |publisher=heritage.org |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16%&nbsp;for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2007|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2%&nbsp;of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30%&nbsp;and 4.4%&nbsp;respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|title=Romania – share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product 2018|website=Statista|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922050619/https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|The [[CEC Palace]] is situated on Bucharest's [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]].]]
+Approximately 25.8%&nbsp;of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=15 June 2018|title=Farmers in the EU – statistics – Statistics Explained|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615181335/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|access-date=26 March 2021|url-status=dead|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
+Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8&nbsp;billion in June 2019.<ref name="business-review.eu">{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|title=FDI stock in Romania approaches EUR 84 bln|date=5 September 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909013551/https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|url-status=live}}</ref> Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745&nbsp;million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.<ref name="business-review.eu"/> Some companies that have invested in Romania include Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Procter & Gamble, Citibank, and IBM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willis|first=Terri|title=Romania: Enchantment of the World|publisher=[[Children's Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-516-21635-X|pages=80–81|language=English}}</ref>
-Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the EU-27.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archivedate=12 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centered on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be −4.52% of the GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=IMF|access-date=27 April 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.<ref name="doingbusiness.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|title=Explore Economies|website=World Bank|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914161208/https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|url-status=live}}</ref> The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.<ref name="doingbusiness.org"/>
 [[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] (2009)]]
+Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banca Națională a României – "The History of the Romanian Leu" Exhibition|url=https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|website=www.bnr.ro|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111204/https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the [[euro]] in 2029.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | title=Romania wants to push euro adoption by 2026 | date=20 March 2023 | access-date=4 May 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033726/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
-After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |title=Index of Economic Freedom: Romania |publisher=heritage.org |access-date=31 August 2008 |df= }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|dead-url=yes|archive-date=28 June 2007|format=PDF|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 13% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 30% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|title=Romania|publisher=CIA World Factbook|year=2010|access-date=27 April 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501072844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|archivedate=1 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. [[Foreign direct investment]] was valued at €8.3&nbsp;billion in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346 |title=Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn |access-date=31 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928125042/http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346 |archivedate=28 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> According to a 2011 [[World Bank]] report, Romania currently ranks 72nd out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/|title=Economy Ranking|work=Doing Business|year=2007|publisher=World Bank|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915084658/http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21041782~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308173737/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21041782~pagePK%3A64257043~piPK%3A437376~theSitePK%3A4607%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 8 March 2007 |title=Doing Business 2007 Report |publisher=World Bank |access-date=31 August 2008 |df= }}</ref>
-Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005, it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the [[Euro]] sometime around 2020.<ref name=EUROENTRY>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0434en01.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071025023219/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0434en01.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 October 2007 |format=PDF |title=Fifth Report on the Practical Preparations for the Future Enlargement of the Euro Area |date=16 July 2007 |publisher=Commission of the European Communities |access-date=31 May 2013 |df= }}</ref>
+In January 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be US$122&nbsp;billion according to CEIC data.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt |title=Romania External Debt 2004–2020 Monthly USD mn CEIC Data |website=ceicdata.com |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112310/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt |url-status=live }}</ref>
-On the 1 July 2015, Romania's external debt was reported to be situated at the sum of €90.59 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title = Banca Națională a României|url = http://bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10616|website = bnr.ro|access-date = 29 September 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930005458/http://bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10616|archivedate = 30 September 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In 2018, the external debt of Romania was reported to be situated at the sum of €96 billion according to the [[National Bank of Romania]].<ref>[http://www.ziare.com/bani/plata/datoria-externa-a-romaniei-a-crescut-galopant-si-se-apropie-de-100-de-miliarde-de-euro-1521583 Datoria externa a Romaniei a crescut galopant si se apropie de 100 de miliarde de euro]</ref>
 ===Infrastructure===
 {{Main|Transport in Romania|Energy in Romania}}
-[[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|Romania's [[Roads in Romania|road network]].]]
+[[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|Romania's [[Roads in Romania|road network]]]]
 [[File:Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015.svg|thumb|Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015]]
-According to the ''[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]'', Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at {{convert|86080|km|0|abbr=out}}.<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |title=Length of roads in Romania 2015 |publisher=INSSE |access-date=16 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231241/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The World Bank estimates the railway network at {{convert|22298|km}} of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |title=Reteaua feroviara |language=Romanian |publisher=cfr.to |access-date=6 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608211134/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |archivedate=8 June 2009 }}</ref> [[Căile Ferate Române|Rail transport]] experienced a dramatic decline after 1989, and was estimated at 99&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2004; but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatization of lines,<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite book|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=978-1-85743-412-5}}</ref> accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<ref name="Europaworld" /> [[Bucharest Metro]], the only [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures {{convert|61.41|km|2|abbr=on}} with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |title=Metrorex ridership |language=Romanian |publisher=Financial Week newspaper |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516140935/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |archivedate=16 May 2008 }}</ref> There are [[Airports in Romania|sixteen international commercial airports]] in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] in 2017.<ref>[http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls Ann.aero database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls |date=26 March 2017 }}</ref>
+According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at {{convert|86080|km|0|abbr=out}}.<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |title=Length of roads in Romania 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231241/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016  }}</ref> The World Bank estimates the railway network at {{convert|22298|km}} of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm|title=Reteaua feroviara |language=ro |publisher=cfr.to |access-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608211134/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> Romania's [[Căile Ferate Române|rail transport]] experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=978-1-85743-412-5}}</ref> accounting for 45%&nbsp;of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<ref name="Europaworld" /> [[Bucharest Metro]], the only [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures {{convert|61.41|km|2|abbr=on}} with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html|title=Metrorex ridership |language=ro |publisher=Financial Week newspaper |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516140935/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> There are [[List of airports in Romania|sixteen international commercial airports]] in service today. Over 12.8&nbsp;million passengers flew through Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|title=Ann. aero database|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>
-Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<ref name=eia>{{cite web|url=[[List of countries by electricity consumption]] |title=List of countries by electricity consumption |date= |access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=May 2017}} Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211040927/https://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |archivedate=11 December 2015 |df= }}</ref> In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |title=Raport Anual 2015 energie |format=PDF |date= |access-date=20 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095255/http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<ref name=eia /> With one of the largest reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[shale gas]] in Europe,<ref name=eia /> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Hontz-Ward |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |title=Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine Crisis |publisher=Voanews.com |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818030644/http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |archivedate=18 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is looking to further expand its nuclear power plant at [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |title=Contractul pentru unitatile 3 si 4 de la centrala nucleara Cernavoda se va parafa in mai. Chinezii v-or avea 51% din actiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro |publisher=Economie.hotnews.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090341/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |archivedate=19 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |title=Country Comparison-Electricity Consumptiom |website=cia.gov |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |title=Planul Național de Acțiune în Domeniul Energiei din Surse Regenerabile (PNAER) |language=ro |date=2010 |access-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211040927/https://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the main sources were coal&nbsp;(28%), hydroelectric&nbsp;(30%), nuclear&nbsp;(18%), and hydrocarbons&nbsp;(14%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |title=Raport Anual 2015 energie |access-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095255/http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017  }}</ref> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |title=Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges Vol.IV(LXVII) No. 4/2015 37 – 44Romanian Oil Industry Decline |last=Lazar |first=Cornel and Mirela |website=upg-bulletin-so.ro |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421143536/http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 }}</ref> With one of the largest reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[shale gas]] in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ |title=World Shale Resource Assessments |website=eia.gov |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701171451/https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Hontz-Ward |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |title=Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine Crisis |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Voanews.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818030644/http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |archive-date=18 August 2014  }}</ref> and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]] further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |title=Contractul pentru unitățile 3 și 4 de la centrala nucleară Cernavodă se va parafa în mai. Chinezii vor avea 51% din acțiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=Economie.hotnews.ro |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090341/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |archive-date=19 August 2014  }}</ref>
-There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|title=Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet|publisher=[[Gândul]]|date=4 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080533/http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], in 2013 Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to ''[[The Independent]]'', it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,<ref>[https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/ • Chart: Blistering BroadBand: Europe's fastest downloaders -> Statista<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110431/https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/ |date=22 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|title=Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 January 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628104937/http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|archivedate=28 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with [[Timișoara]] ranked among the highest in the world.<ref name=Akamai>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking|publisher=Net Index|date=3 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706191940/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|archivedate=6 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+There were almost 18.3&nbsp;million connections to the Internet in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|title=Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet|newspaper=[[Gândul]]|date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080533/http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|archive-date=9 April 2015|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to ''[[The Independent]]'', it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110431/https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|url-status=dead|title=• Chart: Blistering broadband: Europe's fastest downloaders &#124; Statista|archive-date=22 February 2017|website=www.statista.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|title=Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628104937/http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> with [[Timișoara]] ranked among the highest in the world.<ref name=Akamai>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking|publisher=Net Index|date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706191940/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>
+=== Tourism ===
-===Tourism===
 {{Main|Tourism in Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}}
 {{See also|Seven Natural Wonders of Romania|Seven Wonders of Romania}}
-Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=World Economic Forum|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism|access-date=16 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405043639/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|archivedate=5 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania to tap travel and tourism potential|publisher=WTTC|url=http://www.wttc.travel/eng/News_and_Events/Press/Press_Releases_2006/WTTC_spells_out_recommendations_for_Romania/index.php|access-date=11 January 2008}}{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref> The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<ref name="business review website">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |title=Worldbank Tourism in Romania |website=worldbank.org |access-date=5 May 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191802/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |archivedate=25 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400&nbsp;million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114100/http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=''Gandul'' Newspaper |title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400&nbsp;million |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref>
-More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|format=PDF|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5&nbsp;million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|access-date=11 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015139/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The popular summer attractions of [[Mamaia]] and other [[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Black Sea Resorts]] attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanța] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104448/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html |date=2 November 2012 }}, 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea |publisher=UnseenRomania |access-date=10 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archivedate=11 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
+Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism|access-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405043639/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33&nbsp;million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<ref name="business review website">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |title=Worldbank Tourism in Romania |website=worldbank.org |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191802/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |archive-date=25 August 2017  }}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400&nbsp;million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114100/http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Gandul Newspaper |title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400&nbsp;million |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> More than 60%&nbsp;of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5&nbsp;million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|access-date=11 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015139/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> The popular summer attractions of [[Mamaia]] and other [[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Black Sea Resorts]] attracted 1.3&nbsp;million tourists in 2009.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanța] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104448/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html |date=2 November 2012 }}, 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea |publisher=UnseenRomania |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+<!--Galleries or clusters of images are generaly discouraged as they cause undue weight to one particular section of a summary article and may cause accessibility problems(?) . See WP:GALLERY for more information.--->
 {{multiple image|perrow=2|align=right|total_width=300
-|image1=Manastirea putna1.jpg|caption1=[[Putna Monastery]] in [[Bukovina]], the oldest of the [[Churches of Moldavia|medieval churches of Moldavia]]
+|image1=Manastirea putna1.jpg|caption1=[[Putna Monastery]] in [[Bukovina]], one of the [[Churches of Moldavia|medieval churches of Moldavia]]
-|image2=Poiana Brasov.jpg|caption2=[[Poiana Brașov]] of the [[Prahova Valley]]
+|image2=Pelicani din Delta Dunarii.PNG|caption2=The [[Danube Delta]] with its wildlife
-|image3=Castelul Bran2.jpg|caption3=[[Bran Castle]] ({{lang-de|Törzburg}})
+|image3=Castelul Bran2.jpg|caption3=[[Bran Castle]]
 |image4=Black Sea beach in Mamaia (6117712232).jpg|caption4=[[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Mamaia Black Sea resort]]}}
-Most popular skiing resorts are along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and in [[Poiana Brașov]]. [[List of castles in Romania|Castles, fortifications, or strongholds]] as well as well preserved medieval [[Transylvania]]n cities such as [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]], [[Brașov]], [[Bistrița]], [[Mediaș]], or [[Sighișoara]] also attract a large number of tourists. [[Bran Castle]], near [[Brașov]], is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being [[Dracula in popular culture|Dracula]]'s Castle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|title=Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar şi de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turişti|website=www.digi24.ro|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103842/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|archivedate=22 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Hunedoara Castle]] is another famous structure.
+Most popular skiing resorts are along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and in [[Poiana Brașov]]. [[List of castles in Romania|Castles, fortifications, or strongholds]] as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]], [[Brașov]], [[Alba Iulia]], [[Baia Mare]], [[Bistrița]], [[Mediaș]], [[Cisnădie]], [[Sebeș]], or [[Sighișoara]] also attract a large number of tourists. [[Bran Castle]], near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being [[Dracula in popular culture|Dracula]]'s Castle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|title=Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar și de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turiști|website=www.digi24.ro|date=21 February 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103842/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Turism in Romania |url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060849/http://turism.ro/statiuni.php |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Turism.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 1957 |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909134147/http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com}}</ref>
-Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|date=5 July 2008|title=Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|access-date=28 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802065943/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|archivedate=2 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] and its [[Bran Castle|Dracula's Castle]], the [[Churches of Moldavia|painted churches of northern Moldavia]], and the [[wooden churches of Maramureș]], or the [[villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=Romanian|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|access-date=28 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053130/http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|archivedate=14 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other attractions include the [[Danube Delta]] or the [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |title=Turism in Romania |publisher=Turism.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060849/http://turism.ro/statiuni.php |archivedate=2 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120909134147/http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com |date=16 March 1957 |access-date=29 August 2011 }}</ref>
+[[Rural tourism]], focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local [[folklore]] and [[Tradition|customs]], has become an important alternative,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|date=5 July 2008|title=Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802065943/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|archive-date=2 August 2008}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] and its Dracula's Castle, the [[Churches of Moldavia|painted churches of northern Moldavia]], and the [[wooden churches of Maramureș]], or the [[villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=ro|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053130/http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Via Transilvanica]] long-distance [[hiking]] and [[cycling]] [[trail]], which crosses 10 counties in the [[Transylvania]], [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] regions of the country further promotes rural [[slow tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concept - Via Transilvanica |url=https://www.viatransilvanica.com/en/concept/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.viatransilvanica.com |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812144441/https://www.viatransilvanica.com/en/concept/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of EUR 2.6 billion.<ref>[http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/ How important is tourism in Romania’s economy?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064035/http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/ |date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.<ref name="romania-insider.com">[http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/ Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania Insider<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055850/http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/ |date=4 February 2015 }}</ref> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.<ref name="romania-insider.com" />
+In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064035/http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|url-status=dead|title=How important is tourism in Romania's economy?|publisher=romania-insider.com|archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> More than 1.9&nbsp;million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12%&nbsp;more than in 2013.<ref name="romania-insider.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055850/http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|url-status=dead|title=Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania Insider<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77%&nbsp;came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12%&nbsp;from Asia, and less than 7%&nbsp;from North America.<ref name="romania-insider.com" />
 ===Science and technology===
 {{Main|Science and technology in Romania|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}}
-Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] made the first airplane to take off on its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|access-date=7 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IQ4ALpj8?url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archivedate=27 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful [[aircraft]], while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics. [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50 types of [[bacteria]]; biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] discovered [[insulin]], while [[Emil Palade]], received the [[Nobel Prize]] for his contributions to [[cell biology]]. [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesize [[amphetamine]] and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents, while [[Costin Nenițescu]] developed numerous new classes of compounds in [[organic chemistry]]. Notable [[:Category:Romanian mathematicians|Romanian mathematicians]] include [[Spiru Haret]], [[Grigore Moisil]], and [[Ștefan Odobleja]]; physicists and inventors: [[Șerban Țițeica]], [[Alexandru Proca]], and [[Ștefan Procopiu]].
+Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] built the first airplane to take off under its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|access-date=7 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224335/http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|title=AUREL VLAICU|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926114207/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|title=Henri Coandă|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095740/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50&nbsp;types of bacteria;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|title=Victor Babeș, savantul român care a descoperit 50 de noi tipuri de microbi și un vaccin împotriva turbării|website=adevarul.ro|date=27 November 2017|language=en|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308021912/https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|title=Nicolae Paulescu was a Romanian scientist who claimed to have been the first person to discover insulin, which he called pancreine.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083512/https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Emil Palade]] received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to [[cell biology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192113/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesise [[amphetamine]], and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Elaine A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20|title=The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes|date=10 January 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8012-8|language=en|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235041/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20#v=snippet&q=Laz%C4%83r%20Edeleanu%20was%20the%20first%20chemist%20to%20synthesise%20amphetamine&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
-During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archivedate=10 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, since the country's accession to the [[European Union]], this has begun to change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16869790-laserul-magurele-institutul-cercetare-pentru-fizica-inginerie-nucleara-semnat-contractul-pentru-realizarea-sistemului-fascicul-gamma.htm |title=Laserul de la Magurele: Institutul de Cercetare pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara a semnat contractul de 66 milioane euro pentru realizarea Sistemului Fascicul Gamma – Esential |publisher=HotNews.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811081832/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16869790-laserul-magurele-institutul-cercetare-pentru-fizica-inginerie-nucleara-semnat-contractul-pentru-realizarea-sistemului-fascicul-gamma.htm |archivedate=11 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After being slashed by 50% in 2009 because of the global recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=124097 |title=Bulgaria: Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency |publisher=Novinite.com |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511095920/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=124097 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/469142a.html |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116022857/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/469142a.html |archivedate=16 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The country has joined several major international organizations such as [[CERN]] and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epochtimes-romania.com/article.php?article_id=97824 |title=Funeriu: Stiinta din Romania 'se imbunatateste', insa mai sunt multe lucruri de facut |publisher=Epochtimes-romania.com |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003912/http://www.epochtimes-romania.com/article.php?article_id=97824 |archivedate=10 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actmedia.eu/2011/01/20/top+story/romania+is+to+sign+agreement+on+joining+european+space+agency+convention+/31695 |title=Romania is to sign agreement on joining European space agency convention |publisher=Actmedia.eu |date=20 January 2011 |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013651/http://www.actmedia.eu/2011/01/20/top+story/romania+is+to+sign+agreement+on+joining+european+space+agency+convention+/31695 |archivedate=24 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Overall, the situation has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/news.2011.8.html |title=Romania's high hopes for science : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319180142/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/news.2011.8.html |archivedate=19 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011  }}</ref> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by [[research and development]] spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5%&nbsp;in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over&nbsp;2%.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|title=R&D expenditure in the EU remained stable in 2016 at just over 2% of GDP|date=1 December 2017|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614062039/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|title=Romania, last in the EU on R&D expenditure|publisher=Romania Insider|date=10 January 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708205458/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|url-status=live}}</ref> The country joined the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|title=Romania accedes to ESA Convention|publisher=European Space Agency|date=20 January 2011|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185009/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CERN]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|publisher=CERN|date=5 September 2016|title=CERN welcomes Romania as its twenty-second Member State|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185006/https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8&nbsp;million in membership contributions to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania loses voting right at European Space Agency due to unpaid debts|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|work=Romania Insider|date=3 October 2018|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185004/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Romania's high hopes for science |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |doi=10.1038/news.2011.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |volume=469 |issue=7329 |pages=142–143 |doi=10.1038/469142a |pmid=21228844 |bibcode=2011Natur.469..142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Romania was ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the [[European Union]]'s proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP &#124; Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archivedate=6 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guyana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archivedate=6 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Starting December 2014, Romania is a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archivedate=8 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP &#124; Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archive-date=6 September 2011  }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guiana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014  }}</ref> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archive-date=8 December 2014  }}</ref>
 ==Demographics==
+{{Main|Demographics of Romania|Romanians}}
+{{See also|Demographic history of Romania|Immigration to Romania|Minorities in Romania}}
+[[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|thumb|170px|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]]
+[[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|170px|Ethnic map of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] based on the 1930 census data]]
+According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Romania's population was 19,053,815.<ref name="Census2021"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. According to the 2021 Romanian census, [[Romanians]] made up 89.33%&nbsp;of the population, [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] 6.05% and the [[Romani people|Roma]] 3.44% of the population,<ref name="Census2021" /> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141449/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Official Statistics |url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> According to the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Romani people|Roma]] makes up 8.32%&nbsp;of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding, strategy, facts and figures and contact details for national Roma contact points in Romania |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105430/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians in Romania|Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=ro |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" />
-[[File:Ethnic-map-of-Romania-2011.png|thumb|left|Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011 census data.]]
+The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36&nbsp;children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1,&nbsp;and one of the lowest in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82&nbsp;children born per woman in 1912.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 31.2%&nbsp;of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|url-status=dead|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|archive-date=27 May 2016|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
-{{Main|Demographics of Romania|Demographic history of Romania|Immigration to Romania}}
+The [[birth rate]] (9.49‰,&nbsp;2012) is much lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰,&nbsp;2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26%&nbsp;per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6&nbsp;years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1"/> with approximately 16.8%&nbsp;of total population aged 65&nbsp;years and over.<ref name = "cia.gov1"/><ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064345/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |archive-date=15 March 2016  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032354/http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=8 November 2011  }}</ref> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92&nbsp;years (71.46&nbsp;years male, 78.59&nbsp;years female).<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=Europe :: Romania — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=29 September 2021|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12&nbsp;million.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url=http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207131655/http://focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |archive-date=7 February 2009  }}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|title=Focus-Migration: Romania|website=focus-migration.hwwi.de|language=de|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720111251/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916021316/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm |date=16 September 2015 }} European Parliament</ref>
+=== Languages ===
-{{See also|Minorities of Romania|Romanian diaspora}}
+{{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}}
+{{bar box
-{{Historical populations
-|type =
+|float = right
+|titlebar = #ddd
-|1866|4,424,961 |1887|5,500,000 |1899|5,956,690 |1912|7,234,919 |1930|18,057,028 |1939|19,934,000 |1941|13,535,757 |1948|15,872,624 |1956|17,489,450 |1966|19,103,163 |1977|21,559,910 |1992|22,760,449 |2002|21,680,974 |2011|20,121,641|2016|19,474,952|2017|19,644,350
+|title = Language frequency as spoken<br/> in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Language">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după limba maternă (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100337/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|footnote = Sources: Romanian official censuses or estimates and [[Eurostat]]. <br />Note: Figures prior to 1948 do not reflect current borders.
+|left1 = Language
+|right1 = Percentage
+|bars =
+{{bar percent|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|yellow|91.55}}
+{{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|green|6.28}}
+{{bar percent|[[Romani language|Romani]]|orange|1.20}}
+{{bar percent|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|blue|0.25}}
+{{bar percent|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|red|0.10}}
+{{bar percent|[[German language|German]]|purple|0.10}}
+{{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|cyan|0.09}}
+{{bar percent|[[Minorities in Romania|Others]]|grey|0.43}}
 }}
+[[File:Limba romana Atlanticul-800px.png|thumb|right|Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language]]
-According to the [[Demographic history of Romania|2011 census]], Romania's population is 20,121,641.<ref name="CensusRef" /> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to gradually decline in the coming years as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. In October 2011, [[Romanians]] made up 88.9% of the population. The largest [[Minorities of Romania|ethnic minorities]] are the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]], 6.1% of the population, and the [[Romani people|Roma]], 3.0% of the population.<ref group="lower-alpha">2002 census data, based on [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf population by ethnicity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324001828/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf|date=24 March 2012}}, gave a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. Many ethnicities are not recorded, as they [http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf do not have ID cards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf|date=15 November 2013}}. International sources give higher figures than the official census (e.g., [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007102931/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf][[UNDP]]<span>'s Regional Bureau for Europe</span>, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824055025/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20333806~menuPK%3A615999~pagePK%3A64168445~piPK%3A64168309~theSitePK%3A615987%2C00.html World Bank], {{cite web|url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf|title=International Association for Official Statistics|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf|archivedate=26 February 2008|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 |df= }}</ref> Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=Romanian |access-date=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archivedate=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 [[Germans in Romania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archivedate=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remain today.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from [[Moldova]] and [[China]].<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" />
+The official language is Romanian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but shares many features equally with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically Italian, French, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|title=Romanian Translation {{!}} Romanian, Italian, English & French translations|website=Parolando|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111211/https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26&nbsp;letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ''ă'', ''â'', ''î'', ''ț'', and ''ș''), totaling 31.<ref name=":1" />
-The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.33 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world.<ref name="cia.gov">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924094539/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |date=24 September 2014 }}</ref> In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018 |date=27 May 2016 }}</ref>
-The [[birth rate]] (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 39.1, 2012), with approximately 14.9% of total population aged 65 years and over.<ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064345/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |archivedate=15 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032354/http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |archivedate=8 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |title=CIA World Factbook: Romania |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2 October 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007155355/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archivedate=7 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).<ref name="cia.gov" />
+Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55%&nbsp;of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.28%&nbsp;and 1.20%&nbsp;of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=Iarna Ucraineană – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| access-date=5 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archive-date=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 17,101 native speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], 15,943 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and 14,414 native speakers of [[Russian language|Russian]] living in Romania.<ref name="Census2021-Language"/><ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
-The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12&nbsp;million.<ref name=diaspora /> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|title=Focus-Migration: Romania|website=focus-migration.hwwi.de|language=de|access-date=2 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720111251/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|archivedate=20 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916021316/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm |date=16 September 2015 }} European Parliament</ref>
+According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over&nbsp;20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archive-date=7 September 2011  }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31%&nbsp;of Romanians, French is spoken by&nbsp;17%, and Italian and German, each by&nbsp;7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date= 6 January 2016 }}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! Foreign-born population<ref>{{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |work=Eurostat}}</ref> !! 2013 !! 2015 !! 2017
-|-
-! Population total
-| 20,020,074 || 19,870,647 || 19,644,350
-|-
-! Total
-| 182,939 || 281,048 || 421,801
-|-
-| {{flag|Moldova}} || 59,670 || 114,654 || 161,846
-|-
-| {{flag|Italy}} || 22,486 || 38,580 || 56,515
-|-
-| {{flag|Spain}} || 18,827 || 29,937 || 42,165
-|-
-| {{flag|Ukraine}} || 8,743 || 11,900 || 16,729
-|-
-| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 2,604 || 5,208 || 15,346
-|-
-| {{flag|Germany}} || 3,759 || 6,552 || 15,121
-|-
-| {{flag|France}} || 3,780 || 6,471 || 12,589
-|-
-| {{flag|Bulgaria}} || 11,163 || 10,465 || 10,646
-|-
-| {{flag|Hungary}} || 5,795 || 6,420 || 8,184
-|-
-| {{flag|Turkey}} || 5,057 || 3 || 7,986
-|-
-| {{flag|Greece}} || 4,085 || 4,653 || 6,494
-|-
-| {{flag|Russia}} || 4,952 || 5,269 || 6,063
-|-
-| {{flag|China}} || 2,978 || 3,722 || 5,068
-|-
-| {{flag|United States}} || 2,360 || 2,876 || 4,428
-|-
-| {{flag|Syria}} || 2,295 || 2,576 || 3,492
-|-
-| {{flag|Israel}} || 1,665 || 1,837 || 2,936
-|-
-| {{flag|Belgium}} || 54 || 1,102 || 2,650
-|-
-| {{flag|Iraq}} || 1,136 || 1,419 || 2,338
-|-
-| {{flag|Serbia}} || 1,529 || 5,783 || 2,296
-|-
-| {{flag|Austria}} || 121 || 509 || 1,934
-|-
-| {{flag|Ireland}} || 22 || 657 || 1,876
-|-
-| {{flag|Tunisia}} || 1,034 || 1,062 || 1,627
-|-
-| {{flag|Iran}} || 1,114 || 1,261 || 1,464
-|-
-| {{flag|Portugal}} || 81 || 364 || 1,377
-|}
-===Languages===
+===Religion===
-{{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}}
+{{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church}}
+[[File:Catedrala Mitropolitana, Timisoara.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral|Cathedral of the Three Holy Hierarchs]] in [[Timișoara]].]]
-{{bar box
-| width = 250px
-| float = right
-| title = Origin of the words in Romanian<ref>Marius Sala (coord), Mihaela Bîrlădeanu, Maria Iliescu, Liliana Macarie, Ioana Nichita, Mariana Ploae-Hanganu, Maria Theban, Ioana Vintilă-Rădulescu, ''Vocabularul reprezentativ al limbilor romanice'' (VRLR) (Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1988).</ref><ref>Vocabularul reprezentativ diferă de vocabularul fundamental (VF) și de fondul principal lexical (FP). Cf. SCL (Studii și cercetări lingvistice), an XXVII (1976), nr. 1, p. 61-66 și SCL (1974) nr. 3, p. 247. Cf. Theodor Hristea, "Structura generală a lexicului românesc", ''Sinteze de limba română'', eds., Theodor Hristea (coord.), Mioara Avram, Grigore Brâncuș, Gheorghe Bulgăr, Georgeta Ciompec, Ion Diaconescu, Rodica Bogza-Irimie & Flora Șuteu (Bucharest: 1984), 13.</ref>
-| titlebar = #ddd
-| bars =
-{{bar percent|[[Romance languages|Romance]]{{dubious|date=January 2019}}|red|78}}
-{{bar percent|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]|lightgreen|14}}
-{{bar percent|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] (German-based influence, English loanwords)|gold|2.54}}
-{{bar percent|[[Modern Greek|Greek]]|darkgreen|1.7}}
-{{bar percent|Others|black|5.49}}
-}}
+Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> 73.86%&nbsp;of respondents identified as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], with 73.42%&nbsp;belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other denominations include [[Religion in Romania#Protestantism|Protestantism]]&nbsp;(6.22%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]]&nbsp;(3.89%), and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]]&nbsp;(0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 [[Islam in Romania|Muslims]] (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] (Jews once constituted 4%&nbsp;of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are [[Irreligion|irreligious]], 57,205 are [[Atheism|atheist]], 25,485 are [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/>
-The official language is [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but equally shares many features with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]. The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as 5 additional ones (namely 'ă','â','î','ț', and 'ș'), totaling 31.
+The Romanian Orthodox Church is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, with a [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|date=8 November 2017|website=pewforum.org|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225000348/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a [[Latin]] culture and uses a [[Romance languages|Romance]] liturgical language.<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Profiles of the Eastern Churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100346/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=29 December 2016 }} at cnewa.org</ref> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001948/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|url-status=dead|title=European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Romania has the [[Eastern Orthodoxy by country|world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Romanian is spoken as a first language by approximately 90% of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.2% and 1.2% of the population, respectively. There are also approximately 50,000 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions, near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=IARNA UCRAINEANĂ – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| date=| access-date=5 May 2015| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archivedate=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 25,000 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and some native speakers 32,000 [[Turkish language|Turkish]] living in Romania.<ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+===Urbanisation===
-According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all [[Minorities of Romania|minorities]], with localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archivedate=7 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] identifies {{formatnum:4756100}} French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archivedate=14 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, as well as Italian and German, each by 7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archivedate= 6 January 2016 |df= }}</ref>
+{{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan areas in Romania}}
+Although 54.0%&nbsp;of the population lived in [[urban areas]] in 2011,<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census (final results)|publisher=INSSE|access-date=28 August 2012|language=ro|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |title=Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989 |publisher=Businessday.ro |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> Counties with over {{frac|2|3}}&nbsp; urban population are [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], while those with less than a third are [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]]&nbsp;(30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County|Giurgiu]] and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]].<ref name="Census2011" /> Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7&nbsp;million in 2021.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626052140/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[larger urban zone]] has a population of almost 2.2&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> which are planned to be included into a [[Bucharest metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] up to 20&nbsp;times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archive-date=2 September 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archive-date=3 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref>
-===Religion===
+Another 17&nbsp;cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="RPL2021"/> [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|Metropolitan areas]] have been constituted for most of these cities.
-[[File:Ortodocsi Romania (2002).png|thumb|left|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] is the most widespread religious denomination in the country.]]
+{{Largest cities of Romania}}
+=== Education ===
-{{bar box
-|float = right
-|titlebar = #ddd
-|title = Religion in Romania (2011 census)
-|left1 = Religion
-|right1 = Percentage
-|bars =
-{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]|blue|81.0}}
-{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholic]]|orange|4.3}}
-{{bar percent|[[Calvinism|Reformed]]|yellow|3.0}}
-{{bar percent|[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]|violet|1.8}}
-{{bar percent|[[Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek Catholic]]|cyan|0.7}}
-{{bar percent|[[Baptists|Baptist]]|red|0.6}}
-{{bar percent|[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]]|purple|0.4}}
-{{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Other]]|green|1.8}}
-{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Non-Religious]]|grey|0.2}}
-{{bar percent|No data|black|6.2}}
-}}
-{{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church}}
-Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as [[Christians]]. At the country's 2011 census, 81.0% of respondents identified as [[Orthodox Christians]] belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other denominations include [[Protestantism]] (6.2%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]] (4.3%), and [[Romanian Greek-Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]] (0.8%). From the remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 64,337 [[Islam in Romania|Muslims]] (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population, 728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are [[atheism|atheist]], whilst the religion of the rest is unknown.<ref name="census_2011_rel">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_12.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by religion|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085428/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_12.xls|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+{{Main|Education in Romania}}
-The Romanian Orthodox Church is an [[autocephalous]] Eastern Orthodox Church in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, with a [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] as its leader. It is the second-largest Orthodox Church in the world{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}, and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and utilizes a [[Romance language|Romance]] liturgical language.<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Profiles of the Eastern Churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100346/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=29 December 2016 }} at cnewa.org</ref> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova,<ref>[http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001948/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf |date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> with [[diocese]]s for Romanians living in nearby Serbia and Hungary, as well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania.
+[[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]]
-===Urbanization===
-{{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan Areas in Romania}}
-Although 54.0% of the population lived in [[urban areas]] in 2011,<ref name="CensusRef" /> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |title=Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989 |publisher=Businessday.ro |access-date=24 April 2012 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |archivedate=22 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> Counties with over ⅔ urban population are [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], while with less than a third are [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]] (30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County|Giurgiu]] and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]].<ref name="CensusRef" /> [[Bucharest]] is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8&nbsp;million in 2011. Its [[larger urban zone]] has a population of almost 2.2&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archivedate=31 May 2013 |df= }}</ref> which are planned to be included into a [[Bucharest metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] up to 20 times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archivedate=2 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archivedate=3 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archivedate=2 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with [[Cluj-Napoca]] and [[Timișoara]] of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, [[Iași]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]] and [[Brașov]] with over 250,000 inhabitants, and [[Galați]] and [[Ploiești]] with over 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="INSSER" /> [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|Metropolitan areas]] have been constituted for most of these cities.
-{{Largest cities of Romania}}
+[[File:Bucuresti, Romania. SPITALUL COLTEA (B-II-m-A-18220.02).jpg|thumb|The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90&nbsp;million renovation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|title=Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari|date=25 January 2011|publisher=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010232/https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-===Education===
-{{Main|Education in Romania}}
-[[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|[[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]]
-[[File:Spitalul Colțea.jpg|thumb|The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|title=Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari|publisher=[[România Liberă]]|accessdate=22 January 2019|language=Romanian}}</ref>]]
-Since the [[Romanian Revolution|Romanian Revolution of 1989]], the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archivedate=2 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4&nbsp;million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in [[kindergarten]] (3–6 years), 3.11&nbsp;million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|format=PDF|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=Romanian|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|title=Romania Literacy|publisher=indexmundi.com|accessdate=22 January 2019|language=Romanian}}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the "preparatory school year" (''clasa pregătitoare'')<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăţa copiii şi cum vor fi evaluaţi – Mediafax<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326134025/http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 |date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> and is compulsory until tenth grade.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001200457/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|archivedate=1 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Private tutors|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |format=PDF |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archivedate=4 September 2008 |df= }}</ref>
+Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4&nbsp;million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in [[kindergarten]]&nbsp;(three-six years), 3.11&nbsp;million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was&nbsp;98.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|title=Romania Literacy|publisher=indexmundi.com|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195528/https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|title=14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare|newspaper=BitTV.Info|date=4 July 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012132814/https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|archive-date=12 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|title=Ministrul Educației: Grupa mare la grădiniță devine obligatorie. Altminteri nu mai poți fi înscris la pregătitoare|newspaper=EduPedu|date=10 May 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928025531/https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|archive-date=28 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Peer tutoring|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2008 }}</ref>
-Romania often wins medals in the [[Mathematics|mathematical]] olympiads<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=Romanian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archivedate=18 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archivedate=8 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and not only. [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archivedate=21 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref> However, statistics released by the Government show 42% of 15-year-olds are [[Functional illiteracy|functionally illiterate]] in reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|title=Over 40pct of Romania’s children struggling with functional literacy {{!}} Nine O`Clock|website=www.nineoclock.ro-US|access-date=21 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095254/http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|archivedate=10 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] assessment study, taken in schools with random students, for the year 2012, ranked Romania 45th out of 65 participant countries.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|title=Rezultate PISA 2012: Aproape 40% dintre elevii romani au dificultati sa citeasca si sa inteleaga un text si pot rezolva doar exercitii de baza la Matematica|publisher=[[Hotnews.ro]]|date=3 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409170909/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+[[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=21 October 2016  }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref>
+Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. [[Ciprian Manolescu]] managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=IMO team record|access-date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220172111/http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Olympiad in Informatics]] with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=ro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref>
 ===Healthcare===
 {{Main|Healthcare in Romania}}
-Romania has a [[universal health care]] system, and total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of the GDP.<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224020850/http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''Mediafax.ro''</ref> It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operator medical care, and provides free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html "Romania, 4th in Europe in TB"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021156/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629012915/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/133347/bolnavii-nostri-vs-ai-lor-cate-spitale-are-romania-fata-de-alte-state-ue.html "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania compared to other EU countries"], ''Wall-Street.ro''</ref> with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090250/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<ref>[https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153028/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A |date=23 June 2007 }}, ''Institutul Național de Statistică''</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html "«De profesie: medic în România». Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html |date= 1 July 2013 }}, ''Adevărul'', 2 April 2013</ref>
+Romania has a [[universal health care]] system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224020850/http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 |date=24 February 2013 }}, Mediafax.ro</ref> It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html "Romania, 4th in Europe in TB"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021156/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> In 2010, Romania had 428&nbsp;state and 25&nbsp;private hospitals,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629012915/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/133347/bolnavii-nostri-vs-ai-lor-cate-spitale-are-romania-fata-de-alte-state-ue.html "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania compared to other EU countries"], ''Wall-Street.ro''</ref> with 6.2&nbsp;hospital beds per 1,000&nbsp;people,<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090250/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<ref>[https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153028/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A |date=23 June 2007 }}, ''Institutul Național de Statistică''</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%,&nbsp;higher than the European average of 2.5%.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html ""De profesie: medic în România". Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html |date= 1 July 2013 }}, ''Adevărul'', 2 April 2013</ref>
 ==Culture==
 {{Main|Culture of Romania|National symbols of Romania}}
-[[File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|right|[[Sibiu]] ({{lang-de|Hermannstadt}}, {{lang-hu|Nagyszeben}}) was the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2007.]]
-[[File:Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara - Rectorat.jpg|upright=1|thumb|right|[[Timișoara]] ({{lang-de|Temeschburg}}, {{lang-hu|Temesvár}}) was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2021.]]
-===Arts and monuments===
+=== Arts and monuments ===
 {{Main|Romanian literature|Cinema of Romania|Music of Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}}
 {{See also|List of films shot in Romania}}
-The topic of the [[origin of the Romanians]] began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the [[Transylvanian School]] scholars.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |title=Cultural aspects |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archivedate= 7 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
-Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă]], and [[Mihai Eminescu]], the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul (poem)|Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |title=Mihai Eminescu |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=20 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |archivedate=31 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
+[[File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Sibiu]] was the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].]]
-In the 20th century, Romanian artists reached international acclaim, including [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Marcel Janco]],<ref>Tom Sandqvist, ''DADA EAST: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', London MIT Press, 2006.</ref> [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Marin Preda]], [[Liviu Rebreanu]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ștefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel with a Book in His Hands|language=Romanian|publisher=Mașina de scris|year=1999|page=8|isbn=978-973-99297-4-5}}</ref> [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], and [[Constantin Brâncuși]]. The last has a [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu|sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu]], while his sculpture ''[[Bird in Space]]'', was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |title=Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000 |publisher=Antiques and the Arts Online |access-date=20 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213032919/http://www.antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |archivedate=13 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |publisher=Romanian Information Center in Brussels |title=November&nbsp;9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M |access-date=20 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223741/http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |archivedate=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Romanian-born Holocaust survivor [[Elie Wiesel]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1986, while [[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian]] writer [[Herta Müller]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2009.
+[[File:Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara - Rectorat.jpg|upright=1|thumb|right|[[Timișoara]] was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2021 and is currently holding this title in 2023 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] postponement.]]
+The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th&nbsp;century among the [[Transylvanian School]] scholars.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |title=Cultural aspects |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archive-date= 7 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th&nbsp;century, including: [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă]], and [[Mihai Eminescu]], the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul (poem)|Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |title=Mihai Eminescu |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Prominent Romanian painters include [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ștefan Luchian]], [[Ion Andreescu]] [[Nicolae Tonitza]] and [[Theodor Aman]]. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include [[Ciprian Porumbescu]], [[Anton Pann]], [[Eduard Caudella]], [[Mihail Jora]], [[Dinu Lipatti]] and especially [[George Enescu]]. The annual [[George Enescu Festival]] is held in Bucharest in honor of the 20th-century eponymous composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|title=George Enescu, the composer|publisher=International Enescu Society|access-date=20 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019234345/http://enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|archivedate=19 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In the 20th&nbsp;century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Marcel Janco]],<ref>Tom Sandqvist, ''DADA EAST: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', London [[MIT Press]], 2006.</ref> [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Marin Preda]], [[Liviu Rebreanu]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ștefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel with a Book in His Hands|language=ro|publisher=Mașina de scris|year=1999|page=8|isbn=978-973-99297-4-5}}</ref> [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], and [[Constantin Brâncuși]]. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture ''[[Bird in Space]]'', was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |title=Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000 |publisher=Antiques and the Arts Online |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213032919/http://www.antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |archive-date=13 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |publisher=Romanian Information Center in Brussels |title=November&nbsp;9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223741/http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Romanian-born Holocaust survivor [[Elie Wiesel]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1986, while [[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian]] writer [[Herta Müller]] received the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2009/muller/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808075646/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2009/muller/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Contemporary musicians like [[Angela Gheorghiu]], [[Gheorghe Zamfir]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |date=17 January 2006 |publisher=CBC Radio |title=Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir |access-date=31 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050304/http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |archivedate=28 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|publisher=Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage|title=Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe|access-date=20 January 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182752/http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|archivedate=30 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Inna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|title=Inna Biography|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605041033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|archivedate=5 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Alexandra Stan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115304/http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=10 One-Hit Wonders to Be or Not to Be? |publisher=vh1.i |date=7 March 2014 |df= }}</ref> and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] Romanian singers have achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Arsenie |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |title=Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!" |publisher=EVZ.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160313/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |archivedate=28 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Prominent Romanian painters include: [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ștefan Luchian]], [[Ion Andreescu]] [[Nicolae Tonitza]], and [[Theodor Aman]]. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th&nbsp;and 20th&nbsp;centuries include: [[Ciprian Porumbescu]], [[Anton Pann]], [[Eduard Caudella]], [[Mihail Jora]], [[Dinu Lipatti]], and especially [[George Enescu]]. The annual [[George Enescu Festival]] is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|title=George Enescu, the composer|publisher=International Enescu Society|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019234345/http://enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|archive-date=19 October 2007}}</ref>
-In cinema, several movies of the [[Romanian New Wave]] have achieved international acclaim. At the [[Cannes Film Festival]], ''[[The Death of Mr. Lazarescu]]'' by [[Cristi Puiu]] won the ''[[Un Certain Regard#Prix Un Certain Regard winners|Prix Un Certain Regard]]'' in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=MOARTEA DOMNULUI LAZARESCU|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|publisher=Association Française du Festival International du Film|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref> while ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]'' by [[Cristian Mungiu]] won the festival's top prize, the ''[[Palme d'Or]]'', in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|title=Cannes 2007 Winners|publisher=Alternative Film Guide|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704025549/http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|archivedate=4 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], ''[[Child's Pose (film)|Child's Pose]]'' by [[Călin Peter Netzer]] won the [[Golden Bear]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/16/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|title=Romanian film "Child's Pose" wins Berlin Golden Bear|agency=[[Reuters]]|author=Mike Collett-White|date=16 February 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175514/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/16/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Contemporary musicians like [[Angela Gheorghiu]], [[Gheorghe Zamfir]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |date=17 January 2006 |publisher=CBC Radio |title=Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir |access-date=31 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050304/http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|publisher=Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage|title=Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182752/http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> [[Inna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|title=Inna Biography|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605041033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> [[Alexandra Stan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115304/http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=10 One-Hit Wonders to Be or Not to Be? |publisher=vh1.i |date=7 March 2014 }}</ref> and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian [[Popcorn (Romanian music style)|popcorn]] music style had established itself in the international mainstream.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/genre/romanian-popcorn/|title=Romanian Popcorn|publisher=[[Rate Your Music]]|accessdate=23 May 2024|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601173519/https://rateyourmusic.com/genre/romanian-popcorn/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://ziare.com/vedete/vedete-romanesti/de-ce-muzica-popcorn-a-cucerit-romania-si-rockul-clasic-a-fost-uitat-interviu-1246635|title=De ce muzica popcorn a cucerit Romania si rockul clasic a fost uitat?|trans-title=Why did popcorn music conquer Romania and classic rock got forgotten?|publisher=[[:ro:Ziare.com|Ziare.com]]|language=Romanian|author=Ghinea, Andreea|accessdate=23 April 2024|date=18 July 2013|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417165234/https://ziare.com/vedete/vedete-romanesti/de-ce-muzica-popcorn-a-cucerit-romania-si-rockul-clasic-a-fost-uitat-interviu-1246635|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65B0EE20100612/|title=Romanian dance beats prove a hit throughout Europe|date=12 June 2010|accessdate=21 March 2024|publisher=[[Reuters]]|author=Smith, Gary|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509073326/https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65B0EE20100612|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Arsenie |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |title=Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!" |publisher=EVZ.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160313/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |archive-date=28 August 2011  }}</ref>
-The list of [[World Heritage Site]]s includes [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|six cultural sites]] located within Romania, including eight [[Painted churches of northern Moldavia]], eight [[Wooden Churches of Maramureș]], seven [[Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]], the [[Horezu Monastery]], and the [[Historic Centre of Sighișoara]].
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031080733/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=World Heritage Site – Romania |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=31 January 2008 |df= }}</ref> The city of [[Sibiu]], with its [[Brukenthal National Museum]], was selected as the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007|title=Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007|date=5 April 2004|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904005053/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 September 2008|format=PDF|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> [[List of castles in Romania|Multiple castles]] exist in Romania, including popular tourist attractions of [[Peleș Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peles.ro/ |title=Muzeul National Peles &#124; Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor |publisher=Peles.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828061821/http://peles.ro/ |archivedate=28 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Corvin Castle]], and "[[Bran Castle|Dracula's Castle]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |title=Castelul Bran |publisher=Viaromania.eu |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008083620/http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |archivedate=8 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+In cinema, several movies of the [[Romanian New Wave]] have achieved international acclaim. At the [[Cannes Film Festival]], ''[[The Death of Mr. Lazarescu]]'' by [[Cristi Puiu]] won the {{lang|fr|[[Un Certain Regard#Prix Un Certain Regard winners|Prix Un Certain Regard]]}} in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moartea Domnului Lazarescu|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|publisher=Association Française du Festival International du Film|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164522/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[4&nbsp;Months, 3&nbsp;Weeks and 2&nbsp;Days]]'' by [[Cristian Mungiu]] won the festival's top prize, the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|title=Cannes 2007 Winners|publisher=Alternative Film Guide|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704025549/http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|archive-date=4 July 2008}}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], ''[[Child's Pose (film)|Child's Pose]]'' by [[Călin Peter Netzer]] won the [[Golden Bear]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|title=Romanian film "Child's Pose" wins Berlin Golden Bear|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Mike Collett-White|date=16 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175514/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/16/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
+The list of World Heritage Sites includes [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|six cultural sites]] located within Romania, including eight [[painted churches of northern Moldavia]], eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the [[Horezu Monastery]], and the [[Historic Centre of Sighișoara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031080733/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=World Heritage Site – Romania |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=31 January 2008 }}</ref> The city of Sibiu, with its [[Brukenthal National Museum]], was selected as the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007|title=Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007|date=5 April 2004|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904005053/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2008|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/sibiu-2019/ |title=Sibiu 2019 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=europeanregionofgastronomy.org |publisher=International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism |access-date=June 10, 2021 |quote= |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610133716/https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/sibiu-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of [[Peleș Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peles.ro/ |title=Muzeul National Peles &#124; Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor |publisher=Peles.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828061821/http://peles.ro/ |archive-date=28 August 2011  }}</ref> [[Corvin Castle]], and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |title=Castelul Bran |publisher=Viaromania.eu |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008083620/http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |archive-date=8 October 2011  }}</ref>
+=== Holidays, traditions, and cuisine ===
-===Holidays, traditions, and cuisine===
 {{See also|Romanian dress|Folklore of Romania|Romanian cuisine}}
-[[File:Piata Universitatii - Targ de Craciun 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Christmas market in [[Bucharest]]]]
+[[File:Sibiu Christmas Market opening 2008.JPG|thumb|right|The Christmas market in [[Sibiu]] is one of the most famous in Europe.]]
-There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the [[Great Union Day]], celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 [[union of Transylvania with Romania]].<ref>[http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html "Public holidays enacted by labour code"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618111421/http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html |date=18 June 2017 }}, ''Labor code'', 22 March 2017</ref> Winter holidays include the Christmas festivities and the New Year during which, various unique folklore dances and games are common: ''[[plugușorul]]'', ''[[sorcova]]'', ''ursul'', and ''capra''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Improve It Grup S.R.L |url=http://www.traditii.ro/ |title=Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara |publisher=Traditii.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903100510/http://www.traditii.ro/ |archivedate=3 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Insider |first=Romania |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |title=Winter holidays and Christmas traditions in Romania: the Bear dance, the Masked carolers and the Goat |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205257/http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The traditional [[Romanian dress]] that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |title=ROMANIA – Traditions and Folklore – Official Travel and Tourism Information |publisher=Romaniatourism.com |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723010711/http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |archivedate=23 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter has required a special derogation from EU law after 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |title=Ministrul Agriculturii: UE accepta ca mieii de Pasti si porcii de Craciun sa fie sacrificati in mod traditional – Actualitate |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210220/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> During [[Easter]], [[Easter egg|painted eggs]] are very common, while on 1 March features ''[[mărțișor]]'' gifting, a tradition likely of [[Thracian]] origin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |url=http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |title=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |publisher=Foreigners In Uk |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210746/http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the [[Great Union Day]], celebrated on 1&nbsp;December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.<ref>[http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html "Public holidays enacted by labour code"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618111421/http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html |date=18 June 2017 }}, Labor code, 22 March 2017</ref> Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: ''[[plugușorul]]'', ''[[sorcova]]'', ''ursul'', and ''capra''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Improve It Grup S.R.L |url=http://www.traditii.ro/ |title=Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara |publisher=Traditii.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903100510/http://www.traditii.ro/ |archive-date=3 September 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Insider |first=Romania |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |title=Winter holidays and Christmas traditions in Romania: the Bear dance, the Masked carolers and the Goat |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205257/http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> The traditional [[Romanian dress]] that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th&nbsp;century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |title=ROMANIA – Traditions and Folklore – Official Travel and Tourism Information |publisher=Romaniatourism.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723010711/http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |archive-date=23 July 2014  }}</ref> There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |title=Ministrul Agriculturii: UE accepta ca mieii de Pasti si porcii de Craciun sa fie sacrificati in mod traditional – Actualitate |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210220/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> In the Easter, traditions such as [[Easter egg|painting the eggs]] are very common. On 1&nbsp;March ''[[mărțișor]]'' gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |url=http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |title=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |publisher=Foreigners in Uk |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210746/http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref>
-Romanian cuisine has been influenced by [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]] and [[German cuisine]] (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the [[Balkans|Balkan region]] such as the [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Bulgarian cuisine|Bulgarian]], or [[Serbian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |title=Christina Bradatan, Cuisine and Cultural Identity in Balkans |publisher=Scholarworks.iu.edu |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210757/http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Ciorbă]]'' includes a wide range of [[sour soup]]s, while ''[[mititei]]'', ''[[mămăligă]]'' (similar to [[polenta]]), and ''[[Sarma (food)|sarmale]]'' are featured commonly in main courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|title=Romanian Recipes – like mom used to make|last=Recipes|first=Gourmet European|website=www.gourmet-european-recipes.com-gb|access-date=2 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221024611/http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|archivedate=21 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Romanian cuisine has been influenced by [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]] and [[German cuisine]] (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the [[Habsburg monarchy]]), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the [[Balkans|Balkan region]] such as the [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Bulgarian cuisine|Bulgarian]], or [[Serbian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |title=Christina Bradatan, Cuisine and Cultural Identity in Balkans |publisher=Scholarworks.iu.edu |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210757/http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> ''[[Ciorbă]]'' includes a wide range of [[sour soup]]s, while ''[[mititei]]'', ''[[mămăligă]]'' (similar to [[polenta]]), and ''[[Sarma (food)|sarmale]]'' are featured commonly in main courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|title=Romanian Recipes – like mom used to make|last=Recipes|first=Gourmet European|website=www.gourmet-european-recipes.com-gb|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221024611/http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
+Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|title=28 Romanian Foods The Whole World Should Know – oneJive|website=onejive.com-US|date=5 March 2014|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812062847/http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |title=Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc. |publisher=Bucataras.ro |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105071413/http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |archive-date=5 January 2011  }}</ref> Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: ''[[kofta|chiftele]]'', ''[[tobă]]'' and ''[[tochitură]]'' at Christmas; ''[[drob]]'', ''[[Paska (bread)|pască]]'' and ''[[cozonac]]'' at Easter and other Romanian holidays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430044201/http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2007 |title=Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole |publisher=Gastronomie.ele.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Țuică]]'' is a strong plum [[brandy]] reaching a 70%&nbsp;alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75%&nbsp;of the national crop (Romania is one of the [[List of countries by plum production|largest plum producers in the world]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |title=Țuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003 |publisher=Regard-est.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192047/http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |archive-date=29 September 2011  }}</ref><ref name=educations>{{cite web |url=http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |title=Study in Romania |publisher=Educations.com |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228090407/http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |archive-date=28 December 2010  }}</ref> Traditional alcoholic beverages also include [[Romanian wine|wine]], ''[[rakia|rachiu]]'', ''[[Pálinka|palincă]]'' and ''[[vișinată]]'', but [[Beer in Romania|beer]] consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kirinholdings.com/en/newsroom/release/2009/1221_01.html#table3 |title=Beer consumption per capita in 2008 |publisher=kirinholdings.co.jp |access-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref>
-Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|title=28 Romanian Foods The Whole World Should Know – oneJive|website=onejive.com-US|access-date=2 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812062847/http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|archivedate=12 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |title=Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc. |publisher=Bucataras.ro |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105071413/http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |archivedate=5 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: ''[[kofta|chiftele]]'', ''[[tobă]]'' and ''[[tochitura]]'' at Christmas; ''[[drob]]'', ''[[Paska (bread)|pască]]'' and ''[[cozonac]]'' at Easter and other Romanian holidays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430044201/http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 April 2007 |title=Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole |publisher=Gastronomie.ele.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |df= }}</ref> ''[[Țuică]]'' is a strong plum [[brandy]] reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the [[List of countries by plum production|largest plum producers in the world]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |title=Țuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003 |publisher=Regard-est.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192047/http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |archivedate=29 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=educations>{{cite web |url=http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |title=Study in Romania |publisher=Educations.com |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228090407/http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |archivedate=28 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Traditional alcoholic beverages also include [[Romanian wine|wine]], ''[[rakia|rachiu]]'', ''[[Pálinka|palincă]]'' and ''[[vișinată]]'', but [[Beer in Romania|beer]] consumption has increased dramatically over the recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-ehttp://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/news/2009/1221_01.html#table3 |title=Beer consumption per capita in 2008 |publisher=kirinholdings.co.jp |access-date=17 March 2017 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-===Sports===
+===Media===
+{{main|Media of Romania}}
+=== Sports ===
+<!--- Section basically just name spam--->
 {{Main|Sport in Romania}}
+{{multiple image
-[[File:Simona Halep Roland Garros 2018.jpg|thumb|right|[[Simona Halep]] has ended [[2017 WTA Tour|2017]] and [[2018 WTA Tour|2018]] as [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]]'s World No. 1.]]
+| perrow = 2
-[[File:20170613 Handball AUT-ROU 8446.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cristina Neagu]] is the only female handball player in history to win three [[IHF World Player of the Year]] awards.]]
+| total_width = 280
-[[Association football]] (soccer) is the most popular sport in Romania with over 234,000 registered players {{As of|2010|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/topul-sporturilor-in-functie-de-numarul-de-sportivi-legitimati-9143072 |title=Topul sporturilor în funcție de numărul de sportivi legitimați |publisher=zf.ro |date=12 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409225033/http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/topul-sporturilor-in-functie-de-numarul-de-sportivi-legitimati-9143072 |archivedate=9 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to [[UEFA]]. The [[Romania national football team]] played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three [[FIFA World Cup]]s, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it reached the quarterfinals of the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], being eventually ranked third by [[FIFA]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rou/ranking/gender=m/index.html |title=Romania: FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking |publisher=FIFA.com |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703015106/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rou/ranking/gender=m/index.html |archivedate=3 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The core player of this "[[Golden Generation]]" was [[Gheorghe Hagi]], who was nicknamed "the [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]] of the Carpathians."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2002/1677201.stm|title=Hagi leaves Romania post|date=26 November 2001|publisher=BBC Sport|quote=Hagi earned a legendary status in Romania where he spearheaded the 'Golden Generation' of players&nbsp;...|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030122051203/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2002/1677201.stm|archivedate=22 January 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/europe/1264097.stm|title=Hagi snubs Maradona|publisher=BBC Sport Online|date=6 April 2001|access-date=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219130739/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/europe/1264097.stm|archivedate=19 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other successful players include [[Iuliu Bodola]], [[Nicolae Dobrin]], [[Dudu Georgescu]], [[Florea Dumitrache]], [[Ion Dumitru|Liță Dumitru]], [[Ilie Balaci]], [[Miodrag Belodedici]], [[László Bölöni|Loți Bölöni]], [[Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)|Michael Klein]], [[Anghel Iordănescu]], [[Rodion Cămătaru]], [[Mircea Rednic]], [[Costică Ștefănescu]], [[Cornel Dinu]], [[Marius Lăcătuș]] or [[Gheorghe Popescu]], and most recently [[Florin Răducioiu]], [[Dorinel Munteanu]], [[Viorel Moldovan]], [[Dan Petrescu]], [[Adrian Mutu]], [[Cristian Chivu]], [[Răzvan Raț]] or [[Cosmin Contra]]. Romania's home ground is [[Arena Națională]], Bucharest.
+| image1 = Nadia Comăneci from acrofan.jpg
+| image2 = Gheorghe Hagi.JPG
+| image3 = 20170613 Handball AUT-ROU 8446.jpg
+| image4 = Simona Halep Roland Garros 2018.jpg
+| footer = Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): [[Nadia Comăneci]], [[Gheorghe Hagi]], [[Simona Halep]], and [[Cristina Neagu]]
+| align =
+| direction =
+| alt1 =
+| caption1 =
+| caption2 =
+}}
+[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players {{As of|2018|lc=y}}. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740&nbsp;million according to [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/news/football-impact-calculated-by-frf-reach-eur-740-million-anually-182339|title=Football's impact in the Romanian economy reaches EUR 740 million annually, FRF estimates show|date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
-The most successful club is [[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]], who were the first Eastern European team to win the [[UEFA Champions League|European Champions Cup]] in [[European Cup 1985–86|1986]], and were runners-up in [[European Cup 1988–89|1989]]. [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]] reached the European Champions' Cup semifinal in [[1983–84 European Cup|1984]] and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] semifinal in [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990]]. Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]], [[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]], [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]], [[CFR Cluj]], [[FC Astra Giurgiu|Astra Giurgiu]], and [[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]].
+The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to UEFA. The [[Romania national football team]] played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three [[FIFA World Cup]]s, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], eventually being ranked 3rd by [[FIFA]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140951/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Associations – Romania – Men's|website=FIFA.com}}</ref>
-Tennis is the second-most-popular sport, with over 15,000 registered players.<ref name=EYb2007>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |volume=2 |title=Romania}}</ref> Romania reached the [[Davis Cup]] finals three times (1969, 1971, 1972). The tennis player [[Ilie Năstase]] won several [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles, and was the first player to be [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|ranked as number 1]] by [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] between 1973 and 1974. [[Virginia Ruzici]] won the [[French Open]] in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, [[Simona Halep]] won in 2018 and was runner up in 2014 and 2017. She is currently ranked 1st by the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]].<ref>[http://www.wtatennis.com/rankings Rankings | WTA Tennis English<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112231540/http://www.wtatennis.com/rankings |date=12 January 2017 }}</ref> The Romanian duo [[Horia Tecău]] and [[Florin Mergea]] won the doubles silver medal at the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]] in Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="agerpres.ro_2016-10-14">{{Citation| url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2016/08/13/rio-2016-tennis-mergea-and-tecau-win-silver-in-men-s-doubles-tournament-13-38-45| title=Rio 2016 – Tennis: Mergea and Tecau win silver in men's doubles tournament| work=Agerpres| date=13 August 2016| author=| access-date=25 August 2016| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819102303/https://www.agerpres.ro/english/2016/08/13/rio-2016-tennis-mergea-and-tecau-win-silver-in-men-s-doubles-tournament-13-38-45| archivedate=19 August 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The core player of this [[golden generation]] was [[Gheorghe Hagi]], who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|title=Gheorghe Hagi: the Maradona of the Carpathians|first=Steven|last=Scragg|date=24 August 2017|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105145958/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful players include the [[European Golden Shoe]] winners: [[Dudu Georgescu]], [[Dorin Mateuț]] and [[Rodion Cămătaru]], [[Nicolae Dobrin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theversed.com/53825/nicolae-dobrin-romanias-greatest-player/|title=Nicolae Dobrin: Romania's true greatest ever player|date=1 August 2017|website=The Versed}}</ref> [[Ilie Balaci]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2577339.html|title=Romania mourns Ilie Balaci|website=UEFA.com| date=21 October 2018 }}</ref> [[Florea Dumitrache]],<ref name=EFY>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/europa-poy70.html|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 1970|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> [[Mihai Mocanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liga2.prosport.ro/special/adio-mihai-mocanu-4586453|title=Adio, Mihai Mocanu! &#124; Liga 2|website=liga2.prosport.ro|date=21 June 2009}}</ref> [[Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)|Michael Klein]],<ref name=frf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/fotbal/stiri-fotbal/echipa-de-vis-all-time-a-romaniei-1304038|title=Echipa de vis all-time a Romaniei|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Mircea Rednic]],<ref name=frf/> [[Cornel Dinu]],<ref name=EFY/> [[Mircea Lucescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|title=Video Un Rio Formidabil: Mircea Lucescu, atacant dreapta în echipa de vis|website=Stiriletvr.ro|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823153414/http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Costică Ștefănescu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/21/romania-costica-stefanescu-dies|title=Former Romania captain Costica Stefanescu dies aged 62|newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press|date=21 August 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Ion Dumitru|Liță Dumitru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/steaua/stiri-steaua/concluzia-dura-a-unei-legende-de-la-steaua-totul-e-un-dezastru-interviu-1455965|title=Concluzia dura a unei legende de la Steaua: Totul e un dezastru! – Interviu|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Lajos Sătmăreanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/exclusiv-angelo-niculescu-mi-a-zis-ca-nu-ma-baga-pentru-ca-sunt-maghiar-si-partidul-crede-ca-vand-meciul-sper-sa-nu-prind-ziua-cand-ne-vor-bate-iar-17720289|title=EXCLUSIV &#124; "Angelo Niculescu mi-a zis că nu mă bagă pentru că sunt maghiar şi Partidul crede că vând meciul. Sper să nu prind ziua când ne vor bate iar"|website=Telekomsport.ro|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Ștefan Sameș]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/sport/fotbal-intern/ne-a-parasit-stefan-sames-fostul-mare-fundas-al-stelei-584901.html|title=Ne-a părăsit Ştefan Sameş, fostul mare fundaş al Stelei|website=jurnalul.antena3.ro}}</ref> [[László Bölöni|Ladislau Bölöni]],<ref name="lequipe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sport/fotbal/lequipe-nicolae-dobrin-cel-mai-valoros-jucator-roman-din-istorie-cine-sunt-urmatorii-in-top-5-526988|title=L'Equipe: Nicolae Dobrin, cel mai valoros jucător român din istorie. Cine sunt următorii în Top 5|website=www.digi24.ro|date=8 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Anghel Iordănescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistavip.net/Sarbatoritul_saptamanii/La_multi_ani_Anghel_Iordanescu!/1247/|title=La multi ani Anghel Iordanescu!|website=www.revistavip.net}}</ref> [[Miodrag Belodedici]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/may/17/miodrag-belodedici-european-cup-football|title=Miodrag Belodedici: the fugitive libero who conquered Europe twice &#124; Jonathan Wilson|first=Jonathan|last=Wilson|newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 May 2011|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Helmuth Duckadam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-happened-helmuth-duckadam-i-saved-four-penalties-win-european-cup-it-was-my-last-ever|title=What happened to Helmuth Duckadam? "I saved four penalties to win the European Cup... but it was my last ever game"|first1=Future Publishing Limited Quay|last1=House|first2=The|last2=Ambury|first3=Bath BA1 1UA All rights reserved|last3=Engl|first4=Wales company registration|last4=number 2008885|date=19 February 2019|website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> [[Marius Lăcătuș]],<ref name=frf/> [[Victor Pițurcă]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanatik.ro/victor-piturca-amintiri-tarzii-cu-gerd-muller-al-romaniei-18351299|title=Victor Pițurcă. Amintiri târzii cu 'Gerd Muller al României' – Fanatik.ro|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> and many others, and most recently [[Gheorghe Popescu (footballer, born 1967)|Gheorghe Popescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2945212/|title=Barca ex-captain Popescu turns 51|website=Tribuna.com|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111202/https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2020-03-06-barca-excaptain-popescu-turns-51/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Florin Răducioiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930190749/https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2020|title=Florin Răducioiu returns to AC Milan|date=24 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dorinel Munteanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/sport/sporturi/kicker---nemuritorul--dorinel-munteanu-105820|title=Kicker: "Nemuritorul" Dorinel Munteanu &#124; Romania Libera|website=romanialibera.ro|date=11 September 2007}}</ref> [[Dan Petrescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/news/petrescu-set-reject-crystal-palace|title=Petrescu set to reject Crystal Palace|date=19 November 2013|website=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> [[Adrian Mutu]],<ref name="UEFA">{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=449591.html|title=Roménia na máxima força|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Cristian Chivu]],<ref name="UEFA"/> or [[Cosmin Contra]].<ref name="UEFA"/> Romania's home ground is the [[Arena Națională]] in Bucharest.
-Other popular [[team sport]]s are [[team handball]],<ref name="EYb2007" /> [[basketball]]<ref name="CESport">{{cite web |url=http://www.cesport.eu/en/Nd/i/more/What%E2%80%99s+the+most+popular+sport+in+Romania%3F/idn/3196 |title=What's the most popular sport in Romania? |publisher=cesport.eu |access-date=29 May 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806111057/http://www.cesport.eu/en/Nd/i/more/What%E2%80%99s+the+most+popular+sport+in+Romania%3F/idn/3196 |archivedate=6 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[rugby union]]. Both the [[Romania men's national handball team|men's]] and [[Romania women's national handball team|women's]] handball national teams are multiple world champions. On 13 January 2010, [[Cristina Neagu]] became the first Romanian in handball to win the [[IHF World Player of the Year]] award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihf.info//MediaCenter/News/NewsDetails/tabid/130/Default.aspx?ID=536 |title=Cristina Neagu – World Handball Player of the Year 2010 |publisher=Ihf.info |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=24 February 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230601/http://www.ihf.info//MediaCenter/News/NewsDetails/tabid/130/Default.aspx?ID=536 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Basketball is widely enjoyed, especially by the youth.<ref name="CESport" /> [[Gheorghe Mureșan]] was one of the two tallest players to ever play in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. In 2016, Romania was chosen as a host for the [[2017 EuroBasket]]. The rugby [[Romania national rugby union team|national team]] has [[National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup|competed]] in every [[Rugby World Cup]].
+The most successful club is [[CSA Steaua București (football)|Steaua București]], who were the first Eastern European team to win the [[UEFA Champions League]] in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.<ref>[Champions League: Once feared across Europe, Chelsea opponents Steaua Bucharest went the way of the Wall]</ref> [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]] reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] semi-final in [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/campionate-externe/cum-putea-dinamo-domina-europa-in-viziunea-lui-lucescu-ce-strategie-ar-trebui-sa-aplice-8049036|title=Cum putea Dinamo domina Europa, în viziunea lui Lucescu! Ce strategie ar trebui să aplice!|website=ProSport|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=405244.html|title=Bucharest back to 1980s best|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realitateadearad.net/index.php/2019/04/17/arad-batrana-doamna-uta-arad-implineste-joi-74-de-ani-lansare-de-carte-si-o-inedita-expozitie-care-este-povestea-campioanei-provinciei/|title=Arad: "Bătrâna Doamnă", UTA Arad, împlinește, joi, 74 de ani. Lansare de carte și o inedită expoziție. Care este povestea "Campioanei Provinciei"|first=Boitiu|last=Ciprian|date=17 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/istoria-unei-legende-stadionul-central-din-craiova-a-gazduit-multe-partide-memorabile_824557.html|title=Video Istoria unei legende|website=Stiriletvr.ro|date=10 November 2017 }}</ref> [[FC Petrolul Ploiești|Petrolul Ploiești]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcpetrolul.ro/fc-petrolul-uta-arad-duelul-celor-zece-titluri/|title=FC Petrolul – UTA Arad/Duelul celor zece titluri! – FC Petrolul Ploiești|website=fcpetrolul.ro|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> [[CFR Cluj]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20522181|title=Man Utd 0–1 CFR Cluj|date=5 December 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[FC Astra Giurgiu|Astra Giurgiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/95424/el-roma-and-astra-giurgiu-celebrate|title=EL: Roma and Astra Giurgiu celebrate &#124; Football Italia|website=www.football-italia.net|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and [[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/viitorul-confirmed-as-romanian-champions-after-row-over-rules_sto6251972/story.shtml|title=Viitorul confirmed as Romanian champions after row over rules|date=13 July 2017|website=Eurosport}}</ref> (the latter having recently merged with [[FCV Farul Constanța]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fuziunea-farul-viitorul-anuntata-oficial-gica-hagi-revine-pe-banca-ce-nume-va-avea-noua-echipa-1152789|title=Fuziunea Farul – Viitorul, anunțată oficial! Gică Hagi revine pe bancă. Ce nume va avea noua echipă|trans-title=The Farul – Viitorul merger, officially announced! Gica Hagi returns to the bench. What name will the new team have |publisher=digisport.ro|language=ro|date=21 June 2021|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
-Popular [[individual sport]]s include athletics, chess, judo, [[dancesport]], table tennis and [[combat sport]]s ([[Lucian Bute]], [[Leonard Doroftei|Leonard Dorin Doroftei]], [[Mihai Leu]] aka Michael Loewe, [[Daniel Ghiță]], [[Benjamin Adegbuyi]], [[Cătălin Moroșanu]] etc.).<ref name="EYb2007" /> While it has a limited popularity nowadays, [[oină]] is a traditional Romanian sporting game similar to [[baseball]] that has been continuously practiced since at least the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oina.ro/originea_jocului_sportiv_national_roman_de_oina.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011045204/http://oina.ro/originea_jocului_sportiv_national_roman_de_oina.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=Originea jocului de Oina – Sport National Roman |publisher=Oina.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |df= }}</ref>
+Tennis is the second most popular sport.<ref name="Hotnews">{{Cite web|date=13 June 2014|title=Studiu IRES: Fotbalul, cel mai iubit sport in Romania; Simona Halep, locul patru in clasamentul celor mai mari sportivi romani ai tuturor timpurilor – Fotbal – HotNews.ro|url=https://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-17477396-studiu-ires-fotbalul-cel-mai-iubit-sport-romania-simona-halep-locul-patru-clasamentul-celor-mai-mari-sportivi-romani-tuturor-timpurilor.htm|website=sport.hotnews.ro}}</ref> Romania reached the [[Davis Cup]] finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/teams/team.aspx?id=ROU|title=Davis Cup – Teams|website=www.daviscup.com}}</ref> In singles, [[Ilie Năstase]] was the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|first year-end World Number 1]] in the [[ATP rankings]] in 1973, winning several [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles. Also [[Virginia Ruzici]] won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, [[Simona Halep]] won the French Open in 2018 and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as [[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|WTA's World Number 1]]. And in doubles [[Horia Tecău]] won three Grand Slams and the [[ATP Finals]] final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.<ref>{{Citation| url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/horia-tecau/t749/overview| title=Horia Tecau| work=atptour.com| access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
-Romania participated in the [[Olympic Games]] for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28 summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], with a total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 gold ones, ranking [[All-time Olympic Games medal count|15th overall]], and second of the nations that have never hosted the game.
+The second most popular [[team sport]] is [[team handball|handball]].<ref name="Hotnews" /> The [[Romania men's national handball team|men's]] team won the [[World Men's Handball Championship|handball world championship]] in [[1961 World Men's Handball Championship|1961]], [[1964 World Men's Handball Championship|1964]], [[1970 World Men's Handball Championship|1970]], [[1974 World Men's Handball Championship|1974]] making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The [[Romania women's national handball team|women's]] team won the [[IHF World Women's Handball Championship|world championship]] in [[1962 World Women's Handball Championship|1962]] and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the [[EHF Champions League]] a total of three times, [[CSA Steaua București (handball)|Steaua București]] won in [[1967–68 European Cup (handball)|1968]] as well as [[1976–77 European Cup (handball)|1977]] and [[CS Dinamo București (men's handball)|Dinamo București]] won in [[1964–65 European Cup (handball)|1965]]. The most notable players include [[Ștefan Birtalan]], [[Vasile Stîngă]] (all-time top scorer in the national team) and [[Gheorghe Gruia]] who was named the best player ever in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handball World Mourns the Loss of Icon, Friend & Teacher|url=https://archive.ihf.info/en-us/mediacentre/news/newsdetails.aspx?ID=3000|access-date=9 July 2020|website=archive.ihf.info|language=en-US}}</ref> In present-day [[Cristina Neagu]] is the most notable player and has a record four [[IHF World Player of the Year]] awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neagu and Hansen named 2018 World Players of the Year &#124; IHF|url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828133048/https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|archive-date=28 August 2019|website=www.ihf.info}}</ref> In women's handball, powerhouse [[CSM București (women's handball)|CSM București]] lifted the [[Women's EHF Champions League|EHF Champions League]] trophy in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romaniajournal.ro/sports/womens-handball-csm-bucharest-wins-champions-league-trophy/|title=Women's handball: CSM Bucharest wins Champions League trophy!|date=8 May 2016 }}</ref>
-It participated at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles and finished second in gold medals (20) and third in total medal count (53).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/recurs-istorie-s-a-prabusit-romania-olimpida-londrad-1_502cfffd8a396968668d41ac/index.html |title=Recurs la ISTORIE: De ce s-a "prăbușit" România la Olimpiada de la Londra? |publisher=adevarul.ro |date= |access-date=15 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212431/http://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/recurs-istorie-s-a-prabusit-romania-olimpida-londrad-1_502cfffd8a396968668d41ac/index.html |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in [[gymnastics]], with [[Nadia Comăneci]] becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gymn-forum.net/Articles/NYT-1976_AmCup2.html|title=Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark|first=Robin|last=Herman|publisher=New York Times|date=28 March 1976|access-date=13 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122002956/http://www.gymn-forum.net/Articles/NYT-1976_AmCup2.html|archivedate=22 November 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo. At the [[Winter Olympic Games]], Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the [[1968 Winter Olympics]].
+Popular [[individual sport]]s include [[combat sport]]s,<ref name=Hotnews/> [[martial arts]],<ref name=Hotnews/> and swimming.<ref name=Hotnews/> In [[professional boxing]], Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include [[Lucian Bute]], [[Leonard Doroftei|Leonard Dorin Doroftei]], [[Adrian Diaconu]], and [[Mihai Leu|Michael Loewe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport.ro/box/jo-jo-dan-le-poate-calca-pe-urme-lui-leu-doroftei-bute-si-diaconu-saptamana-viitoare-sunt-crescut-in-rahova.html|title=Jo Jo Dan le poate calca pe urme lui Leu, Doroftei, Bute si Diaconu saptamana viitoare: "Sunt crescut in Rahova, asta spune tot"|website=Sport.ro}}</ref> Another popular combat sport is [[kickboxing|professional kickboxing]], which has produced prominent practitioners including [[Daniel Ghiță]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/5/20/5734956/kickboxings-top-heavyweights-ghita-and-verhoeven-go-to-war-on-twitter|title=Ghita vs. Verhoeven: Kickboxing's top heavyweights go to war on Twitter|publisher=[[SB Nation|Bloodyelbow.com]]|date=20 May 2014|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033810/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/5/20/5734956/kickboxings-top-heavyweights-ghita-and-verhoeven-go-to-war-on-twitter|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Benjamin Adegbuyi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|title=Adegbuyi: 'I'll show Wilnis why I'm ranked #1 at Heavyweight'|website=Fight Site|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706075540/http://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Romania's 306 [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|all-time Summer Olympics medals]] would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the [[1984 Summer Olympics medal table|medal rankings]]. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=28796&L=1|title=Romanian Results and Medals in the Olympic Games|website=www.olympiandatabase.com}}</ref>
+[[Artistic gymnastics|Gymnastics]] is the country's major medal-producing sport,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romaniangymnastics.ro/tokyo-2020.html|title=Tokyo 2020 >> Romaniangymnastics.ro|website=www.romaniangymnastics.ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> with Olympic and sport icon [[Nadia Comăneci]] becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/07/20/10-gymnast-nadia-comaneci-olympics-montreal/87357146/|title=40 years after perfect 10, gymnast Nadia Comaneci remains an Olympic icon|first=Nancy|last=Armour|website=USA Today}}</ref> Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers [[Elisabeta Lipa]] (1984–2004) and [[Georgeta Damian]] (2000–2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/countries/romania.htm|title=Romania at the Olympic Games|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/news/analysis-what-to-expect-from-romania-at-rio-2016-olympic-games-113774|title=Analysis. What to expect from Romania at Rio 2016 Olympic Games|date=26 July 2016|website=Business Review|language=ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{Portal |Romania}}
-*[[Index of Romania-related articles]]
+* [[Outline of Romania]]
+*''[[100 Greatest Romanians]]''
-*[[Outline of Romania]]
-*{{Books-inline|Romania}}
 ==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
-{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==Sources==
-===Primary sources===
-{{Refbegin}}
-*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&pg=PA215 The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
-*''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.
-{{Refend}}
 ===Secondary sources===
-{{Refbegin}}
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
-*{{cite book |last=Georgescu |first=Vlad |author-link=Vlad Georgescu |year=1991 |title=The Romanians: A History |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-0511-2 |ref=harv}}
-*{{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |year=2010 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-973560-0 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
-*{{cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |year=2014 |title=A Concise History of Romania |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-69413-1 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Georgescu |first=Vlad |author-link=Vlad Georgescu |year=1991 |title=The Romanians: A History |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8142-0511-2}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Gyóni |first1=Mátyás |editor1-last=Elekes |editor1-first=Lajos |title=A legrégibb vélemény a román nép eredetéről |journal=Századok |date=1944 |volume=78 |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13695/1/Szazadok_1944.pdf |trans-title=The oldeest opinion of the origin of the Romanian people |location=[[Budapest]] |language=hu}}
-*{{cite book |last=Opreanu |first=Coriolan Horaţiu |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=59–132 |chapter=The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd&ndash;8th&nbsp;Centuries&nbsp;AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4 |ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book |last=Rustoiu |first=Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=31–58 |chapter=Dacia before the Romans |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |year=2010 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-973560-0}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Hitchins |year=2014 |title=A Concise History of Romania |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-69413-1}} [https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Romania-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521694132/ excerpt]
-*{{cite book|last=Pohl |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Pohl |editor1-last=Geary |editor1-first=Patrick J. |editor2-last=Klaniczay |editor2-first=Gábor |title=Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe |publisher=BRILL |year=2013 |pages=13–50 |chapter=''National origin narratives in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy'' |isbn=978-90-04-24487-0 |ref=harv}}
+* Hitchins, Keith. ''Rumania 1866-1947'' (1994) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) [https://www.amazon.com/Rumania-1866-1947-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221266/ excerpt]
-*{{Cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=1999 |title=Romanians and Romania: A Brief History |publisher=Boulder |isbn=978-0-88033-440-2 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Köpeczi |first=Béla |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=663–692 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
-*{{cite book |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |year=2013 |title= Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991470-8 |ref=harv}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher=Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=978-963-9465-12-1}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005a |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous'' Gesta Hungarorum'': Truth and Fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn=978-973-7784-01-8}}
+* {{cite book |last=Opreanu |first=Coriolan Horațiu |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=59–132 |chapter=The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th&nbsp;Centuries&nbsp;AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+* {{cite book|last=Pohl |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Pohl |editor1-last=Geary |editor1-first=Patrick J. |editor2-last=Klaniczay |editor2-first=Gábor |title=Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2013 |pages=13–50 |chapter=''National origin narratives in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy'' |isbn=978-90-04-24487-0}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=1999 |title=Romanians and Romania: A Brief History |publisher=Boulder |isbn=978-0-88033-440-2}}
+* {{cite book |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |year=2013 |title= Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991470-8}}
+* {{cite book |last=Rustoiu |first=Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=31–58 |chapter=Dacia before the Romans |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+* {{cite book |last=Sălăgean |first=Tudor |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=133–207 |chapter=Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th&nbsp;Centuries&nbsp;AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Schramm |first=Gottfried |year=1997 |title=Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter ''[=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words]'' |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag |isbn=978-3-486-56262-0 |language=de}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}
+* Stavrianos, L.S. '' The Balkans Since 1453'' (1958), major scholarly history; [https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst online free to borrow]
+* {{cite book |last1=Trócsányi |first1=Zsolt |last2=Miskolczy |first2=Ambrus |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=413–523 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Vékony |first=Gábor |year=2000 |title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians |publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing |isbn=978-1-882785-13-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko}}
+{{Refend}}
+===Primary sources===
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* ''[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryh00herogoog/page/n236 <!-- pg=215 --> The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
+* ''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.
 {{Refend}}
 ==External links==
-{{Sister project links|Romania|voy=Romania}}
+{{Sister project links|collapsible=collapsed|Romania|voy=Romania}}
-*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
-*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania Romania Article and Country Profile] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
+* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania Romania Article and Country Profile] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
-*[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania Romania Profile] from [[Balkan Insight]].
+* [http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania Romania Profile] from [[Balkan Insight]].
+* [https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data] from [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]]
-*{{CIA World Factbook link|ro|Romania}}
+* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ Romania]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
+<!-- This list has grown out of proportion and needs to be examined to comply with [[WP:policies and guidelines| ]]. Rated as a B-class article it needs to also adhere to the standards or be reassessed. See talk.
+* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ro/ Romania] information from the [[United States Department of State]].
+* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/romania/ro.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]].
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132810/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/romania.htm Romania] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
+* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Romania}}
+* {{wikiatlas|Romania}}
+* {{osmrelation-inline|90689}}
+* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RO Key Development Forecasts for Romania] from [[International Futures]].
+* [http://www.dreptonline.ro/resurse/resource.php Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English] -->
+;Government
-<!-- This list has grown out of proportion and needs to be examined to comply with [[WP:policies and guidelines|]]. Rated as a B-class article it needs to also adhere to the standards or be reassessed. See talk.
+* [http://www.presidency.ro/ Romanian Presidency]
-*[https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ro/ Romania] information from the [[United States Department of State]].
+* [http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html Romanian Parliament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228063121/http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html |date=28 December 2006 }}
-*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/romania/ro.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]].
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132810/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/romania.htm Romania] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
-*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Romania}}
-*{{wikiatlas|Romania}}
-*{{osmrelation-inline|90689}}
-*[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RO Key Development Forecasts for Romania] from [[International Futures]].
-*[http://www.dreptonline.ro/resurse/resource.php Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English] -->
+;Culture and history links
-===Government===
+* [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&language=en&page=Treasures&country=Romania Treasures of the national library of Romania]
-*[http://www.presidency.ro/ Romanian Presidency]
+* [http://historo.wordpress.com/ Historic Houses of Romania]
-*[http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html Romanian Parliament]
+{{Romania topics}}
-===Culture and history links===
+{{Navboxes
-*[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&language=en&page=Treasures&country=Romania Treasures of the national library of Romania]
+|title=Related topics
-*[http://historo.wordpress.com/ Historic Houses of Romania]
+|list1=
+{{Sovereign states of Europe}}
+{{Member states of the European Union}}
+{{European Economic Area (EEA)}}}}
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 {{Authority control}}
+{{Coord|46|N|25|E|type:country|display=title}}
 [[Category:Romania| ]]
 [[Category:1859 establishments in Europe]]
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+[[Category:Countries in Europe]]
+[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
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 [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]]
-[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
+[[Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative]]
 [[Category:Republics]]
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+[[Category:Countries and territories where Romanian is an official language]]
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Romania România (Romanian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!")
Show globe Show map of Europe Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Bucharest 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100
Official languages	Romanian^[1]
Recognised minority languages^[2]	See here Albanian Armenian Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Greek Italian Macedonian Hungarian Polish Portuguese Romani Russian Ruthenian Serbian Slovak Tatar Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2021)^[3]	89.3% Romanians 6.0% Hungarians 3.4% Romani 1.2% others
Religion (2021)^[4]^[5]	84.79% Christianity 73.6% Eastern Orthodoxy 6.44% Protestantism 4.49% Catholicism 0.24% other Christian 0.8% no religion 0.44% other 9.01% unanswered 4.94% missing data
Demonym(s)	Romanian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic

• President	Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister	Marcel Ciolacu
• President of the Senate	Nicolae Ciucă
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Alfred Simonis

Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Establishment history

• Principality of Wallachia	1330
• Principality of Moldavia	1346
• Little Union	24 January 1859
• De jure Independence from the Ottoman Empire	9 May 1877/1878
• Great Union	1 December 1918/1921
• Military dictatorship	1941
• Communist Romania	30 December 1947
• Joined the United Nations	14 December 1955
• Current state form	27 December 1989^[6]^[7]^[8]
• Constitution adopted	8 December 1991
• Joined NATO	29 March 2004
• Joined the European Union	1 January 2007

Area
• Total	238,398 km² (92,046 sq mi)^[9] (81st)
• Water (%)	3
Population
• January 2023 estimate	19,051,562^[10] (63rd)
• 2021 census	19,053,815^[11] (67th)
• Density	79.9/km² (206.9/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$817.986 billion^[12] (35th)
• Per capita	$43,179^[12] (48th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$369.971 billion^[12] (41st)
• Per capita	$19,530^[12] (56th)
Gini (2023)	31.0^[13] medium
HDI (2022)	0.827^[14] very high (53rd)
Currency	Romanian leu (RON)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
ISO 3166 code	RO
Internet TLD	.ro^a
Website https://www.gov.ro/
Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Revision as of 11:20, 20 June 2024