THC Science

Romania
*România* (Romanian)
Romania România (Romanian)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!"; ("Awaken thee, Romanian!");
	Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey); – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Bucharest; 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E
Official languages	Romanian
Recognised minority; languages	See here Albanian ; Armenian ; Bulgarian ; Croatian ; Czech ; German ; Greek ; Italian ; Macedonian ; Hungarian ; Polish ; Portuguese ; Romani ; Russian ; Ruthenian ; Serbian ; Slovak ; Tatar ; Turkish ; Ukrainian ; Yiddish ;
Ethnic groups (2021)	89.3% Romanians; 6.0% Hungarians; 3.4% Romani; 1.2% others;
Religion (2021)	84.79% Christianity 73.6% Eastern Orthodoxy; 6.44% Protestantism; 4.49% Catholicism; 0.24% other Christian; ; ; 0.8% no religion; 0.44% other; 9.01% unanswered; 4.94% missing data;
Demonym(s)	Romanian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister	Marcel Ciolacu
• President of the Senate	Nicolae Ciucă
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Alfred Simonis
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Establishment history
• Principality of Wallachia	1330
• Principality of Moldavia	1346
• Little Union	24 January 1859
• De jure Independence from the Ottoman Empire	9 May 1877/1878
• Great Union	1 December 1918/1921
• Military dictatorship	1941
• Communist Romania	30 December 1947
• Joined the United Nations	14 December 1955
• Current state form	27 December 1989
• Constitution adopted	8 December 1991
• Joined NATO	29 March 2004
• Joined the European Union	1 January 2007
Area
• Total	238,398 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)
• Water (%)	3
Population
• January 2023 estimate	19,051,562 (63rd)
• 2021 census	19,053,815 (67th)
• Density	79.9/km2 (206.9/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$817.986 billion (35th)
• Per capita	$43,179 (48th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$369.971 billion (41st)
• Per capita	$19,530 (56th)
Gini (2023)	31.0; medium
HDI (2022)	0.827; very high (53rd)
Currency	Romanian leu (RON)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
ISO 3166 code	RO
Internet TLD	.roa
	Website; https://www.gov.ro/
	Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.;

Romania^[a] is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.^[15]^[16]^[17] It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km² (92,046 sq mi) with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.

Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows southeast for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).^[18]

Settlement in what is now Romania began in the Lower Paleolithic followed by written records attesting the kingdom of Dacia, its conquest, and subsequent Romanisation by the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. During World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania fought together with the Allied Powers from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș became part of the Kingdom of Romania.^[19] In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the Red Army, Romania became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and a market economy.

Romania is a high-income country,^[20] with a very high Human Development Index^[14] and a highly complex economy,^[21] that is emerging to be a middle power in international affairs.^[22]^[23] Romania ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.^[24] Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,^[25] being the world's 41st largest by nominal GDP, and the 35th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the fastest and cheapest internet speeds in the world.^[26] Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanians and religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language (more specifically Eastern Romance). Romania is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, NATO, the Council of Europe, BSEC, and WTO.

Etymology

"Romania" derives from the local name for Romanian (Romanian: român), which in turn derives from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman" or "of Rome".^[27] This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.^[28]^[29]^[30] The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung",^[31] is notable for including the first documented occurrence of Romanian in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as Țara Rumânească.

History

Prehistory

Three Chalcolithic ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from Scânteia, Romania and displayed at the Moldavia National Museum Complex

Human remains found in Peștera cu Oase ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known Homo sapiens in Europe.^[32] Neolithic agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from Thessaly in the 6th millennium BC.^[33]^[34] Excavations near a salt spring at Lunca yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.^[35] The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",^[36] which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).^[37]^[38]

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture—the best known archaeological culture of Old Europe—flourished in Muntenia, southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia between c. 5500 to 2750 BC.^[39] During its middle phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in Neolithic Europe, some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.^[40] The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of Bronze Age societies.^[38]

Antiquity

Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.^[41]^[42] Among the native peoples, Herodotus listed the Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania and the Syginnae of the plains along the river Tisza at the beginning of the 5th century BC.^[43] Centuries later, Strabo associated the Getae with the Dacians who dominated the lands along the southern Carpathian Mountains in the 1st century BC.^[44] Burebista was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.^[44]^[45] He also conquered the Greek colonies in Dobruja and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the Balkan Mountains between around 55 and 44 BC.^[44]^[46] After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.^[44]^[47]

The Romans reached Dacia during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD.^[47] Dacia was again united under Decebalus around 85 AD.^[44]^[48] He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD.^[49] Emperor Trajan transformed Banat, Oltenia, and the greater part of Transylvania into a new province called Roman Dacia, but Dacian and Sarmatian tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.^[50]^[51] The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.^[52]^[53] Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the origin of the Romanians—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' ethnogenesis.^[54]^[55] The Carpians, Goths, and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.^[56] The Romans could not resist, and Emperor Aurelian ordered the evacuation of the province Dacia Trajana in the 270s.^[57] Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.^[58] The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as Scythia Minor) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.^[54]^[59]

Middle Ages

Gutthiuda, or the land of the Gothic-speaking Thervingi, and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)

The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their suzerainty.^[60]^[61]^[62] The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the Huns invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.^[60]^[62]^[63] The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.^[60]^[64] The Gepids took possession of the former Dacia province.^[65]^[66] Place names that are of Slavic origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.^[67] The first Slavic groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,^[68] in Transylvania around 600.^[69] The nomadic Avars defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.^[60]^[70] The Bulgars, who also came from the European Pontic steppe, occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.^[60]

First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) around 850

After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa.^[60] The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs, and Vlachs (or Romanians) but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern Transylvania around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.^[71] The Council of Preslav declared Old Church Slavonic the language of liturgy in the country in 893.^[72] The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.^[73]

The Magyars (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the Pechenegs jointly forced them to abandon this region for the lowlands along the Middle Danube around 894.^[74] Centuries later, the Gesta Hungarorum wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—Glad, Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.^[75]^[76] The Gesta also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, Khazars, and Székelys—inhabiting the same regions.^[77]^[78] The reliability of the Gesta is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.^[79]^[80]^[81] The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.^[82]

Byzantine missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s^[83] and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.^[84] The first king of Hungary, Stephen I, who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established Roman Catholic bishoprics (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.^[85]^[86] Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the Oghuz Turks followed them, and the nomadic Cumans became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.^[87] Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.^[88] Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their Balkan homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.^[89]

Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the Kingdom of Hungary.^[90]^[91] The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around 1200.^[92] Colonists from the Holy Roman Empire—the Transylvanian Saxons' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.^[92]^[93] A high-ranking royal official, styled voivode, ruled the Transylvanian counties from the 1170s, but the Székely and Saxon seats (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.^[94] Royal charters wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities.^[95] Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.^[96] Also in the 13th century, the Republic of Genoa started establishing colonies on the Black Sea, including Calafat, and Constanța.^[97]^[98]

The Mongols destroyed large territories during their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe in 1241 and 1242.^[99] The Mongols' Golden Horde emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but Béla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.^[100]^[101] Basarab I of Wallachia united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.^[102] He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Posada and secured the independence of Wallachia in 1330.^[103]^[104] The second Romanian principality, Moldavia, achieved full autonomy during the reign of Bogdan I around 1360.^[104] A local dynasty ruled the Despotate of Dobruja in the second half of the 14th century, but the Ottoman Empire took possession of the territory after 1388.^[105]

Princes Mircea I and Vlad III of Wallachia, and Stephen III of Moldavia defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.^[106]^[107] A military commander of Romanian origin, John Hunyadi, organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in 1456.^[108] Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and they rose up in an open rebellion in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.^[109] The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the Union of the Three Nations, became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.^[110] The Orthodox Romanian knezes ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.^[110]

Early Modern Times and national awakening

The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.^[110] Transylvania and Maramureș, along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the Principality of Transylvania.^[111] Reformation spread and four denominations—Calvinism, Lutheranism, Unitarianism, and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.^[112] The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,^[112] although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.^[113]^[114]

During the Long Turkish War, Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.

The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.^[115] The Wallachian prince, Michael the Brave, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600.^[116]^[117] The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.^[116] Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.^[118]

The united armies of the Holy League expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the Habsburg monarchy.^[119] The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the union with the Roman Catholic Church in 1699.^[120] The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.^[121] The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.^[122] The organisation of the Transylvanian Military Frontier caused further disturbances, especially among the Székelys in 1764.^[123]

Princes Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Constantin Brâncoveanu of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.^[124] The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the Phanar district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.^[125]^[126] The Phanariot princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.^[127] The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or Bukovina, in 1775, and the Russian Empire seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or Bessarabia, in 1812.^[128]^[129]

A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.^[130]^[131] The Uniate bishop, Inocențiu Micu-Klein who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.^[132]^[131] Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.^[133]^[130]

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the Danubian Principalities) in 1774.^[134] Taking advantage of the Greek War of Independence, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.^[135] After a new Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Adrianople strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.^[136]

Mihail Kogălniceanu, Nicolae Bălcescu and other leaders of the 1848 revolutions in Moldavia and Wallachia demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.^[137]^[138] The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red tricolour as the national flag.^[139] In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the Hungarian revolutionaries after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.^[139] Bishop Andrei Șaguna proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.^[140]

Independence and monarchy

The Treaty of Paris put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the Great Powers in 1856.^[138] After special assemblies convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged the unification of the two principalities, the Great Powers did not prevent the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as their collective domnitor (or ruling prince) in January 1859.^[141] The united principalities officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February 1862.^[142] Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.^[143]^[144]

Cuza's successor, a German prince, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (or Carol I), was elected in May.^[145] The parliament adopted the first constitution of Romania in the same year.^[146] The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the Congress of Berlin and Carol I was crowned king in 1881.^[147] The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.^[147] Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a Greater Romania, the government did not openly support their irredentist projects.^[148]

The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the Austro-Hungarian Compromise brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867.^[149] Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.^[147] Leaders of the Romanian National Party proposed the federalisation of Austria-Hungary and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.^[150]^[151]

World Wars and Greater Romania

Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.^[152]^[153] Romania seized Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War in 1913.^[154] German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the Triple Entente of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.^[154] The country remained neutral when World War I broke out in 1914, but Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu started negotiations with the Entente Powers.^[155] After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest, Romania entered the war against the Central Powers in 1916.^[155]^[156] The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early 1917.^[157] After the October Revolution turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a harsh peace treaty with the Central Powers in May 1918,^[158] but the collapse of Russia also enabled the union of Bessarabia with Romania.^[159] King Ferdinand again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before Germany capitulated on 11 November 1918.^[158]

Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.^[158] The General Congress of Bukovina proclaimed the union of the province with Romania on 28 November 1918, and the Grand National Assembly proclaimed the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom on 1 December.^[160]^[161] Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the Soviet Union did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.^[162] Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war 137,000 to 295,000 km² (53,000 to 114,000 sq mi).^[163] A new electoral system granted voting rights to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.^[164] Gender equality as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.^[165] Calypso Botez established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.^[165] Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the population, but the new constitution declared it a unitary national state in 1923.^[163]^[166]^[167] Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.^[168]

Agriculture remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the interwar period.^[169]^[170] With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.^[170] Two parties, the National Liberal Party and the National Peasants' Party, dominated political life, but the Great Depression in Romania brought about significant changes in the 1930s.^[171]^[172] The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and anti-Semitic Iron Guard and the authoritarian tendencies of King Carol II.^[173] The King promulgated a new constitution and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.^[174]^[175]

Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only Northern Transylvania was regained after the end of World War II.

The 1938 Munich Agreement convinced King Carol II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.^[176] German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.^[176] The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade Adolf Hitler to guarantee Romania's frontiers.^[177] Romania was forced to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union on 26 June 1940, Northern Transylvania to Hungary on 30 August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.^[178] After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, Michael I, on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a national-legionary state under the leadership of General Ion Antonescu.^[179] Antonescu signed the Tripartite Pact of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23 November.^[180] The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.^[181]

Romania entered World War II soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.^[182] The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed Transnistria (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.^[183] Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.^[184] Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,^[185] but their fundamental rights were limited.^[186] After the September 1943 Allied armistice with Italy, Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.^[187]^[188] After the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to extermination camps from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.^[184]^[189]

After the Soviet victory in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, Iuliu Maniu, a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.^[190] To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the Social Democratic and Communist parties.^[191] After a successful Soviet offensive, the young King Michael I ordered Antonescu's arrest and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944.^[192] Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but Joseph Stalin regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.^[193] Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, Petru Groza, the prime minister in March 1945.^[194]^[195] The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.^[195] In February 1947, the Paris Peace Treaties confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.^[196]^[197]

Communism

During the Soviet occupation of Romania, the communist-dominated government called for new elections in 1946, which they fraudulently won, with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.^[198] Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.^[199] Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced King Michael I to abdicate and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a people's republic.^[200]^[201] Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (SovRoms) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.^[202]^[203]^[204]

In 1948, the state began to nationalise private firms and to collectivise agriculture.^[205] Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the Securitate—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of purges during which numerous "enemies of the state" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as extrajudicial killing.^[206] Nevertheless, anti-communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.^[207] A 2006 commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.^[208]

In 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia. Ceaușescu even publicly condemned the action as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".^[209] It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's Six-Day War and established diplomatic relations with West Germany the same year.^[210] At the same time, close ties with the Arab countries and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–Egypt and Israel–PLO peace talks.^[211]

As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),^[212] the influence of international financial organisations—such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's autocratic rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing austerity steps that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe cult of personality, which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent Romanian Revolution of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured.

After a trial, Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.^[213]^[214] The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.

Contemporary period

After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (FSN), led by Ion Iliescu, took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.^[215]^[216] In March 1990, violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of that year's legislative elections and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the Golaniad. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local^[217] and foreign media,^[218] and is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad.^[219]^[220]

The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the Social Democratic Party (PDSR then PSD) and the Democratic Party (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 Emil Constantinescu was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.^[221]

In 2009, the country was bailed out by the International Monetary Fund as an aftershock of the Great Recession in Europe.^[222] In November 2014, Sibiu former FDGR/DFDR mayor Klaus Iohannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the Romanian diaspora in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.^[223] In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă.^[224]

The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.^[225]

Corruption has been a major issue in contemporary Romanian politics.^[226] In November 2015, massive anti-corruption protests which developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.^[227] During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the biggest protests since 1989 took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.^[228]^[229] Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A National Anticorruption Directorate was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in Belgium, Norway and Spain.^[230] Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the National Anticorruption Directorate.^[231]

NATO and EU integration

After the end of the Cold War, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.^[232] The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.^[233]

During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".^[234] This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.^[235]^[236] However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the late 2000s' recession leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.^[237] This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.^[238] Worsening economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a political crisis in 2012.^[239]

Near the end of 2013, The Economist reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisation in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.^[240] In 2016, the Human Development Index ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".^[241]

Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.^[242]

Geography and climate

Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe, having an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).^[243]^: 17 It lies between latitudes 43° and 49° N and longitudes 20° and 30° E. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest is Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.^[243]^: 11 They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus, the Pannonian Plain and the Wallachian plains.

Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Balkan mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, East European forest steppe, Pannonian mixed forests, Carpathian montane conifer forests, and Pontic steppe.^[244] Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.^[245] There are almost 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.^[246] The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.^[247] At 5,800 km² (2,200 sq mi),^[248] the Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,^[249] and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.^[250]

Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.^[251] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.^[252] Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.^[253]

The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate,^[253] with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,^[254] including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears^[255] and 20% of its wolves.^[256]

Climate

Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.^[257] In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.^[258] In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).^[258] Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm (22 in).^[243]^: 29 There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.^[259]

Governance

Klaus Iohannis
President

Marcel Ciolacu
Prime Minister

The Constitution of Romania is based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Romania as a "flawed democracy" in 2023. Freedom House also considers Romania to be free.^[260]^[261]

The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a semi-presidential republic where executive functions are held by both the government and the president.^[262] The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the Parliament (residing at the Palace of the Parliament), consists of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) whose members are elected every four years by simple plurality.^[263]^[264]

The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the High Court of Cassation and Justice being the supreme court of Romania.^[265] There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the French model, is based on civil law and is inquisitorial in nature. The Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.^[263]^[266] Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including judicial reforms, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.^[267]

Foreign relations

Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited relations involving the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.^[268]

In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.^[269] Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.^[269] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.^[269]

Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the rule of law,^[270] a fundamental principle of EU membership.^[271]

In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.^[272] In May 2009, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."^[273]

Relations with Moldova are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a common history.^[269] A movement for unification of Moldova and Romania appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule^[274] but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.^[275] After the 2009 protests in Moldova and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.^[276]

Military

The Romanian Armed Forces consist of land, air, and naval forces led by a Commander-in-chief under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defence, and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.^[277] Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,^[278] with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.^[279] Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.

The Air Force operates F-16AM/BM MLU fighters,^[280] C-27J Spartan and C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, as well as IAR 330 and IAR 316 helicopters.^[281] A procurement program for F-35 fifth-generation fighters is also currently being carried out.^[282] The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two Type 22 frigates acquired from the British Royal Navy,^[283] as well as four corvettes. The River Flotilla operates Mihail Kogălniceanu and Smârdan-class river monitors.^[284]

Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in Afghanistan beginning in 2002,^[285] with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US).^[286]^[287] Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.^[288] Romanian troops participated in the occupation of Iraq, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the Regele Ferdinand participated in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.^[289]

In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the Romania-United States agreement signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental missile shield.^[290] The Aegis Ashore missile system based at Deveslu became operational in 2016.^[291]

Administrative divisions

Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe, pronounced judetse) and the municipality of Bucharest. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.^[292] Each county is subdivided further into cities and communes, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.^[243]^: 17 A total of 103 of the larger cities have municipality status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six sectors^[243]^: 6 and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.

The NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.^[293] The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four macroregions) and NUTS-2^[294] (eight development regions) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.^[293]

Development region	Area (km²)	Population (2011)^[295]	Most populous urban centre^*^[296]
Nord-Vest	34,159	2,600,132	Cluj-Napoca (411,379)
Centru	34,082	2,360,805	Brașov (369,896)
Nord-Est	36,850	3,302,217	Iași (382,484)
Sud-Est	35,762	2,545,923	Constanța (425,916)
Sud – Muntenia	34,489	3,136,446	Ploiești (276,279)
București - Ilfov	1,811	2,272,163	Bucharest (2,272,163)
Sud-Vest Oltenia	29,212	2,075,642	Craiova (356,544)
Vest	32,028	1,828,313	Timișoara (384,809)

Economy

In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $38,721.^[297]^[298] According to the World Bank, Romania is a high-income economy.^[20] According to Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.^[299]

After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the Romanian Statistics Office, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.^[300] However, the Great Recession forced the government to borrow externally, including an IMF €20 billion bailout program.^[301] According to The World Bank, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.^[302] Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,^[303] and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.^[304] Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.^[305]

Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.^[306] The largest local companies include car maker Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol, Ford Romania, Electrica, Romgaz, RCS & RDS and Banca Transilvania.^[307] As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.^[308]

After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.^[309] In 2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.^[310] The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.^[311] Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.^[312]

Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.^[313] Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.^[313] Some companies that have invested in Romania include Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Procter & Gamble, Citibank, and IBM.^[314]

According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.^[315] The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.^[315]

Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.^[316] After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the euro in 2029.^[317]

In January 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be US$122 billion according to CEIC data.^[318]

Infrastructure

According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).^[319] The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.^[320] Romania's rail transport experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,^[263] accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.^[263] Bucharest Metro, the only underground railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.^[321] There are sixteen international commercial airports in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport in 2017.^[322]

Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.^[323] Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.^[324] In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%).^[325] It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.^[326] With one of the largest reserves of crude oil and shale gas in Europe^[327] it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,^[328] and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at Cernavodă further.^[329]

There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.^[330] According to Bloomberg, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to The Independent, it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,^[331]^[332] with Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.^[333]

Tourism

Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.^[334] The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.^[335] Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.^[336] More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.^[337] The popular summer attractions of Mamaia and other Black Sea Resorts attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.^[338]^[339]

Putna Monastery in Bukovina, one of the medieval churches of Moldavia

The Danube Delta with its wildlife

Bran Castle

Mamaia Black Sea resort

Most popular skiing resorts are along the Valea Prahovei and in Poiana Brașov. Castles, fortifications, or strongholds as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Brașov, Alba Iulia, Baia Mare, Bistrița, Mediaș, Cisnădie, Sebeș, or Sighișoara also attract a large number of tourists. Bran Castle, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being Dracula's Castle.^[340] Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.^[341]^[342]

Rural tourism, focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local folklore and customs, has become an important alternative,^[343] and is targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the painted churches of northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș, or the villages with fortified churches in Transylvania.^[344] The Via Transilvanica long-distance hiking and cycling trail, which crosses 10 counties in the Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina regions of the country further promotes rural slow tourism.^[345]

In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.^[346] More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.^[347] According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.^[347]

Science and technology

Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, Traian Vuia built the first airplane to take off under its own power^[348] and Aurel Vlaicu built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,^[349] while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of fluidics.^[350] Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 types of bacteria;^[351] biologist Nicolae Paulescu developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;^[352] while Emil Palade received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology.^[353] Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesise amphetamine, and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.^[354]

During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable brain drain.^[355] In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by research and development spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.^[356]^[357] The country joined the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2011,^[358] and CERN in 2016.^[359] In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.^[360]

In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.^[361] In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".^[362] Romania was ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.^[363]^[364]^[365]

The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser will be built in Romania.^[366] In early 2012, Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana.^[367] Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the International Space Station.^[368]

Demographics

According to the 2021 Romanian census, Romania's population was 19,053,815.^[11] Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of sub-replacement fertility rates and negative net migration rate. According to the 2021 Romanian census, Romanians made up 89.33% of the population, Hungarians 6.05% and the Roma 3.44% of the population,^[11] but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.^[369] International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.^[370]^[371]^[372] According to the Council of Europe, the Roma makes up 8.32% of the population.^[373]^{[failed verification]} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Other minorities include Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Lipovans, Aromanians, Tatars, and Serbs.^[374] In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,^[375] but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.^[374] As of 2009^[update], there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.^[235]

The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,^[376] it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.^[377] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.^[378] The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,^[376] with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.^[376]^[379]^[380] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).^[381] The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.^[382] After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.^[383] For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.^[384]

Languages

Language frequency as spoken in Romania (2021 Census)^[385]
Language			Percentage
Romanian			91.55%
Hungarian			6.28%
Romani			1.20%
Ukrainian			0.25%
Turkish			0.10%
German			0.10%
Russian			0.09%
Others			0.43%

The official language is Romanian, a Romance language (the most widely spoken of the Eastern Romance branch), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, but shares many features equally with the rest of the Western Romance languages, specifically Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan.^[386] The Romanian alphabet contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ă, â, î, ț, and ș), totaling 31.^[386]

Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while Hungarian and Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of Ukrainian (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),^[387] 17,101 native speakers of Turkish, 15,943 native speakers of German, and 14,414 native speakers of Russian living in Romania.^[385]^[388]

According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.^[389] English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.^[390] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.^[391] According to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.^[392]

Religion

Romania is a secular state and has no state religion. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,^[4] 73.86% of respondents identified as Orthodox Christians, with 73.42% belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Other denominations include Protestantism (6.22%), Roman Catholicism (3.89%), and Greek Catholicism (0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 Jewish (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are irreligious, 57,205 are atheist, 25,485 are agnostic, and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.^[4]

The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,^[393] and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and uses a Romance liturgical language.^[394] Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.^[395] Romania has the world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population.^[396]^[397]

Urbanisation

Although 54.0% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011,^[398] this percentage has been declining since 1996.^[399] Counties with over 2⁄3 urban population are Hunedoara, Brașov and Constanța, while those with less than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman.^[398] Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.^[400] Its larger urban zone has a population of almost 2.2 million,^[401] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the city proper.^[402]^[403]^[404]

Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.^[400] Metropolitan areas have been constituted for most of these cities.

Largest cities in Romania 2021 Census^[405]
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Bucharest Cluj-Napoca	1	Bucharest	Bucharest	1,716,961	11	Brăila	Brăila	154,686	Iași Constanța
	2	Cluj-Napoca	Cluj	286,598	12	Arad	Arad	145,078
	3	Iași	Iași	271,692	13	Pitești	Argeș	141,275
	4	Constanța	Constanța	263,688	14	Bacău	Bacău	136,087
	5	Timișoara	Timiș	250,849	15	Sibiu	Sibiu	134,309
	6	Brașov	Brașov	237,589	16	Târgu Mureș	Mureș	116,033
	7	Craiova	Dolj	234,140	17	Baia Mare	Maramureș	108,759
	8	Galați	Galați	217,851	18	Buzău	Buzău	103,481
	9	Oradea	Bihor	183,105	19	Râmnicu Vâlcea	Vâlcea	93,151
	10	Ploiești	Prahova	180,540	20	Satu Mare	Satu Mare	91,520

Education

Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.^[407] In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in kindergarten (three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).^[408] In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.^[409] Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.^[410]^[411] Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal private tutoring system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.^[412]

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.^[413]

Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the International Mathematical Olympiad with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. Ciprian Manolescu managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.^[414] Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the International Olympiad in Informatics with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.^[415]^[416]^[417]

Healthcare

Romania has a universal health care system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.^[418] It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.^[419] In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,^[420] with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,^[421] and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.^[422] As of 2013^[update], the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.^[423]

Culture

Arts and monuments

The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School scholars.^[424] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem Luceafărul.^[425]

In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco,^[426] Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Grigorescu, Marin Preda, Liviu Rebreanu,^[427] Eugène Ionesco, Emil Cioran, and Constantin Brâncuși. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture Bird in Space, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.^[428]^[429] Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while Banat Swabian writer Herta Müller received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature.^[430]

Prominent Romanian painters include: Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza, and Theodor Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include: Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti, and especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.^[431]

Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir,^[432]^[433] Inna,^[434] Alexandra Stan,^[435] and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian popcorn music style had established itself in the international mainstream.^[436]^[437]^[438] At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.^[439]

In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes Film Festival, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu by Cristi Puiu won the Prix Un Certain Regard in 2005,^[440] while 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu won the festival's top prize, the Palme d'Or, in 2007.^[441] At the Berlin International Film Festival, Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear in 2013.^[442]

The list of World Heritage Sites includes six cultural sites located within Romania, including eight painted churches of northern Moldavia, eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery, and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara.^[443] The city of Sibiu, with its Brukenthal National Museum, was selected as the 2007 European Capital of Culture and the 2019 European Region of Gastronomy.^[444]^[445] Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of Peleș Castle,^[446] Corvin Castle, and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".^[447]

Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the Great Union Day, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.^[448] Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: plugușorul, sorcova, ursul, and capra.^[449]^[450] The traditional Romanian dress that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.^[451] There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.^[452] In the Easter, traditions such as painting the eggs are very common. On 1 March mărțișor gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.^[453]

Romanian cuisine has been influenced by Austrian and German cuisine (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg monarchy), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the Balkan region such as the Greek, Bulgarian, or Serbian cuisine.^[454] Ciorbă includes a wide range of sour soups, while mititei, mămăligă (similar to polenta), and sarmale are featured commonly in main courses.^[455]

Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.^[456]^[457] Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: chiftele, tobă and tochitură at Christmas; drob, pască and cozonac at Easter and other Romanian holidays.^[458] Țuică is a strong plum brandy reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the largest plum producers in the world).^[459]^[460] Traditional alcoholic beverages also include wine, rachiu, palincă and vișinată, but beer consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.^[461]

Media

Sports

Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): Nadia Comăneci, Gheorghe Hagi, Simona Halep, and Cristina Neagu

Football is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018^[update]. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to UEFA.^[462]

The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The Romania national football team played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three FIFA World Cups, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, eventually being ranked 3rd by FIFA in 1997.^[463]

The core player of this golden generation was Gheorghe Hagi, who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".^[464] Other successful players include the European Golden Shoe winners: Dudu Georgescu, Dorin Mateuț and Rodion Cămătaru, Nicolae Dobrin,^[465] Ilie Balaci,^[466] Florea Dumitrache,^[467] Mihai Mocanu,^[468] Michael Klein,^[469] Mircea Rednic,^[469] Cornel Dinu,^[467] Mircea Lucescu,^[470] Costică Ștefănescu,^[471] Liță Dumitru,^[472] Lajos Sătmăreanu,^[473] Ștefan Sameș,^[474] Ladislau Bölöni,^[475] Anghel Iordănescu,^[476] Miodrag Belodedici,^[477] Helmuth Duckadam,^[478] Marius Lăcătuș,^[469] Victor Pițurcă^[479] and many others, and most recently Gheorghe Popescu,^[480] Florin Răducioiu,^[481] Dorinel Munteanu,^[482] Dan Petrescu,^[483] Adrian Mutu,^[484] Cristian Chivu,^[484] or Cosmin Contra.^[484] Romania's home ground is the Arena Națională in Bucharest.

The most successful club is Steaua București, who were the first Eastern European team to win the UEFA Champions League in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.^[485] Dinamo București reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup semi-final in 1990.^[486] Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid București,^[487] UTA Arad,^[488] Universitatea Craiova,^[489] Petrolul Ploiești,^[490] CFR Cluj,^[491] Astra Giurgiu,^[492] and Viitorul Constanța^[493] (the latter having recently merged with FCV Farul Constanța).^[494]

Tennis is the second most popular sport.^[495] Romania reached the Davis Cup finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.^[496] In singles, Ilie Năstase was the first year-end World Number 1 in the ATP rankings in 1973, winning several Grand Slam titles. Also Virginia Ruzici won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep won the French Open in 2018 and Wimbledon in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as WTA's World Number 1. And in doubles Horia Tecău won three Grand Slams and the ATP Finals final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.^[497]

The second most popular team sport is handball.^[495] The men's team won the handball world championship in 1961, 1964, 1970, 1974 making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The women's team won the world championship in 1962 and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the EHF Champions League a total of three times, Steaua București won in 1968 as well as 1977 and Dinamo București won in 1965. The most notable players include Ștefan Birtalan, Vasile Stîngă (all-time top scorer in the national team) and Gheorghe Gruia who was named the best player ever in 1992.^[498] In present-day Cristina Neagu is the most notable player and has a record four IHF World Player of the Year awards.^[499] In women's handball, powerhouse CSM București lifted the EHF Champions League trophy in 2016.^[500]

Popular individual sports include combat sports,^[495] martial arts,^[495] and swimming.^[495] In professional boxing, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include Lucian Bute, Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Adrian Diaconu, and Michael Loewe.^[501] Another popular combat sport is professional kickboxing, which has produced prominent practitioners including Daniel Ghiță,^[502] and Benjamin Adegbuyi.^[503]

Romania's 306 all-time Summer Olympics medals would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The 1984 Summer Olympics was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the medal rankings. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.^[504]

Gymnastics is the country's major medal-producing sport,^[505] with Olympic and sport icon Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.^[506] Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers Elisabeta Lipa (1984–2004) and Georgeta Damian (2000–2008).^[507] The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.^[508]

Notes

^ /roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a]

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Primary sources

The Ancient History of Herodotus (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.

External links

Country Profile from BBC News.
Romania Article and Country Profile from Encyclopædia Britannica
Romania Profile from Balkan Insight.
România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data from INS
Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

Government

Romanian Presidency
Romanian Parliament Archived 28 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine

Culture and history links

46°N 25°E / 46°N 25°E / 46; 25

[15] /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ^ⓘ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [r o m ɨ ˈ n i .a ] ^ⓘ

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[19] Coord. Andrei, Tudorel (2019). ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic [ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary] (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Institute of Statistics (Romania). p. 5. ISSN 2066-4079. Retrieved 29 February 2024. Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation]

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[21] Christine Lagarde (16 July 2013). "Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024. Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge.

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[30] Holban, Maria (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române (in Romanian). Vol. II. Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică. pp. 158–161. Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli ...

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Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI WorldCat
National	Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Portugal Vatican
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
People	UK Parliament
Other	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Country in Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe}}
-{{About|the modern country}}
+{{other uses}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
+{{pp|small=yes}}
+{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
 {{Infobox country
+| conventional_long_name = Romania
-|native_name              = {{native name|ro|România|icon=no}}
-|conventional_long_name   = Romania
+| common_name            = Romania
-|common_name              = Romania
+| native_name            = {{native name|ro|România}}
-|image_flag               = Flag of Romania.svg
+| image_flag             = Flag of Romania.svg
-|image_coat               = Coat of arms of Romania.svg
+| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Romania.svg
+| coa_size               = 70
-|image_map = EU-Romania.svg
+| national_anthem        = "[[Deșteaptă-te, române!]]"<br />("Awaken thee, Romanian!")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</div>
-|map_caption= Location of '''Romania''' (dark green): {{legend|#A9A9A9|on the [[Europe|European continent]] (incl. the EU)}}{{legend|#90EE90|in the [[European Union]]}}
+| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Romania (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Romania.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}}
-|national_anthem          = <span style="line-height:1.25em;">''[[Deşteaptă-te, române!]]''<small><br/>''Awaken thee, Romanian!''</small></span><br><center>[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</center>
+| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green|legend=EU-Romania.svg}}
-|official_languages       = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
+| capital                = [[Bucharest]]
-|ethnic_groups            = '''89.5% [[Romanians]]'''<br />6.6% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]<br />2.5% [[Roma minority in Romania|Roma]]<br />2% [[minorities of Romania|other minorities]]<ref>
+| coordinates            = {{Coord|44|25|N|26|06|E|type:city}}
-{{cite web
+| largest_city           = capital
-|url=http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=0&judet_id=0&localitate_id=0
+| official_languages     = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|title=Constitution of Romania|publisher=Cdep.ro|access-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
-|title=Romanian 2002 census {{ro icon}}
+| languages2_type        = Recognised minority<br />languages<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
-|publisher=www.edrc.ro
+| languages2             = {{Collapsible list
-|accessdate=2010-02-22
+| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
-|last=
+| title= ''See here''
-|first=
+| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
+| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
+| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
+| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
+| [[Czech language|Czech]]
+| [[German language|German]]
+| [[Greek language|Greek]]
+| [[Italian language|Italian]]
+| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
+| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
+| [[Polish language|Polish]]
+| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
+| [[Romani language|Romani]]
+| [[Russian language|Russian]]
+| [[Rusyn language|Ruthenian]]
+| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
+| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
+| [[Dobrujan Tatar|Tatar]]
+| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
+| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
+| [[Yiddish]]
 }}
+| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
-</ref>
+ | 89.3% [[Romanians]]
-|ethnic_groups_year       = 2002
+ | 6.0% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]
-|demonym                  = [[Romanians|Romanian]]
+ | 3.4% [[Romani people in Romania|Romani]]
-|government_type          = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]]
+ | 1.2% [[Minorities in Romania|others]]
-|capital                  = [[Bucharest]]
+ }}
-|largest_city             = capital
+| ethnic_groups_year     = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
-|regional_languages       =
+| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702045135/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|latd                     = 44
-|latm                     = 25
+| demonym                = [[Romanians|Romanian]]
-|latNS                    = N
+| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
+|{{Tree list}}
-|longd                    = 26
+* 84.79% [[Christianity]]
-|longm                    = 06
+** 73.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
-|longEW                   = E
+** 6.44% [[Protestantism]]
-|largest_city             = capital
-|leader_title1            = [[President of Romania|President]]
+** 4.49% [[Catholic Church in Romania|Catholicism]]
+** 0.24% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
-|leader_name1             = [[Traian Băsescu]]
+{{Tree list/end}}
-|leader_title2            = [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]
+|0.8% [[Irreligion in Romania|no religion]]
-|leader_name2             = [[Emil Boc]]
+|0.44% [[Religion in Romania|other]]
-|leader_title3            = [[President of the Senate of Romania|President of Senate]]
+<!--|13.95% either missing data or unanswered, of which:-->
-|leader_name3             = [[Vasile Blaga]]
+|9.01% unanswered
-|leader_title4            = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania|President of Chamber]]
+|4.94% missing data
-|leader_name4             = [[Roberta Anastase]]
+}}
-|legislature              = [[Parliament of Romania|Parlamentul României]]
-|upper_house              = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]
+| religion_year          = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
+| religion_ref           = <ref name="Census2021-Religion">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804110637/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Contributors 2022 Kivu">{{cite web |first=Mircea | last=Kivu | title=Un recensământ cu grave probleme | website=Contributors | date=2022-08-19 | url=https://www.contributors.ro/un-recensamant-cu-grave-probleme/ | access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref>
-|lower_house              = [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]]
+| government_type        = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
-|area_rank                = 83rd
+| leader_title1          = [[President of Romania|President]]
-|area_magnitude           = 1_E+11
-|area_km2                 = 238,391
+| leader_name1           = [[Klaus Iohannis]]
-|area_sq_mi               = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
+| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]
-|percent_water            = 3
+| leader_name2           = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]
+| leader_title3          = [[President of the Senate of Romania|President of the Senate]]
-|population_estimate_year = 2010
+| leader_name3           = [[Nicolae Ciucă]]
-|population_estimate      = 20,298,580<ref name="eng.newwelfare.org">http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/</ref>
+| leader_title4          = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
-|population_estimate_rank = 52nd
+| leader_name4           = [[Alfred Simonis]]
-|population_census_year   = 2002
+| legislature            = [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]
-|population_census        = 21,680,974
+| upper_house            = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]
-|population_density_km2   = 90
+| lower_house            = [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]
-|population_density_sq_mi = 233 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
+| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Romania|Establishment history]]
-|population_density_rank  = 104th
+| established_event1     = [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]]
-|GDP_PPP_year             = 2011
+| established_date1      = 1330
-|GDP_PPP                  = $254.918 billion<ref>[[International Monetary Fund]], [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/index.aspx World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011]: [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=67&pr.y=9 Nominal GDP list of countries]. Data for the year 2010.</ref>
+| established_event2     = [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]]
-|GDP_PPP_rank             = 46th
+| established_date2      = 1346
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $12,358<ref>Data refer to the year 2010. [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=15&sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-September 2011], [[International Monetary Fund]]. Accessed on September 20, 2011.</ref>
+| established_event3     = [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|Little Union]]
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 73th
+| established_date3      = 24 January 1859
-|GDP_nominal              = $185.315 billion<ref>Nominal GDP list of countries for the year 2010. [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=45&pr.y=3&sy=2010&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-September 2011], [[International Monetary Fund]]. Accessed on September 26, 2011.</ref>
+| established_event4     = [[Romanian War of Independence|De jure Independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]]
-|GDP_nominal_rank         = 48th
+| established_date4      = 9 May 1877/1878
-|GDP_nominal_year         = 2011
+| established_event5     = [[Great Union]]
-|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = $8,666<ref>Data refer to the year 2010. [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=13&sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-September 2011], [[International Monetary Fund]]. Accessed on September 26, 2011.</ref>
+| established_date5      = 1 December 1918/1921
-|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 78th
+| established_event6     = [[Kingdom of Romania|Military dictatorship]]
-|HDI_year                 = 2011
+| established_date6      = 1941
-|HDI                      = {{increase}} 0.781<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=5 November 2010}}</ref>
+| established_event7     = [[People's Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]]
-|HDI_rank                 = 50th
+| established_date7      = 30 December 1947
-|HDI_category             = <span style="color:#090;">high</span>
+| established_event8     = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 109|Joined]] the [[United Nations]]
-|Gini                     = 32<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Distribution of family income – Gini index|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=31 December 2010}}</ref>
+| established_date8      = 14 December 1955
-|Gini_year                = 2008
+| established_event9     = [[Romanian Revolution|Current state form]]
-|Gini_category            = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
+| established_date9      = 27 December 1989<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsJADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|title=Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach|first=Robert|last=Elgie|date=28 November 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137346223|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu3TAAAAMAAJ&q=emblem|title=Romania Directory|date=1 April 1990|publisher=Editura Cronos|isbn=9789739000000|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|title=DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ|website=legislatie.just.ro|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906055113/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|sovereignty_type         = [[History of Romania|Formation]]
+| established_event13    = [[Romanian constitution|Constitution adopted]]
-|sovereignty_note         =
+| established_date13     = 8 December 1991
-|established_event1       = [[United Principalities|Little Union]]<sup>1</sup>
+| established_event14    = [[Enlargement of NATO#Vilnius Group|Joined]] [[NATO]]
-|established_date1        = January 24, 1859
+| established_date14     = 29 March 2004
-|established_event2       = [[Romanian War of Independence|Independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]]<sup>2</sup>
+| established_event15    = [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]
-|established_date2        = 1877/1878
+| established_date15     = 1 January 2007
-|established_event3       = [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|Great Union]]<sup>3</sup>
+| area_km2               = 238,398
-|established_date3        = December 1, 1918
+| area_footnote          = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf  |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (pg.17)|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] (www.insse.ro/cms/en) |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054533/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf}}</ref>
-|accessionEUdate          = January 1, 2007
+| area_rank              = 81st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
-|currency                 = [[Romanian leu]]<sup>4</sup>
+| area_sq_mi             = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
-|currency_code            = RON
+| percent_water          = 3
-|time_zone                = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| population_estimate    = 19,051,562<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf |title=Populaţia rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2023 |publisher=INSSE (www.insse.ro) |access-date=2023-08-30 |language=ro |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830090953/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|utc_offset               = +2
+| population_census      = {{decreaseNeutral}} 19,053,815<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2021 |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=ro |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928063329/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|time_zone_DST            = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
+| population_estimate_year = January 2023
-|utc_offset_DST           = +3
+| population_estimate_rank = 63rd
-|drives_on                = right
+| population_census_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
-|cctld                    = [[.ro]]<sup>5</sup>
+| population_census_rank = 67th
-|calling_code             = [[Telephone numbers in Romania|40]]
+| population_density_km2 = 79.9
-|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The Little Union refers to the double election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] in [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] (January 5, respectively January 24, 1859).<br /><sup>2</sup> Independence proclaimed on May 9, 1877, internationally recognized in 1878.<br/><sup>3</sup> The Great Union was the union of Romania with [[Bessarabia]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Transylvania]] in 1918 and the creation of [[Greater Romania]].<br/><sup>4</sup> The [[Romanian leu|leu]] was redenominated on July 1, 2005. As of that date 10,000 (old) lei (ROL) = 1 (new) leu (RON).<br /><sup>5</sup> The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as in other [[European Union]] member states.
+| population_density_sq_mi = 218.6 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
+| population_density_rank = 136th
+| GDP_PPP                             = {{increase}} $817.986 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=968,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Romania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>
+| GDP_PPP_rank                    = 35th
+| GDP_PPP_year                    = 2024
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = {{increase}} $43,179<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 48th
+| GDP_nominal                       = {{increase}} $369.971 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
+| GDP_nominal_rank              = 41st
+| GDP_nominal_year              = 2024
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita     = {{increase}} $19,530<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" />
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 56th
+| Gini                   = 31.0 <!--number only-->
+| Gini_year              = 2023
+| Gini_change            = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| Gini_ref               = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| Gini_rank              =
+| HDI                    = 0.827 <!--number only-->
+| HDI_year               = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
+| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| HDI_rank               = 53rd
+| currency               = [[Romanian leu]]
+| currency_code          = RON
+| time_zone              = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| drives_on              = [[driving side|right]]
+| utc_offset             = +2
+| utc_offset_DST         = +3
+| time_zone_DST          = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
+| calling_code           = +40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
+| patron_saint           = [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]]
+| cctld                  = [[.ro]]<sup>a</sup>
+| official_website       = https://www.gov.ro/
+| footnote_a             = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
+| today                  =
 }}
-'''Romania''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|roh|MAY|nee-ə}}; dated: ''Roumania''<!-- Do not remove, as this was added through consensus, discussion, and a poll done from 10-17 January 2008. Please see talk page archives for details -->;<ref>Cf. French ''Roumanie''.</ref> or ''Rumania'';<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kKo8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rumania&hl=en&ei=V2uETt-8HJCQ4gSC5JmZDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Rumania - Google Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1JfRAAAAMAAJ&q=rumania&dq=rumania&hl=en&ei=V2uETt-8HJCQ4gSC5JmZDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg Rumania: her history and politics - David Mitrany - Google Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPA-ro|romɨˈni.a||Ro-România.ogg}}) is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]], on the Lower [[Danube]], within and outside the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian arch]], bordering on the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{cite report|url= http://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm|title=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|publisher=NATO|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Romania shares a border with [[Hungary]] and [[Serbia]] to the west, [[Ukraine]] and [[Moldova]] to the northeast and east, and [[Bulgaria]] to the south.
+'''Romania'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg}} {{respell|roh|MAY|nee|ə}}; {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}}} is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>*{{Cite web |title=Romania |url=https://www.presidency.ro/en/president/romania |website=presidency.ro |publisher=[[President of Romania|Presidential Administration of Romania]] |quote=Geographical Facts ― Romania lies in the northern hemisphere, in the south-eastern Central Europe at the junction with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and at the crossroad of important routes. |access-date=26 February 2024 }}
-At {{convert|238,391|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, Romania is the [[List of European Union member states by area|ninth largest country]] of the [[European Union]] by area, and has the [[List of European Union member states by population|seventh largest population]] of the European Union with 20.2&nbsp;million people.<ref name="eng.newwelfare.org"/> Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]], the [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|sixth largest city in the EU]] with about two million people.
+*{{cite journal |access-date=26 February 2024 |first=Peter |last=Jordan |journal=Europa Regional |year=2005 |title=Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien |trans-title=The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=162–173 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) |location=[[Leipzig]] |via=Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) |url=http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html }}
+*{{cite journal |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |title=Romania: a geopolitical outline |first=Radu |last=Săgeată |journal=Potsdamer geographische Forschungen - Am östlichen Rand der Europäischen Union |publisher=[[University of Potsdam]] |location=[[Brandenburg]] |date=2009-12-02 |issue=28 |pages=45–58 |language=en |isbn=978-3-940793-97-3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229081147/https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite book |last=Coord. Andrei |first=Tudorel |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/romania_in_cifre_2019_2.pdf |title=ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic |trans-title=ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]] |year=2019 |location=[[Bucharest]] |page=5 |quote=Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation] |language=ro |issn=2066-4079 |access-date=29 February 2024 }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://dig.watch/countries/romania |title=Romania |website=dig.watch |publisher=Geneva Internet Platform - Digital Watch Observatory |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319122146/https://dig.watch/countries/romania |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp071613 |title=Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity |website=imf.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |author=Christine Lagarde |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=1 March 2024 |quote=Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge. |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301195944/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp071613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>*{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |title=7 Invitees - Romania at a glance |website=nato.int |publisher=[[NATO]] |date=19 February 2004 |access-date=28 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in South-East Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. [...] The parallel of 45º north latitude (midway between the Equator and the North Pole) crosses Romania 70 km north of the capital, and the meridian of 25º east longitude (midway between the shore of the Atlantic and the Ural Mountains) passes 90 km west of Bucharest. Romania is situated at the contact of Central Europe with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, [...] its territory constituting a bridge between Central and Southeastern Europe and the Near East. |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029052253/https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |url-status=live }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=B8 |title=GDP growth (annual %) - Central Europe and the Baltics |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 March 2024 }}
+*{{Cite web |url=https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |title=Central Europe: Higher funding costs in bond markets |website=economic-research.bnpparibas.com |publisher=[[BNP Paribas]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319122141/https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |title=The Evolution of Central Europe |date=Dec 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |access-date=Mar 2, 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302152113/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-europe/ |title=The lessons from the last 100 years of Central Europe's history |date=Nov 13, 2018 |author=Prince Michael of Liechtenstein }} → {{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-european-countries/ |title=The Central European dilemma |date=Nov 4, 2021 |publisher=GIS Reports |access-date=March 2, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |title=The future of Romania in Europe, its relations with Moldova and the continental chessboard with Russia |website=blue-europe.eu |publisher=Blue Europe - The European Think Hub |author=Henrique Horta |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=26 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, on the western beaches of the Black Sea. [...] Minor geographical modifications have been made since [the 19th century], but the majority of what is now modern Romania is made up of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. [...] Wallachia’s development was influenced by South Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of its proximity to the Balkans. [...] The Transylvanian Highlands are connected to Central Europe, where the Catholic religion and Austro-Hungarian influences can still be seen today. [...] However, Moldavia has a significant cultural impact, and was impacted by Eastern European elements like the Orthodox religion and the Russian Empire. [...] In this context, Romania is seen as being on the outskirts of South, East, and Central Europe. [...] Constanza’s deep-water port serves as a geo-economic center connecting the markets of Central and Eastern Europe by road, rail, and air. [...] Romania has a fair share of geopolitical goals due to its location at the intersection of Central, East, and South Europe. |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227084944/https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It borders [[Ukraine]] to the north and east, [[Hungary]] to the west, [[Serbia]] to the southwest, [[Bulgaria]] to the south, [[Moldova]] to the east, and the [[Black Sea]] to the southeast. It has a predominantly [[continental climate]], and an area of {{convert|238397|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest country]] in Europe and the [[List of European Union member states by population|sixth-most populous]] member state of the [[European Union]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]], followed by [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Iași]], [[Timișoara]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], [[Brașov]], and [[Galați]].
+Europe's second-longest river, the [[Danube]], rises in Germany's [[Black Forest]] and flows southeast for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, before emptying into Romania's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania Geography |url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=aboutromania.com}}</ref>
-The [[Kingdom of Romania]] emerged when the principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] were united under Prince [[Alexander Ioan Cuza]] in 1859.  Independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] was [[Romanian War of Independence|declared]] on May 9, 1877, and was internationally [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|recognized]] the following year. At the end of [[World War I]], [[Transylvania]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Bessarabia]] united with the Kingdom of Romania. [[Greater Romania]] emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until [[World War II]]. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the [[Soviet Union]], and Romania forcibly became a [[Communist Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]].
+Settlement in what is now Romania began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] followed by written records attesting the kingdom of [[Dacia]], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|its conquest]], and subsequent [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during [[late antiquity]]. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a [[personal union]] of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Danubian Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. During [[World War I]], after declaring its [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in 1914, Romania [[Romania in World War I|fought]] together with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]], and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|title=Romania during the period of neutrality|last=Stoleru|first=Ciprian|date=13 September 2018|website=Europe Centenary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111152/https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June–August&nbsp;1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November&nbsp;1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June&nbsp;1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], [[Romania in World War II|fighting against the Soviet Union]] until August&nbsp;1944, when it [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the [[Red Army]], Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989&nbsp;Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania (1989–present)|began a transition]] towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]].
-With the fall of the [[Iron Curtain]] and the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|1989 Revolution]], Romania began it's transition towards [[democracy]] and a capitalist [[market economy]]. After a decade of post-revolution economic problems, extensive reforms fostered economic recovery making Romania now an upper middle-income country with high [[Human Development Index|human development]].<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ Statistics|Human Development Reports (HDR)|United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)]. Hdr.undp.org. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref>
+Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income country]],<ref name="WB GROUP"/> with a very high [[Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]<ref name="UNHDR"/> and a highly complex economy,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |title=Country & Product Complexity Rankings |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |publisher=[[The Atlas of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504000817/https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |url-status=live }} → {{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/185 |title=Romania |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] - Growth Lab |quote=Romania is ⁨a high-income country, ranking as the ⁨⁨45th richest economy per capita [in 2021] out of 133 studied. [...] Romania ranks as the ⁨⁨19th most complex country in the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranking. Compared to a decade prior, ⁨Romania's ⁨economy has become more complex, ⁨improving 9 positions in the ECI ranking. [...] Romania is ⁨more complex than expected for its income level. |date=2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 }}</ref> that is emerging to be a [[middle power]] in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions |url=http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |website=ier.gov.ro |publisher=European Institute of Romania |author=Radu Magdin |date=February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313224041/http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Clingendael Institute |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150939/https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425045622/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Băzăvan |first=Adrian |date=2023-08-20 |title=România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa |url=https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Cred în România |language=ro-RO |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235043/https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> being the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|41st largest by nominal GDP]], and the 35th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest and cheapest internet speeds]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=30 de ani de Internet în România. Țara noastră rămâne în primele 10 state din lume la viteza de navigare grație rețelelor fixe |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=www.digi24.ro |language=ro |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129193306/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and OMV [[Petrom]]. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic [[Romanians]] and religiously identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]], speaking [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (more specifically [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]). Romania is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Schengen Area]], [[NATO]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]], and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].
-Romania joined [[NATO]] on March 29, 2004, [[Accession of Romania to the European Union|the European Union]] on January 1, 2007 and is also a member of the [[Latin Union]], of the [[Francophonie]], of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], of the [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]] and of the [[United Nations]]. Today, Romania is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[semi-presidential republic]], in which the executive branch consists of the [[President of Romania|President]] and the [[Government of Romania|Government]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=1990-03-14 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-==Etymology==<!--linked-->
+==Etymology==
 {{Main|Name of Romania}}
-The name of Romania, ''România'', comes from ''român'' (previously ''rumân''), "Romanian", which in turn is a derivative of the Latin ''romanus'', meaning [[Ancient Rome|"citizen of Rome"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=rom%C3%A2n |title=Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1998; New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 2002 |publisher=Dexonline.ro |date= |accessdate=2010-09-25}} {{ro icon}}</ref> The fact that [[Romanians]] call themselves a derivative of ''romanus'' is first mentioned in the 16th century by [[Italians|Italian]] [[humanists]] travelling in [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{Cite book|quote="nunc se Romanos vocant"|author=Andréas Verres|title=Acta et Epistolae|volume=I|page=243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|quote="...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,..."|author=Cl. Isopescu|title=Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento|journal=Bulletin de la Section Historique|volume=XVI|year=1929|pages=1–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote=“Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli...”|author=Maria Holban|title=Călători străini despre Ţările Române|language=Romanian|publisher=Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică|year=1983|volume=II|pages=158–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote="Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l’empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... "|title=Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48|author=Paul Cernovodeanu|journal=Studii și materiale de istorie medievală|volume=IV|year=1960|page=444|language=Romanian}}</ref>
+"Romania" derives from the local name for [[Romanians|Romanian]] ({{lang-ro|român}}), which in turn derives from [[Latin]] [[wikt:romanus|''romanus'']], meaning "[[Roman people|Roman]]" or "of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=rom%C3%A2n |title=''Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 1998; ''New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 2002 |publisher=Dexonline.ro |access-date=25 September 2010 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517200517/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv%3Drom%25C3%25A2n |archive-date=17 May 2016  }}</ref> This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th&nbsp;century by Italian humanists travelling in [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|it|...&nbsp;si dimandano in lingua loro Romei&nbsp;... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,&nbsp;...}} |author=Cl. Isopescu|title=Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento|journal=Bulletin de la Section Historique|volume=XVI|year=1929|pages=1–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote={{lang|it|Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli&nbsp;...}}|first=Maria|last=Holban|title=Călători străini despre Țările Române|language=ro|publisher=Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică|year=1983|volume=II|pages=158–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|fr|Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur&nbsp;... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain&nbsp;...}} |title=Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48|first=Paul|last=Cernovodeanu|journal=Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medievală|volume=IV|year=1960|page=444|language=ro}}</ref> The oldest known surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "[[Neacșu's letter|Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung]]",<ref>{{Citation |last=Iliescu |first=Maria |title=History of the Romanian Lexicon |date=2021-05-26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-08-22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235208/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-471 |url-status=live }}</ref> is notable for including the first documented occurrence of ''Romanian'' in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as {{lang|ro|Țara Rumânească}}.
-The first written record of a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans was written by the Byzantine chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor]] in the 6th century about a military expedition against the [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] from 587, when a Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion ''Torna, torna fratre'' ("Return, return brother!").
-The oldest surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] is a 1521 letter known as the "[[Neacşu's Letter|Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung]]".<ref>Ion Rotaru, ''Literatura română veche'', [http://www.cimec.ro/istorie/neacsu/eng/people.htm "The Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung"], București, 1981, pp. 62–65 {{en icon}}</ref> Among other firsts, this text is also notable for having the first documented occurrence of a Romanian word denoting the country's name: [[Wallachia]] is mentioned under the name of ''Ţeara Rumânească'' ("The Romanian Land", ''țeara'' from the [[Latin|''terra'']], "land"; current spelling: ''Ţara Românească'').
-In the following centuries, Romanian documents use interchangeably two spelling forms: ''român'' and ''rumân''.<ref group=note>''"am scris aceste sfente cǎrţi de învăţături, sǎ fie popilor rumânesti... sǎ înţeleagǎ toţi oamenii cine-s rumâni creştini"'' "Întrebare creştineascǎ" (1559), Bibliografia româneascǎ veche, IV, 1944, p. 6. <br />''"...că văzum cum toate limbile au şi înfluresc întru cuvintele slǎvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncǎ scoasem de limba jidoveascǎ si greceascǎ si srâbeascǎ pre limba româneascǎ 5 cărţi ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărţi şi le dăruim voo fraţi rumâni şi le-au scris în cheltuială multǎ... şi le-au dăruit voo fraţilor români,... şi le-au scris voo fraţilor români"'' Palia de la Orǎştie (1581–1582), Bucureşti, 1968. <br />''În Ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste seamă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul...'', Grigore Ureche, Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei, p. 133–134.</ref>  Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 17th century led to a process of semantic differentiation: the form ''rumân'', presumably usual among the lower classes, received the meaning of "[[indentured servant|bondsman]]", while the form ''român'' kept an ethno-linguistic meaning.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Brezeanu|first = Stelian|title =Romanitatea Orientalǎ în Evul Mediu|publisher =Editura All Educational|year=1999|location =Bucharest|pages =229–246 }}</ref>  After the abolition of [[serfdom]] in 1746, the form ''rumân'' gradually disappears and the spelling definitively stabilises to the form ''român'', ''românesc''.<ref group=note>In his well known literary testament [[Ienăchiţă Văcărescu]] writes: "Urmaşilor mei Văcăreşti!/Las vouă moştenire:/Creşterea limbei româneşti/Ş-a patriei cinstire." <br />In the ''"Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă şi a răzmeriţei din timpul lui pe la 1790"'' a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Ţara Românească.</ref> [[Tudor Vladimirescu]], a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term ''Rumânia'' to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia, the southern part of modern Romania.<ref>Goina, Călin. ''How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation'' in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society. [[Ethnographic Museum (Budapest)|Néprajzi Múzeum]]. No 1/2005. p. 157</ref>
-The name ''România'' as common homeland of all Romanians is documented in the early 19th century.<ref group=note>The first known mention of the term ''Romania'' in its modern denotation dates from 1816, as the Greek scholar [[Dimitrie Daniel Philippide]] published in [[Leipzig]] his work ''The History of Romania'', followed by ''The Geography of Romania''. <br />On the [[Headstone|tombstone]] of [[Gheorghe Lazăr]] in [[Avrig]] (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morţi a înviat/Aşa tu România din somn ai deşteptat."</ref> This name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/ro-wm.html|title=Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859–61|accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref> English-language sources still used the terms ''Rumania'' or ''Roumania'', borrowed from the French spelling ''Roumanie'', as recently as [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/s_approaches_1942-1945.jpg|title=Map of Southern Europe, 1942–1945|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] via the [[University of Texas at Austin]] Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> but since then those terms have largely been replaced with the official spelling ''Romania''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a1|title=General principles|publisher=cdep.ro|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>
 ==History==
+<!---PLEASE stop expanding this section, ESPECIALLY without adding references. It is already too large. Expand the sub-articles instead.---->
 {{Main|History of Romania}}
 ===Prehistory===
+[[File:库库特尼陶碗陶罐.JPG|thumb|Three [[Chalcolithic]] ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from [[Scânteia, Iași|Scânteia]], Romania and displayed at the [[Palace of Culture (Iași)|Moldavia National Museum Complex]]|267x267px]]
+Human remains found in [[Peștera cu Oase]] ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in Europe.{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}} [[Neolithic]] agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from [[Thessaly]] in the 6th&nbsp;millennium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=125–127}} Excavations near a [[salt spring]] at [[Vânători-Neamț|Lunca]] yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Patrick |last=Gibbs |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/weller/ |title=Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/ |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} which were larger than {{convert|800|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html |title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity |author= John Noble Wilford |publisher= [[The New York Times]] (30 November 2009)|date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170423023342/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= 23 April 2017 }}</ref>{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
-{{Main|Prehistoric Romania}}
-[[File:Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG|thumb|upright|Characteristic [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian]] zoomorphic representation, with meticulous decorations]]
+The [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]]—the best known [[archaeological culture]] of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]—flourished in [[Muntenia]], southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia between c. 5500 to 2750 BC.<ref name="Mantu">{{cite journal | last = Mantu | first = Cornelia-Magda | title = Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area | journal = Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica | volume = VII | page = 267 | publisher = Iași University | location = Iași, Romania | year = 2000 | url = http://cisa.uaic.ro/saa/no7.htm | oclc = 228808567 | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110711055237/http://cisa.uaic.ro/saa/no7.htm | archive-date = 11 July 2011}}</ref> During its middle phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in [[Neolithic Europe]], some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/8641305|title=High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization|first=Johannes|last=Müller|website=academia.edu|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113190128/http://www.academia.edu/8641305/High_precision_Tripolye_settlement_plans_demographic_estimations_and_settlement_organization|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>
-Some 42,000-year-old human remains were discovered in the "[[Peştera cu Oase|Cave With Bones]]", and being Europe’s oldest remains of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', they may represent the first modern humans to have entered the continent.<ref>
+The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800&nbsp;BC, showing the militant character of [[Bronze Age]] societies.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
-{{Cite journal|last=Zilhão|first=João|title=Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology|volume =15|pages=183–195|year=2006|doi=10.1002/evan.20110|issue=5}}</ref>
-Among the oldest traces of human existence and activity found in Romania include those dating from the [[Paleolithic]]. These remains were found at Bugiuleşti ([[Vâlcea County]]), [[Pui|Ohaba-Ponor]] ([[Hunedoara County]]) or Valea Dârjovului ([[Olt County]]), belonging to some of the more distant human ancestors. According to studies of historical anthropology, these hominids used carved stone tools, were gatherers, fishermen and hunters, lived organized in bands and were sheltered in caves and hollows.
-The first manifestations of prehistoric art on current Romanian territory are the cave drawings from [[Lăpuş]] ([[Maramureş County]]) and [[Cuciulat]] ([[Sălaj County]]). Statues, such as those from [[Baia]] ([[Tulcea County]]) for example, are representations of male and female deities, expressions of the cult of fecundity predominantly in the [[Stone Age]].
-The Neolithic Age [[Cucuteni]] area in Northeast Romania was the Western region of the earliest European civilization<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all |title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity|author=John Noble Wilford|publisher=The New York Times (November 30, 2009)}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Lost-World-Old-Europe-5000-3500/dp/0691143889/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1316136151&sr=1-1 |title=The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC|author=David W. Anthony, Jennifer Y. Chi|publisher=Princeton University Press (November 9, 2009)}}</ref> known as the [[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture]].
 ===Antiquity===
-{{Main|Dacia|Roman Dacia}}
+{{Main|Romania in Antiquity}}
+{{See also|Legacy of the Roman Empire}}
+[[File:Dacia 82 vChr.png|left|thumb|Maximum territorial extent of the [[Dacia|Kingdom of Dacia]] during [[Burebista]]'s reign (early 40s BC)]]
+Greek colonies established on the [[Black Sea]] coast in the 7th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=3}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=3}} Among the native peoples, [[Herodotus]] listed the [[Getae]] of the Lower Danube region, the [[Agathyrsi]] of Transylvania and the [[Syginnae]] of the plains along the river [[Tisza]] at the beginning of the 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Rustoiu|2005|pp=32, 35–36}} Centuries later, [[Strabo]] associated the Getae with the [[Dacians]] who dominated the lands along the southern [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the 1st&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}} [[Burebista]] was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=14}} He also conquered the Greek colonies in [[Dobruja]] and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the [[Balkan Mountains]] between around 55&nbsp;and&nbsp;44 BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=14–15}} After Burebista was murdered in 44&nbsp;BC, his kingdom collapsed.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}}
-The earliest written evidence of people living in the territory of the present-day Romania, the [[Geto-Dacians]], comes from [[Herodotus]], in his 440 BC book IV of his [[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Herodotus|author-link =Herodotus|title =The Ancient History of Herodotus By Herodotus|digitized =Google Book Search|pages =213–217|publisher = Derby & Jackson|year =1859|url =http://books.google.com/?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=herodotus+dacians+darius|accessdate=2008-01-10|trans_title = William Beloe|isbn =0195219740}}</ref> Territories located north of the [[Danube]] were inhabited by Dacian tribes, including [[Carpi (people)|Carpi]], [[Apuli]], [[Tyragetae]], [[Costoboci]], [[Burs (Dacia)|Burs]], [[Krobyzoi]], [[Suci]] and other peoples. Dacians, like the majority of Thracians, were [[henotheism|henotheists]], the main deities being: [[Zalmoxis]], [[Gebeleizis]], [[Bendis]], [[Derzelas]] and [[Paleo-Balkan mythology|Kotys]]. [[Dacians]], considered a part of the [[Getae]] tribes mentioned by Herodotus, were a branch of [[Thracians]] who inhabited [[Dacia]] (corresponding mostly to present-day Romania). He describes the Getae as "the most brave and honest amongst all Thracians". The [[Dacia|Dacian kingdom]] reached its peak between 82–44 BC during the reign of [[Burebista]].
+[[File:Sarmizegetusa Regia.JPG|thumb|alt=Remains of circular buildings in a glade|Ruins of sanctuaries at [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] (Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus)]]
-[[File:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Emperor Trajan]]'s annexation of [[Dacia]] in 106 set the stage for the [[ethnogenesis]] of modern Romanians]]
-[[File:Decebal suicide.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bas-relief]] from the [[Trajan's Column]], surprising the suicide of [[Decebalus]]]]
+The Romans reached [[Dacia]] during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}} [[Dacia]] was again united under [[Decebalus]] around 85&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=15}} He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=9–10}} Emperor [[Trajan]] transformed [[Banat]], [[Oltenia]], and the greater part of Transylvania into a new [[Roman province|province]] called [[Roman Dacia]], but Dacian and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=68–69, 97–98}} The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=13–14}} Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the [[origin of the Romanians]]—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' [[ethnogenesis]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=19–20}} The [[Carpians]], [[Goths]], and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the&nbsp;210s.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=14}} The Romans could not resist, and Emperor [[Aurelian]] ordered the evacuation of the province [[Dacia Trajana]] in the 270s.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=105–107}} Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=8, 10}} The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as [[Scythia Minor (Roman province)|Scythia Minor]]) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=108, 110–111}}
-Over the next century, relations between the Dacian tribes and Rome were relatively peaceful, however the ascent to the throne of Rome of emperor [[Domitian|Titus Flavius Domitianus]] ([[81]] AD) damaged relations between the [[Roman Empire]] and Dacia. He [[Domitian's Dacian War|led military campaigns]] in the region between [[87]]–[[88]] AD at [[Tapae]]. Roman incursions continued in [[101]]–[[102]] and  [[105]]–[[106]] under [[Trajan]], who successfully defeated [[Dacia]] and annexed it to the vast [[Roman Empire]]. The Dacian population subsequently underwent ethno-linguistic process of Romanization and Dacia itself [[Roman Dacia|became an imperial province]].
+=== Middle Ages ===
-Due to Dacia's rich ore deposits (especially gold and silver),<ref>{{cite web|title=Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire|publisher =United Nations of Roma Victor|url =http://www.unrv.com/provinces/dacia.php|quote="and were found in great quantities in the [[Western Carpathians]]. After Trajan's conquest, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver"|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Rome brought colonists from all over the empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deletant|first=Dennis|title=Colloquial Romanian|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|location=New York|page =1|isbn=9780415129008}}</ref> This brought [[Vulgar Latin]] and started a period of intense [[romanization]] that would give birth to the [[Proto-Romanian language]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Matley|first=Ian| title=Romania; a Profile |publisher=Praeger|year=1970|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giurescu|first=Constantin C.|title=The Making of the Romanian People and Language|publisher=Meridiane Publishing House|year=1972|location=Bucharest|pages=43, 98–101, 141}}</ref>
-During the 3rd century AD, with the invasions of migratory populations, the Roman Empire was forced to pull out of Dacia around 271 AD, making it the first province to be abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Eutropius|authorlink=Eutropius (historian)|coauthors=Justin, Cornelius Nepos|title=Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History|publisher=George Bell and Sons|year=1886|location=London|url=http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Watkins|first=Thayer|title=The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm|quote="The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and, around 271 A.D., withdrew Roman troops from Dacia, leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe"|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+{{Main|Romania in the Early Middle Ages|Romania in the Middle Ages|Founding of Wallachia|Founding of Moldavia}}
-After the Roman army and administration left Dacia, the territory was invaded by various migratory populations including [[Goths]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jordanes|authorlink=Jordanes|title = Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum|year =551 A.D.|location =Constantinople|url=http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/Goths/Goths1.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> [[Huns]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iliescu| first=Vl.|last2=Paschale| first2=Chronicon| title=Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae|volume=II|pages=363, 587|place=Bucureşti|year=1970}}</ref> [[Gepids]],<ref name=gepids/> [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]],<ref>{{cite web|first=István | last=Bóna| editor-last = Köpeczi| editor-first = Béla | title = History of Transylvania: II.4. The Period of the Avar Rule| volume = 1| publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press| location = New York| year = 2001| url =http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> [[Bulgars]],<ref name=gepids>{{Cite book|last=Teodor|first=Dan Gh.|title=Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea|year =1995|location =Bucureşti|pages=294–325 |volume=2}}</ref> [[Pechenegs]],<ref>{{Cite book| last =Constantine VII|first =Porphyrogenitus| authorlink =Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus| title =Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio|date=950| location =Constantinople|url =http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and [[Cumans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Xenopol|first =Alexandru D.|title =Histoire des Roumains|place=Paris|year =1896|volume =i|page=168}}</ref> Several competing theories have been generated to explain the [[Origin of Romanians|origin of modern Romanians]]. Linguistic and geo-historical analysis tend to indicate that [[Romanians]] have coalesced as a major ethnic group both South and North of the [[Danube]] in the regions previously colonized by Romans.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghyka|first=Matila |title=A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History|location=Oxford|publisher =B. H. Blackwell Ltd.|year=1841| url=http://www.vlachophiles.net/ghika.htm| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070125091613/http://www.vlachophiles.net/ghika.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31|archivedate=2007-01-25}}</ref>
+[[File:Gutthiuda.jpg|thumb|left|Gutthiuda, or the land of the [[Gothic language|Gothic]]-speaking [[Thervingi]], and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)]]
+The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the&nbsp;230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their [[suzerainty]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=116–117, 165}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}} The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the [[Huns]] invaded their territory in&nbsp;376, causing new waves of migrations.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|p=151}} The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in&nbsp;454.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=151, 207–208}} The [[Gepids]] took possession of the former Dacia province.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=54}} Place names that are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=131}} The first [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th&nbsp;century,{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=395–397}} in Transylvania around&nbsp;600.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=97–99}} The nomadic [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around&nbsp;570.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=62–63}} The [[Bulgars]], who also came from the European [[Pontic steppe]], occupied the Lower Danube region in&nbsp;680.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}
-===Middle Ages===
-{{Main|Romania in the Early Middle Ages|Romania in the Middle Ages}}
-[[File:Castul Bran courtyard view1.jpg|thumb|[[Bran Castle]] was built in 1212, and became commonly known as ''Dracula's Castle'' after the myths of being home of [[Vlad III the Impaler]].]]
+[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb| [[First Bulgarian Empire]] (681–1018) around 850]]
-[[File:Romania 1673-1713.jpg|thumb|Romania during 1673-1713.]]
+After the [[Avar Khaganate]] collapsed in the&nbsp;790s, the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river [[Tisa]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}} The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, [[Slavs]], and [[Vlachs]] (or Romanians) but the [[Slavicisation]] of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern [[Transylvania]] around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=2001 |chapter=Southern Transylvania under Bulgar Rule |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032324/https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Council of Preslav]] declared [[Old Church Slavonic]] the language of liturgy in the country in&nbsp;893.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=168, 177}} The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=37}}
+The [[Hungarians|Magyars]] (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the&nbsp;830s, but the Bulgarians and the [[Pechenegs]] jointly forced them to abandon this region for the [[Great Hungarian Plain|lowlands along the Middle Danube]] around&nbsp;894.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=123, 178}} Centuries later, the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—[[Glad (duke)|Glad]], [[Menumorut]] and the Vlach [[Gelou]]—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=20}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=14–15}} The ''Gesta'' also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, [[Khazars]], and [[Székelys]]—inhabiting the same regions.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=140}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=36}} The reliability of the ''Gesta'' is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=15–16 (note 41)}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=111}} The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=182–183}}
-''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'', also known as the ''Chronicle of Anonymus'', mentioned the existence of three voivodeships in [[Transylvania]] in the 9th century: the Voivodeship of [[Gelou]], the Voivodeship of [[Glad (duke)|Glad]] (originally from [[Vidin]], then inhabited by [[Daco-Romanians|Proto-Romanians]]{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}) and the Voivodeship of [[Menumorut]]. The anonymous author describes the first as [[Vlach]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/22312181/CRONICA-NOTARULUI-ANONYMUS |title='&#39;Gesta Hungarorum'&#39;, the chronicle of Bele Regis Notarius |publisher=Scribd.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Another voivodeship, ruled by [[Gyula]], was mentioned in the 11th century. It was mentioned as being large and prosperous (''"Jatissimum et opulentisimum"'').{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} It is known to have included the strongholds of Dăbâca, Morești (on the [[Mureș River]]), Moigrad and Bălgrad (near [[Alba Iulia]]). Gyula was described as being an [[Orthodox Christian]], therefore he was very probably either Romanian or [[Slav]]. A 1176 Slavonic inscription attests the existence of a [[župan]] Dimitri that ruled over [[Dobrogea]] in 943. In the [[Alexiad]], Byzantine princess [[Anna Komnene]] mentioned the political entities led by [[Sesthlav]], [[Satza]] and [[Tatos]], all in Southern Dobrogea, in 1086.<ref>Ovidiu Drimba – History of Romanian culture and civilization, Scientific and Pedagogic Publishing House, [[Bucharest]], 1987, volume 2, page 404</ref>
+[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the&nbsp;940s{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=189–190}} and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the&nbsp;970s.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=152}} The first [[king of Hungary]], [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen&nbsp;I]], who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established [[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholic bishoprics]] (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=248–250}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=40–41}} Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the&nbsp;1040s; the [[Oghuz Turks]] followed them, and the nomadic [[Cumans]] became the dominant power of the steppes in the&nbsp;1060s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=304–305}} Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=157}} Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their [[Balkan Peninsula|Balkan]] homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th&nbsp;century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=183}}
-In the [[Middle Ages]], Romanians lived in three distinct [[Romanian principalities|principalities]]: [[Wallachia]] ({{lang-ro|Țara Românească}} – "Romanian Land"), [[Moldavia]] ({{lang-ro|Moldova}}) and [[Transylvania]] ({{lang-ro|Transilvania}}). By the 11th century, Transylvania became a largely autonomous part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web|first=László|last=Makkai|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla |title = History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)|volume = 1|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press|location = New York|year = 2001|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and became independent as the [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] from the 16th century,<ref>{{cite web|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla|title = History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606) |volume = 1|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press|location = New York|year = 2001|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> until 1711.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ágnes R.|last=Várkonyi|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla |title = History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)|volume = 2|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|place = New York|year = 2001|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html|accessdate=2008-08-31|contribution = Columbia University Press}}</ref> In [[Foundation of Wallachia|Wallachia]] and [[Foundation of Moldavia|Moldavia]] many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only in the 14th century did the larger principalities of Wallachia (1310) and Moldavia (around 1352) emerge to fight the threat of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Both territories inhabited by Romanians have achieved the [[independence]] from the Hungarian Crown after military conflicts ([[Battle of Posada]], 1330) or social conflicts ([[revolt|Moldavian boyars revolt against Hungary]], 1364), these historical events being initiated by [[Basarab I of Wallachia]] (1310–1352) and [[Bogdan I of Moldavia]] (1359–1365).<ref>{{Cite book|last =Ştefănescu|first =Ştefan |title =Istoria medie a României|year =1991|location =Bucharest|volume =I|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last =Predescu|first =Lucian |title =Enciclopedia Cugetarea|year =1940}}</ref>
+[[File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg|thumb|[[Vlad III of Wallachia]] (also known as Vlad the Impaler), medieval ruler of Wallachia]]
-[[File:Misu Popp - Mihai Viteazul.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Moldavia]], [[Wallachia]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Transylvania]] were briefly united under the rule of [[Mihai Viteazul|Michael the Brave]] on July 6, 1600, after the battles of [[Battle of Şelimbăr|Şelimbăr]] (1599) and [[Battle of Bacău|Bacău]] (1600).]]
+Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=144–145}} The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around&nbsp;1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around&nbsp;1200.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}} Colonists from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]—the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]' ancestors—came to the province in the&nbsp;1150s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=21}} A high-ranking royal official, styled [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]], ruled the Transylvanian [[Counties of Hungary (before 1920)|counties]] from the&nbsp;1170s, but the Székely and Saxon [[Seat (territorial administrative unit)|seats]] (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=41–43}} Royal charters wrote of the "[[Vlachs]]' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th&nbsp;century, indicating the existence of [[Romanian district|autonomous Romanian communities]].{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=189}} Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the&nbsp;1230s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=408}} Also in the 13th&nbsp;century, the [[Republic of Genoa]] started establishing [[Genoese colonies|colonies]] on the Black Sea, including [[Calafat]], and [[Constanța]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heyd|first=Guglielmo|title=Le Colonie Commerciali Degli Italiani in Oriente Nel Medio Evo|publisher=HardPress Publishing|pages=97|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iliescu|first=Octavian|title=Revue Roumaine d'Histoire (Contributions à l'histoire des colonies génoises en Roumanie aux XIIIe – XVe siècles)|publisher=Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie|pages=25–52}}</ref>
-By 1541, the entire [[Balkan peninsula]] and most of [[Hungary]] became Ottoman provinces. Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania were under Ottoman [[suzerainty]], preserving partial-full internal autonomy until middle of the 19th century (Transylvania to 1699). During this period the Romanian lands were characterised by the slow disappearance of the [[feudalism|feudal]] system. A few rulers of present-day Romanian territories distinguished themselves: these rulers include [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]], [[Vasile Lupu]], and [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] in Moldavia; [[Matei Basarab]], [[Vlad III the Impaler]], and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] in Wallachia; and [[John Hunyadi]] (''Ioannes Corvinus'') and [[Gabriel Bethlen]] in [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Transylvania]].<ref name="cumans">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511110153&ss=fro|title=Cumans and Tatars|last=István|first=Vásáry|publisher=cambridge.org|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>
+The Mongols destroyed large territories during [[Mongol invasion of Europe|their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe]] in&nbsp;1241 and&nbsp;1242.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=43–44}} The Mongols' [[Golden Horde]] emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but [[Béla&nbsp;IV]] of Hungary's land grant to the [[Knights Hospitallers]] in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local [[Vlach]] rulers were subject to the king's authority in&nbsp;1247.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=407, 414}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=44}} [[Basarab&nbsp;I of Wallachia]] united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the&nbsp;1310s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=45}} He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the [[Battle of Posada]] and secured the independence of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]] in&nbsp;1330.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=46}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} The second Romanian principality, [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]], achieved full autonomy during the reign of [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan&nbsp;I]] around&nbsp;1360.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} A local dynasty ruled the [[Despotate of Dobruja]] in the second half of the 14th&nbsp;century, but the [[Ottoman Empire]] took possession of the territory after&nbsp;1388.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=202}}
-In 1600, the principalities of Wallachia, Moldova and Transylvania were simultaneously headed by the [[prince of Wallachia|Wallachian prince]] [[Mihai Viteazul|Michael the Brave]] (''Mihai Viteazul''), [[Ban (title)|Ban]] of [[Oltenia]], but the chance for a unity dissolved after Mihai was killed, only one year later, by the soldiers of [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] army general [[Giorgio Basta]]. After his death, as vassal tributary states, [[Moldova]] and [[Wallachia]] had complete internal autonomy and external independence, which was finally lost in the 18th century. In 1699, Transylvania became a territory of the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs']] Austrian empire following the Austrian victory over the Turks in the [[Great Turkish War]]. The Habsburgs in turn expanded their empire in 1718 to include an important part of Wallachia, called [[Oltenia]] (which was only returned in 1739) and in 1775 over the north-western part of Moldavia, later called [[Bukovina]]. The eastern half of the Moldavian principality (called [[Bessarabia]]) was occupied in 1812 by Russia.<ref name="cumans"/>
-[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|Territorial changes of Romania since 1859 until present]]
+Princes [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea&nbsp;I]] and [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad&nbsp;III of Wallachia]], and [[Stephen the Great|Stephen&nbsp;III of Moldavia]] defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from&nbsp;1417 and&nbsp;1456, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=60–61, 63–66}} A military commander of Romanian origin, [[John Hunyadi]], organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in&nbsp;1456.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=61–62}} Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and [[Transylvanian peasant revolt|they rose up in an open rebellion]] in&nbsp;1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=30–31}} The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the [[Unio Trium Nationum|Union of the Three Nations]], became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} The Orthodox Romanian ''[[Knez (Vlach leader)|knezes]]'' ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}}
-===Independence and monarchy===
-{{Main|Early Modern Romania|National awakening of Romania|Romanian Principalities|Romanian War of Independence|Kingdom of Romania}}
+=== Early Modern Times and national awakening ===
-During the period of [[Austro-Hungarian Empire|Austro-Hungarian]] rule in [[Transylvania]] and Ottoman suzerainty over [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]], most [[Romanians]] were in the situation of being [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum|second-class citizens]] or even non-citizens<ref>{{cite web|publisher =GenealogyRO Group|title =The Magyarization Process|url= http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/13.htm |accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> in a territory where they formed the majority of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Kocsis |first =Karoly |last2 =Kocsis-Hodosi |first2 =Eszter| year =1999 |title =Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880–1992)|url =http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm|archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080222171134/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm|archivedate =2008-02-22|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kocsis |first =Karoly|last2 =Kocsis-Hodosi |first2 =Eszter|title =Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin|year =2001|page =102|publisher =Simon Publications|isbn =193131375X}}</ref> In some Transylvanian cities, such as [[Braşov]] (at that time a [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] citadel), Romanians were not even allowed to reside within the city walls.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Prodan|first =David |title =Supplex Libellus Valachorum= Or, The Politicle Struggle of Romanians in Transylvania During the 18th Century|publisher=Academy of Social Republic of Romania|year =1971|location =Bucharest}}</ref>
+{{Main|Early Modern Romania|Romanian War of Independence}}
-[[File:Theodor Aman - Proclamarea Unirii.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of the Moldo-Wallachian union, painting by [[Theodor Aman]]]]
+The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} Transylvania and [[Maramureș]], along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=41}} Reformation spread and four denominations—[[Reformed Church in Romania|Calvinism]], [[Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania|Lutheranism]], [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarianism]], and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|p=419}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=71}}
-Following the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], more uprisings followed in 1848 in [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachia]] as well as [[Moldavian Revolution of 1848|Moldavia]]. The flag adopted for Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-red tricolour (with blue above, in line with the meaning “Liberty, Justice, Fraternity”),<ref>Gazeta de Transilvania, year XI, no. 34 of 26 April 1848, p. 140.</ref> while Romanian students in [[Paris]] hailed the new government with the same flag “as a symbol of union between Moldavians and [[Muntenia]]ns”.<ref>Dogaru (1978), p. 862.</ref><ref name="Căzănişteanu 1967, p. 36">Căzănişteanu (1967), p. 36.</ref> This flag would later become the adopted as the [[flag of Romania]]. But after the failed [[Revolutions of 1848|1848 Revolution]], the [[Great Powers]] did not support the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state, which forced Romania to proceed alone against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. The electors in both [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] chose in 1859 the same person –[[Alexander John Cuza]]– as [[Romanian heads of state|prince]] (''[[Domnitor]]'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last =Bobango|first =Gerald J|title =The emergence of the Romanian national State|publisher =Boulder|year =1979|location =New York|isbn =  9780914710516}}</ref>
+{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=400
+|image1=Mihai 1600.png
+|image2=MihaiViteazul.jpg|footer=During the [[Long Turkish War]], [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian Prince]] [[Michael the Brave]] (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Transylvania]], covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.
+}}
+The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the [[Holy League (1594)|Holy League]] against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=54}} The Wallachian prince, [[Michael the Brave]], united the three principalities under his rule in May&nbsp;1600.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=55–56}} The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th&nbsp;century.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}} Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—[[Gabriel Bethlen]] of Transylvania, [[Matei Basarab]] of Wallachia, and [[Vasile Lupu]] of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=75–76}}
-Thus, Romania was created as a [[United Principalities|personal union]], albeit without including Transylvania. There, the upper class and the aristocracy remained mainly Hungarian and enjoyed strong support from Austria, and the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian [[Dual Monarchy]] in 1867 kept the Hungarians firmly in control as the Romanians were by far the most numerous ethnic Transylvanian group and constituted the absolute majority.
+The united armies of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the [[Habsburg monarchy]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=79}} The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the [[church union|union with the Roman Catholic Church]] in 1699.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=42}} The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=60}} The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=61}} The organisation of the [[Transylvanian Military Frontier]] caused further disturbances, [[Siculicidium|especially among the Székelys in 1764]].{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=432–434}}
-In a 1866 ''coup d'état'', [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza|Cuza]] was exiled and replaced by Prince Karl of [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]], who became known as [[Prince Carol of Romania]]. During the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78|Russo-Turkish War]] Romania fought on the Russian side,<ref>{{cite web|language=Russian|title =San Stefano Preliminary Treaty|year =1878|url =http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and in the [[Treaty of San Stefano]] and the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], Romania was recognized as an [[Romanian War of Independence|independent]] state by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Great Powers]].<ref>{{Cite book|work=Internet Modern History Sourcebook|title=The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 – Excerpts on the Balkans|date=13 July 1878|place=Berlin|url =http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|accessdate=2008-08-31|publisher=Fordham University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last =Patterson|first =Michelle|title =The Road to Romanian Independence|journal =Canadian Journal of History|month=August|year=1996|url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098|accessdate=2008-08-31|format = – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3APatterson+intitle%3AThe+Road+to+Romanian+Independence&as_publication=Canadian+Journal+of+History&as_ylo=1996&as_yhi=1996&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098 |archivedate = 24 March 2008}}</ref> In return, Romania ceded three southern districts of [[Bessarabia]] to Russia and acquired [[Dobruja]]. In 1881, the [[principality]] was raised to a [[monarchy|kingdom]] and Prince Carol became [[Monarch|King]] [[Carol I]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
+Princes [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] of Moldavia and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=44–45}} The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the [[Fener|Phanar]] district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=73–74}} The [[Phanariotes|Phanariot]] princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=74–75, 78}} The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or [[Bukovina]], in 1775, and the [[Russian Empire]] seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or [[Bessarabia]], in 1812.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=92}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=75–76}}
-The 1878–1914 period was one of [[Kingdom of Romania|stability and progress]] for Romania. During the [[Second Balkan War]], Romania joined [[Greece]], [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Turkey]] against [[Bulgaria]], and in the peace [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)]] Romania gained [[Southern Dobrudja]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Anderson|first =Frank Maloy|last2 =Hershey|first2 =Amos Shartle|title =Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914|publisher =Government Printing Office|year =1918|location =Washington D.C.}}</ref>
+A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} The [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate bishop]], [[Inocențiu Micu-Klein]] who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=89–90}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum|plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation]] in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|right|Animated map depicting the territorial changes of Romania from 1859 to 2010]]
-===World Wars and Greater Romania===
-{{Main|Romania during World War I|Greater Romania|Romania in World War II}}
+The [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the [[Danubian Principalities]]) in 1774.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=68}} Taking advantage of the [[Greek War of Independence]], a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January&nbsp;1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=103–104}} After a [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|new Russo-Turkish War]], the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]] strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in&nbsp;1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=81}}
-In August 1914, when [[World War I]] broke out, Romania declared [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Two years later, under pressure from the Allies (especially France, desperate to open a new front), on 27 August 1916, Romania joined the Allies, declaring war on [[Austria-Hungary]]. For this action, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|secret military convention]], Romania was promised support for its goal of national unity for all Romanian people.<ref>{{cite web|last =Horne|first =Charles F.|year =Horne|title =Ion Bratianu's Declaration of War Delivered to the Austrian Minister in Romania on August&nbsp;28, 1916|volume =V|publisher =Source Records of the Great War|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/romaniawardeclaration.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
-[[File:AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg|thumb|left|General [[Ion Antonescu]] and [[Iron Guard]] leader [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] at a skiing event in 1935]]
-[[File:Romanian tanks chisinau.jpg|thumb|left|Romanian Army [[Renault R35|R35]] tanks entering [[Chişinău]] in 1941.]]
-The [[Romanian Campaign (World War I)|Romanian military campaign]] ended in disaster for Romania as the [[Central Powers]] conquered two-thirds of the country and defeated its [[Romanian Army|army]] within months. Nevertheless, [[Moldavia]] remained in Romanian hands after the invading forces were stopped in 1917. Total [[World War I casualties|deaths]] from 1914 to 1918, military and civilian, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000.<ref>{{Cite book
-|title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik
-|last=Erlikman
-|first=Vadim
-|authorlink=
-|coauthors=
-|year= 2004
-|publisher=
-|location= Moscow
-|isbn= 5-93165-107-1
-}}</ref> By the war's end, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had collapsed and disintegrated; [[Bessarabia]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Transylvania]] proclaimed unions with the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1918. By the 1920 [[Treaty of Trianon]], [[Hungary]] was forced to renounce in favour of Romania all the claims of the [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]] over [[Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon|title=Text of the Treaty of Trianon|publisher=World War I Document Archive|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> The union of Romania with [[Bukovina]] was ratified in 1919 in the [[Treaty of Saint Germain]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia|author=Bernard Anthony Cook|page=162|isbn=0815340575|year=2001|publisher=Taylor&Francis|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and with [[Bessarabia]] in 1920 by the [[Treaty of Paris (1920)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2192802|title=The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia|author=Malbone W. Graham|journal=The American Journal of International Law|month=October | year=1944|volume=38|issue=4|pages=667–673|publisher=American Society of International Law|jstor=2192802}}</ref>
+[[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]] and other leaders of the [[Moldavian Revolution of 1848|1848 revolutions in Moldavia]] and [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachia]] demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=99}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] as the [[Flag of Romania|national flag]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian revolutionaries]] after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} Bishop [[Andrei Șaguna]] proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=99}}
-The Romanian expression [[Greater Romania|România Mare]] (literal translation "Great Romania", but more commonly rendered "Greater Romania"), generally refers to the Romanian state in the [[interwar period]], and by extension, to the territory Romania covered at the time. Romania achieved at that time its greatest territorial extent (almost {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|disp=s|abbr=on}}),<ref name="mare rom">{{cite web|url=http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm|language=Romanian|title=Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919–1940)|publisher=ici.ro|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080612075330/http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-12}}</ref> managing to unite essentially all of the territories inhabited by Romanians.<ref name="mare rom"/>
+[[File:Alexander Johann Cuza Kriehuber (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], the first [[Domnitor]] (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866]]
-During the Second World War, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on 28 June 1940, it received a [[June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum|Soviet ultimatum]] with an implied threat of [[invasion]] in the event of non-compliance.<ref name="ultimatum">{{Cite book|url=http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071113170140/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm| archivedate=2007-11-13|title=Istoria Românilor între anii 1918–1940|author= Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu|language=Romanian|publisher=University of Bucharest|year=2002}}</ref> Under Nazi and Soviet pressure, the Romanian administration and the army were forced to retreat from [[Bessarabia]] as well from northern Bukovina to avoid war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagy-Talavera|first=Nicolas M.|title=Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=1970|page=305|isbn=9739432115}}</ref> This, in combination with other factors, prompted the government to join the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]]. Thereafter, southern [[Dobruja]] was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received [[Northern Transylvania]] as result of an Axis arbitration.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Broszat|language=German|title=Deutschland – Ungarn – Rumänien. Entwicklung und Grundfaktoren nationalsozialistischer Hegemonial- und Bündnispolitik 1938–1941|journal=[[Historische Zeitschrift]]|issue=206|year=1968|pages=552–553}}</ref> The authoritarian [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]] [[abdicated]] in 1940, and succeeded by the [[National Legionary State]], in which power was shared by [[Ion Antonescu]] and the [[Iron Guard]]. Within months, Antonescu had crushed the [[Iron Guard]], and the subsequent year Romania entered the war on the side of the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis powers]].
-During the war, Romania was the most important source of oil for [[Nazi Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2worldwar2.com/mistakes.htm#ploesti|title=The Biggest Mistakes In World War 2:Ploesti – the most important target|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> which attracted [[Operation Tidal Wave|multiple bombing raids]] by the [[Allies]]. By means of the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion of the Soviet Union]], Romania recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from Soviet Russia, under the leadership of general [[Ion Antonescu]]. The Antonescu regime played a major role in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]],<ref>''Note: follow the World War II link':
-{{cite report|editor=Ronald D. Bachman|title=Romania:World War II|edition=2|publisher=Library of Congress.Federal Research Division|location=Washington D.C.|oclc=DR205.R613 1990|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html|date=2005-11-09|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> following to a lesser extent the [[Nazi]] policy of oppression and massacre of the [[Jew]]s, and [[Romani people|Romma]], primarily in the Eastern territories Romania recovered or occupied from the Soviet Union ([[Transnistria (World War II)|Transnistria]]) and in [[Moldavia]].<ref>{{cite web|quote=“no country, besides Germany, was involved in massacres of Jews on such a scale.”|author=Raul Hilberg|publisher=International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania|title=Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations|coauthors=Yad Vashem|year=2004|url=http://yad-vashem.org.il/about_yad/what_new/data_whats_new/pdf/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-31|authorlink=Raul Hilberg}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] holocaust victims totaled at least 280,000 and 11000 [[romani people]] victims.<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-more-than-280-000-jews-killed-in-romania-in-wwii-1.140033</ref>
+=== Independence and monarchy ===
-In August 1944, Antonescu was toppled and arrested by King [[Michael I of Romania]] and Romania changed sides and joined the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. But its role in the defeat of [[Nazi Germany]] was not recognized by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Conference]] of 1947;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/5/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033400/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/5/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html|archivedate=2007-09-30|title=World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides|author=Eugen Tomiuc|date=6 May 2005|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> the Romanian Army had suffered 170,000 casualties after switching sides.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Michael Clodfelter|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000|edition=2|year=2002|page=582|isbn=0-7864-1204-6|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC}}</ref>
+{{Main|Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|United Principalities|4 = Kingdom of Romania}}
-===Communism===
-{{Main|Communist Romania}}
+The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|Great Powers]] in&nbsp;1856.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} After [[Ad hoc Divans|special assemblies]] convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|the unification of the two principalities]], the Great Powers did not prevent the election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] as their collective ''[[domnitor]]'' (or ruling prince) in January 1859.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=108}} The [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|united principalities]] officially adopted the name Romania on 21&nbsp;February 1862.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=105–106}} Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February&nbsp;1866.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=109–111}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=109–111}}
-During the [[Soviet occupation of Romania]], the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist]]-dominated government called [[Romanian general election, 1946|new elections]], which were won with 80% of the vote through intimidation and [[electoral fraud]].<ref>Giurescu, "«Alegeri» după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113</ref> They thus rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|publisher=Federal research Division, Library of Congress|title=Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> In 1947, the [[communism|Communists]] forced [[Michael I of Romania|King Michael I]] to abdicate and leave the country, and proclaimed Romania a [[people's republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|title=Romania|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania – Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Romania remained under the direct [[Soviet occupation of Romania|military occupation]] and [[SovRoms|economic control]] of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies ([[SovRoms]]) set up for exploitative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Carmen|last=Rîjnoveanu|title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict|year=2003|page=1|publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt|url= http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080624195137/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archivedate= 2008-06-24|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution|place=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=9058230279|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu|title=On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism|language=Romanian|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year =2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=9736691756}}</ref>
+Cuza's successor, a German prince, [[Carol I of Romania|Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] (or Carol&nbsp;I), was elected in May.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=111}} The parliament adopted the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|first constitution of Romania]] in the same year.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=112}} The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the [[Congress of Berlin]] and Carol&nbsp;I was crowned king in 1881.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a [[Greater Romania]], the government did not openly support their [[Irredentism|irredentist]] projects.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=166}}
-In 1948, the state began to [[nationalization in Romania|nationalize]] private firms, and to [[collectivization in Romania|collectivize]] agriculture the following year.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stan Stoica|title=Dicţionar de Istorie a României|publisher=Editura Merona|location=Bucharest|year=2007 |pages= 77–78; 233–34|language=Romanian|isbn=9737839218}}</ref> From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, the [[communism|Communist]] government established a reign of terror, carried out mainly through the [[Securitate]] (the new secret police). During this time they launched several campaigns to eliminate "[[Enemy of the state|enemies of the state]]", in which numerous individuals were killed or imprisoned for arbitrary political or economic reasons.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Caraza|first =Grigore|title =Aiud însângerat|publisher =Editura Vremea XXI|year=2004|volume=Chapter IV|isbn=9736450503|language=Romanian}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Punishment included deportation, internal exile, and internment in forced labour camps and prisons; dissent was vigorously suppressed. A notorious experiment in this period took place in the [[Piteşti prison]], where a group of political opponents were put into a program of reeducation through torture. Historical records show hundreds of thousands of abuses, deaths and incidents of torture against a wide range of people, from political opponents to ordinary citizens.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cicerone Ioniţoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestaţi, torturaţi, întemniţaţi, ucişi. Dicţionar|publisher=Editura Maşina de scris|location=Bucharest|year=2000 |isbn= 973-99994-2-5|language=Romanian}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|Romanian armed opposition to communist rule]] was one of the longest-lasting in the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securităţii, ''Bande, bandiţi si eroi. Grupurile de rezistenţă şi Securitatea (1948–1968)'', Editura Enciclopedica, Bucureşti, 2003</ref>
+The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] brought about the union of the province with Hungary in&nbsp;1867.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=157}} Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Leaders of the [[Romanian National Party]] proposed the federalisation of [[Austria-Hungary]] and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=145}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=118–119}}
-[[File:Adunare Piaţa Palatului August 1968.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] condemning the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in front of a crowd in 1968. Romania was the only [[Warsaw Pact]] nation that refused to participate in the invasion.]]
+===World Wars and Greater Romania===
-In 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power and started to pursue independent policies, such as being the only [[Warsaw Pact]] country to condemn the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of [[Czechoslovakia]], maintaining diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] after the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967 and establishing diplomatic relations with [[Federal Republic of Germany|West Germany]] the same year, economic links having been set up in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Also, close ties with the [[Arab]] countries (and the [[PLO]]) allowed Romania to play a key role in the [[Israel]]–[[Egypt]] and Israel–[[PLO]] peace processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us| title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> But as Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from 3 to 10&nbsp;billion US dollars),<ref>{{cite web|last=Deletant|first =Dennis|title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989|publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf</ref> the influence of international financial organisations such as the [[IMF]] or the [[World Bank]] grew, conflicting with Nicolae Ceaușescu's [[autocracy|autocratic]] policies. He eventually initiated a project of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing policies that impoverished Romanians and exhausted the Romanian economy, while also greatly extending the authority of the [[Securitate|police state]], and imposing a [[cult of personality]]. Although these led to a dramatic decrease in Ceauşescu's popularity and culminated in his overthrow and execution in the bloody [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], by that time Romania's foreign debt was almost completely paid-off.
+{{Main|Romania in World War I|Greater Romania|Romania in World War II}}
+[[File:Austria-Hungary (ethnic).jpg|thumb|left|Late 19th century ethnic map of Central Europe depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue. [[Hungarians]] are marked in yellow and [[Germans]] in pink.]]
+Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in&nbsp;1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=149–150}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=165}} Romania seized [[Southern Dobruja]] from Bulgaria in the [[Second Balkan War]] in 1913.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the [[Triple Entente]] of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} The country remained neutral when [[World War&nbsp;I]] broke out in&nbsp;1914, but Prime Minister [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]] started negotiations with the Entente Powers.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}} After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|Treaty of Bucharest]], Romania entered the war against the [[Central Powers]] in 1916.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=151}} The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early&nbsp;1917.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=169–170}} After the [[October Revolution]] turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|harsh peace treaty]] with the Central Powers in May&nbsp;1918,{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} but the collapse of Russia also enabled the [[union of Bessarabia with Romania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=170–171}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Germany capitulated]] on 11&nbsp;November 1918.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}}
-A 2006 [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania]] estimated that the number of direct victims{{Clarify|date=February 2011}} of communist repression at two million people.  This number does not include people who died in liberty as a result of their treatment in communist prisons, nor does it include people who died because of the dire economic circumstances in which the country found itself.<ref>{{cite report|title=Recensământul populaţiei concentraţionare din România în anii 1945–1989|publisher=Centrul Internaţional de Studii asupra Comunismului|location=Sighet|year=2004|language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Raportul Comisiei Prezidenţiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|publisher=Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|date=2006-12-15|pages=215–217}}</ref>
+[[File:King Carol I of Romania with his nephew and great nephew.jpg|thumb|right|upright|King [[Carol I of Romania]] with his nephew [[Ferdinand I of Romania]] and great-nephew [[Carol II of Romania]]]]
-===Present-day democracy===
-{{Main|History of Romania since 1989|2007 enlargement of the European Union}}
-[[File:Empty Romanian Flags.jpg|thumb|The flag of [[Communist Romania]] with its [[coat of arms]] cut out became a symbol of the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|1989 revolution]] and is still used occasionally in anti-government protests.]]
+Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} The [[General Congress of Bukovina]] proclaimed [[Union of Bukovina with Romania|the union of the province with Romania]] on 28&nbsp;November 1918, and the [[1918 Romanian National Assembly election|Grand National Assembly]] proclaimed [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom]] on 1&nbsp;December.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=156}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=124–125}} Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the [[Soviet Union]] did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=125}} Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war {{convert|137000|to|295000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}} A new electoral system granted [[voting rights]] to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=167}} [[Gender equality]] as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} [[Calypso Botez]] established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30%&nbsp;of the population, but the [[1923 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] declared it a unitary national state in 1923.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=127}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=158, 183}} Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=183}}
-After the revolution, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (NSF), led by [[Ion Iliescu]], took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures.<ref>{{cite web| last=Carothers| first= Thomas |title= Romania: The Political Background  |url= http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf |format=PDF|quote= "This seven-year period can be characterized as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy."|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Hellman| first=Joel| title= Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist| journal=Transitions World Politics|volume=50|issue=2|month=January|year=1998|pages=203–234}}</ref> Several major political parties of the pre-war era were resurrected. After major political rallies, in April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of the recently held parliamentary elections began in [[University Square, Bucharest]], accusing the NSF of being made up of former Communists and members of the [[Securitate]]. The protesters called the election undemocratic and asked for the exclusion from  political life of former high-ranking Communist Party members, such as Iliescu himself. The protest rapidly grew to become what president Iliescu called the [[Golaniad]]. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners, summoned by Iliescu in June 1990, from the [[Jiu River|Jiu Valley]]. This episode has been documented widely by both local<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=Mineriade.iiccr.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> and foreign media,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=Mineriade.iiccr.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> and is remembered as the [[June 1990 Mineriad]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Bohlen|first=Celestine |title = Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D6113DF936A25755C0A966958260|text= "Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania descended on the capital city today"|accessdate=2008-08-31|work=The New York Times|date=1990-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/ |title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc |publisher=Mineriade.iiccr.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref>
+[[Agriculture in Romania|Agriculture]] remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the [[interwar period]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=128}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} With oil production of 5.8&nbsp;million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} Two parties, the [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] and the [[National Peasants' Party]], dominated political life, but the [[Great Depression in Romania]] brought about significant changes in the 1930s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=129}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–169}} The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and [[anti-Semitic]] [[Iron Guard]] and the authoritarian tendencies of [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol&nbsp;II]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–168}} The King promulgated a [[1938 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=174–175}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=207}}
-The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties including the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]], the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] and the [[List of political parties in Romania#Other post-1989 parties|Alliance for Romania]]. The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then there have been several democratic changes of government: in 1996 the democratic-liberal opposition and its leader [[Emil Constantinescu]] acceded to power; in 2000 the Social Democrats returned to power, with Iliescu once again president; and in 2004 [[Traian Băsescu]] was elected president, with an electoral coalition called [[Justice and Truth|Justice and Truth Alliance]]. Băsescu was narrowly re-elected in 2009.<ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International]. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref>
+[[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained after the end of World War II.]]
-[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|Romania joined the European Union in 2007 and signed the [[Lisbon Treaty]].]]
+The 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] convinced King Carol&nbsp;II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade [[Adolf Hitler]] to guarantee Romania's frontiers.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=198–199}} Romania was forced to [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union]] on 26&nbsp;June 1940, [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary on 30&nbsp;August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=131–132}} After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, [[Michael I of Romania|Michael&nbsp;I]], on 6&nbsp;September, and Romania was transformed into a [[National Legionary State|national-legionary state]] under the leadership of General [[Ion Antonescu]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=133}} Antonescu signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23&nbsp;November.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=213}} The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=214–215}}
-Post–[[Cold War]] Romania developed closer ties with [[Western Europe]], eventually joining [[NATO]] in 2004, and hosting the [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 summit]] in Bucharest.<ref>{{Cite news|title =NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url =http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher=NATO|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the [[European Union]] and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a member on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-08-31|date=2006-09-26}}</ref> Following the free travel agreement and politics of the post–Cold War period, as well as hardship of the life in the 1990s economic depression, Romania has an increasingly large [[Romanian diaspora|diaspora]], estimated at over 2&nbsp;million people. The main emigration targets are Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web|url= http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1| title=Romania|accessdate=2008-08-28| publisher= focus-migration.de}}</ref>
+[[File:Operation Tidal Wave in 1943.jpg|thumb|right|American [[B-24 Liberator]] flying over a burning oil refinery at [[Ploiești]], as part of [[Operation Tidal Wave]] on 1&nbsp;August 1943. Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the [[Axis powers|Axis]], Romania was a prime target of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.]]
-During the first decade of the 21st century, Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred to as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe."<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |title=Adevarul |publisher=Adevarul.ro |date= |accessdate=2010-09-25}}</ref> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in human development.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html Human Development Report 2009 – Country Fact Sheets – Romania]. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> The country has been successful in reducing internal poverty and establishing a functional democracy.<ref>[http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642# Tracking the Millennium Development Goal]. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the [[late-2000s recession]] as a large [[gross domestic product]] contraction and a large budget deficit in 2009 led to Romania borrowing heavily,<ref name=wsj4dec09>{{Cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125988241065975639.html|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|title=Romania Faces Crucial Vote|date=4 December 2009|author=Joe Parkinson}}</ref> eventually becoming the largest debtor to the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 2010.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/77685/ Ukraine is now second largest International Monetary Fund debtor], [[Kyiv Post]] (10 August 2010)</ref> Romania still faces issues related to infrastructure,<ref>[http://www.romania-central.com/economy-of-romania/4-assessment-of-the-romanian-economy/42-statistical-analysis-of-the-business-environment/421-variables-and-data/4213-infrastructure-in-romania/ Romania's Infrastructure and International Transport Links]. Romania Central. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> medical services,<ref>[http://denisamorariu.wordpress.com/2010/01/08/romania-world%E2%80%99s-53rd-country-in-quality-of-life-index/ Romania, world’s 53rd country in quality of life index « Denisa Morariu]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}. Denisamorariu.wordpress.com (2010-01-08). Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> education,<ref>[http://www.citynews.ro/cluj/din-licee-5/sistemul-de-invatamant-distrus-de-lipsa-reformelor-61362/ Sistemul de invatamant distrus de lipsa reformelor – Cluj]. citynews.ro. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> and corruption.<ref>[http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167506/index.en.shtml D+C 2010/03 – Focus – Roos: In Romania and Bulgaria, civil-society organisations are demanding rule of law – Development and Cooperation – International Journal]. Inwent.org. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref>
+Romania entered [[World War&nbsp;II]] soon after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=208}} The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]] (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=216–217}} Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |author=International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |title=Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations |work=Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority) |date=28 January 2012 |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |access-date=28 January 2012 |author-link=Wiesel Commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184554/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=222}} but their fundamental rights were limited.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=210}} After the September 1943 [[Armistice of Cassibile|Allied armistice with Italy]], Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, ''Joining Hitler's Crusade'', p. 78 |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112216/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 9</ref> After the [[Operation Margarethe|German occupation of Hungary]] in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to [[extermination camp]]s from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.<ref name="Commission"/>{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=689}}
-==Geography==
-{{Main|Geography of Romania}}
-[[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|300px|General map of Romania]]
+After the Soviet victory in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1943, [[Iuliu Maniu]], a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=211–212}} To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)|Social Democratic]] and [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist]] parties.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=219}} After a successful Soviet offensive, the young [[King Michael's Coup|King Michael&nbsp;I ordered Antonescu's arrest]] and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23&nbsp;August 1944.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=215}} Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but [[Joseph Stalin]] regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=215, 221}} Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, [[Petru Groza]], the prime minister in March 1945.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=223–224}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} In February 1947, the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]] confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=692}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=224}}
-With a surface area of {{convert|238391|km2|sqmi|}}, Romania is the largest country in [[southeastern Europe]] and the [[List of European countries in order of geographical area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe.<ref name="statistical">{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=Geography, Meteorology and Environment|year=2004|publisher=Romanian Statistical Yearbook|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]], and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]].
+=== Communism ===
-Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=s|abbr=on}}, and the highest point at [[Moldoveanu Peak]] ({{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=s|abbr=on}}).<ref name="statistical"/> These are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus and [[Pannonian Plain|Pannonian]] and [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains. Romania's geographical diversity has led to an accompanying diversity of flora and fauna.<ref name="statistical"/>
+{{Main|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
-A large part of Romania's border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]] is formed by the [[Danube]]. The [[Prut River]], one of its major [[tributary|tributaries]], forms the border with the [[Republic of Moldova]].<ref name="statistical"/> The Danube flows into the [[Black Sea]] within Romania's territory forming the [[Danube Delta]], the second largest and best preserved delta in Europe, and also a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588|title=Danube Delta|publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> Other major rivers are the [[Siret River|Siret]] (596&nbsp;km), the [[Olt River|Olt]] (614&nbsp;km), the [[Prut River|Prut]] (742&nbsp;km), the [[Someş River|Someş]] (388&nbsp;km), and the [[Mureş River|Mureş]] (761&nbsp;km).<ref name="statistical"/>
+[[File:Mihai I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|King [[Michael&nbsp;I of Romania]] was forced to [[Abdication|abdicate]] by the communists in late December 1947, simultaneously with the [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]] of the country.]]
-[[Lake]]s and lake complexes have a low share throughout Romania, occupying only 1.1% of total land area. The largest lake complex in size is [[Lake Razelm|Razelm-Sinoe]] (731&nbsp;km²), located on the Black Sea [[Seaside resort|seaside]]. [[Glacial lake]]s exist in the [[Făgăraş Mountains]], a result of [[quaternary glaciation]], of which the largest are: [[Avrig|Lake Avrig]] (14,700 m²), [[Bâlea Lake]] (46,500 m²), [[lake|Capra Lake]] (18,000 m²), etc. Other notable lakes are [[Lake Sfânta Ana]], the only [[volcanic lake]] in Romania, and [[Red Lake (Romania)|Red Lake]], a natural dam lake, both situated in [[Harghita County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inromania.info/lacuri-romania.html |title=Lacuri Romania, Sfanta Ana, Lacul Rosu, Balea Lac: Lacuri Romania |publisher=Inromania.info |date=2010-07-29 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+During the [[Soviet occupation of Romania]], the communist-dominated government called for new [[1946 Romanian general election|elections]] in 1946, which they [[Electoral fraud|fraudulently won]], with a fabricated 70%&nbsp;majority of the vote.<ref>Giurescu, "'Alegeri' după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113</ref> Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|title=Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced [[King Michael&nbsp;I]] to [[Abdication|abdicate]] and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a [[people's republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|title=Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania – Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies ([[SovRom]]s) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Carmen|last=Rîjnoveanu|title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict|year=2003 |page=1|publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195137/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution|place=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-90-5823-027-0|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu|title=On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism|language=ro|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year=2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=978-973-669-175-1}}</ref>
-===Climate===
-{{Main|Climate of Romania}}
-Owing to its distance from the open sea and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is transitional between [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}} in the south and {{convert|8|°C}} in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> The [[Temperature extremes|extreme recorded temperatures]] were {{convert|44.5|°C}} at [[Ion Sion]] in 1951 and {{convert|-38.5|°C}} at [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]] in 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaniatourism.com/climate.html|title=Romania: climate|publisher=Climate|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>
+In 1948, the state began to [[nationalization in Romania|nationalise]] private firms and to [[collectivization in Romania|collectivise]] agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stan|last=Stoica|title=Dicționar de Istorie a României|publisher=Editura Merona|location=Bucharest|year=2007|pages=77–78; 233–34|language=ro|isbn=978-973-7839-21-3}}</ref> Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the [[Securitate]]—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of [[purges]] during which numerous "[[enemies of the state]]" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as [[extrajudicial killing]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Cicerone|last=Ionițoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar|publisher=Editura Mașina de scris|location=Bucharest|year=2000|isbn=978-973-99994-2-7|language=ro}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|anti-communist resistance]] was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securității, ''Bande, bandiți si eroi; Grupurile de rezistență și Securitatea (1948–1968)'', Editura Enciclopedica, București, 2003</ref> A [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania|2006 commission]] estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite report|title=Raportul Comisiei Prezidențiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|publisher=Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|date=15 December 2006|url=http://old.presidency.ro/static/rapoarte/Raport_final_CPADCR.pdf|pages=215–217|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111455/http://old.presidency.ro/static/rapoarte/Raport_final_CPADCR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Spring is pleasant with cool mornings and nights and warm days. Summers are generally very warm to hot, with summer (June to August) average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rising to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.
-Minima in Bucharest and other lower-lying areas are around {{convert|16|°C}}. Autumn is dry and cool, with fields and trees producing colorful foliage. Winters can be cold, with average maxima even in lower-lying areas reaching no more than {{convert|2|°C}} and below {{convert|-15|°C}} in the highest mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=2004-12-22|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Precipitation is average with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains—much of it falling as snow, which allows for an extensive skiing industry. In the south-central parts of the country (around Bucharest) the level of precipitation drops to around {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|format=PDF|title= The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> while in the Danube Delta, rainfall levels are very low, and average only around 370&nbsp;mm.
+[[File:Ceausescu Anul Nou.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], who ruled Romania as its communist leader from 1965 until 1989]]
-Because of Romania's geographic location, respectively the regional orographic peculiarities, there exists a varied range of local winds. Humid [[wind]]s from the [[wikt:northwest|northwest]] are most common, but often the drier winds from the northeast are strongest. A hot southwesterly wind, the ''austru'' (cf. lat. [[Anemoi#Auster|Auster]]), blows over western Romania, particularly in [[summer]]. In [[winter]], cold and dense [[air mass]]es encircle the eastern portions of the country, with the cold northeasterly known as the ''crivăţ'' blowing in from the [[Russian Plain]], and oceanic air masses from the [[Azores]], in the [[west]], bring [[rain]] and mitigate the severity of the cold. Other wind types present locally are ''nemirul'', black wind, [[foehn]], ''băltăreţul'', [[West wind|zephyr]], ''cosava'' etc. Romania enjoys four [[season]]s, though there is a rapid transition from winter to summer. [[Autumn]] is frequently longer, with dry warm weather from [[September]] to late [[November]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vremea.meteoromania.ro/node/5665 |title=Vanturile din Romania |publisher= Meteo Romania  |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+In 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only [[Warsaw Pact]] country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Ceaușescu even [[Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968|publicly condemned the action]] as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".<ref>{{cite AV media|language=ro|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|title=Political Tension 1968|publisher=British Pathé|date=21 August 1968|location=Bucharest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235945/http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's [[Six-Day War]] and established diplomatic relations with [[West Germany]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191547/http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> At the same time, close ties with the [[Arab world|Arab countries]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–[[Egypt]] and Israel–PLO peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191645/http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
-===Natural environment===
-{{Main|Flora of Romania|List of mammals of Romania|Protected areas of Romania}}
-[[File:Muntii Maramures from southwest.jpg|thumb|[[Maramureș County|Wooded Carpathians]] in north of Romania]]
-A high percentage (47% of the land area) of the country is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>  Since almost half of all forests in Romania (13% of the country) have been managed for watershed conservation rather than production, Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe.<ref name=biodiversity/> The integrity of Romanian forest ecosystems is indicated by the presence of the full range of European forest fauna, including 60% and 40% of all European brown bears and wolves, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/index.htm|title=State of the Environment in Romania 1998: Biodiversity|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection|accessdate=2008-01-10 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071115004512/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/index.htm |archivedate = 15 November 2007}}</ref> There are also almost 400 unique species of mammals (of which Carpathian [[chamois]] are best known{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}), birds, reptiles and amphibians in Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf|format=PDF|title=EarthTrends:Biodiversity and Protected Areas -Romania|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 [[invertebrate]] and 707 [[vertebrate]].<ref name="flora"/>
+[[File:Revolutia Bucuresti 1989 000.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in the [[Iron Curtain]] that brought an end to communist rule.]]
-Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable and 1,253 rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm|title=Flora si fauna salbatica|publisher=enrin.grida.no|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> The three major vegetation areas in Romania are the alpine zone, the forest zone and the steppe zone. The vegetation is distributed in a storied manner in accordance with the characteristics of soil and climate and includes various species of [[oak]]s, [[sycamore]]s, [[beeches]], [[spruce]]s, [[fir]]s, [[willows]], [[poplars]], [[meadow]]s, and [[pine]]s.<ref name="aproape">{{cite web|url=http://www.rri.ro/art.shtml?lang=2&sec=252&art=18152|title=Capitolul 12: Relieful, apele, clima, vegetatia, fauna, ariile protejate|work=Aproape totul despre România|publisher=Radio Romania International|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref><ref name="aproape2">{{cite web|url=http://www.edusoft.ro/rol/Flora%20si%20fauna%20Romaniei.php|title=Flora si fauna Romaniei|work=edusoft.ro|publisher=EduSoft|language=Romanian|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref>
+As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3&nbsp;billion to $10&nbsp;billion),<ref>{{cite web |last=Deletant|first=Dennis|title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989|publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117154720/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> the influence of international financial organisations—such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[World Bank]]—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's [[autocracy|autocratic]] rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity steps]] that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality|cult of personality]], which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent [[Romanian Revolution]] of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured.
-There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves: the [[Danube Delta]], [[Retezat National Park]], and [[Rodna Mountains|Rodna National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection|accessdate=2008-01-10 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm |archivedate = 17 November 2007}}</ref> The Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere is the largest and least damaged wetland complex in Europe, covering a total area of {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection|accessdate=2008-01-10 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archivedate = 26 April 2005}}</ref> The significance of the biodiversity of the Danube Delta has been internationally recognised. It was declared a Biosphere Reserve in September 1990, a Ramsar site in May 1991, and over 50% of its area was placed on the [[World Heritage List]] in December 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588|title=Danube Delta|publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Within its boundaries lies one of the most extensive [[reed bed]] systems in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588/video|title=NHK World Heritage 100 Series|publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>
+After a trial, [[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad]] at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.<ref>{{cite news |title=EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Ceausescu Wept as He Faced Firing Squad, Footage Shows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/23/world/evolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 April 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922120742/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/23/world/evolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upheaval in the East; Report on Ceausescus' Burial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html |website=New York Times |date=27 January 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810104716/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.
-{{Gallery
-| title  = [[Protected areas of Romania]]
-| height = 190
-| lines  = 2
-| File:Lipovean.jpg|[[Chilia branch]], [[Danube Delta]]
-| File:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG|Stânişoara stream, [[Retezat National Park]]
-| Image:Pietrosu Mare.jpg|Pietrosu Peak (2,303 m), [[Rodna Mountains]]
-| File:Danube near Iron Gate 2006.JPG|[[Iron Gates Natural Park]]
-| File:Zarnesti.JPG|[[Piatra Craiului Mountains]] main ridge
-| File:Lacul Rosu 092.jpg|[[Red Lake (Romania)|Red Lake]] ([[Harghita County]]), a [[landslide dam|barrier lake]]
-| File:Chei Bicaz 045.jpg|[[Bicaz River|Bicaz]], main river that drains the [[Bicaz Canyon]]
-| File:BaleaLac4.jpg|[[Chalet]]s on [[Bâlea Lake]]
-| File:Brana Aeriana.jpg|Brâna Aeriană, [[Bucegi Mountains]]
-| File:Cheile Turzii (Turda Gorges).jpg|[[Hăşdate River]], [[Turda Gorges]]
-}}
+=== Contemporary period ===
-===Administrative divisions===
-{{Main|Administrative divisions of Romania}}
-<!---[[File:Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Development regions of Romania|8 development regions]]. The 41 local administrative units are also highlighted, but Bucharest and [[Ilfov county]] are lumped together. The two form a development region of their own, surrounded by the [[Sud (development region)|Sud region]].]]--->
+{{Main|History of Romania since 1989}}
-Romania is divided into 41 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] and the municipality of [[Bucharest]]. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]] responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<ref name="descopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.descopera.net/romania_geografie.html|title=Geografia Romaniei|publisher=descopera.net|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
+[[File:RO B University square rally.jpg|thumb|right|An anti-communist and anti-[[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN) rally in Bucharest (1990)]]
-Each county is further subdivided into [[cities of Romania|cities]] and [[Communes of Romania|communes]], which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 319 [[cities in Romania|cities]] and 2,686 [[Communes of Romania|communes]] in Romania.<ref name="total">{{cite report|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|format=PDF|chapter=1.8|title=Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December&nbsp;31, 2005|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>  A total of 103 of the larger cities have [[Municipalities of Romania|municipality]] statuses, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six [[sectors of Bucharest|sectors]] and has a prefect, a general mayor, and a general city council.<ref name="total"/>
+After the 1989 revolution, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), led by [[Ion Iliescu]], took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carothers|first=Thomas|title=Romania: The Political Background|url=http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|quote=This seven-year period can be characterised as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy.|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827222957/http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hellman|first=Joel|title=Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist|journal=Transitions World Politics|volume=50|issue=2|date=January 1998|pages=203–234|doi=10.1017/S0043887100008091|s2cid=55115094}}</ref> In March 1990, [[Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș|violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș]] as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of [[1990 Romanian general election|that year's legislative elections]] and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the [[Golaniad]]. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013205/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and foreign media,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013250/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and is remembered as the [[June 1990 Mineriad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bohlen|first=Celestine|title=Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|quote=Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania descended on the capital city today|access-date=31 August 2008|work=The New York Times|date=15 June 1990|archive-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011847/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>
-The NUTS-3 ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) level divisions of European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.<ref name=nuts/> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four [[macroregions of Romania|macroregions]]) and NUTS-2 (eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]]) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity, and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes .<ref name=nuts>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080118234301/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts|archivedate= 2008-01-18|title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
-{|
-|-
-|{{Romanian counties map| Map = Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg}}
-|}
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|-
-![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
-![[Area]] ([[Square kilometre|km<sup>2</sup>]])
-![[Population]] (2004)
-![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban center]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Northeast]]
-|36,850
-|3,743,532
-|[[Iaşi]] (402,786)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Vest (development region)|West]]
-|32,028
-|1,958,648
-|[[Timişoara]] (367,347)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Northwest]]
-|34,159
-|2,749,958
-|[[Cluj-Napoca]] (379,705)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Centru (development region)|Center]]
-|34,082
-|2,540,480
-|[[Braşov]] (402,041)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Southeast]]
-|35,762
-|2,865,024
-|[[Constanţa]] (446,000)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Sud (development region)|South]]
-|34,489
-|3,379,406
-|[[Ploieşti]] (300,358)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Bucharest-Ilfov (development region)|Bucharest-Ilfov]]
-|1,811
-|2,492,495
-|[[Bucharest]] (2,192,372)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Southwest]]
-|29,212
-|2,334,453
-|[[Craiova]] (333,834)
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''Romania'''
-| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''238,391'''
-| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]] '''22,063,996'''
-| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''[[Bucharest]] (2,192,372)'''
-|}
+The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PDSR then PSD) and the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 [[Emil Constantinescu]] was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while [[Traian Băsescu]] was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.<ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002223/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm |date=4 March 2016}}. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref>
-==Politics==
-{{Main|Politics of Romania}}
+In 2009, the country was bailed out by the [[International Monetary Fund]] as an aftershock of the [[Great Recession in Europe]].<ref name="igber">{{cite news|last1=Reguly|first1=Eric|title=In Gold Blood|url=https://www.newsweek.com/gold-blood-251438|publisher=Newsweek|date=20 May 2014|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213916/https://www.newsweek.com/gold-blood-251438|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Sibiu]] former [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania|FDGR/DFDR]] mayor [[Klaus Iohannis]] was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]], who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the [[Romanian diaspora]] in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|title=Romania profile – Leaders – BBC News-GB|work=BBC News |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717161427/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister [[Viorica Dăncilă]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/romania-centrist-president-re-elected-by-a-landslide-klaus-iohannis|title=Romanian centrist president re-elected by a landslide|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=24 November 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
-===Government===
-{{Main|Government of Romania}}
-[[File:Guvernul Romaniei logo.png|thumb|right|Logo of the [[Government of Romania]]]]
+[[File:Protest against corruption - Bucharest 2017 - Piata Universitatii - 5.jpg|thumb|Romania saw large waves of protests against judicial reforms of the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|PSD]]-[[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)|ALDE]] government during the [[2017–2019 Romanian protests]].]]
-The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on the [[Constitution of France|Constitution of France's Fifth Republic]]<ref name="Europaworld"/> and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991.<ref name="Europaworld"/> A [[plebiscite]] held in October 2003 approved 79 amendments to the Constitution, bringing it into conformity with European Union legislation.<ref name="Europaworld"/> The country is governed on the basis of multi-party democratic system and of the segregation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers.<ref name="Europaworld"/>
-Romania is a [[semi-presidential]] [[republic]] where executive functions are held by both [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]]. The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms, and since the amendments in 2003, each term lasts five years.<ref name="Europaworld"/> He appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]] (based at [[Victoria Palace]]).<ref name="Europaworld"/> The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] – the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]] with 140 members, and the [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]] with 346 members.<ref name="Europaworld"/> The members of both chambers are elected every four years under a system of [[party-list proportional representation]].<ref name="Europaworld"/>
+The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|title=Deindustrialization and Urban Shrinkage in Romania. What Lessons for the Spatial Policy?|first=Claudia|last=Popescu|access-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231182636/http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|archive-date=31 December 2016 }}</ref>
-The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]], which is the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp|publisher=High Court of Cassation and Justice -—Romania|title=Presentation|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]],<ref name="Europaworld"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html|title=Romanian Legal system|publisher=CIA Factbook|year=2000|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> considering that it is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituţională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituţională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the [[Romanian Constitution]], which is the fundamental law of the country. The constitution, which was introduced in 1991, can be amended by only a public referendum, the last of which took place in 2003. Since this amendment, the court's decisions cannot be overruled by any majority of the parliament.
+Corruption has been a [[Corruption in Romania|major issue]] in contemporary Romanian politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|title=Romania's powerful mayors tumble in corruption crackdown|first=Luiza|last=Ilie|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=October 2015|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025624/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2015, massive [[2015 Romanian protests|anti-corruption protests]] which developed in the wake of the [[Colectiv nightclub fire]] led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183 Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest nightclub fire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115091112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183|date=15 November 2015}}". [[BBC News]]. 4 November 2015.</ref> During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the [[2017–2018 Romanian protests|biggest protests since 1989]] took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|title=Huge Romania rally despite decree repeal|date=6 February 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812033239/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|title=Thousands of Romanians rally against ruling party's judicial overhaul|first=Radu-Sorin|last=Marinas|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 November 2017|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061556/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A [[National Anticorruption Directorate]] was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in [[Belgium]], [[Norway]] and [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml |title=Direcția Națională Anticorupție |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502100056/https://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the [[National Anticorruption Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241712.htm|title=2015 Investment Climate Statement - Romania|work=The US Department of State|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205183454/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241712.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The country's entry into the [[European Union]] in 2007<ref>{{Cite news|first=Stefan|last=Bos|title=Bulgaria, Romania Join European Union|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Voice of America|url =http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-01-voa16.cfm|work =VOA News|accessdate = 2 January 2009|language = }}</ref> has been a significant influence on its domestic policy. As part of the process, Romania has instituted reforms including [[judicial reform]], increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption. Nevertheless, in 2006 Brussels report, Romania and [[Bulgaria]] were described as the two most corrupt countries in the EU,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/main/news_18741_romania+will+be+eus+most+corrupt+new+member.html|title=Romania will be EU's most corrupt new member|accessdate=2008-01-11 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071118002152/http://www.bbj.hu/main/news_18741_romania+will+be+eus+most+corrupt+new+member.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-11-18}}</ref> and Romania was ranked, together with Bulgaria and [[Greece]], as the most corrupt EU country by [[Transparency International]] in 2009.<ref name="wsj4dec09"/>
+==== NATO and EU integration ====
-===Foreign relations===
+[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|left|Romania joined the [[European Union]] in 2007 and signed the [[Treaty of Lisbon]].]]
-{{Main|Foreign relations of Romania}}
-[[File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG|thumb|right|[[2008 NATO Summit]] in [[Bucharest]].]]
+After the end of the [[Cold War]], Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining [[NATO]] in 2004, and hosting the [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 summit]] in Bucharest.<ref>{{cite news|title=NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher=[[NATO]]|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134550/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|archive-date=11 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the [[European Union]] and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|full member]] on 1&nbsp;January 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=31 August 2008|date=26 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203223404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref>
-Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the [[European Union]]. It joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the [[European Union]] (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank]] in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |title=Adevarul|publisher=Adevarul.ro|access-date=25 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920030429/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html Human Development Report 2009 – Country Fact Sheets – Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131652/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html |date=1 November 2013}}. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642# Tracking the Millennium Development Goal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126063611/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642 |date=26 November 2013}}. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the [[Great Recession|late 2000s' recession]] leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.<ref name=wsj4dec09>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Romania Faces Crucial Vote|date=4 December 2009|author=Joe Parkinson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710033758/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ROU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084621/https://www.imf.org/external/country/ROU/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Romania and the IMF|archive-date=9 April 2015|website=IMF}}</ref> Worsening economic conditions led to [[2012 Romanian constitutional crisis|unrest]] and triggered a political crisis in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html|title=Romanian Politics in 2012: Intra-Cabinet Coexistence and Political Instability|work=South-East European Journal of Political Science|author1=Gheorghe Stoica|author2=Lavinia Stan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152657/http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html |archive-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
-The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other [[Eastern Europe]]an countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=Romanian|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae/>  Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae/> With Turkey, Romania shares a privileged economic relation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewanatolian.com/ek6.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=The New Anatolian, 1 February 2006|title= Turkey & Romania hand in hand for a better tomorrow.}}{{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed strong relations with [[Hungary]]. Romania opted on January 1, 2007, to adhere the Schengen Area, an area of free movement in Europe that comprises the territories of twenty-five European countries. Romania's bid to join the [[Schengen Area]] was approved by the [[European Parliament]] in June 2011 and is currently being considered by the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers]]. Prospective implementation date is May 2012, following that to Romania will be conferred the relapse to international travel with border controls for travellers circulating in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Headline: Meeting with the Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány|publisher=Government of Romania|accessdate=2008-08-31|date=2006-03-24|url=http://www.guv.ro/engleza/presa/afis-doc.php?idpresa=6372&idrubricapresa=&idrubricaprimm=&idtema=&tip=&pag=&dr=}}</ref>
+[[File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG|thumb|right|Romania joined [[NATO]] in 2004 and hosted [[2008 Bucharest summit|its 2008 summit]] in Bucharest.]]
-In December 2005, President [[Traian Băsescu]] and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Note: Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations}}</ref> In May 2009, U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA" during a visit of the Romanian foreign minister.<ref>[http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
+Near the end of 2013, ''[[The Economist]]'' reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisation in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|title=Romania is booming|newspaper=The Economist|date=17 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164338/http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Human Development Index]] ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<ref name="UNDP2016">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825175902/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
-[[Romanian-Moldovan relations|Relations with Moldova]] are a special case, considering that the two countries practically share the same language, and a [[History of Moldavia|fairly common historical background]].<ref name=mae/> A [[movement for unification of Romania and Moldova]] appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule,<ref name=cfis>{{Cite journal|url=http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm|title=Romania'S Relations With The Republic Of Moldova|author=Gabriel Andreescu, Valentin Stan, Renate Weber|journal= International Studies|publisher= Centre for International Studies|date=1994-10-30|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<ref name=Ihrig>{{cite web|url=http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|format=PDF|title=Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth|author=Stefan Ihrig|accessdate=2008-09-17}}</ref> Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs and has officially rejected the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]],<ref name=cfis/> but the two countries have been unable so far to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanianewswatch.com/2007/12/moldova-urging-romania-to-sign-basic.html|title=Moldova urging Romania to sign basic political treaty|publisher=Romania News Watch|accessdate=2008-08-28|date=2007-12-16}}</ref> After the [[2009 Moldovan protests|2009 protests in Moldova]] and subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|title=Moldova, Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations|publisher=People's Daily Online|accessdate=2011-08-11|date=2010-04-29}}</ref>
+Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanians emigrated]] to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6&nbsp;million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|title=Report: Romanian diaspora, fifth largest in the world|website=Romania Insider|date=16 July 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907095330/https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Military===
-{{Main|Romanian Armed Forces}}
-{{See also|Military history of Romania}}
-[[File:Romanian troops.jpg|thumb|Romanian soldiers in Southern [[Afghanistan]] during a joint operation with [[United States Armed Forces]]]]
+==Geography and climate==
-The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|Land]], [[Romanian Air Force|Air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|Naval Forces]], and are led by a [[Commander-in-chief]] who is managed by the [[Ministry of Defense (Romania)|Ministry of Defense]]. The [[President of Romania|president]] is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces during wartime. Of the 90,000 men and women that comprise the Armed Forces, approximately 15,000 are civilians and 75,000 are military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080403205407/http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> The total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national [[GDP]], or approximately [[US$]]2.9&nbsp;billion ([[List of countries and federations by military expenditures|39th in the world]]), and a total of about 11&nbsp;billion will be spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new equipment.<ref name="ZF">{{cite web|url= http://www.zf.ro/articol_99920/bugetul_mapn__2_05__din_pib__in_2007.html |title=MoND Budget as of 2007|publisher=[[Ziarul Financiar]]|date=2006-10-30|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080422075245/http://www.zf.ro/articol_99920/bugetul_mapn__2_05__din_pib__in_2007.html |archivedate = 22 April 2008}}</ref>
+{{Main|Geography of Romania|Climate of Romania}}
+[[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Topographic map of Romania]]
-The Land Forces have overhauled their equipment in the past few years, and today are an army with multiple [[NATO]] capabilities{{Clarify|date=August 2011}}, actively participating in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100408/ap_on_re_us/us_obama_in_prague_5]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> The Air Force currently operates modernized [[Soviet]] [[MiG-21]] LanceR fighters which are due to be replaced by new fighters by 2013, according to present plans. However due to poor economical conditions this may change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapn.ro/cpresa/13361_COMUNICAT-DE-PRES%C4%82 |title=Comunicate de presă |publisher=Mapn.ro |date= |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref> The Air Force purchased seven new [[C-27J Spartan]] [[tactical airlift]] to replace the bulk of the old transport force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/12/340509/pictures-romania-accepts-first-c-27j-spartans.html |title=PICTURES: Romania accepts first C-27J Spartans-12/04/2010-London |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref> Two modernized [[Type 22 frigate]]s were acquired by the Naval Forces in 2004 from the [[Royal Navy]], and a further four modern missile corvettes have been commissioned by 2010.<ref name="awst_20061211">{{Cite news|title=Spartan Order|publisher=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=2006-12-11}}</ref>
+Romania is the largest country in [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]] and the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe, having an area of {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=yearbook>{{cite report|publisher=National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2017|date=2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142659/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]]. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}—the highest is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|11}} They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus, the [[Pannonian Plain]] and the [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains.
-Romanian troops participated in the [[Post-invasion Iraq (2003 to present)|occupation of Iraq]], reaching a peak of 730 [[soldier]]s before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on July 24, 2009, among the last countries to do so. Romania currently has some 1,900 troops deployed in Afghanistan.<ref>[[YAHOO News]], [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100408/ap_on_re_us/us_obama_in_prague_5 ''WHITE HOUSE NOTEBOOK: Obama in Prague'']{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
+Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Central European mixed forests]], [[East European forest steppe]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]], and [[Pontic steppe]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of [[Protected areas of Romania|protected areas in Romania]] covering 13&nbsp;[[national park]]s and three [[biosphere]] reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee)|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archive-date=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122065109/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Social welfare ==
-The [[unemployment]] rate in Romania is five per-cent and has been low for many years.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1985&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=LUR&grp=0&a=&pr.x=26&pr.y=5 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Several thousand local trade unions were founded after the revolution, which were later amalgamated into federations. The unions and federations have helped organise students, pensioners and unemployed people.{{clarify|date=November 2011}}
+Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014  }}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23&nbsp;have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74&nbsp;extinct, 39&nbsp;endangered, 171&nbsp;vulnerable, and 1,253&nbsp;rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>
-In Romania men retire at the age of 63 years and 10 months, whereas women retire earlier at the age of 58 years and 10 months.<ref>[http://www.barcelonareporter.com/index.php?/news/comments/only_three_other_countries_in_the_eu_plan_to_increase_retirement_age_above_/ Only three other countries in the EU plan to increase retirement age above 65<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.pensionfundsonline.co.uk/countryprofiles/romania.aspx country profiles - Pension Funds Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-parliament-committee-sets-retirement-age-at-60-for-women-64-for-men/15087/<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+The [[fauna of Romania]] consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085&nbsp;[[invertebrate]] and 707&nbsp;[[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400&nbsp;unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50%&nbsp;of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|access-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> and 20%&nbsp;of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015  }}</ref>
-Currently there is consternation that there are more pensioners than workers in the country, which minimized the security of supply of labour.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Each pensioner is living on €400 per month (equivalent to approximately $540 USD as of the third-quarter 2011).<ref>[http://www.privatepensions.ro/Fiscal-incentives-for-voluntary-pensions-increased-from-200-to-400-EUR-year-starting-2009-article-1-195.htm Fiscal incentives for voluntary pensions, increased from 200 to 400 EUR / year starting 2009 - News - Private Pensions in Romania<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+===Climate===
-During the first quarter of 2011 the average monthly household income was 2,318 [[Romanian lei]] (equivalent to approximately $867 USD).
-The difference between the [[countryside]] and [[urban area]]s is significant in this respect, as the average income is 36 per-cent higher in the latter.<ref>http://www.atkearney.ro/images/romania/pdf/Romanian_households_September_2011.pdf</ref>
+[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]
-About six per-cent of the entire population live below the [[poverty line]] of whom 90 per-cent live in rural areas.<ref>[http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/English-Version/68316/Romania-faces-mounting-poverty-rates-in-2009-World-Bank-says.html Romania faces mounting poverty rates in 2009, World Bank says<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=1803054 Rumänerna spenderar i ekonomisk boom - Ekot | Sveriges Radio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}}&nbsp;in the south and {{convert|8|°C}}&nbsp;in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately {{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|29}}
+There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoromania.ro/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|title=Meteo Romania &#124; Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
+==Governance==
-By law healthcare is free, but to actually get decent treatment there have been cases of patients having to bribe doctors. There is evidence to suggest that a patient's wealth plays an important role in how they receive medical treatment.<ref>http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Rum%E4nien%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf</ref>
+{{Main|Politics of Romania|Government of Romania}}
+{{Multiple image
+| direction         = horizontal
+| align             = left
+| caption_align     = center
+| total_width       = 340
+| image1            = EPP_Athens,_2-3_December,_2022_(52539790143)_(cropped).jpg
+| image2            = Marcel_Ciolacu_-_18.06.2022,_Ședința_comună_a_Parlamentelor_Republicii_Moldova_și_României_(cropped).jpg
+| caption1          = [[Klaus Iohannis]]<br /><small>[[President of Romania|President]]</small>
+| caption2          = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]</small>
+| alt1              =
+| alt2              =
+}}
+The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on [[Constitution of France|the constitution of France's Fifth Republic]] and was approved in a national referendum on 8&nbsp;December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Romania as a "[[Defective democracy|flawed democracy]]" in 2023. [[Freedom House]] also considers Romania to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902194403/https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Economy==
-{{Main|Economy of Romania}}
-{{See|List of Romanian companies}}
-With a [[List of countries by GDP|GDP]] of around $325&nbsp;billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $15,291<ref>http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=13&pr.y=7</ref> for the year 2010, Romania is an upper-middle income country economy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#Upper_middle_income|publisher=World Bank|title=Country Classification Groups|year=2005|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and has been part of the [[European Union]] since 1 January 2007.
-[[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the Geneva Motor Show, 2009]]
+The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a [[semi-presidential]] republic where executive functions are held by both the [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=14 March 1990 |access-date=29 August 2011|isbn=9780191599156 }}</ref> The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archive-date=31 October 2012  }}</ref>
-After the [[Communist Romania|Communist regime]] was [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|overthrown in late 1989]], the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onwards, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low [[unemployment]] and declining [[inflation]]. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|format=PDF|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Growth dampened to 6.1% in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|title=World Bank: In 2008 Romania will have an economic growth of 5.9%|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a115093/banca-mondiala-in-2008-romania-va-avea-o-crestere-economica-de-5-9.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080313034406/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a115093/banca-mondiala-in-2008-romania-va-avea-o-crestere-economica-de-5-9.html|archivedate=2008-03-13|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> but was expected to exceed 8% in 2008 because of a high production forecast in agriculture (30–50% higher than in 2007). The GDP grew by 8.9% in the first nine months of 2008, but growth fell to 2.9% in the fourth quarter and stood at 7.1% for the whole 2008 because of the [[Global financial crisis of 2008–2009|financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curierulnational.ro/Economie/2009-03-05/Cresterea+economica+din+2008+a+franat+brusc+in+T+4|title=Creşterea economică din 2008 a frânat brusc în T 4|work=Curierul National|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Thereafter, the country fell into a recession in 2009 and 2010, where the GDP contracted −7.1% and −1.3% respectively. It is estimated by the IMF that the GDP will grow again by 1.5% in 2011 and 4.4% in 2012.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a= |title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|month=April|year=2011|publisher=IMF|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref>
+The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] being the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910190947/http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=[[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] -—Romania |title=Presentation |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]], is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituțională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituțională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Romanian Legal system |publisher=CIA Factbook |year=2000 |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including [[judicial reform]]s, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |title=Post-Accession (Anti-)Corruption Record in Romania and Bulgaria |journal=L'Europe en Formation |volume=364 |issue=2 |last1=Tanasoiu |first1=Cosmina |last2=Racovita |first2=Mihaela |date=2012 |pages=243–263 |doi=10.3917/eufor.364.0243 |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190529/https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-According to [[Eurostat]] data, the Romanian PPS GDP per capita stood at 45% of the EU average in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-21062011-AP/EN/2-21062011-AP-EN.PDF |title=First estimates for 2010 – GDP per capita in the Member States varied between 43% and 283% of the EU27 average |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Inflation in 2010 was 6.1%.<ref name="imf.org"/> Unemployment in Romania was at 7.6% in 2010,<ref name="imf.org"/> which is very low compared to other middle-sized or large European countries such as [[Poland]], France and Spain. General government gross debt is also comparatively low, at 34.8% of GDP.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|title=Romania|publisher=CIA World Factbook|year=2010|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref> Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are  cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The current account balance in 2010 held a deficit of $6.842 billion.<ref name="imf.org"/>
+===Foreign relations===
-After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania|title=Index of Economic Freedom: Romania|publisher=heritage.org|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, resulting in the country having the lowest fiscal burden in the European Union,<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|format=PDF|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=2007-06-26|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> a factor which has contributed to the growth of the private sector. The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51.2% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 12.8% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 29.6% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref name="CIA" />
+{{Main|Foreign relations of Romania}}
+[[File:Diplomatic missions of Romania.PNG|thumb|230px|right|Diplomatic missions of Romania]]
-Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. [[Foreign direct investment]] was valued at €8.3&nbsp;billion in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346|title=Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928125042/http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346 |archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref> According to a 2006 [[World Bank]] report, Romania currently ranks 55th out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring higher than other countries in the region such as the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/|title=Economy Ranking|work=Doing Business|year=2007|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Additionally, the same study judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) in 2006.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21041782~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html|title=Doing Business 2007 Report|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Romanian President Iohannis Meet Before Reporters in Washington (34356507264).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first [[NATO]] member state that agreed to support increasing its [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|defence]] spending after the 2017 Trump–Iohannis meeting at the [[White House]].]]
-The average gross wage per month in Romania was 1855 lei in May 2009,<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/castiguri/a09/cs05r09.pdf|format=PDF|title=Average wage in May 2009|publisher=National Institute of Statistics, Romania|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-07-28}}</ref> equating to €442.48 (US$627.70) based on international exchange rates, and $1110.31 based on purchasing power parity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=8&sy=2006&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=PPPEX&grp=0&a=|title=Implied PPP conversion rate for Romania|publisher=IMF|month=April|year=2008|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> In 2009 the Romanian economy contracted as a result of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|global economic downturn]]. Gross domestic product contracted 7.2% in the fourth quarter of 2009 from the same period a year earlier,<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/english/romania-s-gdp-falls-7-2-on-year-in-2009-country-still-in-recession-5503925 Romania's GDP Falls 7.2% On Year In 2009, Country Still in Recession – Mediafax]. Mediafax.ro. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> and the budget deficit for 2009 reached 7.2% of GDP.<ref>[http://www.nineoclock.ro/index.php?issue=4620&page=detalii&categorie=business&id=20100215-516676 Nine O'Clock]. Nineoclock.ro (2003-11-13). Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> Industrial output growth however reached 6.9% year-on-year in December 2009, the highest in the EU-27.<ref>[http://www.financiarul.ro/2010/02/15/romania-reports-highest-december-2009-industrial-output-growth-in-eu27-2/ Romania reports highest December 2009 industrial output growth in EU27|Financiarul]. Financiarul.ro (2010-02-15). Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref>
+Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29&nbsp;March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1&nbsp;January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archive-date=29 December 2009  }}</ref>
-===Transport===
-{{Main|Transport in Romania}}
-[[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|[[Roads in Romania|Road network]] of Romania]]
-[[File:Vue route depuis citadelle Arefu.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Transfăgărăşan]], one of the highest and most dramatic paved roads in the country]]
-[[File:17-buc (1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Căile Ferate Române|CFR]]'s icon, the "[[Siemens Desiro|Blue Arrow]]" (''Săgeata Albastră'')]]
-[[File:Titan metro station 1.jpg|thumb|[[Titan metro station]]]]
-All transportation infrastructure in Romania is the property of the state, and is administered by the Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism, except when operated as a concession, in which case the concessions are made by the Ministry of Administration and Interior.<ref name="wb">[http://go.worldbank.org/FKXIRFFQH0 Romania : transport] ''worldbank.org''</ref>
+In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=ro|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914103728/http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae /> Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae />
-According to [[CIA Factbook]], Romania total road network is estimated to be 81,713&nbsp;km long (excluding urban areas), out of which 66,632&nbsp;km are paved and 15,081&nbsp;km (2009) are unpaved.<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html The CIA world factbook :Romania] ''www.cia.gov''</ref> The [[World Bank]] estimates that the road network that is outside of cities and communes (i.e. excluding streets and village roads) is about 78,000&nbsp;km long.<ref name="wb"/> There are plans to build a 2,262.7&nbsp;km-long [[motorway]] system, consisting of six main motorways and six bypass motorways, as of 2011, 371.5&nbsp;km are built and 845&nbsp;km have construction contracts under way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/autostrazile-viitorului-ne-pun-pe-harta-tarilor-vestice-cu-2000-km-150186.html|title="Autostrăzile viitorului" ne pun pe harta țărilor vestice cu 2.000 km|publisher=Capital|date=18 June 2011|accessdate=2011-07-28}}</ref>
+Romania opted on 1&nbsp;January 2007, to accede to the [[Schengen Area]], and its bid to join was approved by the [[European Parliament]] in June 2011, but was rejected by the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]] in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the [[rule of law]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romanias-schengen-accession-in-jeopardy-over-rule-of-law/|title=Romania's Schengen Accession in Jeopardy Over Rule of Law|date=14 May 2019|website=Schengen Visa Info|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813134551/https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romanias-schengen-accession-in-jeopardy-over-rule-of-law/|url-status=live}}</ref> a fundamental principle of EU membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europarlamentti.info/en/values-and-objectives/values/|title=EU|website=europarlamentti.info|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826143011/http://europarlamentti.info/en/values-and-objectives/values/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Due to its location, Romania is a major crossroad for international economic exchange in [[Europe]]. However, because of insufficient investment, maintenance and repair, the transport infrastructure does not meet the current needs of a [[market economy]] and lags behind [[Western Europe]].<ref name="drumuri">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnadnr.ro/pagina.php?idg=20|title=Prezentarea generală a reţelei de drumuri|publisher=cnadnr.ro|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Nevertheless, these conditions are rapidly improving and catching up with the standards of [[Trans-European transport networks]]. Several projects have been started with funding from grants from [[Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession|ISPA]] and several loans from [[International Financial Institutions]] ([[World Bank]], [[IMF]], etc.) guaranteed by the state, to upgrade the [[Pan-European corridors|main road corridors]]. Also, the Government is actively pursuing new external financing or public-private partnerships to further upgrade the main roads, and especially the country's [[Roads in Romania|motorway network]].<ref name="drumuri"/>
+In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Note: Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191232/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Hillary Clinton]], US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512144240/http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|title=Bucharest Herald Resources & Information|archive-date=12 May 2009|url-status=dead|website=www.bucharestherald.com}}</ref>
-Romania has a relatively well-developed airport infrastructure compared to other countries in [[Eastern Europe]], but still underdeveloped compared to Western European standards. There are 17 commercial airports in service today, most of them opened for international traffic. Five of the airports ([[Henri Coandă International Airport|OTP]], [[Aurel Vlaicu International Airport|BBU]], [[Timișoara International Airport|TSR]], [[Constanta International Airport|CND]], [[Sibiu International Airport|SBZ]]) have runways of over 3,000 m in length and are capable of handling [[wide-body aircraft]]. Three of the airports ([[Bacău International Airport|BCM]], [[Craiova Airport|CRA]], [[Satu Mare International Airport|SUJ]]) have runways of 2,500 m in length, while the rest of them have runways of 1,800 to 2,000 m. As of December 2006, [[Tulcea Airport|TCE]] and [[Caransebeş Airport|CSB]] are the only airports with no regular flights. Almost all the airports have experienced traffic growth in the last 4 years.
+[[Romanian-Moldovan relations|Relations with Moldova]] are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a [[History of Moldavia|common history]].<ref name=mae /> A [[Unification of Moldova and Romania|movement for unification of Moldova and Romania]] appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule<ref name=cfis>{{cite journal|url=http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |title=Romania'S Relations with the Republic of Moldova |author1=Gabriel Andreescu |author2=Valentin Stan |author3=Renate Weber |journal=[[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]] |publisher=Centre for International Studies |date=30 October 1994 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223003657/http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |archive-date=23 February 2008 }}</ref> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<ref name=Ihrig>{{cite web|url=http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|title=Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth|first=Stefan|last=Ihrig|access-date=17 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001165700/http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> After the [[2009 Moldovan protests|2009 protests in Moldova]] and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|title=Moldova, Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations|work=[[People's Daily]]|access-date=11 August 2011|date=29 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022407/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>
-The [[World Bank]] estimates that the railway network in Romania comprised {{convert|22298|km}} of track in 2004, which would make it the fourth largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="cai ferate">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm|title=Reteaua feroviara|language=Romanian|publisher=cfr.to|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The [[Căile Ferate Române|railway transport]] experienced a dramatic fall in freight and passenger volumes from the peak volumes recorded in 1989 mainly due to the decline in GDP and competition from road transport. In 2004, the railways carried 8.64&nbsp;billion passenger-km in 99&nbsp;million passenger journeys, and 73&nbsp;million metric tonnes, or 17&nbsp;billion ton-km of freight.<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite book|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=9781857434125}}</ref> The combined total transportation by rail constituted around 45% of all passenger and freight movement in the country.<ref name="Europaworld"/>
+===Military===
-[[Bucharest]] is the only city in Romania which has an [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system. The [[Bucharest Metro]] was opened in [[November 16]], 1979 and is now one of the most accessed systems of the [[Transport in Bucharest|Bucharest public transport network]] with an average ridership of 600,000 passengers during the workweek. Currently, the Bucharest Metro measures 61.41&nbsp;km lengthwise and includes five [[metro|metro lines]], one proposed and one under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html|title=Metrorex ridership|language=Romanian|publisher=Financial Week newspaper|date=23 April 2007|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+{{Main|Romanian Armed Forces|Military history of Romania}}
+{{See also|Romania–United States relations}}
+[[File:Exercitiu de debarcare a infanteristilor marini pe plaja de la Vadu.jpg|thumb|Romanian marine troopers during a combined Dutch–Romanian exercise at [[Corbu, Constanța|Vadu]] beach]]
-Romania has 16 [[international airport]]s, of which the busiest are [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] (4,917,952 passengers, 2010) and [[Aurel Vlaicu International Airport]] (2,118,150 passengers, 2010). Also, Romania disposes of an unworkable international airport ([[Caransebeş Airport]]) and 16 under construction or planned airports, whose construction will be completed until 2020. Romania has about 200 flight corridors, as much as any other European country. The air traffic has doubled in the last 20 years, in summer of 2010, Romania was crossed by 150 [[aircraft]]s simultaneously, bringing considerable incomes to [[TAROM]] [[airline]]. As of May 2011, [[TAROM]] flies to 47 destinations (including the seasonal destinations), such as: [[Cairo]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Dubai]], [[Vienna]], [[Brussels]], [[Paris]], [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Munich]], [[Athens]], [[Budapest]], [[Rome]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Barcelona]], [[Madrid]], [[Istanbul]] and [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antena3.ro/romania/fara-autostrazi-romania-are-la-fel-de-multe-coridoare-de-zbor-ca-orice-tara-europeana-130987.html |title=Fără autostrăzi, România are la fel de multe coridoare de zbor ca orice ţară europeană |publisher=Antena3.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|land]], [[Romanian Air Force|air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|naval forces]] led by a [[Chief of the Romanian General Staff|Commander-in-chief]] under the supervision of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|Ministry of National Defence]], and by the [[President of Romania|president]] as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref> Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44%&nbsp;of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|date=7 July 2023|publisher=NATO|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with a total of $9&nbsp;billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|title=Romania intends to buy F35 fighter jets - president|website=SeeNews |access-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040215/https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.
-===Tourism===
-{{Main|Tourism in Romania}}
-[[File:Venus, Romania -beach-26July2009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Venus, Romania|Venus]], an [[seaside resort|aestival resort]] on the Romanian [[coast|seashore]]]]
+The Air Force operates [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU|F-16AM/BM MLU]] fighters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806190518/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|url-status=dead|title=Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s|first=David|last=Donald|archive-date=6 August 2016|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> [[C-27J Spartan]] and [[C-130 Hercules]] [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]], as well as [[IAR 330]] and [[IAR 316]] helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|title= World Air Forces 2023|newspaper= Flight Global|publisher= Flightglobal Insight|year= 2022|doi= |access-date= 12 January 2023|archive-date= 7 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224755/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|url-status= live}}</ref> A [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement#Romania|procurement program]] for [[F-35]] [[fifth-generation fighter]]s is also currently being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|title=Romania eyes 32 F-35s under $6.5 billion deal|author=Jaroslaw Adamowski|website=defensenews.com|date=10 August 2023|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235041/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two [[Type 22 frigate]]s acquired from the British [[Royal Navy]],<ref name="awst_20061211">{{cite magazine|title=Spartan Order|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> as well as four corvettes. The [[Romanian Danube Flotilla|River Flotilla]] operates [[Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitor|Mihail Kogălniceanu]] and [[Smârdan-class river monitor]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref>
-Tourism focuses on the country's natural landscapes and its rich history and is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy. In 2006, domestic and international [[tourism]] generated about 4.8% of gross domestic product and 5.8% of the total jobs (about half a million jobs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/tourism/Romania.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=World Economic Forum|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Travel&Tourism|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> Following commerce, tourism is the second largest component of the services sector. Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest developing sectors of the economy of Romania and is characterized by a huge potential for development.
+Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] beginning in 2002,<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania: 2 soldiers killed, 1 injured in Afghanistan |date = 7 May 2016 |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = [[Colorado Springs Gazette]] |url = http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042701/http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |archive-date = 17 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th&nbsp;largest contribution according to the US).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554|title=Joint Press Conference of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and US President Donald Trump, Rose Garden, White House – Embassy of Romania to the United States of America|website=washington.mae.ro|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182241/https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Romania To Send 450 More Troops To Afghanistan |date = 21 December 2014 |agency = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url = http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065348/http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |archive-date = 19 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania ends combat mission in Afghanistan with visit from Prime Minister |date = 30 June 2014 |agency = [[Associated Press]] |url = http://www.rs.nato.int/article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171014093902/https://www.rs.nato.int/pagenotfound.aspx?page=article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date = 14 October 2017 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Romanian troops participated in the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]], reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24&nbsp;July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the ''[[Regele Ferdinand frigate|Regele Ferdinand]]'' participated in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |title=''Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament'' |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2011 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033747/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |archive-date=25 March 2011  }}</ref>
-According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], Romania is the fourth fastest growing country in the world in terms of travel and tourism total demand, with a yearly potential growth of 8% from 2007 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania to tap travel and tourism potential|publisher=WTTC|url=http://www.wttc.travel/eng/News_and_Events/Press/Press_Releases_2006/WTTC_spells_out_recommendations_for_Romania/index.php|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> The number of tourists grew from 4.8&nbsp;million in 2002 to 6.6&nbsp;million in 2004.<ref name="Europaworld"/> Similarly, the revenues grew from 400&nbsp;million{{clarify|date=October 2011}} in 2002 to 607 in 2004.<ref name="Europaworld"/> In 2006, Romania registered 20&nbsp;million overnight stays by international tourists, an all-time record,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aktirom.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=2|title=20&nbsp;million overnight stays by international tourists|accessdate=2008-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but the number for 2007 is expected to increase even more.{{clarify|date=October 2011}}<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf |format=PDF|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5&nbsp;million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400&nbsp;million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059|publisher=''Gandul'' Newspaper|title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400&nbsp;million|accessdate=2008-01-11 }}</ref>
+In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the [[Romania–United States relations|Romania-United States agreement]] signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System|ballistic missile defence system]] in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental [[NATO missile defence system|missile shield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |title=Romania ratifies US missile shield agreement |publisher=SpaceWar |date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202181841/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |archive-date=2 February 2013  }}</ref> The [[Aegis Ashore]] missile system based at [[Deveselu Military Base|Deveslu]] became operational in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/05/12/aegis-ashore-site-in-romania-declared-operational|title=Aegis Ashore Site in Romania Declared Operational|first=Sam|last=LaGrone|website=news.usni.org|date=12 May 2016|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609082649/https://news.usni.org/2016/05/12/aegis-ashore-site-in-romania-declared-operational|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Over the last years, Romania has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans (more than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from EU countries),<ref name=turism/> thus attempting to compete with [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], Italy and Spain. Destinations such as [[Mangalia]], [[Saturn, Romania|Saturn]], [[Venus, Romania|Venus]], [[Neptun, Romania|Neptun]], [[Olimp, Romania|Olimp]], [[Constanţa]] and [[Mamaia]] (sometimes called the ''[[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Romanian Riviera]]'') are among the most popular attractions during summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html|title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea|publisher=UnseenRomania|accessdate=2008-01-10 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> During winter, the skiing resorts along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and [[Poiana Braşov]] are popular with foreign visitors.
-[[File:Brasov, Piata Sfatului.jpg|thumb|[[Braşov Council Square (Piaţa Sfatului)|Council Square (Braşov)]] adorned by the [[Biserica Neagră|Black Church]], [[Catherine's Gate]], the [[White Tower (Braşov)|White Tower]] and other points of touring interest]]
-For their medieval atmosphere and [[Castles of Transylvania|castles]], [[Transylvania]]n cities such as [[Sibiu]], [[Braşov]], [[Sighişoara]], [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Târgu Mureş]] or [[Miercurea-Ciuc]] have become major tourist attractions for foreigners. Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative recently,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|date=2008-07-05|title= Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html| accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Braşov|Bran]] and its [[Bran Castle|Dracula's Castle]], the [[Painted churches of Northern Moldavia]], the [[Wooden churches of Maramureş]] and Sălaj, or the [[Merry Cemetery]] in [[Maramureş County]] (at [[Săpânţa]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=Romanian|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> Other major natural attractions, such as the [[Danube Delta]],<ref name="Europaworld"/> the [[Iron Gates]] ([[Danube]] Gorge), [[Scărişoara Cave]] and several other caves in the [[Apuseni Mountains]] have yet to receive great attention.
+===Administrative divisions===
-In terms of tourism potential, Romania benefits from splendid cities, scattered on the smooth plains or high peaks. These include [[Sibiu]], a city built by [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]], with cobblestone streets and colorful houses. The [[Hunyad Castle]], one of the most important monuments of [[Gothic architecture]] in [[Transylvania]], can be visited in the picturesque city of [[Hunedoara]]. Also, [[resort]]s such as [[Băile Felix]], [[Băile Herculane]] and [[Băile Tuşnad]] are points of interest for local and foreign tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |title=Turism in Romania |publisher=Turism.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> The Romanian [[Seaside resort|seaside]] is the most developed tourist area of Romania. In 2009, Romania's Black Sea seaside was visited by 1.3 million tourists, of whom 40,000 were foreign.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanţa], 9/07/2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on August 21, 2010</ref> The [[shore]] is very varied, formed by slightly wavy shapes, with emphasized [[cape]]s and deep [[bay]]s extending into the [[Dobrogea]] valleys, with [[cliff]]s, [[beach]]es and [[sand]] cords. In [[Târgu Jiu]] one can see the [[sculpture]]s of [[Constantin Brâncuşi]] (1876–1957), a Romanian [[sculptor]] with overwhelming contributions to the renewal of plastic language and vision in contemporary sculpture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brancusi.1dez.com/ |title=Constantin Brancusi |publisher=Brancusi.1dez.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> These include ''The Endless Column'', ''The Gate of the Kiss'' and ''The Table of Silence'', which together represent the three parts of [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuşi at Târgu Jiu|a monumental sculptural ensemble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com |date=1957-03-16 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+<!---[[File:Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg|thumb|Map of [[Development regions of Romania|Romania's eight development regions]]. The forty-one local administrative units (counties) are also highlighted, but Bucharest and [[Ilfov county]] are shown combined. The two form a development region of their own, surrounded by the [[Sud (development region)|Sud region]].]]--->
+{{Main|Administrative divisions of Romania}}
+Romania is divided into 41 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] (''județe'', pronounced judetse) and the municipality of [[Bucharest]]. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]] responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<ref name="descopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |title=Geografia Romaniei |publisher=descopera.net |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219224756/http://descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> Each county is subdivided further into [[cities of Romania|cities]] and [[Communes of Romania|communes]], which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320&nbsp;cities and 2,861&nbsp;communes in Romania.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|17}} A total of 103&nbsp;of the larger cities have [[Municipalities of Romania|municipality]] status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six [[sectors of Bucharest|sectors]]<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|6}} and has a prefect, a general mayor (''primar''), and a general city council.
+The NUTS-3 ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41&nbsp;counties plus Bucharest.<ref name=nuts /> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four [[macroregions of Romania|macroregions]]) and NUTS-2<ref name="LEGE nr.151 din 15 iulie 1998">{{cite web|title=LEGE nr. 151 din 15 iulie 1998|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|language=ro|access-date=1 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235242/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> (eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]]) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.<ref name=nuts>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118234301/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-date=18 January 2008 |title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-===Science and technology===
+{{Romanian counties map |Map=Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg}}
-{{main|Science and technology in Romania}}
-{{See also|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}}
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
-[[File:Traian Vuia aircraft.jpg|thumb|right|[[Traian Vuia]], early flight pioneer]]
+|-
+![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
+!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
+!Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | title=2011 Regions Population | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043140/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | archive-date=29 September 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban centre]]<sup>*</sup><ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_3.xlsx | title = Population at 20 October 2011 | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 5 July 2013 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | language = ro}}{{dead link|date=June 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#a1e0a1;"|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest]]
+|34,159
+|2,600,132
+|[[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|Cluj-Napoca]] (411,379)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#dedfde;"|[[Centru (development region)|Centru]]
+|34,082
+|2,360,805
+|[[Brașov metropolitan area|Brașov]] (369,896)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#f9e185;"|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Nord-Est]]
+|36,850
+|3,302,217
+|[[Iași metropolitan area|Iași]] (382,484)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#d296de;"|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Sud-Est]]
+|35,762
+|2,545,923
+|[[Constanța metropolitan area|Constanța]] (425,916)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#fab485;"|[[Sud - Muntenia (development region)|Sud – Muntenia]]
+|34,489
+|3,136,446
+|[[Ploiești metropolitan area|Ploiești]] (276,279)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#e4d59e;"|[[București - Ilfov]]
+|1,811
+|2,272,163
+|[[Bucharest metropolitan area|Bucharest]] (2,272,163)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#a3c5f8;"|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Sud-Vest Oltenia]]
+|29,212
+|2,075,642
+|[[Craiova metropolitan area|Craiova]] (356,544)
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|style="background:#fab1b1;"|[[Vest (development region)|Vest]]
+|32,028
+|1,828,313
+|[[Timișoara metropolitan area|Timișoara]] (384,809)
+|}
+<!-- |-
+| <sup>*</sup><small>Together with its metropolitan area.</small>
+ -->{{Clear}}
+==Economy==
-During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of Romanian science was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf</ref> However, since the country's accession to the European Union, this has begun to change. After being slashed by 50% in 2009 due to the global recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=124097 |title=Bulgaria: Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency |publisher=Novinite.com |date=2011-01-13 |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/469142a.html |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> The country has joined or is about to join several major international organizations such as [[CERN]] and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epochtimes-romania.com/article.php?article_id=97824 |title=Funeriu: Stiinta din Romania 'se imbunatateste', insa mai sunt multe lucruri de facut |publisher=Epochtimes-romania.com |date=2011-01-13 |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actmedia.eu/2011/01/20/top+story/romania+is+to+sign+agreement+on+joining+european+space+agency+convention+/31695 |title=Romania is to sign agreement on joining European space agency convention |publisher=Actmedia.eu |date=2011-01-20 |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> Overall, the situation has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/news.2011.8.html |title=Romania's high hopes for science : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref>
+{{Main|Economy of Romania}}
+{{Further|Agriculture in Romania|Industry of Romania}}
+In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737&nbsp;billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $38,721.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822181532/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=11 April 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414154927/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the World Bank, Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]].<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77%&nbsp;of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44%&nbsp;in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904172547/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Historically, Romanian researches and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields, such as: aeronautics, medicine, mathematics, computer science/engineering, physics, biophysics, chemistry, biochemistry and  biology. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft, Aurel Vlaicu being actually the first man to fly using a man-made machine. However, later standards considered his flight to be more of a "long jump" mainly because his aircraft was uncontrollable and merely flew in a straight line. Also [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics. Preceding him, [[Elie Carafoli]] was a pioneering contributor to the field of aerodynamics in the world.
+After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%,&nbsp;one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> However, the [[Great Recession]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20&nbsp;billion bailout program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|url-status=dead|title=Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Romania |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922222037/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,<ref name="Romania1">{{cite web |title= În luna Iunie 2023, câștigul salarial mediu brut pe economie a fost 7364 LEI și cel net 4600 LEI |url= https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |publisher= National Institute of Statistics - Romania |website= www.insse.ro |access-date= 2023-08-11 |archive-date= 11 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112323/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1%&nbsp;in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3%&nbsp;in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017  }}</ref>
-[[Victor Babeş]] discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, [[babesiosis]]; biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] discovered insulin. Another biologist, [[Emil Palade]], received the [[Nobel Prize]] for his contributions to [[cell biology]]. [[George Constantinescu]] created the [[theory of sonics]], while [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesize [[amphetamine]] and also invented the modern method of [[Oil refinery|refining]] [[crude oil]]. [[Costin Neniţescu]] found new methods for the synthesis of pirilium salts, of [[carbene]]s, [[tryptamine]], [[serotonin]], two new syntheses for the indole nucleus, and a new method of [[polymerisation]] of [[ethylene]].
+[[File:Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|The [[CEC Palace]], situated on Bucharest's [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]]]]
-Several [[mathematics|mathematicians]] distinguished themselves as well, among them: [[Gheorghe Ţiţeica]], [[Spiru Haret]], [[Grigore Moisil]], [[Miron Nicolescu]], [[Nicolae Popescu]] and [[Ştefan Odobleja]]; the latter is also regarded as the ideological father behind [[cybernetics]].
+[[File:Bucharest - Smârdan Street (28547822606).jpg|thumb|left|The old [[Bucharest Stock Exchange]] Palace (presently, Bucharest's Chamber of Commerce and Industry), situated in the capital's historical city centre]]
+Industrial output growth reached 6.5%&nbsp;year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archive-date=12 June 2014  }}</ref> As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=[[IMF]]|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>
-Notable physicists and inventors also include: [[Horia Hulubei]] in atomic physics, [[Șerban Țițeica]] in theoretical physics, [[Mihai Gavrilă]] specialized in quantum theory and discoverer of the [[atom|atomic dichotomy]] phenomenon,  [[Alexandru Proca]] (known for the first meson theory of [[nuclear forces]] and [[Proca's equations]] of the vectorial mesonic field), [[Ştefan Procopiu]] known for the first theory of the [[magnetic moment]] of the electron in 1911 (now known as the [[Bohr-Procopiu magneton]]), [[Theodor V. Ionescu]], the inventor of a multiple-cavity [[magnetron]] (1935), a hydrogen [[maser]] in 1947, [[Stereoscopy|3D imaging]] for cinema/television in 1924 and hot deuterium plasma studies for controlled [[nuclear fusion]], [[Ionel Solomon]] known for the [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] theory in solids, [[Nuclear Overhauser effect|Solomon equations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/chandrakumar/msc_lectures/MSc_Lecture_Notes/The_Solomon_equations.pdf |title=The Solomon equations |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i2/p559_1 |title=Solomon Equations and NOE |publisher=Prola.aps.org |date=1955-03-29 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> and [[photovoltaic]] devices, [[Petrache Poenaru]], [[Nicolae Teclu]] and Victor Toma, with the latter known for the invention and construction of the first Romanian computer, the CIFA-1 in 1955.<ref>Victor Toma- "Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste". ''România liberă'', July 13, 2007</ref>
+After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |url-status=dead |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|title=Romania |publisher=heritage.org |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16%&nbsp;for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2007|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2%&nbsp;of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30%&nbsp;and 4.4%&nbsp;respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|title=Romania – share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product 2018|website=Statista|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922050619/https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure|Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)]] laser will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP &#124; Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Romania currently has 1,400 [[watt|MW]] of [[nuclear power]] capacity by means of one active [[nuclear power plant]] ([[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]]) with 2 reactors, which constitutes around 18% of the national power generation capacity of the country. This makes Romania [[nuclear power by country|the 23<sup>rd</sup> largest user of nuclear power in the world]].
+Approximately 25.8%&nbsp;of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=15 June 2018|title=Farmers in the EU – statistics – Statistics Explained|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615181335/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|access-date=26 March 2021|url-status=dead|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
+Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8&nbsp;billion in June 2019.<ref name="business-review.eu">{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|title=FDI stock in Romania approaches EUR 84 bln|date=5 September 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909013551/https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|url-status=live}}</ref> Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745&nbsp;million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.<ref name="business-review.eu"/> Some companies that have invested in Romania include Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Procter & Gamble, Citibank, and IBM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willis|first=Terri|title=Romania: Enchantment of the World|publisher=[[Children's Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-516-21635-X|pages=80–81|language=English}}</ref>
-==Demographics==
-{{Main|Demographics of Romania}}
-{{See also|Minorities of Romania}}
+According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.<ref name="doingbusiness.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|title=Explore Economies|website=World Bank|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914161208/https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|url-status=live}}</ref> The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.<ref name="doingbusiness.org"/>
-===Demographic evolution===
+[[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] (2009)]]
-{{Historical populations
-|type =
-|footnote = Figures prior to 1948 do not reflect current borders.
-|1866 | 4424961
-|1887 | 5500000
-|1899 | 5956690
-|1912 | 7234919
-|1930 | 18057028
-|1941 | 13535757
-|1948 | 15872624
-|1956 | 17489450
-|1966 | 19103163
-|1977 | 21559910
-|1992 | 22760449
-|1995 | 22687000
-|2000 | 22334312
-|2002 | 21680974
-|2008 | 21300000
-|2010 | 20298580
-}}
+Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banca Națională a României – "The History of the Romanian Leu" Exhibition|url=https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|website=www.bnr.ro|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111204/https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the [[euro]] in 2029.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | title=Romania wants to push euro adoption by 2026 | date=20 March 2023 | access-date=4 May 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033726/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[File:Romania-demography.png|thumb|left|Romania has been experiencing [[population decline|demographic decline]] since the early 1990s]]
-[[File:RoCensus2002Inhab.png|thumb|left|[[Minorities of Romania|Ethnicity in Romania]] by county (inhabitants) based on the March 18, 2002 census]]
+In January 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be US$122&nbsp;billion according to CEIC data.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt |title=Romania External Debt 2004–2020 Monthly USD mn CEIC Data |website=ceicdata.com |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112310/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2010, Romania's population is estimated to be 20,298,580.<ref name="eng.newwelfare.org"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to gradually decline in the coming years as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s. In 2002 [[Romanians]] make up 89.5% of the population.  The largest [[Minorities of Romania|ethnic minorities]] are the [[Hungarians]], who make up 6.6% of the population and [[Romani people|Gypsies]], who make up 2.46% of the population.<ref  group=note>2002 census data, based on [http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/tabele/t47.pdf Population by ethnicity]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}, gave a total of 535,250 Gypsies in Romania. Many ethnicities not recorded at all, since they [http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf do not have ID cards]. International sources give higher figures than the official census([http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf [[UNDP]]'s Regional Bureau for Europe], [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/0,,contentMDK:20333806~menuPK:615999~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:615987,00.html World Bank], {{cite web|url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |format=PDF|title=International Association for Official Statistics|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf|archivedate=2008-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm|publisher=usatoday|title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma|accessdate=2008-08-31|date=2005-02-10}}</ref>
+===Infrastructure===
-Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Lipovans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]], [[Slovaks of Romania|Slovaks]], [[Banat Bulgarians|Bulgarians]], [[Croats of Romania|Croats]], [[Greeks of Romania|Greeks]], [[Russians]], [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]], [[Czechs of Romania|Czechs]], [[Polish minority in Romania|Poles]], [[Italians of Romania|Italians]], [[Armenians in Romania|Armenians]], as well as other ethnic groups, account for the remaining 1.4% of the population.<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/rezultate.html|title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-08-31}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
+{{Main|Transport in Romania|Energy in Romania}}
+[[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|Romania's [[Roads in Romania|road network]]]]
+[[File:Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015.svg|thumb|Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015]]
+According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at {{convert|86080|km|0|abbr=out}}.<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |title=Length of roads in Romania 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231241/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016  }}</ref> The World Bank estimates the railway network at {{convert|22298|km}} of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm|title=Reteaua feroviara |language=ro |publisher=cfr.to |access-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608211134/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> Romania's [[Căile Ferate Române|rail transport]] experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=978-1-85743-412-5}}</ref> accounting for 45%&nbsp;of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<ref name="Europaworld" /> [[Bucharest Metro]], the only [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures {{convert|61.41|km|2|abbr=on}} with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html|title=Metrorex ridership |language=ro |publisher=Financial Week newspaper |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516140935/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> There are [[List of airports in Romania|sixteen international commercial airports]] in service today. Over 12.8&nbsp;million passengers flew through Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|title=Ann. aero database|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>
+Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |title=Country Comparison-Electricity Consumptiom |website=cia.gov |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |title=Planul Național de Acțiune în Domeniul Energiei din Surse Regenerabile (PNAER) |language=ro |date=2010 |access-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211040927/https://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the main sources were coal&nbsp;(28%), hydroelectric&nbsp;(30%), nuclear&nbsp;(18%), and hydrocarbons&nbsp;(14%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |title=Raport Anual 2015 energie |access-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095255/http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017  }}</ref> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |title=Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges Vol.IV(LXVII) No. 4/2015 37 – 44Romanian Oil Industry Decline |last=Lazar |first=Cornel and Mirela |website=upg-bulletin-so.ro |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421143536/http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 }}</ref> With one of the largest reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[shale gas]] in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ |title=World Shale Resource Assessments |website=eia.gov |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701171451/https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Hontz-Ward |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |title=Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine Crisis |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Voanews.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818030644/http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |archive-date=18 August 2014  }}</ref> and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]] further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |title=Contractul pentru unitățile 3 și 4 de la centrala nucleară Cernavodă se va parafa în mai. Chinezii vor avea 51% din acțiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=Economie.hotnews.ro |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090341/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |archive-date=19 August 2014  }}</ref>
-In 1930, there were 745,421 [[Germans in Romania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm|archivedate=2007-08-17|title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948|publisher=hungarian-history.hu|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> but only about 135,088 remain today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|title=German minority|publisher=auswaertiges-amt.de|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=August 2011}} In 1924, there were 796,056 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]] in the Kingdom of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/romania.html|title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Romania|publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12&nbsp;million.<ref name=diaspora/> As of 2009, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania,<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org"/> primarily from [[Moldova]], [[Turkey]] and [[China]].
+There were almost 18.3&nbsp;million connections to the Internet in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|title=Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet|newspaper=[[Gândul]]|date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080533/http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|archive-date=9 April 2015|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to ''[[The Independent]]'', it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110431/https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|url-status=dead|title=• Chart: Blistering broadband: Europe's fastest downloaders &#124; Statista|archive-date=22 February 2017|website=www.statista.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|title=Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628104937/http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> with [[Timișoara]] ranked among the highest in the world.<ref name=Akamai>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking|publisher=Net Index|date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706191940/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>
-The [[fertility rate]] is decreasing, with 1.4 births per woman recorded in 2009. The [[birth rate]] (10.61‰, 2008) is slightly lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰, 2008), resulting in a shrinking and aging population, approx. 14.8% of total population having 65 years and over.<ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web|author=Graeme Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=2011-07-12 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-===Languages===
+=== Tourism ===
-{{Main|Romanian language}}
-The official language of Romania is [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] related to [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and other languages adjacent to the aforesaid. Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91% of the population.  [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are the most important minority languages, spoken by 6.7% and 1.1% of the population, respectively.<ref name="census" /> Until the early 1990s, there were also a substantial number of German-speaking [[Transylvanian Saxons]], even though most have since emigrated to Germany, leaving only 45,000 native German speakers in Romania. There are approximately 32,000 Turkish speakers in Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5CStatistica%20teritoriala%202008%5Ceng%5C8.htm |title=POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUPS AT POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS, ON MARCH 18, 2002 |publisher=Insse.ro |date=2002-03-18 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+{{Main|Tourism in Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}}
-[[File:SibiuHermannstadtSchild.jpg|thumb|left|Bilingual sign in [[Sibiu]], showing the city's name in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[German language|German]]]]
+{{See also|Seven Natural Wonders of Romania|Seven Wonders of Romania}}
+Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism|access-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405043639/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33&nbsp;million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<ref name="business review website">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |title=Worldbank Tourism in Romania |website=worldbank.org |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191802/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |archive-date=25 August 2017  }}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400&nbsp;million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114100/http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Gandul Newspaper |title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400&nbsp;million |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> More than 60%&nbsp;of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5&nbsp;million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|access-date=11 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015139/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> The popular summer attractions of [[Mamaia]] and other [[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Black Sea Resorts]] attracted 1.3&nbsp;million tourists in 2009.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanța] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104448/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html |date=2 November 2012 }}, 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea |publisher=UnseenRomania |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In localities where a given ethnic minority makes up more than 20% of the population, that minority's language can be used in the public administration and justice system, while native-language education and signage is also provided. [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] are the main foreign languages taught in schools. English is spoken by 5&nbsp;million Romanians, French is spoken by 4–5&nbsp;million, and German, Italian and Spanish are each spoken by 1–2&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anis.ro/index.php?page=afaceri&sec=afaceri_avantaje&lang=ro|title=Outsourcing IT în România|language=Romanian|publisher=Owners Association of the Software and Service Industry|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+<!--Galleries or clusters of images are generaly discouraged as they cause undue weight to one particular section of a summary article and may cause accessibility problems(?) . See WP:GALLERY for more information.--->
+{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=right|total_width=300
+|image1=Manastirea putna1.jpg|caption1=[[Putna Monastery]] in [[Bukovina]], one of the [[Churches of Moldavia|medieval churches of Moldavia]]
+|image2=Pelicani din Delta Dunarii.PNG|caption2=The [[Danube Delta]] with its wildlife
+|image3=Castelul Bran2.jpg|caption3=[[Bran Castle]]
+|image4=Black Sea beach in Mamaia (6117712232).jpg|caption4=[[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Mamaia Black Sea resort]]}}
+Most popular skiing resorts are along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and in [[Poiana Brașov]]. [[List of castles in Romania|Castles, fortifications, or strongholds]] as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]], [[Brașov]], [[Alba Iulia]], [[Baia Mare]], [[Bistrița]], [[Mediaș]], [[Cisnădie]], [[Sebeș]], or [[Sighișoara]] also attract a large number of tourists. [[Bran Castle]], near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being [[Dracula in popular culture|Dracula]]'s Castle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|title=Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar și de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turiști|website=www.digi24.ro|date=21 February 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103842/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Turism in Romania |url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060849/http://turism.ro/statiuni.php |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Turism.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 1957 |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909134147/http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com}}</ref>
-Historically, French was the predominant foreign language spoken in Romania, but English has since superseded it. Consequently, Romanian English-speakers tend to be younger than Romanian French-speakers. Romania is, however, a full member of [[La Francophonie]], and hosted the Francophonie Summit in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/doc/doc-historique/chronologie-oif.pdf|format=pfd|language=French|title=Chronology of the International Organization La Francophonie|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080624195138/http://www.francophonie.org/doc/doc-historique/chronologie-oif.pdf |archivedate = 24 June 2008}}</ref> German has been taught predominantly in Transylvania, due to traditions tracing back to the Austro-Hungarian rule in this province.
+[[Rural tourism]], focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local [[folklore]] and [[Tradition|customs]], has become an important alternative,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|date=5 July 2008|title=Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802065943/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|archive-date=2 August 2008}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] and its Dracula's Castle, the [[Churches of Moldavia|painted churches of northern Moldavia]], and the [[wooden churches of Maramureș]], or the [[villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=ro|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053130/http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Via Transilvanica]] long-distance [[hiking]] and [[cycling]] [[trail]], which crosses 10 counties in the [[Transylvania]], [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] regions of the country further promotes rural [[slow tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concept - Via Transilvanica |url=https://www.viatransilvanica.com/en/concept/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.viatransilvanica.com |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812144441/https://www.viatransilvanica.com/en/concept/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Romanian language]] remains, according to the [[Constitution of Romania]], the only official language of Romania, but local councils ensure linguistic rights to all [[minorities of Romania|minorities]], who form about 10.05% of the total population. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064035/http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|url-status=dead|title=How important is tourism in Romania's economy?|publisher=romania-insider.com|archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> More than 1.9&nbsp;million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12%&nbsp;more than in 2013.<ref name="romania-insider.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055850/http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|url-status=dead|title=Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania Insider<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77%&nbsp;came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12%&nbsp;from Asia, and less than 7%&nbsp;from North America.<ref name="romania-insider.com" />
-===Religion===
-{{bar box
-|title=Religion in Romania
-|titlebar=#ddd
-|left1=Religion
-|right1=Percentage
-|float=right
-|bars=
-{{bar percent|[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|purple|86.7}}
-{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholic]]|purple|4.7}}
-{{bar percent|[[Protestantism|Protestant]]|purple|3.7}}
-{{bar percent|[[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostal]]|purple|1.5}}
-{{bar percent|[[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Uniate]]|purple|0.9}}
-{{bar percent|[[Islam in Romania|Muslim]]|purple|0.3}}
-}}
-{{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Pentecostal Union of Romania}}
+===Science and technology===
-Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. However, an overwhelming majority of the country's citizens identify themselves as [[Christian]]s.  86.7% of the country's population identified as [[Orthodox Christian]] according to the 2002 census, the vast majority of which belongs to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other major [[Christian denomination]]s include [[Protestantism]] (5.2%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]] (4.7%) and the [[Romanian Greek-Catholic Church]] (0.9%).<ref name="census" /> The latter two religious organizations suffered most severely under the Communist regime. The Greek-Catholic Church was outlawed by the Communist government in 1948;<ref>Harper-Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism, 1132; Niessen, "The Greek Catholic Church and the Romanian Nation," 59–60</ref> later, under the Ceaușescu regime, several churches in Transylvania were demolished.
+{{Main|Science and technology in Romania|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}}
+Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] built the first airplane to take off under its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|access-date=7 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224335/http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|title=AUREL VLAICU|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926114207/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|title=Henri Coandă|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095740/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50&nbsp;types of bacteria;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|title=Victor Babeș, savantul român care a descoperit 50 de noi tipuri de microbi și un vaccin împotriva turbării|website=adevarul.ro|date=27 November 2017|language=en|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308021912/https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|title=Nicolae Paulescu was a Romanian scientist who claimed to have been the first person to discover insulin, which he called pancreine.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083512/https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Emil Palade]] received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to [[cell biology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192113/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesise [[amphetamine]], and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Elaine A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20|title=The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes|date=10 January 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8012-8|language=en|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235041/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20#v=snippet&q=Laz%C4%83r%20Edeleanu%20was%20the%20first%20chemist%20to%20synthesise%20amphetamine&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
+During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011  }}</ref> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by [[research and development]] spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5%&nbsp;in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over&nbsp;2%.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|title=R&D expenditure in the EU remained stable in 2016 at just over 2% of GDP|date=1 December 2017|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614062039/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|title=Romania, last in the EU on R&D expenditure|publisher=Romania Insider|date=10 January 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708205458/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|url-status=live}}</ref> The country joined the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|title=Romania accedes to ESA Convention|publisher=European Space Agency|date=20 January 2011|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185009/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CERN]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|publisher=CERN|date=5 September 2016|title=CERN welcomes Romania as its twenty-second Member State|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185006/https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8&nbsp;million in membership contributions to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania loses voting right at European Space Agency due to unpaid debts|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|work=Romania Insider|date=3 October 2018|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185004/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The foundation of the oldest-known Romanian Orthodox church is still visible at [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]] today, and dates from the 14th century; however, much earlier crypts with unearthed relics of Christian martyrs executed at the orders of the Roman emperor [[Diocletian]] were found in local church records dating as far back as the 3rd century AD. Thus, the relics of Saint [[Sava the Goth]] who was martyred by drowning in the river [[Buzău]] in Romania, under [[Athanaric]], on 12 April 372, were reverently received by [[St. Basil the Great]]. Earlier still, the first known Daco-Roman Christian priest [[Montanus]] and his wife Maxima were drowned because of their Christian faith, as martyrs, on 26 March 304.
+In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Romania's high hopes for science |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |doi=10.1038/news.2011.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |volume=469 |issue=7329 |pages=142–143 |doi=10.1038/469142a |pmid=21228844 |bibcode=2011Natur.469..142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Romania was ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[File:RO, IS , Iasi , Metropolitan Cathedral 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Metropolitan Cathedral, Iaşi]], the largest Orthodox church in Romania, founded in 1833]]
+The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP &#124; Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archive-date=6 September 2011  }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guiana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014  }}</ref> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archive-date=8 December 2014  }}</ref>
-Romania also has a [[Islam in Romania|Muslim]] minority concentrated in [[Dobruja]], mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity and numbering 67,500 people.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamant.ro/datepr/tbl6.html|title=Romanian Census Website with population by religion|publisher=Recensamant.ro|accessdate=2008-01-01}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> According to the results of the 2002 census, there are 66,846 Romanian citizens of the Unitarian faith (0.3% of the total population). Of the total Hungarian-speaking minority in Romania, Unitarians represent 4.55%, being the third denominational group after members of the Reformed Church in Romania (47.10%) and Roman Catholics (41.20%). Since 1700, the Unitarian Church has had 125 parishes—in 2006, there were 110 Unitarian ministers and 141 places of worship in Romania.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
-According to the 2002 census, there were 6,179 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]], 23,105 people who are of no religion and/or [[atheism|atheist]], and 11,734 who refused to answer. On 27 December 2006, a new Law on Religion was approved under which religious denominations can only receive official registration if they have at least 20,000 members, or about 0.1% of Romania's total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bosnewslife.com/europe/romania/2674-romania-president-approves-europes-worst/|title=Romania President Approves Europe's "Worst Religion Law"|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
-[[File:RO HD Densus 12.jpg|thumb|[[Densuş Church|St. Nicholas' Church (Densuş)]] is one of the oldest Byzantine churches in Romania, built around the 6th century, on ruins of a 2nd century Roman Temple.]]
-The [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] is an [[autocephalous]] [[Orthodox church]].  It is in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, and is ranked [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|seventh]] in order of precedence. The [[Primate (religion)|Primate]] of the church has the title of [[Patriarch]]. Its jurisdiction covers the territory of Romania, with [[diocese]]s for Romanians living in nearby [[Moldova]], [[Serbia]] and [[Hungary]], as well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania.
+==Demographics==
-It is the only Orthodox church using a [[Romance language]]. The majority of people in Romania (18,817,975, or 86.8% of the population, according to the 2002 census data<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/rpl2002rezgen/16.pdf 2002 census data on religion]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>) belong to it, as well as some 720,000 [[Moldova]]ns.<ref name="Basarabia">{{ro icon}} [http://www.ziua.net/news.php?data=2008-01-31&id=3053 "Biserica Ortodoxă Română, atacată de bisericile 'surori'" ("The Romanian Orthodox Church, Attacked by Its 'Sister' Churches"], ''Ziua'', 31 January 2008</ref> The [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] is  the second-largest in size after the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].
+{{Main|Demographics of Romania|Romanians}}
-[[File:RO MM Botiza 52.jpg|thumb|Romanian Orthodox church in [[Maramureș County|Maramureş]]]]
+{{See also|Demographic history of Romania|Immigration to Romania|Minorities in Romania}}
-The most significant holidays of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] are:
+[[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|thumb|170px|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]]
-*[[Baptism of Jesus]] ([[January 6]]);
+[[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|170px|Ethnic map of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] based on the 1930 census data]]
-*[[Resurrection of Jesus]] (has no fixed date), associated with [[Easter]];
-*[[Ascension of Jesus]] (has no fixed date, celebrated 40 days after [[Easter]]);
-*[[Dormition of the Theotokos]] ([[August 15]]), preceded by two weeks of [[fasting]];
-*[[Nativity of the Theotokos]] ([[September 8]]);
-*[[Nativity of Jesus]] ([[December 25]]), associated with [[Christmas]].
+According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Romania's population was 19,053,815.<ref name="Census2021"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. According to the 2021 Romanian census, [[Romanians]] made up 89.33%&nbsp;of the population, [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] 6.05% and the [[Romani people|Roma]] 3.44% of the population,<ref name="Census2021" /> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141449/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Official Statistics |url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> According to the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Romani people|Roma]] makes up 8.32%&nbsp;of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding, strategy, facts and figures and contact details for national Roma contact points in Romania |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105430/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians in Romania|Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=ro |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" />
-===Urbanization===
-{{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania}}
-{{See also|List of Metropolitan Areas in Romania}}
+The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36&nbsp;children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1,&nbsp;and one of the lowest in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82&nbsp;children born per woman in 1912.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 31.2%&nbsp;of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|url-status=dead|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|archive-date=27 May 2016|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
-In the years following the Revolution has been a massive migration from village to city, but since 1996, the trend was reversed, and after 2005 was even stronger. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of people who have changed residence from rural to urban was 294,000, while the number of people who have changed residence from urban to rural was 418,000, difference being of over 120,000 people. Between 1996 and 2008, the difference was 313,000.<ref>[http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989]</ref> According to statistics compiled in 2004, 11,895,600 citizens (54.88%) lived in the [[urban area|urban environment]], and 9,777,728 citizens (45.12%) lived in the [[rural area|rural environment]]. The most urbanized counties are [[Hunedoara County]] (76.87%), [[Braşov County]] (74.91%) and [[Constanţa County]] (71.12%), while the most sparsely urbanized counties are [[Ilfov County]] (26.09%), [[Dâmboviţa County]] (30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County]] (30.95%).<ref>[http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/doua-urbanizare-Romaniei_0_32998606.html ''Adevărul'' - The second urbanization of Romania]</ref>
+The [[birth rate]] (9.49‰,&nbsp;2012) is much lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰,&nbsp;2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26%&nbsp;per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6&nbsp;years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1"/> with approximately 16.8%&nbsp;of total population aged 65&nbsp;years and over.<ref name = "cia.gov1"/><ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064345/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |archive-date=15 March 2016  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032354/http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=8 November 2011  }}</ref> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92&nbsp;years (71.46&nbsp;years male, 78.59&nbsp;years female).<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=Europe :: Romania — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=29 September 2021|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12&nbsp;million.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url=http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207131655/http://focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |archive-date=7 February 2009  }}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|title=Focus-Migration: Romania|website=focus-migration.hwwi.de|language=de|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720111251/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916021316/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm |date=16 September 2015 }} European Parliament</ref>
+=== Languages ===
-[[Bucharest]] is the capital and the largest city in Romania. At the census in 2002, its population was over 1.9&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1186654811&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&geo=-182&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&pt=c&va=&srt=1pnan|publisher=World Gazetteer|title=Population of the largest cities and towns in Romania|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> The [[Larger Urban Zones|LUZ area]] of Bucharest has a population of 2,192,372 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> As of 2011, there are plans to establish a metropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+{{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}}
+{{bar box
-Romania has five other cities that are among the European Union's [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|100 most populous]]. These are [[Iaşi]], [[Timişoara]], [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Constanţa]], and [[Craiova]]. Other cities with populations over 200,000 are [[Galaţi]], [[Braşov]], [[Ploieşti]], [[Brăila]] and [[Oradea]]. Another 14 cities have a population of over 100,000.<ref name=population>{{cite web|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook|year=2007|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/en/cp2.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
+|float = right
+|titlebar = #ddd
+|title = Language frequency as spoken<br/> in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Language">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după limba maternă (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=ro |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701100337/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|left1 = Language
+|right1 = Percentage
+|bars =
+{{bar percent|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|yellow|91.55}}
+{{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|green|6.28}}
+{{bar percent|[[Romani language|Romani]]|orange|1.20}}
+{{bar percent|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|blue|0.25}}
+{{bar percent|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|red|0.10}}
+{{bar percent|[[German language|German]]|purple|0.10}}
+{{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|cyan|0.09}}
+{{bar percent|[[Minorities in Romania|Others]]|grey|0.43}}
+}}
+[[File:Limba romana Atlanticul-800px.png|thumb|right|Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language]]
-At present, several of the largest cities have a [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|metropolitan area]]: [[Constanţa metropolitan area|Constanţa]] (446,595 inhab.), [[Iaşi metropolitan area|Iaşi]] (402,786 inhab.), [[Braşov metropolitan area|Braşov]] (402,041 inhab.), [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|Cluj-Napoca]] (379,705 inhab.), [[Craiova metropolitan area|Craiova]] (333,834 inhab.) and [[Oradea metropolitan area|Oradea]] (249,746 inhab.), and several others are planned: [[Bucharest metropolitan area|Bucharest]], [[Timişoara metropolitan area|Timişoara]], [[Lower Danube metropolitan area|Brăila-Galaţi]], [[Bacău metropolitan area|Bacău]] and [[Ploieşti metropolitan area|Ploieşti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmi.ro/de/zmi_context_romania.html|title=Map of Romanian municipalities that can have metropolitan areas in maroon|work=zmi.com|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+The official language is Romanian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but shares many features equally with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically Italian, French, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|title=Romanian Translation {{!}} Romanian, Italian, English & French translations|website=Parolando|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111211/https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26&nbsp;letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ''ă'', ''â'', ''î'', ''ț'', and ''ș''), totaling 31.<ref name=":1" />
-[[Rural areas]] represent about 90% of total [[area]] of the country{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, and their share – among the highest in [[Europe]] – amounts to 47.3% of the total [[population]]. In December 2006 Romania had 2,854 [[commune]]s, consisting of 12,951 [[village]]s. The average population of a Romanian village is about 800 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Sat |title=Sat – Enciclopedia României – prima enciclopedie online despre România |language={{ro icon}} |publisher=Enciclopediaromaniei.ro |date=2011-05-07 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-{{Largest municipalities in Romania}}
+Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55%&nbsp;of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.28%&nbsp;and 1.20%&nbsp;of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=Iarna Ucraineană – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| access-date=5 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archive-date=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 17,101 native speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], 15,943 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and 14,414 native speakers of [[Russian language|Russian]] living in Romania.<ref name="Census2021-Language"/><ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
-==Education==
-{{Main|Romanian educational system}}
-{{See also|Romanian Baccalaureate|List of universities in Romania}}
+According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over&nbsp;20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archive-date=7 September 2011  }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31%&nbsp;of Romanians, French is spoken by&nbsp;17%, and Italian and German, each by&nbsp;7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date= 6 January 2016 }}</ref>
-Since the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of [[reform]] that has been both praised and criticized.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> According to the Law on Education adopted in 1995, the educational system is regulated by the [[Ministry of Education and Research of Romania|Ministry of Education and Research]]. Each level has its own form of organization and is subject to different legislation. [[Kindergarten]] is optional for children between 3 and 6 years old. [[School]]ing starts at age 7 (sometimes 6), and is compulsory until the 10th grade (which usually corresponds to the age of 17 or 16).<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> [[Primary school|Primary]] and [[Secondary school|secondary]] education are divided into 12 grades. [[Higher education]] is aligned with the [[European higher education area]].
-[[File:The University.JPG|thumb|left|[[University of Bucharest]], one of the most prestigious educational institutions in Romania]]
+===Religion===
-Aside from the official schooling system, and the recently{{when|date=July 2011}} added private equivalents, there exists a semi-legal, informal, fully [[Tutoring#Private tutors|private tutoring]] system. Tutoring is mostly used during [[Secondary school|secondary]] as a preparation for the various examinations, which are notoriously difficult. Tutoring is widespread, and it can be considered a part of the Education System. It has subsisted and even prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf| title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-25|publisher=genderomania.ro}}</ref>
+{{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church}}
+[[File:Catedrala Mitropolitana, Timisoara.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral|Cathedral of the Three Holy Hierarchs]] in [[Timișoara]].]]
+Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> 73.86%&nbsp;of respondents identified as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], with 73.42%&nbsp;belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other denominations include [[Religion in Romania#Protestantism|Protestantism]]&nbsp;(6.22%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]]&nbsp;(3.89%), and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]]&nbsp;(0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 [[Islam in Romania|Muslims]] (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] (Jews once constituted 4%&nbsp;of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are [[Irreligion|irreligious]], 57,205 are [[Atheism|atheist]], 25,485 are [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/>
-In 2004, some 4.4&nbsp;million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in kindergarten, 3.11&nbsp;million (14% of population) in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 (3% of population) in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|format=PDF|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97.3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |title= UN Human Development Report 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070202212856/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |format=PDF|archivedate=2007-02-02}}</ref>
+The Romanian Orthodox Church is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, with a [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|date=8 November 2017|website=pewforum.org|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225000348/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a [[Latin]] culture and uses a [[Romance languages|Romance]] liturgical language.<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Profiles of the Eastern Churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100346/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=29 December 2016 }} at cnewa.org</ref> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001948/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|url-status=dead|title=European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Romania has the [[Eastern Orthodoxy by country|world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The results of the [[PISA]] assessment study in schools for the year 2000 placed Romania on the 34th rank out of 42 participant countries with a general weighted score of 432 representing 85% of the mean [[OECD]] score.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.edu.ro/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=1958|title=OECD International Program for Evaluation of Students, National Report|location=Bucureşti|year=2002|pages=10–15|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Education|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> According to the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], in 2006 no Romanian university was included in the first 500 top universities world wide.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006FULLLIST-BY%20RANK%20(PDF).pdf|format=PDF|title=Academic Ranking World University 2006: Top 500 World University|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Using similar methodology to these rankings, it was reported that the best placed Romanian university, [[Bucharest University]], attained the half score of the last university in the world top 500.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Asociaţia Ad Astra a cercetătorilor rom
-In the most recently ranking Babes-Bolyai University was ranked number 1 University in Romania in 2009 by Capital<http://www.capital.ro/articol/exclusiv-topul-universitatilor-din-romania-125346.html>. BBU is followed by University of Bucharest which is the second and by Transilvania University which is placed 3rd.
-âni|author=Răzvan Florian|url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/8/florian_shanghai_romania.pdf|format=PDF|title=Romanian Universities and the Shanghai rankings|location=Cluj-Napoca, România|pages=7–9|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Notably, Bucharest boasts the largest university in Europe by number of students, [[Spiru Haret University]].<ref name="financiarul">[http://www.financiarul.ro/2009/07/13/cum-a-ajuns-spiru-haret-cea-mai-mare-universitate-din-lume/ Cum a ajuns “Spiru Haret” cea mai mare universitate din lume] Financiarul, 13 July 2009.</ref>
-==Culture==
+===Urbanisation===
-{{Main|Culture of Romania|Symbols of Romania}}
+{{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan areas in Romania}}
-[[File:Iaşi , Palatul Culturii 7.JPG|thumb|The [[Palace of Culture (Iaşi)|Palace of Culture]] in [[Iaşi]], built on the ruins of the Royal Court of Moldavia, hosts the largest art collection in Romania.]]
+Although 54.0%&nbsp;of the population lived in [[urban areas]] in 2011,<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census (final results)|publisher=INSSE|access-date=28 August 2012|language=ro|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |title=Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989 |publisher=Businessday.ro |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> Counties with over {{frac|2|3}}&nbsp; urban population are [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], while those with less than a third are [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]]&nbsp;(30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County|Giurgiu]] and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]].<ref name="Census2011" /> Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7&nbsp;million in 2021.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626052140/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[larger urban zone]] has a population of almost 2.2&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> which are planned to be included into a [[Bucharest metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] up to 20&nbsp;times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archive-date=2 September 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archive-date=3 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref>
-Romania has a unique culture, which is the product of its geography and of its distinct historical evolution. Like Romanians themselves, it is fundamentally defined as the meeting point of three regions: [[Central Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], and the [[Balkans]], but cannot be truly included in any of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm|title=Romania – Culture|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archivedate = 31 December 2007}}</ref>
+Another 17&nbsp;cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="RPL2021"/> [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|Metropolitan areas]] have been constituted for most of these cities.
-===Arts, literature and philosophy===
+{{Largest cities of Romania}}
-{{Main|Literature of Romania|Arts in Romania|Cinema of Romania|Romanian philosophy}}
+=== Education ===
-A unified Romanian literature began to develop with the [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|revolutions of 1848]] and the union of the two [[Danubian Principalities]] in 1859. The [[origin of the Romanians]] began to be discussed and by the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, [[Şcoala Ardeleană|Romanian Transylvanian]] scholars along with Romanian scholars from Moldavia and Wallachia began studying in France, Italy and Germany.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html|title=Cultural aspects|publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania|accessdate=2008-08-28 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archivedate = 7 March 2008}}</ref> German philosophy and French culture were integrated into modern Romanian literature, and a new elite of artists led to the appearance of some of the classics of Romanian literature such as [[Mihai Eminescu]], [[George Coşbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]].
-Although not particularly renowned outside the country, these writers are widely appreciated within Romania for giving birth to modern Romanian literature. Eminescu is considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html|title=Mihai Eminescu|publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania|accessdate=2008-01-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-31}}</ref> Among other writers that rose to prominence in the second half of 19th century are [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]] (also the first prime minister of Romania), [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], and [[Ion Creangă]].
+{{Main|Education in Romania}}
-[[File:Constantin Brancusi c.1905.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Constantin Brâncuşi]], prominent sculptor]]
-[[File:Romanianpoet.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Mihai Eminescu]] (1850–1889), Romania's national [[poet]]]]
+[[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]]
-The first half of the 20th century is regarded by many scholars as the ''Golden Age'' of Romanian culture, as it is the period when it reached its greatest level of international affirmation and enjoyed a strong connection to [[Culture of Europe|Western European cultural]] trends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/romanian/articles/TheRomanianCulturalDebateOfTheSummer.html|title= Romanian Cultural Debate of the Summer: Romanian Intellectuals and Their Status Groups|publisher=Romanian Club @ Columbia University|author=Mona Momescu|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> Notably, figures such as [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Marcel Janco]] pioneered the anti-war [[Dada]] movement beginning with the [[First World War]].<ref>Tom Sandqvist, ''DADA EAST: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', London MIT Press, 2006.</ref> The most prominent Romanian artist of this time, however, was [[sculptor]] [[Constantin Brâncuşi]], a central figure of the modern movement and a pioneer of abstraction. His works present a blend of simplicity and sophistication that led the way for [[modern art|modernist]] sculptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brancusi.com/bio.html|title=Constantin Brâncuşi's bio|publisher=Brancusi.com|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> As a testimony to his skill, one of his pieces, ''[[Bird in Space]]'', was sold in an auction for $27.5&nbsp;million in 2005, a record for any sculpture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm|title=Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000|publisher=Antiques and the Arts Online|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true|publisher=Romanian Information Center in Brussels|title=November&nbsp;9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> In the interwar years, Romanian literature was greatly expanded through the works of, among others, [[Tudor Arghezi]], [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Lucian Blaga]], [[George Bacovia]], [[Eugen Barbu]] and [[Liviu Rebreanu]].
+[[File:Bucuresti, Romania. SPITALUL COLTEA (B-II-m-A-18220.02).jpg|thumb|The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90&nbsp;million renovation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|title=Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari|date=25 January 2011|publisher=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010232/https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-After the World Wars, Communism brought 'absolute' censorship and used the cultural world as well as a means to tightly control the population in addition to the much feared ''"Securitate''" paramilitary organization, numerous formers and their informers. Freedom of expression was constantly restricted in various ways, but the likes of [[Gellu Naum]], [[Nichita Stănescu]], [[Marin Sorescu]] or [[Marin Preda]] managed to escape censorship, broke with "[[socialist realism]]" and were the leaders of a small "Renaissance" in Romanian literature.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ştefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel With A Book In His Hands|language=Romanian|publisher=Maşina de scris|year=1999|page=8|isbn=9789739929745}}</ref> While not many of them managed to obtain international acclaim due to censorship, some, like [[Constantin Noica]], [[Paul Goma]] and [[Mircea Cărtărescu]], had their works published abroad even though they were jailed for various political reasons.
+Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4&nbsp;million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in [[kindergarten]]&nbsp;(three-six years), 3.11&nbsp;million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was&nbsp;98.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|title=Romania Literacy|publisher=indexmundi.com|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195528/https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|title=14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare|newspaper=BitTV.Info|date=4 July 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012132814/https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|archive-date=12 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|title=Ministrul Educației: Grupa mare la grădiniță devine obligatorie. Altminteri nu mai poți fi înscris la pregătitoare|newspaper=EduPedu|date=10 May 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928025531/https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|archive-date=28 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Peer tutoring|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2008 }}</ref>
-Some artists chose to leave the country for good and continued to make contributions in exile. Among them [[Eugen Ionescu]], [[Mircea Eliade]] and [[Emil Cioran]] became renowned internationally for their works. Other literary figures who enjoy acclaim outside of the country include the poet [[Paul Celan]] and [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[Elie Wiesel]], both survivors of the Holocaust. The novelist, poet and essayist [[Herta Müller]] also received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2009.
+[[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=21 October 2016  }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref>
-Romanian contemporary cinema has achieved worldwide acclaim with the appearance of such films as ''[[The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu]]'', directed by [[Cristi Puiu]], ([[2005 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes 2005]] [[Prix un certain regard]] winner) and ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]'', directed by [[Cristian Mungiu]] ([[2007 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes 2007]] ''[[Palme d'Or]]'' winner).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|title=Cannes 2007 Winners|publisher=Alternative Film Guide|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> The latter, according to ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', is "further proof of [[Romanian New Wave|Romania's new prominence]] in the film world." Also, the cinematographic [[drama]] ''[[If I Want to Whistle, I Whistle]]'' directed by [[Florin Şerban]] was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[60th Berlin International Film Festival]] and won the [[Jury Grand Prix]] (the [[Silver Bear]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=cannes2007&jump=review&reviewid=VE1117933650|title=4 Months, 3 Weeks & 2 Days|accessdate=2008-08-31|author=Jay Weissberg|date=2007-05-17|publisher=''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.berlinale.de/en/das_festival/preise_und_juries/preise_internationale_jury/index.html|title=Prizes of the International Jury|accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref>
+Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. [[Ciprian Manolescu]] managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=IMO team record|access-date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220172111/http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Olympiad in Informatics]] with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=ro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref>
-===Music===
-{{Main|Music of Romania}}
-[[File:Inna-sopot.jpg|thumb|[[Inna]] performing "[[Hot (Inna song)|Hot]]" at the [[Sopot Festival]], August 8, 2009.]]
+===Healthcare===
-The first half of the 20th century saw the rise of [[George Enescu]], Romania's greatest composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|title=George Enescu, the composer|publisher=International Enescu Society|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> A child prodigy, Enescu created his first musical composition at the age of five and became an accomplished [[composer]], [[violin]]ist, [[pianist]], [[conducting|conductor]] and teacher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/m_enescu.html|title=George Enescu (1881–1955)|publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania|accessdate=2008-01-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080115090725/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/m_enescu.html |archivedate = 15 January 2008}}</ref> The annual [[George Enescu Festival]] is held in Bucharest in his honor. Also active in this period was [[Dinu Lipatti]], a pianist notable for his interpretations of [[Chopin]], [[Mozart]] and [[Bach]].
+{{Main|Healthcare in Romania}}
+Romania has a [[universal health care]] system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5%&nbsp;of GDP.<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224020850/http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 |date=24 February 2013 }}, Mediafax.ro</ref> It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html "Romania, 4th in Europe in TB"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021156/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> In 2010, Romania had 428&nbsp;state and 25&nbsp;private hospitals,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629012915/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/133347/bolnavii-nostri-vs-ai-lor-cate-spitale-are-romania-fata-de-alte-state-ue.html "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania compared to other EU countries"], ''Wall-Street.ro''</ref> with 6.2&nbsp;hospital beds per 1,000&nbsp;people,<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090250/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<ref>[https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153028/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A |date=23 June 2007 }}, ''Institutul Național de Statistică''</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%,&nbsp;higher than the European average of 2.5%.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html ""De profesie: medic în România". Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html |date= 1 July 2013 }}, ''Adevărul'', 2 April 2013</ref>
+==Culture==
-Some famous postwar Romanian musicians are folk artists [[Maria Tănase]], [[Tudor Gheorghe]], and virtuoso of the [[pan flute]] [[Gheorghe Zamfir]], the latter having sold over 120&nbsp;million albums worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html|date=2006-01-17|publisher=CBC Radio|title=Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir|accessdate=2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428050304/http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |archivedate = 28 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|publisher=Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage|title=Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
+{{Main|Culture of Romania|National symbols of Romania}}
+=== Arts and monuments ===
-Artists from Romania have recently{{when|date=July 2011}} begun to inch their way onto the international pop music scene, scoring millions of views on [[YouTube]] and selling hundreds of thousands of singles. Among the best known are [[Edward Maya]], Alexandra Stan and [[Inna]].
+{{Main|Romanian literature|Cinema of Romania|Music of Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}}
-Maya's "[[Stereo Love]]" became the first number one song in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''s year-end [[Hot Dance Airplay|Dance Airplay]] chart to have reached number one three times in its chart run, while competing in a line-up that included [[Lady Gaga]]. Since the 2009 release of "[[Stereo Love]]", the [[Bucharest]]-born composer has won gold and platinum albums from [[Canada]] to [[Spain]] and toured clubs as far away as [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/muzica/cantareti/care-e-artistul-roman-cu-cea-mai-mare-priza-in-afara-tarii-sondaj-ziare-com-1086098 |title=Care e artistul roman cu cea mai mare priza in afara tarii? Sondaj |publisher=Ziare.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+{{See also|List of films shot in Romania}}
+[[File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Sibiu]] was the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].]]
-[[Inna]], however, has been the most successful, having sold nearly two million singles worldwide, notably in the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]]. Inna has had more than 114 million views on [[YouTube]] for her hits like "[[Amazing (Inna song)|Amazing]]", "[[Sun Is Up]]", "[[Hot (Inna song)|Hot]]", "[[10 Minutes]]" or "[[Club Rocker]]" and more than two million fans on [[Facebook]]. [[Alexandra Stan]], also a very popular singer has managed millions of views on YouTube and has won many song contests in countries like [[Israel]], [[Germany]] or [[United States]]. She has also put together her first album consisting of songs such as "[[Mr. Saxobeat]]". The [[Single (music)|single]] "[[Get Back (ASAP)]]" was awarded in [[Italy]] with [[music recording sales certification|Platinum Disc]], for sales of over 60,000 copies, also Inna being awarded with [[music recording sales certification|Gold Discs]] in [[Netherlands]] and [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://life.hotnews.ro/stiri-muzica-8384048-video-inna-castigat-discul-platina-franta.htm |title=VIDEO Inna a castigat discul de platina in Franta – Muzica – HotNews.ro |publisher=Life.hotnews.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+[[File:Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara - Rectorat.jpg|upright=1|thumb|right|[[Timișoara]] was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2021 and is currently holding this title in 2023 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] postponement.]]
+The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th&nbsp;century among the [[Transylvanian School]] scholars.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |title=Cultural aspects |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archive-date= 7 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th&nbsp;century, including: [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă]], and [[Mihai Eminescu]], the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul (poem)|Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |title=Mihai Eminescu |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Mihai Trăistariu]] is the Romanian singer with most international performances. His song, "[[Tornerò]]", was ranked the fourth place at [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006]], with 172 points. He has sold over 1.5 million albums in Romania and abroad. Also, [[Paula Seling]] and [[Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu|Ovi Martin]] were ranked third place at televoting results of [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010]], with 162 points.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Arsenie |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |title=Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!" > |publisher=EVZ.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+In the 20th&nbsp;century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Marcel Janco]],<ref>Tom Sandqvist, ''DADA EAST: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', London [[MIT Press]], 2006.</ref> [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Marin Preda]], [[Liviu Rebreanu]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ștefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel with a Book in His Hands|language=ro|publisher=Mașina de scris|year=1999|page=8|isbn=978-973-99297-4-5}}</ref> [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], and [[Constantin Brâncuși]]. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture ''[[Bird in Space]]'', was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |title=Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000 |publisher=Antiques and the Arts Online |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213032919/http://www.antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |archive-date=13 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |publisher=Romanian Information Center in Brussels |title=November&nbsp;9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223741/http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Romanian-born Holocaust survivor [[Elie Wiesel]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1986, while [[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian]] writer [[Herta Müller]] received the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2009/muller/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808075646/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2009/muller/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Monuments===
-{{See also|National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|List of museums in Romania|List of castles in Romania}}
-[[File:Ateneul Român 1.jpg|thumb|left||The [[Romanian Athenaeum]] in Bucharest was opened in 1888]]
+Prominent Romanian painters include: [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ștefan Luchian]], [[Ion Andreescu]] [[Nicolae Tonitza]], and [[Theodor Aman]]. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th&nbsp;and 20th&nbsp;centuries include: [[Ciprian Porumbescu]], [[Anton Pann]], [[Eduard Caudella]], [[Mihail Jora]], [[Dinu Lipatti]], and especially [[George Enescu]]. The annual [[George Enescu Festival]] is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|title=George Enescu, the composer|publisher=International Enescu Society|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019234345/http://enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|archive-date=19 October 2007}}</ref>
-The list of [[World Heritage Site]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=romania&type=&media=&region=&order=&criteria_restrication=&x=0&y=0|title=Official list of WHS within Romania|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> includes Romanian sites such as the [[Saxon villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]], the [[Painted churches of northern Moldavia]] with their fine exterior and interior frescoes, the [[Wooden Churches of Maramureş]] unique examples that combine Gothic style with traditional timber construction, the [[Monastery of Horezu]], the citadel of [[Sighişoara]], and the [[Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cimec.ro/Monumente/unesco/UNESCOen/fastvers.htm|title=World Heritage List from Romania|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref>
+Contemporary musicians like [[Angela Gheorghiu]], [[Gheorghe Zamfir]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |date=17 January 2006 |publisher=CBC Radio |title=Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir |access-date=31 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050304/http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|publisher=Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage|title=Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182752/http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> [[Inna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|title=Inna Biography|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605041033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> [[Alexandra Stan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115304/http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=10 One-Hit Wonders to Be or Not to Be? |publisher=vh1.i |date=7 March 2014 }}</ref> and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian [[Popcorn (Romanian music style)|popcorn]] music style had established itself in the international mainstream.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/genre/romanian-popcorn/|title=Romanian Popcorn|publisher=[[Rate Your Music]]|accessdate=23 May 2024|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601173519/https://rateyourmusic.com/genre/romanian-popcorn/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://ziare.com/vedete/vedete-romanesti/de-ce-muzica-popcorn-a-cucerit-romania-si-rockul-clasic-a-fost-uitat-interviu-1246635|title=De ce muzica popcorn a cucerit Romania si rockul clasic a fost uitat?|trans-title=Why did popcorn music conquer Romania and classic rock got forgotten?|publisher=[[:ro:Ziare.com|Ziare.com]]|language=Romanian|author=Ghinea, Andreea|accessdate=23 April 2024|date=18 July 2013|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417165234/https://ziare.com/vedete/vedete-romanesti/de-ce-muzica-popcorn-a-cucerit-romania-si-rockul-clasic-a-fost-uitat-interviu-1246635|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65B0EE20100612/|title=Romanian dance beats prove a hit throughout Europe|date=12 June 2010|accessdate=21 March 2024|publisher=[[Reuters]]|author=Smith, Gary|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509073326/https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65B0EE20100612|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Arsenie |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |title=Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!" |publisher=EVZ.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160313/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |archive-date=28 August 2011  }}</ref>
-[[Peleş Castle]] ([[Sinaia]]), built between 1873–1914, is considered one of the most beautiful castles in Romania and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peles.ro/ |title=Muzeul National Peles &#124; Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor |publisher=Peles.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Unique architecture and [[gold]] gilded rooms attract thousands of visitors daily. [[Voroneţ Monastery]], built in 1488, is one of the most valuable foundations of [[Stephen the Great]]. Also, [[Unirii Square]] is the treasure in the heart of [[Cluj-Napoca]], on which rises the [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church]], guarded by two "twin" buildings on the eastern side. Located at {{convert|29.7|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Braşov]], between [[Bucegi]] and [[Piatra Craiului]] Mountains, [[Bran Castle]] is a major national monument and tourist landmark. Built by Saxons in the 14th century, today it hosts an art and furniture collection by [[Marie of Romania|Queen Marie]], but is also marketed as the legendary residence of Bram Stoker's Dracula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |title=Castelul Bran |publisher=Viaromania.eu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
+In cinema, several movies of the [[Romanian New Wave]] have achieved international acclaim. At the [[Cannes Film Festival]], ''[[The Death of Mr. Lazarescu]]'' by [[Cristi Puiu]] won the {{lang|fr|[[Un Certain Regard#Prix Un Certain Regard winners|Prix Un Certain Regard]]}} in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moartea Domnului Lazarescu|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|publisher=Association Française du Festival International du Film|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164522/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[4&nbsp;Months, 3&nbsp;Weeks and 2&nbsp;Days]]'' by [[Cristian Mungiu]] won the festival's top prize, the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|title=Cannes 2007 Winners|publisher=Alternative Film Guide|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704025549/http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|archive-date=4 July 2008}}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], ''[[Child's Pose (film)|Child's Pose]]'' by [[Călin Peter Netzer]] won the [[Golden Bear]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|title=Romanian film "Child's Pose" wins Berlin Golden Bear|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Mike Collett-White|date=16 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175514/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/16/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
-Romania's contribution to the World Heritage List stands out because it consists of some groups of monuments scattered around the country, rather than one or two special landmarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html|title=World Heritage Site – Romania|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> Also, in 2007, the city of [[Sibiu]], famous for its [[Brukenthal National Museum]], was the [[European Capital of Culture]] alongside the city of [[Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007|title=Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007|date=2004-04-05|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+The list of World Heritage Sites includes [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|six cultural sites]] located within Romania, including eight [[painted churches of northern Moldavia]], eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the [[Horezu Monastery]], and the [[Historic Centre of Sighișoara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031080733/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=World Heritage Site – Romania |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=31 January 2008 }}</ref> The city of Sibiu, with its [[Brukenthal National Museum]], was selected as the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007|title=Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007|date=5 April 2004|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904005053/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2008|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/sibiu-2019/ |title=Sibiu 2019 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=europeanregionofgastronomy.org |publisher=International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism |access-date=June 10, 2021 |quote= |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610133716/https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/sibiu-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of [[Peleș Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peles.ro/ |title=Muzeul National Peles &#124; Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor |publisher=Peles.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828061821/http://peles.ro/ |archive-date=28 August 2011  }}</ref> [[Corvin Castle]], and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |title=Castelul Bran |publisher=Viaromania.eu |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008083620/http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |archive-date=8 October 2011  }}</ref>
-===Sports===
-{{Main|Sport in Romania}}
-[[File:Lucian bute.png|thumb|upright|[[Lucian Bute]], the current [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] [[Super Middleweight]] champion in professional [[boxing]] and chosen number 1 at the [[Super Middleweight]] in 2011 by [[Boxrec]]]]
-[[Oină]] is a traditional Romanian sporting game continuously practiced at least since the 14th century, pursuant to chronicles and charters, first official documentary attestation dating since 1364, during the reign of [[Vladislav I of Wallachia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://federatiaromanadeoina.ro/page.php?105 |title=Romanian Federation of Oină – History of the game |publisher=Federatiaromanadeoina.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Oină is a sporting game practiced outdoors, on a rectangular field, preferably covered with grass, between two teams of eleven players. The game requires for complex sports skills and is similar to sports common in other countries, such as [[German language|German]] ''Schlagball'', [[Finland|Finnish]] ''palsepool'', [[French language|French]] ''[[jeu de paume]]'', respectively [[Irish language|Irish]] ''cluiche corr''. Oină underlying the [[baseball]], being borrowed from the period in which it not evolved enough, compared to contemporary period, in which oină represents an extremely complex game.
+=== Holidays, traditions, and cuisine ===
-[[Association football]] is the most popular sport in Romania.<ref name=EYb2007>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|volume=2|title=Romania}}</ref> The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to [[UEFA]].
+{{See also|Romanian dress|Folklore of Romania|Romanian cuisine}}
-At the international level, the [[Romania national football team|Romanian National Football Team]] has taken part seven times in the [[FIFA World Cup|Football World Cup]]. It had its most successful period in the 1990s, when during the [[1994 World Cup]] in the [[United States]], Romania reached the quarter-finals and was ranked sixth by [[FIFA]].
+[[File:Sibiu Christmas Market opening 2008.JPG|thumb|right|The Christmas market in [[Sibiu]] is one of the most famous in Europe.]]
-The core player of this "[[Golden Generation]]"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2002/1677201.stm|title=Hagi leaves Romania post|date=2001-11-26|publisher=BBC Sport|quote=Hagi enjoyed legendary status in Romania where he spearheaded the 'Golden Generation' of players...|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and perhaps the best known Romanian player internationally is [[Gheorghe Hagi]] (nicknamed ''the Maradona of the Carpathians'').<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/europe/1264097.stm|title=Hagi snubs Maradona|publisher=BBC Sport Online|date=2001-04-06|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the [[Great Union Day]], celebrated on 1&nbsp;December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.<ref>[http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html "Public holidays enacted by labour code"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618111421/http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html |date=18 June 2017 }}, Labor code, 22 March 2017</ref> Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: ''[[plugușorul]]'', ''[[sorcova]]'', ''ursul'', and ''capra''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Improve It Grup S.R.L |url=http://www.traditii.ro/ |title=Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara |publisher=Traditii.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903100510/http://www.traditii.ro/ |archive-date=3 September 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Insider |first=Romania |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |title=Winter holidays and Christmas traditions in Romania: the Bear dance, the Masked carolers and the Goat |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205257/http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> The traditional [[Romanian dress]] that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th&nbsp;century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |title=ROMANIA – Traditions and Folklore – Official Travel and Tourism Information |publisher=Romaniatourism.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723010711/http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |archive-date=23 July 2014  }}</ref> There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |title=Ministrul Agriculturii: UE accepta ca mieii de Pasti si porcii de Craciun sa fie sacrificati in mod traditional – Actualitate |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210220/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> In the Easter, traditions such as [[Easter egg|painting the eggs]] are very common. On 1&nbsp;March ''[[mărțișor]]'' gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |url=http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |title=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |publisher=Foreigners in Uk |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210746/http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref>
-Famous currently active players are [[Adrian Mutu]] and [[Cristian Chivu]].
+Romanian cuisine has been influenced by [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]] and [[German cuisine]] (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the [[Habsburg monarchy]]), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the [[Balkans|Balkan region]] such as the [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Bulgarian cuisine|Bulgarian]], or [[Serbian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |title=Christina Bradatan, Cuisine and Cultural Identity in Balkans |publisher=Scholarworks.iu.edu |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210757/http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |archive-date=12 August 2014  }}</ref> ''[[Ciorbă]]'' includes a wide range of [[sour soup]]s, while ''[[mititei]]'', ''[[mămăligă]]'' (similar to [[polenta]]), and ''[[Sarma (food)|sarmale]]'' are featured commonly in main courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|title=Romanian Recipes – like mom used to make|last=Recipes|first=Gourmet European|website=www.gourmet-european-recipes.com-gb|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221024611/http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
-The most famous football club is [[FC Steaua Bucureşti|Steaua Bucureşti]], who in [[European Cup 1985-86|1986 became the first Eastern European club ever to win]] the prestigious [[UEFA Champions League|European Champions Cup]] title, and who [[European Cup 1988-89|played the final again in 1989]]. Another successful Romanian team [[FC Dinamo Bucureşti|Dinamo Bucureşti]] played a semifinal in the European Champions Cup in 1984 and a [[Cup Winners Cup]] semifinal in the 1990. Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid Bucureşti|Rapid Bucureşti]], [[CFR 1907 Cluj-Napoca]] and [[FC Universitatea Craiova]].
+Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|title=28 Romanian Foods The Whole World Should Know – oneJive|website=onejive.com-US|date=5 March 2014|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812062847/http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |title=Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc. |publisher=Bucataras.ro |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105071413/http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |archive-date=5 January 2011  }}</ref> Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: ''[[kofta|chiftele]]'', ''[[tobă]]'' and ''[[tochitură]]'' at Christmas; ''[[drob]]'', ''[[Paska (bread)|pască]]'' and ''[[cozonac]]'' at Easter and other Romanian holidays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430044201/http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2007 |title=Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole |publisher=Gastronomie.ele.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Țuică]]'' is a strong plum [[brandy]] reaching a 70%&nbsp;alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75%&nbsp;of the national crop (Romania is one of the [[List of countries by plum production|largest plum producers in the world]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |title=Țuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003 |publisher=Regard-est.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192047/http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |archive-date=29 September 2011  }}</ref><ref name=educations>{{cite web |url=http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |title=Study in Romania |publisher=Educations.com |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228090407/http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |archive-date=28 December 2010  }}</ref> Traditional alcoholic beverages also include [[Romanian wine|wine]], ''[[rakia|rachiu]]'', ''[[Pálinka|palincă]]'' and ''[[vișinată]]'', but [[Beer in Romania|beer]] consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kirinholdings.com/en/newsroom/release/2009/1221_01.html#table3 |title=Beer consumption per capita in 2008 |publisher=kirinholdings.co.jp |access-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref>
-[[File:Ilie Năstase.jpg|thumb|upright||[[Ilie Năstase]], first number 1 of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]]]]
+===Media===
-Tennis is the second most popular sport in terms of registered sportsmen.<ref name=EYb2007/> Romania reached the [[Davis Cup]] finals three times (1969, 1971, 1972). The tennis player [[Ilie Năstase]] won several [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles and dozens of other tournaments, and was the first player to be [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|ranked as number 1]] by [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] from 1973 to 1974. His doubles and Davis Cup Partner as well as mentor, [[Ion Ţiriac]] is now the most successful businessman in the country. [[Virginia Ruzici]] won the [[French Open]] in 1978, while in 1980 she was runner-up. [[Florenţa Mihai]] was another female [[tennis]] player from Romania who played the final of the [[French Open]] in 1977. The [[Romanian Open]] is held every fall in Bucharest since 1993.
+{{main|Media of Romania}}
+=== Sports ===
-Popular [[team sport]]s are [[rugby union]] ([[Romania national rugby union team|national rugby team]] has [[National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup|so far competed at every]] [[Rugby World Cup]]), [[basketball]] and [[team handball|handball]].<ref name=EYb2007/> The [[Romania national handball team]] is a four-time world champion team, with Sweden and France (record holder), while [[CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea|Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea]] is a top team in women's [[team handball|handball]].
+<!--- Section basically just name spam--->
+{{Main|Sport in Romania}}
+{{multiple image
+| perrow = 2
+| total_width = 280
+| image1 = Nadia Comăneci from acrofan.jpg
+| image2 = Gheorghe Hagi.JPG
+| image3 = 20170613 Handball AUT-ROU 8446.jpg
+| image4 = Simona Halep Roland Garros 2018.jpg
+| footer = Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): [[Nadia Comăneci]], [[Gheorghe Hagi]], [[Simona Halep]], and [[Cristina Neagu]]
+| align =
+| direction =
+| alt1 =
+| caption1 =
+| caption2 =
+}}
+[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players {{As of|2018|lc=y}}. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740&nbsp;million according to [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/news/football-impact-calculated-by-frf-reach-eur-740-million-anually-182339|title=Football's impact in the Romanian economy reaches EUR 740 million annually, FRF estimates show|date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
-Some popular [[individual sport]]s are: athletics, chess, sport dance, and martial arts and other fighting sports.<ref name=EYb2007/> Fighting sports are actually popular in Romania, especially in the TV broadcastings. Famous boxers include [[Nicolae Linca]], [[Francisc Vaştag]], [[Mihai Leu]], [[Leonard Doroftei]], [[Adrian Diaconu]] and [[Lucian Bute]], while [[Daniel Ghiţă]] became the first Romanian [[kickboxer]] to qualify for the [[K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final|K-1 World Grand Prix Final]]. Famous [[Athletics (sport)|athletes]] with outstanding results in this sport were: [[Iolanda Balaş]], [[Lia Manoliu]], [[Doina Melinte]], [[Viorica Viscopoleanu]], [[Mihaela Peneş]], [[Argentina Menis]], [[Ileana Silai]], [[Anişoara Cuşmir]], [[Maricica Puică]], [[Paula Ivan]], [[Gabriela Szabo]], [[Lidia Simon]] and lately [[Monica Iagăr]], [[Marian Oprea]], [[Mihaela Melinte]] or [[Constantina Diţă-Tomescu]].
+The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to UEFA. The [[Romania national football team]] played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three [[FIFA World Cup]]s, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], eventually being ranked 3rd by [[FIFA]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140951/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Associations – Romania – Men's|website=FIFA.com}}</ref>
-Romanian [[gymnastics]] has had a large number of successes – for which the country became known worldwide.<ref>Romanians were for example stereotyped as gymnasts, as in the [[South Park]] episode [[Quintuplets 2000]]</ref> In the [[1976 Summer Olympics]], the gymnast [[Nadia Comăneci]] became the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event. She also won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze, all at the age of fifteen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gymn-forum.net/Articles/NYT-1976_AmCup2.html|title=Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark|author=Robin Herman|publisher=New York Times|date=1976-03-28|accessdate=2008-08-13}}</ref> Her success continued in the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], where she was awarded two gold medals and two silver medals. In her career she won 30 medals, of which 21 were gold.
+The core player of this [[golden generation]] was [[Gheorghe Hagi]], who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|title=Gheorghe Hagi: the Maradona of the Carpathians|first=Steven|last=Scragg|date=24 August 2017|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105145958/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful players include the [[European Golden Shoe]] winners: [[Dudu Georgescu]], [[Dorin Mateuț]] and [[Rodion Cămătaru]], [[Nicolae Dobrin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theversed.com/53825/nicolae-dobrin-romanias-greatest-player/|title=Nicolae Dobrin: Romania's true greatest ever player|date=1 August 2017|website=The Versed}}</ref> [[Ilie Balaci]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2577339.html|title=Romania mourns Ilie Balaci|website=UEFA.com| date=21 October 2018 }}</ref> [[Florea Dumitrache]],<ref name=EFY>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/europa-poy70.html|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 1970|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> [[Mihai Mocanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liga2.prosport.ro/special/adio-mihai-mocanu-4586453|title=Adio, Mihai Mocanu! &#124; Liga 2|website=liga2.prosport.ro|date=21 June 2009}}</ref> [[Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)|Michael Klein]],<ref name=frf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/fotbal/stiri-fotbal/echipa-de-vis-all-time-a-romaniei-1304038|title=Echipa de vis all-time a Romaniei|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Mircea Rednic]],<ref name=frf/> [[Cornel Dinu]],<ref name=EFY/> [[Mircea Lucescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|title=Video Un Rio Formidabil: Mircea Lucescu, atacant dreapta în echipa de vis|website=Stiriletvr.ro|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823153414/http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Costică Ștefănescu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/21/romania-costica-stefanescu-dies|title=Former Romania captain Costica Stefanescu dies aged 62|newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press|date=21 August 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Ion Dumitru|Liță Dumitru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/steaua/stiri-steaua/concluzia-dura-a-unei-legende-de-la-steaua-totul-e-un-dezastru-interviu-1455965|title=Concluzia dura a unei legende de la Steaua: Totul e un dezastru! – Interviu|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Lajos Sătmăreanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/exclusiv-angelo-niculescu-mi-a-zis-ca-nu-ma-baga-pentru-ca-sunt-maghiar-si-partidul-crede-ca-vand-meciul-sper-sa-nu-prind-ziua-cand-ne-vor-bate-iar-17720289|title=EXCLUSIV &#124; "Angelo Niculescu mi-a zis că nu mă bagă pentru că sunt maghiar şi Partidul crede că vând meciul. Sper să nu prind ziua când ne vor bate iar"|website=Telekomsport.ro|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Ștefan Sameș]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/sport/fotbal-intern/ne-a-parasit-stefan-sames-fostul-mare-fundas-al-stelei-584901.html|title=Ne-a părăsit Ştefan Sameş, fostul mare fundaş al Stelei|website=jurnalul.antena3.ro}}</ref> [[László Bölöni|Ladislau Bölöni]],<ref name="lequipe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sport/fotbal/lequipe-nicolae-dobrin-cel-mai-valoros-jucator-roman-din-istorie-cine-sunt-urmatorii-in-top-5-526988|title=L'Equipe: Nicolae Dobrin, cel mai valoros jucător român din istorie. Cine sunt următorii în Top 5|website=www.digi24.ro|date=8 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Anghel Iordănescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistavip.net/Sarbatoritul_saptamanii/La_multi_ani_Anghel_Iordanescu!/1247/|title=La multi ani Anghel Iordanescu!|website=www.revistavip.net}}</ref> [[Miodrag Belodedici]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/may/17/miodrag-belodedici-european-cup-football|title=Miodrag Belodedici: the fugitive libero who conquered Europe twice &#124; Jonathan Wilson|first=Jonathan|last=Wilson|newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 May 2011|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Helmuth Duckadam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-happened-helmuth-duckadam-i-saved-four-penalties-win-european-cup-it-was-my-last-ever|title=What happened to Helmuth Duckadam? "I saved four penalties to win the European Cup... but it was my last ever game"|first1=Future Publishing Limited Quay|last1=House|first2=The|last2=Ambury|first3=Bath BA1 1UA All rights reserved|last3=Engl|first4=Wales company registration|last4=number 2008885|date=19 February 2019|website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> [[Marius Lăcătuș]],<ref name=frf/> [[Victor Pițurcă]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanatik.ro/victor-piturca-amintiri-tarzii-cu-gerd-muller-al-romaniei-18351299|title=Victor Pițurcă. Amintiri târzii cu 'Gerd Muller al României' – Fanatik.ro|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> and many others, and most recently [[Gheorghe Popescu (footballer, born 1967)|Gheorghe Popescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2945212/|title=Barca ex-captain Popescu turns 51|website=Tribuna.com|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111202/https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2020-03-06-barca-excaptain-popescu-turns-51/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Florin Răducioiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930190749/https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2020|title=Florin Răducioiu returns to AC Milan|date=24 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dorinel Munteanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/sport/sporturi/kicker---nemuritorul--dorinel-munteanu-105820|title=Kicker: "Nemuritorul" Dorinel Munteanu &#124; Romania Libera|website=romanialibera.ro|date=11 September 2007}}</ref> [[Dan Petrescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/news/petrescu-set-reject-crystal-palace|title=Petrescu set to reject Crystal Palace|date=19 November 2013|website=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> [[Adrian Mutu]],<ref name="UEFA">{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=449591.html|title=Roménia na máxima força|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Cristian Chivu]],<ref name="UEFA"/> or [[Cosmin Contra]].<ref name="UEFA"/> Romania's home ground is the [[Arena Națională]] in Bucharest.
-Romania participated for the first time in the [[Olympic Games]] in 1900 and has taken part in 18 of the 24 summer games. Romania has been one of the more successful countries at the [[Summer Olympic Games]] ([[All-time Olympic Games medal count|15th overall]]) with a total of 283 medals won throughout the years, 82 of which are gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0115108.html|title=All-Time Medal Standings, 1896–2004|publisher=infoplease.com|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
+The most successful club is [[CSA Steaua București (football)|Steaua București]], who were the first Eastern European team to win the [[UEFA Champions League]] in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.<ref>[Champions League: Once feared across Europe, Chelsea opponents Steaua Bucharest went the way of the Wall]</ref> [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]] reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] semi-final in [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/campionate-externe/cum-putea-dinamo-domina-europa-in-viziunea-lui-lucescu-ce-strategie-ar-trebui-sa-aplice-8049036|title=Cum putea Dinamo domina Europa, în viziunea lui Lucescu! Ce strategie ar trebui să aplice!|website=ProSport|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=405244.html|title=Bucharest back to 1980s best|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realitateadearad.net/index.php/2019/04/17/arad-batrana-doamna-uta-arad-implineste-joi-74-de-ani-lansare-de-carte-si-o-inedita-expozitie-care-este-povestea-campioanei-provinciei/|title=Arad: "Bătrâna Doamnă", UTA Arad, împlinește, joi, 74 de ani. Lansare de carte și o inedită expoziție. Care este povestea "Campioanei Provinciei"|first=Boitiu|last=Ciprian|date=17 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/istoria-unei-legende-stadionul-central-din-craiova-a-gazduit-multe-partide-memorabile_824557.html|title=Video Istoria unei legende|website=Stiriletvr.ro|date=10 November 2017 }}</ref> [[FC Petrolul Ploiești|Petrolul Ploiești]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcpetrolul.ro/fc-petrolul-uta-arad-duelul-celor-zece-titluri/|title=FC Petrolul – UTA Arad/Duelul celor zece titluri! – FC Petrolul Ploiești|website=fcpetrolul.ro|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> [[CFR Cluj]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20522181|title=Man Utd 0–1 CFR Cluj|date=5 December 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[FC Astra Giurgiu|Astra Giurgiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/95424/el-roma-and-astra-giurgiu-celebrate|title=EL: Roma and Astra Giurgiu celebrate &#124; Football Italia|website=www.football-italia.net|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and [[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/viitorul-confirmed-as-romanian-champions-after-row-over-rules_sto6251972/story.shtml|title=Viitorul confirmed as Romanian champions after row over rules|date=13 July 2017|website=Eurosport}}</ref> (the latter having recently merged with [[FCV Farul Constanța]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fuziunea-farul-viitorul-anuntata-oficial-gica-hagi-revine-pe-banca-ce-nume-va-avea-noua-echipa-1152789|title=Fuziunea Farul – Viitorul, anunțată oficial! Gică Hagi revine pe bancă. Ce nume va avea noua echipă|trans-title=The Farul – Viitorul merger, officially announced! Gica Hagi returns to the bench. What name will the new team have |publisher=digisport.ro|language=ro|date=21 June 2021|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
-===Traditions===
-[[File:Oua impistrite bucovina.jpg|thumb|[[Bukovina]] [[Easter egg|painted eggs]]]]
-Along with religious aspects, in Romania, the [[Easter]] symbolizes the rebirth and the renewal of daily life. It's usual like in the Easter morning, after the returning of villagers from churches, children go to neighbors' homes, to bring luck and wealth, in exchange for a red egg. Also, in the [[Christmas Eve]], young people carol the village homes, hosts giving in exchange nuts, sponge cakes, apples, pretzels and other delicacies. The [[Christmas|Star boys' singing procession]] is a very important part of Romanian Christmas festivity. In the week between [[Christmas]] and [[New Year]], in all villages, groups of lads prepare for "bid", complex system of customs and habits. On the evening, in the eve of respective year which arises promising, are expected to occur "Ursul", "Capra", "Bunghierii", "Căiuţii", "Malanca", "Jienii", "Mascaţii" and others.<ref>{{cite web|author=Improve It Grup S.R.L |url=http://www.traditii.ro/ |title=Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara |publisher=Traditii.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-[[File:Romanian Folk Group Transilvania Cluj Napoca.jpg|thumb|left|Folkloric dance group wearing [[Folklore of Romania|Romanian traditional costumes]], [[Cluj-Napoca]]]]
-The [[Romanian dress|Romanian folkloric costumes]] characterize own attributes of the [[Romanian people]] and contribute essentially at the definition of ethnic specificity. Closely related to human existence, the folkloric costume reflected over time, as reflected nowadays, mentality and artistic conception of the people. The folkloric costume has been developed with history, being a genuine expression of coherent [[tradition]]s throughout centuries. Distinct [[clothing]] ornamentation, traditional methods used for sewing and tailoring the pieces of clothing, and wide variety of costumes from one [[region]] to another customize the defining spirit of the Romanian people.<ref>http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_ro/48384/1328/CIVILIZATIA_TRADITIONALA.pdf</ref>
+Tennis is the second most popular sport.<ref name="Hotnews">{{Cite web|date=13 June 2014|title=Studiu IRES: Fotbalul, cel mai iubit sport in Romania; Simona Halep, locul patru in clasamentul celor mai mari sportivi romani ai tuturor timpurilor – Fotbal – HotNews.ro|url=https://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-17477396-studiu-ires-fotbalul-cel-mai-iubit-sport-romania-simona-halep-locul-patru-clasamentul-celor-mai-mari-sportivi-romani-tuturor-timpurilor.htm|website=sport.hotnews.ro}}</ref> Romania reached the [[Davis Cup]] finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/teams/team.aspx?id=ROU|title=Davis Cup – Teams|website=www.daviscup.com}}</ref> In singles, [[Ilie Năstase]] was the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|first year-end World Number 1]] in the [[ATP rankings]] in 1973, winning several [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles. Also [[Virginia Ruzici]] won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, [[Simona Halep]] won the French Open in 2018 and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as [[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|WTA's World Number 1]]. And in doubles [[Horia Tecău]] won three Grand Slams and the [[ATP Finals]] final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.<ref>{{Citation| url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/horia-tecau/t749/overview| title=Horia Tecau| work=atptour.com| access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
-Also, the [[folklore of Romania]] is defined by its [[mythology]], branch of [[literature|folk literature]] that integrates a variety of ancestral habits, [[Folk tale|tale]]s, [[fable]]s and [[ballad]]s, whose authors are anonymous. The rural character of the Romanian communities resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional [[culture]]. So, in Romanian mythology were conceived fabulous beings, unreal characters endowed with supernatural powers. These include ''Baba Cloanţa'', a misshapen and recondite [[witch]], ''[[Iele]]'', inconstant virgins endowed with unapproachable ability of seduction and superhuman features, ''[[Muma Pădurii]]'', a [[hag]] that lives in deep [[forest]], ''[[Strigoi]]'', troubled souls of the dead rising from the grave and ''[[Făt-Frumos]]'', a [[knight]] hero that fights with [[Balaur|griffons]], [[Zmeu|dragons]] and [[witch]]es to liberate his heart chosen, ''[[Ileana Cosânzeana]]''.<ref>http://andilandi.ro/marul-de-aur/personaje-mitologice-romanesti/</ref> The words "longing" and "mourning" have correspondent in another [[language]], but the nonfigurative character remains undecipherable and define specificity of the Romanian soul. ''[[Doina]]'', characteristic only Romanian literary folklore, represents the lyric creation that Romanian expresses the most varied and complex range of feelings, strongly rooted in his spiritual structure. In the Romanian folkloric tradition, "doina" was played mainly orally or accompanied by a single [[Musical instrument|instrument]], being the song of [[elegy]], played for self comforting and not intended for festive events because of its sober nature.
+The second most popular [[team sport]] is [[team handball|handball]].<ref name="Hotnews" /> The [[Romania men's national handball team|men's]] team won the [[World Men's Handball Championship|handball world championship]] in [[1961 World Men's Handball Championship|1961]], [[1964 World Men's Handball Championship|1964]], [[1970 World Men's Handball Championship|1970]], [[1974 World Men's Handball Championship|1974]] making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The [[Romania women's national handball team|women's]] team won the [[IHF World Women's Handball Championship|world championship]] in [[1962 World Women's Handball Championship|1962]] and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the [[EHF Champions League]] a total of three times, [[CSA Steaua București (handball)|Steaua București]] won in [[1967–68 European Cup (handball)|1968]] as well as [[1976–77 European Cup (handball)|1977]] and [[CS Dinamo București (men's handball)|Dinamo București]] won in [[1964–65 European Cup (handball)|1965]]. The most notable players include [[Ștefan Birtalan]], [[Vasile Stîngă]] (all-time top scorer in the national team) and [[Gheorghe Gruia]] who was named the best player ever in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handball World Mourns the Loss of Icon, Friend & Teacher|url=https://archive.ihf.info/en-us/mediacentre/news/newsdetails.aspx?ID=3000|access-date=9 July 2020|website=archive.ihf.info|language=en-US}}</ref> In present-day [[Cristina Neagu]] is the most notable player and has a record four [[IHF World Player of the Year]] awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neagu and Hansen named 2018 World Players of the Year &#124; IHF|url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828133048/https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|archive-date=28 August 2019|website=www.ihf.info}}</ref> In women's handball, powerhouse [[CSM București (women's handball)|CSM București]] lifted the [[Women's EHF Champions League|EHF Champions League]] trophy in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romaniajournal.ro/sports/womens-handball-csm-bucharest-wins-champions-league-trophy/|title=Women's handball: CSM Bucharest wins Champions League trophy!|date=8 May 2016 }}</ref>
-===Cuisine===
-{{Main|Romanian cuisine}}
-[[Image:Amandine cake.jpg|thumb|Amandine cakes]]
+Popular [[individual sport]]s include [[combat sport]]s,<ref name=Hotnews/> [[martial arts]],<ref name=Hotnews/> and swimming.<ref name=Hotnews/> In [[professional boxing]], Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include [[Lucian Bute]], [[Leonard Doroftei|Leonard Dorin Doroftei]], [[Adrian Diaconu]], and [[Mihai Leu|Michael Loewe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport.ro/box/jo-jo-dan-le-poate-calca-pe-urme-lui-leu-doroftei-bute-si-diaconu-saptamana-viitoare-sunt-crescut-in-rahova.html|title=Jo Jo Dan le poate calca pe urme lui Leu, Doroftei, Bute si Diaconu saptamana viitoare: "Sunt crescut in Rahova, asta spune tot"|website=Sport.ro}}</ref> Another popular combat sport is [[kickboxing|professional kickboxing]], which has produced prominent practitioners including [[Daniel Ghiță]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/5/20/5734956/kickboxings-top-heavyweights-ghita-and-verhoeven-go-to-war-on-twitter|title=Ghita vs. Verhoeven: Kickboxing's top heavyweights go to war on Twitter|publisher=[[SB Nation|Bloodyelbow.com]]|date=20 May 2014|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033810/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/5/20/5734956/kickboxings-top-heavyweights-ghita-and-verhoeven-go-to-war-on-twitter|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Benjamin Adegbuyi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|title=Adegbuyi: 'I'll show Wilnis why I'm ranked #1 at Heavyweight'|website=Fight Site|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706075540/http://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Romanian cuisine is a diverse blend of different dishes from several traditions with which it has come into contact, but it also maintains its own character. It has been greatly influenced by [[Ottoman cuisine]] but also includes influences from the cuisines of other neighbours, such as the [[Greek cuisine|Greeks]] (''[[Moussaka|musaca]]''), [[Bulgarian cuisine|Bulgarians]] (''[[zacuscă]]''), [[Turkish cuisine|Turks]] (''[[pilaf]]''), and [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarians]] (''[[Lángos|langoşi]]''). Quite different types of dishes are sometimes included under a generic term; for example, the category ''[[ciorbă]]'' includes a wide range of soups with a characteristic sour taste. These may be meat and vegetable soups, tripe and calf foot soups, or fish soups, all of which are soured by lemon juice, sauerkraut juice, vinegar, or traditionally ''[[Bran|borş]]'' (fermented wheat bran). Popular main courses include [[mititei]], [[frigărui]] and the [[Schnitzel|şniţel]]. One of the most common dishes is [[mămăliga]], a cornmeal mush served on its own or as an accompaniment. Pork and chicken are the preferred meats, but beef, lamb and fish are also popular.
+Romania's 306 [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|all-time Summer Olympics medals]] would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the [[1984 Summer Olympics medal table|medal rankings]]. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=28796&L=1|title=Romanian Results and Medals in the Olympic Games|website=www.olympiandatabase.com}}</ref>
-[[Sarma (food)|Sarmale]] are prepared from minced meat (pork, beef, mutton, poultry or fish meat, especially in the Danube Delta), mixed with rice and other aliments (pap, couscous etc.) and wrapped in [[cabbage]] (fresh or sour) or [[vine]] leaves in the form of rolls. Usually, they are served with polenta and smetana, but can be served with a spoonful of fresh butter.
+[[Artistic gymnastics|Gymnastics]] is the country's major medal-producing sport,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romaniangymnastics.ro/tokyo-2020.html|title=Tokyo 2020 >> Romaniangymnastics.ro|website=www.romaniangymnastics.ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> with Olympic and sport icon [[Nadia Comăneci]] becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/07/20/10-gymnast-nadia-comaneci-olympics-montreal/87357146/|title=40 years after perfect 10, gymnast Nadia Comaneci remains an Olympic icon|first=Nancy|last=Armour|website=USA Today}}</ref> Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers [[Elisabeta Lipa]] (1984–2004) and [[Georgeta Damian]] (2000–2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/countries/romania.htm|title=Romania at the Olympic Games|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/news/analysis-what-to-expect-from-romania-at-rio-2016-olympic-games-113774|title=Analysis. What to expect from Romania at Rio 2016 Olympic Games|date=26 July 2016|website=Business Review|language=ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
-The list of desserts includes names like amandine, [[Crêpe|clătite]], [[Coffee cake|chec]], [[cozonac]], [[Pączki|gogoşi]], [[Cream of Wheat|griş cu lapte]], [[Floating island (dessert)|lapte de pasăre]] etc. In the north-western Romania, are prepared so-called ''ciureghe'', ''gomboţi cu prune'', ''[[pączki|pancove]]'', ''[[pie|plăcinte creţe]]'', while in the north-eastern Romania, the traditional desserts are ''[[coffee cake|chec cu vişine]]'', ''[[tart|tartă cu mere]]'', ''[[cake|alivenci moldoveneşti]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |title=Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc.|publisher=Bucataras.ro |date=2008-12-15 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-[[File:Palinca de prune.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Pálinka|Palincă de prune]]'', a traditional [[brandy|fruit brandy]]]]
-''[[Ţuică]]'' is a strong plum brandy that is widely regarded as the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, along with [[Romanian wine|wine]]. Romania is the world's second largest [[plum]] producer (after the [[United States]])<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Romania second to USA in world plum production], 2007 plum production data on FAOSTAT</ref> and as much as 75% of Romania's plum production is processed into the famous ''[[ţuică]]'', a plum brandy obtained through one or more [[distillation]] steps reaching (but not limited to) an 70% alcohool concentration depending on the number of steps of distillation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |title=Ţuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003 |publisher=Regard-est.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> Alcoholic beverages are also obtained from other fruits (see ''[[rachiu]]'', ''[[palincă]]'' and ''[[vişinată]]'').<ref name=educations>{{cite web|url=http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |title=Study in Romania |publisher=Educations.com |date=2008-02-05 |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref> Wine, however, is the preferred drink, and [[Romanian wines]] have a tradition of over three millennia.<ref name=educations/> Romania is currently the world's 9th largest wine producer, and recently{{when|date=July 2011}} the export market has started to grow.<ref name=educations/> Romania produces a wide selection of domestic varieties ([[Fetească]], [[Grasă de Cotnari|Grasă]], [[Tămâioasă Românească|Tamâioasă]], [[Băbească Neagră|Băbească]]), as well as varieties from across the world ([[Welschriesling|Italian Riesling]], [[Merlot]], [[Sauvignon blanc]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Muscat Ottonel]]). [[Beer]] is also highly regarded, generally [[Pilsener|blonde pilsener beer]], the traditional methods of preparation being generally influenced by [[beer in Germany|German wheat beers]]. There are some Romanian breweries with a long tradition, such as [[Timişoreana]], [[Ursus Breweries|Ursus]] and [[Azuga]]. Since the 19th century, beer has become increasingly popular, and today Romanians are amongst the heaviest [[Beer in Romania|beer]] drinkers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Diana Tudor |url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-english/romania-enters-global-top-10-for-beer-consumption-3053140/ |title=Romania enters global top 10 for beer consumption &#124; Ziarul Financiar |publisher=Zf.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-03-14}}</ref>
+==See also==
-Certain recipes are made in direct connection with the [[season]] or the [[holiday]]s. At [[Christmas]], each family usually sacrifice a [[pig]] and prepare a large variety of dishes of its [[meat]] and organs (''[[sausage|cârnaţi]]'', ''caltaboşi'', ''[[kofta|chiftele]]'', ''[[drum|tobă]]'', ''[[schnitzel|şniţele]]''). At [[Easter]], is customary to sacrifice a [[Sheep|lamb]], preparing of its meat ''drob de miel'' and ''[[steak|roast lamb with thyme]]'', as [[dessert]] being served ''[[matzo|pască cu brânză]]'' and ''[[cozonac|cozonac cu nucă]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |title=Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole |publisher=Gastronomie.ele.ro |date= |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>
-{{clear}}
+{{Portal |Romania}}
+* [[Outline of Romania]]
+*''[[100 Greatest Romanians]]''
-==See also==
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
-{{satop|Geography|Eurasia|Europe|Eastern Europe|European Union|NATO|Romania}}
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 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
-;Notes
-{{reflist|2|group=note}}
+==Sources==
-;References
-{{reflist|2}}
-==External links==
+===Secondary sources===
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
-{{Sister project links}}
+* {{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
-{{osmrelation|90689}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
+* {{cite book |last=Georgescu |first=Vlad |author-link=Vlad Georgescu |year=1991 |title=The Romanians: A History |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8142-0511-2}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Gyóni |first1=Mátyás |editor1-last=Elekes |editor1-first=Lajos |title=A legrégibb vélemény a román nép eredetéről |journal=Századok |date=1944 |volume=78 |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13695/1/Szazadok_1944.pdf |trans-title=The oldeest opinion of the origin of the Romanian people |location=[[Budapest]] |language=hu}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |year=2010 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-973560-0}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Hitchins |year=2014 |title=A Concise History of Romania |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-69413-1}} [https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Romania-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521694132/ excerpt]
+* Hitchins, Keith. ''Rumania 1866-1947'' (1994) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) [https://www.amazon.com/Rumania-1866-1947-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221266/ excerpt]
+* {{cite book |last=Köpeczi |first=Béla |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=663–692 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher=Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=978-963-9465-12-1}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005a |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous'' Gesta Hungarorum'': Truth and Fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn=978-973-7784-01-8}}
+* {{cite book |last=Opreanu |first=Coriolan Horațiu |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=59–132 |chapter=The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th&nbsp;Centuries&nbsp;AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+* {{cite book|last=Pohl |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Pohl |editor1-last=Geary |editor1-first=Patrick J. |editor2-last=Klaniczay |editor2-first=Gábor |title=Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2013 |pages=13–50 |chapter=''National origin narratives in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy'' |isbn=978-90-04-24487-0}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=1999 |title=Romanians and Romania: A Brief History |publisher=Boulder |isbn=978-0-88033-440-2}}
+* {{cite book |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |year=2013 |title= Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991470-8}}
+* {{cite book |last=Rustoiu |first=Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=31–58 |chapter=Dacia before the Romans |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+* {{cite book |last=Sălăgean |first=Tudor |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=133–207 |chapter=Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th&nbsp;Centuries&nbsp;AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Schramm |first=Gottfried |year=1997 |title=Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter ''[=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words]'' |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag |isbn=978-3-486-56262-0 |language=de}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}
+* Stavrianos, L.S. '' The Balkans Since 1453'' (1958), major scholarly history; [https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst online free to borrow]
+* {{cite book |last1=Trócsányi |first1=Zsolt |last2=Miskolczy |first2=Ambrus |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=413–523 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Vékony |first=Gábor |year=2000 |title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians |publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing |isbn=978-1-882785-13-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko}}
+{{Refend}}
+===Primary sources===
-; Government
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
-* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-r/romania.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
+* ''[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryh00herogoog/page/n236 <!-- pg=215 --> The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
-* [http://www.gov.ro/main/index/l/2/ Romanian Government]
+* ''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.
-* [http://www.presidency.ro/ Romanian Presidency]
+{{Refend}}
-* [http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html Romanian Parliament]
-* [http://www.ccr.ro/default.aspx?lang=EN The Constitutional Court Of Romania]
+==External links==
-; General information
+{{Sister project links|collapsible=collapsed|Romania|voy=Romania}}
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
-* {{CIA World Factbook link|ro|Romania}}
-* [http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ro/ Romania] information from the [[United States Department of State]]
+* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania Romania Article and Country Profile] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
-* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/romania/ro.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]
+* [http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania Romania Profile] from [[Balkan Insight]].
+* [https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data] from [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]]
-* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/romania.htm Romania] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
+* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ Romania]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
+<!-- This list has grown out of proportion and needs to be examined to comply with [[WP:policies and guidelines| ]]. Rated as a B-class article it needs to also adhere to the standards or be reassessed. See talk.
+* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ro/ Romania] information from the [[United States Department of State]].
+* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/romania/ro.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]].
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132810/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/romania.htm Romania] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
 * {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Romania}}
 * {{wikiatlas|Romania}}
+* {{osmrelation-inline|90689}}
+* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RO Key Development Forecasts for Romania] from [[International Futures]].
+* [http://www.dreptonline.ro/resurse/resource.php Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English] -->
+;Government
-; Economy and law links
-* [http://www.dreptonline.ro/resurse/resource.php Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English]
+* [http://www.presidency.ro/ Romanian Presidency]
+* [http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html Romanian Parliament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228063121/http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html |date=28 December 2006 }}
-; Culture and history links
+;Culture and history links
-*[http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/04/romania.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki The Beginning of the Final Solution: Murder of the Jews of Romania] on the [[Yad Vashem]] website
 * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&language=en&page=Treasures&country=Romania Treasures of the national library of Romania]
 * [http://historo.wordpress.com/ Historic Houses of Romania]
+{{Romania topics}}
-; Travel
+{{Navboxes
-* {{Wikitravel}}
+|title=Related topics
-* [http://www.inromania.org/ Romanian Tourism Website – Attractions and Travel Info]
+|list1=
-* [http://www.romaniatourism.com/ Official Romanian Tourism Website]
+{{Sovereign states of Europe}}
-* [http://www.romaniaphotos.ro// Photos from Romania]
+{{Member states of the European Union}}
+{{European Economic Area (EEA)}}}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Geographic Location
-| Centre = {{flag|Romania}}
+{{Coord|46|N|25|E|type:country|display=title}}
-| North = {{flag|Ukraine}}
-| Northeast = {{flag|Moldova}}
-| East = [[Black Sea]]
-| Southeast = [[Black Sea]]
-| South = {{flag|Bulgaria}}
-| Southwest = {{flag|Serbia}}
-| West = {{flag|Serbia}} and {{flag|Hungary}}
-| Northwest = {{flag|Hungary}}
-}}
 [[Category:Romania| ]]
-[[Category:Black Sea countries]]
+[[Category:1859 establishments in Europe]]
-[[Category:European countries]]
+[[Category:Balkan countries]]
-[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]
+[[Category:Countries in Europe]]
-[[Category:Liberal democracies]]
+[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
 [[Category:Member states of NATO]]
 [[Category:Member states of the European Union]]
 [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]]
+[[Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative]]
 [[Category:Republics]]
-[[Category:Romanian-speaking countries and territories]]
+[[Category:Countries and territories where Romanian is an official language]]
-[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]]
+[[Category:States and territories established in 1859]]
-[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
-{{Link FA|hr}}
-{{Link FA|id}}
-{{Link FA|ro}}
-{{Link FA|vo}}
-{{Link GA|ar}}
-[[ace:Rumania]]
-[[kbd:Румыниэ]]
-[[af:Roemenië]]
-[[als:Rumänien]]
-[[am:ሮማንያ]]
-[[ang:Rumǣnia]]
-[[ar:رومانيا]]
-[[an:Rumanía]]
-[[arc:ܪܘܡܢܝܐ]]
-[[roa-rup:Romãnia]]
-[[frp:Roumanie]]
-[[ast:Rumanía]]
-[[gn:Rrumaña]]
-[[ay:Rumanya]]
-[[az:Rumıniya]]
-[[bn:রোমানিয়া]]
-[[zh-min-nan:România]]
-[[ba:Румыния]]
-[[be:Румынія]]
-[[be-x-old:Румынія]]
-[[bcl:Romanya]]
-[[bi:Romania]]
-[[bg:Румъния]]
-[[bar:Rumänien]]
-[[bo:རོ་མ་ནི་ཡ།]]
-[[bs:Rumunija]]
-[[br:Roumania]]
-[[ca:Romania]]
-[[cv:Румыни]]
-[[ceb:Romania]]
-[[cs:Rumunsko]]
-[[co:Romania]]
-[[cy:Rwmania]]
-[[da:Rumænien]]
-[[pdc:Rumeenie]]
-[[de:Rumänien]]
-[[dv:ރުމޭނިއާ]]
-[[nv:Wooméiniya]]
-[[dsb:Rumuńska]]
-[[et:Rumeenia]]
-[[el:Ρουμανία]]
-[[eml:Rumanî]]
-[[es:Rumania]]
-[[eo:Rumanio]]
-[[ext:Rumania]]
-[[eu:Errumania]]
-[[ee:Romania]]
-[[fa:رومانی]]
-[[hif:Romania]]
-[[fo:Rumenia]]
-[[fr:Roumanie]]
-[[fy:Roemeenje]]
-[[fur:Romanie]]
-[[ga:An Rómáin]]
-[[gv:Yn Romaan]]
-[[gag:Romıniya]]
-[[gd:Ròmainia]]
-[[gl:Romanía - România]]
-[[gu:રોમાનિયા]]
-[[hak:Lò-mâ-nì-â]]
-[[xal:Румудин Орн]]
-[[ko:루마니아]]
-[[haw:Romānia]]
-[[hy:Ռումինիա]]
-[[hi:रोमानिया]]
-[[hsb:Rumunska]]
-[[hr:Rumunjska]]
-[[io:Rumania]]
-[[ilo:Romania]]
-[[bpy:রোমানিয়া]]
-[[id:Rumania]]
-[[ia:Romania]]
-[[ie:Rumania]]
-[[os:Румыни]]
-[[is:Rúmenía]]
-[[it:Romania]]
-[[he:רומניה]]
-[[jv:Rumania]]
-[[kl:Rumænia]]
-[[kn:ರೊಮಾನಿಯ]]
-[[pam:Romania]]
-[[krc:Румыния]]
-[[ka:რუმინეთი]]
-[[csb:Rumùńskô]]
-[[kk:Румыния]]
-[[kw:Roumani]]
-[[rw:Romaniya]]
-[[sw:Romania]]
-[[kv:Румыния]]
-[[kg:Romania]]
-[[ht:Woumani]]
-[[ku:Romanya]]
-[[ky:Румыния]]
-[[lad:Rumania]]
-[[ltg:Rumuneja]]
-[[la:Romania]]
-[[lv:Rumānija]]
-[[lb:Rumänien]]
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-[[ln:Rumania]]
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-[[ml:റൊമാനിയ]]
-[[mt:Rumanija]]
-[[mi:Romeinia]]
-[[mr:रोमेनिया]]
-[[xmf:რუმინეთი]]
-[[arz:رومانيا]]
-[[ms:Romania]]
-[[mn:Румын]]
-[[my:ရိုမေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ]]
-[[nah:Rumania]]
-[[na:Romania]]
-[[nl:Roemenië]]
-[[nds-nl:Roemenië]]
-[[ne:रोमानिया]]
-[[new:रोमानिया]]
-[[ja:ルーマニア]]
-[[nap:Rumania]]
-[[ce:Румыни]]
-[[frr:Rumänien]]
-[[pih:Romainya]]
-[[no:Romania]]
-[[nn:Romania]]
-[[nrm:Roumanie]]
-[[nov:Rumania]]
-[[oc:Romania]]
-[[mhr:Румыний]]
-[[uz:Ruminiya]]
-[[pnb:رومانیہ]]
-[[ps:رومانیا]]
-[[koi:Ромыния]]
-[[pms:Romanìa]]
-[[tpi:Romenia]]
-[[nds:Rumänien]]
-[[pl:Rumunia]]
-[[pnt:Ρουμανία]]
-[[pt:Roménia]]
-[[kaa:Rumıniya]]
-[[crh:Romaniya]]
-[[ro:România]]
-[[rmy:Rumuniya]]
-[[rm:Rumenia]]
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-[[ru:Румыния]]
-[[sah:Румыния]]
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-[[sco:Romanie]]
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-[[sq:Rumania]]
-[[scn:Rumanìa]]
-[[si:රුමේනියාව]]
-[[simple:Romania]]
-[[ss:IRomaniya]]
-[[sk:Rumunsko]]
-[[sl:Romunija]]
-[[cu:Роумꙑнїꙗ]]
-[[szl:Růmůńijo]]
-[[so:Romania]]
-[[ckb:ڕۆمانیا]]
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-[[sh:Rumunija]]
-[[su:Romania]]
-[[fi:Romania]]
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-[[ta:உருமேனியா]]
-[[tt:Румыния]]
-[[te:రొమేనియా]]
-[[tet:Roménia]]
-[[th:ประเทศโรมาเนีย]]
-[[tg:Руминия]]
-[[chr:ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]]
-[[tr:Romanya]]
-[[tk:Rumyniýa]]
-[[udm:Румыния]]
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-[[ug:Ruminiye]]
-[[vec:Romanìa]]
-[[vi:Romania]]
-[[vo:Rumän]]
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-[[vls:Roemenië]]
-[[war:Rumania]]
-[[wo:Romaani]]
-[[wuu:罗马尼亚]]
-[[yi:רומעניע]]
-[[yo:Románíà]]
-[[zh-yue:羅馬尼亞]]
-[[diq:Romanya]]
-[[bat-smg:Romunėjė]]
-[[zh:羅馬尼亞]]

Romania România (Romanian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!")
Show globe Show map of Europe Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Bucharest 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100
Official languages	Romanian^[1]
Recognised minority languages^[2]	See here Albanian Armenian Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Greek Italian Macedonian Hungarian Polish Portuguese Romani Russian Ruthenian Serbian Slovak Tatar Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2021)^[3]	89.3% Romanians 6.0% Hungarians 3.4% Romani 1.2% others
Religion (2021)^[4]^[5]	84.79% Christianity 73.6% Eastern Orthodoxy 6.44% Protestantism 4.49% Catholicism 0.24% other Christian 0.8% no religion 0.44% other 9.01% unanswered 4.94% missing data
Demonym(s)	Romanian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic

• President	Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister	Marcel Ciolacu
• President of the Senate	Nicolae Ciucă
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Alfred Simonis

Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Establishment history

• Principality of Wallachia	1330
• Principality of Moldavia	1346
• Little Union	24 January 1859
• De jure Independence from the Ottoman Empire	9 May 1877/1878
• Great Union	1 December 1918/1921
• Military dictatorship	1941
• Communist Romania	30 December 1947
• Joined the United Nations	14 December 1955
• Current state form	27 December 1989^[6]^[7]^[8]
• Constitution adopted	8 December 1991
• Joined NATO	29 March 2004
• Joined the European Union	1 January 2007

Area
• Total	238,398 km² (92,046 sq mi)^[9] (81st)
• Water (%)	3
Population
• January 2023 estimate	19,051,562^[10] (63rd)
• 2021 census	19,053,815^[11] (67th)
• Density	79.9/km² (206.9/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$817.986 billion^[12] (35th)
• Per capita	$43,179^[12] (48th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$369.971 billion^[12] (41st)
• Per capita	$19,530^[12] (56th)
Gini (2023)	31.0^[13] medium
HDI (2022)	0.827^[14] very high (53rd)
Currency	Romanian leu (RON)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines
ISO 3166 code	RO
Internet TLD	.ro^a
Website https://www.gov.ro/
Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Revision as of 11:20, 20 June 2024