Rais belong to the Kirant Tribe

confederation. Since ancient times, Rais are living in the districts of Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Khotang, Makawanpur, Dharan, Jhapa, Dhankuta, Morang, Bhojpur and Udaypur. Rais speak many dialects of the Tibeto-Burman family. They have their own unique religion. Their principal scripture is Mundhum. Sikatakhu Budo, Walmo Budi, Jalpa Devi and others are their local deities. Rich in culture, the Sakela (Chandi) Dance and the sharing of newly harvested foods in Nwagi are their principal festivals. In ancient time, Rais buried their dead on the ground, but nowadays Rais cremate their dead, too. Pork and homemade win "Rakshi" are used for auspicious and holy occasions. They consider Sumnima and Parohang as their primordial parents. There are many Rai clans. Their houses are scattered. Short in stature, round in face and stout in build, Rais are expert in farming and textile weaving. Following the unification of the Kingdom of Nepal Rais were given rights of kipat autonomy and ownership of land in the Majh (middle) Kirant. The Rai language, though it has no script, is rich in texture. Their population, according to Census 2001, is 635,151.

Rais are indigenous to the Majh or Middle Kirat of eastern Nepal. The Rai are also known in their own villages as Jimi Kirati. The Rais were also known in the past as Khambu. In fact, the Rais are a community made up of different and varied linguistic subgroups. Thus, Mcdougal says that Rai is not a tribe but a collectivity of various linguistic, cultural and social subgroupings (1989:12).

Anthropologist Allen (1998), however, thinks that Rais are a subgroup of the Kirat tribe and are linguistically divided into various subgroups. The traditional land of Rai is Shyarkhumbu or Solukhumbu. But those who say that the rulers of Kathmandu Valley in prehistoric times, who have come to be known as Kirat, were Rai regard all the territory east of Kathmandu as the land of the Rais. The Rais have come to live in historical times in the Majh or Middle Kirat to the east of the Likhu River and the west of the Arun River. At present, their main settlements are in the districts of Bhojhpur, Okhaldhunga, Udayapur, Khotang, Solukhumbu, Sakhuwasabha, Ilam and Dhankuta. The Rais are also found in some other districts of the country and also in India and foreign countries. The population of Rais, according to the census of 2001, is 635,151.

The Rais have their own language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family. The Rai language is in essence a collective name for all the languages spoken in Majh or Middle Kirat. These languages are known as the Kirati language. In the Kirati language group, apart from Limbu and Yakkha languages, 35 other languages/dialects have been identified (Gurung, BS2057).

The culture of Rais is based on the tradition of their own Kirat religion. The child is named four days after birth, following which the Rai priest (Bijuwa or Ngopa) lifts the head of the mother and child after performing special ceremonies and gives a name to the child Toba, 1992:19). During the initiation ceremony, the rope used for tethering cows is used. Love marriage with agreement between both partners is common. Whatever the type of marriage, however, those from the boy's side have to go with alcohol and gifts (sagun) to the girl's house and ask for their consent and offer apologies. The Rais do not marry their maternal uncle's and aunt's daughters, though there is a practice of marrying one's windowed elder sister-in-law. The dead are buried, although some also cremate the dead or leave the body in a river to flow with the current. These customs vary among the different subgroups of Rais. After abstaining from eating three meals and from eating salt and oil for five meals, the period of pollution is over. The Rais have much faith and trust in stones and grass, and when undertaking a vow for any reason, they take stone and grass in their hands. Although Rai are divided into many subgroups,they do not practise any discrimination on the basis of these groups and there are no rules of commonality while dining. Women are not discriminated against in Rai society.

The Rais follow the customs and traditions made by their elders and leaders. Their social strictures and rituals are open and liberal. People from other ethnic groups have assimilated into the subgroup(Sharma, BS2052:110). The thar or subgroup and further smaller groupings (Pacha) within the subgroup number more than four dozens among Rais. Each pacha or grouping has its own beliefs and customs, and some do not partake of goat meat while others do. The Rais extensively use alcohol not only in religious activities but also in social activities. The Rais have the tradition of Parma or reciprocal labour system.

The religion of Rai is Kirat religion. They worship Sumnima and Paruhang as the archetypal proto-female and proto-male respectively. The worship of ancestors is significant and occurs to a great extent among the Rais. As a form of land worship, Rais perform the Sakela Puja(Chandi Puja) in the months of Baisakh and Mangsir. The oven of Rais has three Chamka (stove), which symbolizes three gods. Ginger, home-brewed beer of millet, a pot (Chinda) for keeping beer and banana leaves are very important among the Rais. The religious text of Rai is

Muddhum (Mundhum), which is in oral form. Rai are mainly farmers; therefore, their main occupation is farming. Hunting is their profession from time past, and they like to use bow and arrows. In the past they used to weave their own clothes (Khandi) to wear. Nowadays, the Rais are also employed in foreign military service as a Gurkha soldier and in foreign employment.

Why Kirant do not have written script? There were some historical four possibilities:

(1) In ancient time, Kirant tribe’s socio-culture is very wild like Nagas and pre-historic. Kirant languages is a very old and ancient. It might be possible that paper and pencil did not invent or might not be exposed to kirant. Therefore, only kirant use kirant language verbally, but not in written text scripts. However, very few kirant written script have been found in Nepal.

(2) Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended the throne of Gorkha on 3rd April 1743 A.D. Then after, he prohibited Kiranti to practices their religion and scripts during his Nepal unification period. Prithvi Narayan Shah forced to practices Hindu religion, Hindu festivals and Khas(Nepali) language. Historical evidence showed that most of the official documentation work done by Hindu Khas people in Khas languages (Nepali) in Kirant kingdom.

(3) In ancient and medieval time, ruler clan used to destroyed religion, architectures, arts and languages of opposition clans. This act might be possible of destruction of Kirant scripts. (Especially destruction and changes occurred during Lichhavi period.)

(4) Khas or Nepali Aryan people migrated Nepal as an (First) Asylum people, (second) became priest, (third) became official advisor or royal officers in kirant kingdoms (fourth) they raise sword and betrayed against kirant kingdoms. This is the result of Kirant kingdoms collapsed and fall easily. When Kirant kingdoms collapsed, kiranti lost most of their language, religion practices, too.