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==Biography==
==Biography==
===World War I===
===World War I===
He was born in [[Bucharest]]. From 1913 to 1915 he studied at the Cavalry Officer School in [[Târgoviște]], graduating with the rank of second lieutenant. He fought in [[World War I]] with the 4th Regiment [[Roșiori (military unit)|Roșiori]] "Regina Maria", and in 1917 was promoted to lieutenant. He stood out during the [[Third Battle of Oituz]]; for his valor, he was decorated with the [[Order of Michael the Brave]], 3rd class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gorjeanul.ro/pe-urmele-vitejilor-gorjului-cavaleri-ai-ordinului-mihai-viteazuli/|title=Pe urmele vitejiilor Gorjului–Cavaleri ai Ordinului "Mihai Viteazu" (I)|newspaper=Gorjeanul|first=Constantin|last=Ispas|date=5 February 2014|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> In the spring of 1919 he served with the 4th Regiment in the [[Hungarian–Romanian War]], first in command of the 2nd Squadron and then of the machine-gun group. In October 1919 he was promoted to captain.<ref name="WW2">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwar2.ro/generali/?article=102|first=Victor|last=Nitu|title=Brig. general Radu Korne|website=www.worldwar2.ro|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>
He was born in [[Bucharest]]. From 1913 to 1915 he studied at the Cavalry Officer School in [[Târgoviște]], graduating with the rank of second lieutenant. He fought in [[World War I]] with the 4th Regiment [[Roșiori (military unit)|Roșiori]] "Regina Maria", and in 1917 was promoted to lieutenant. He stood out during the [[Third Battle of Oituz]]; for his valor, he was decorated with the [[Order of Michael the Brave]], 3rd class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gorjeanul.ro/pe-urmele-vitejilor-gorjului-cavaleri-ai-ordinului-mihai-viteazuli/|title=Pe urmele vitejiilor Gorjului–Cavaleri ai Ordinului "Mihai Viteazu" (I)|newspaper=Gorjeanul|first=Constantin|last=Ispas|date=5 February 2014|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> In the spring of 1919 he served with the 4th Regiment in the [[Hungarian–Romanian War]], first in command of the 2nd Squadron and then of the machine-gun group. In October 1919 he was promoted to captain.<ref name="WW2">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwar2.ro/generali/?article=102|first=Victor|last=Nitu|title=Brig. general Radu Korne|website=www.worldwar2.ro|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>{{sps}}


===The interwar period===
===The interwar period===
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On 22 November, Korne's Detachment was attacked in the Krasnay-Geroy area, suffering heavy losses. On 26 November, the Korne and "[[Helmuth von Pannwitz|Pannwitz]]" Detachments managed to push back the Soviet troops which had infiltrated between the Romanian formations. The next day, the Soviets broke through the lines of defense, and the general retreat started.
On 22 November, Korne's Detachment was attacked in the Krasnay-Geroy area, suffering heavy losses. On 26 November, the Korne and "[[Helmuth von Pannwitz|Pannwitz]]" Detachments managed to push back the Soviet troops which had infiltrated between the Romanian formations. The next day, the Soviets broke through the lines of defense, and the general retreat started.


In January 1943, Korne was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier general]].<ref name="generals">{{cite web| url=http://www.generals.dk/general/Korné/Radu/Romania.html|title=Korné, Radu|website=generals.dk|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> At the time, he was considered to be the foremost expert in Romania on mechanized operations.<ref name="Bennighof"/> In April–May 1944, during the [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] launched by the [[Red Army]], he commanded the 1st Armoured Division "România Mare" at the [[First Battle of Târgu Frumos|first]] and [[Second Battle of Târgu Frumos|second battle]]s of [[Târgu Frumos]] and at the [[Battle of Podu Iloaiei]].<ref name="Glantz">{{cite book| last = Glantz | first = David M. | author-link = David Glantz | year = 2007| title = Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania| publisher = [[University Press of Kansas]]| location = [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]]| isbn = 978-0-7006-1465-3| oclc = 70149277| page=61}}</ref><ref name="Bennighof">{{citation| url=http://www.avalanchepress.com/RomaniaMare.php|title=Broken Axis: Romania Mare|first=Mike|last=Bennighof|author-link=Michael Bennighof|publisher=[[Avalanche Press]]|date=May 2018|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> In July his division was put in the reserve of Army Group [[Otto Wöhler|Wöhler]], comprising the 4th Romanian Army (under the command of lieutenant general [[Ioan Mihail Racoviță]]) and the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th German Army]]. At the start of the Soviet [[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] on 20 August, Korne's 1st Division entered in combat south of the [[Bahlui|Bahlui River]].<ref name="WW2"/> A 90-minute Soviet artillery barrage destroyed the Romanian forward lines, and hundreds of tanks of the [[6th Guards Tank Army]] poured through the breach.<ref name="Bennighof"/> While many Romanian units disintegrated under this attack, with thousands surrendering without a fight, Korne's division confronted head on the onslaught of the Red Army.<ref name="Trigg">{{cite book | last=Trigg | first=Jonathan | title=Death on the Don: the destruction of Germany's allies on the Eastern Front, 1941–44 | publisher=[[The History Press|Spellmount]] | publication-place=Stroud, Gloucestershire | year=2013 | isbn=0-7524-9010-9 | oclc=857109471 }}</ref> His division staged a counterattack against the Soviet tanks that had broken through; during the battle, the division lost 34 tanks and self-propelled guns, and destroyed 60 Soviet tanks. By 23 August his forces had established a defensive position north of [[Roman, Romania|Roman]], between the [[Siret (river)|Siret]] and the [[Moldova (river)|Moldova]] rivers.<ref name="WW2"/> Later that day, a [[King Michael's Coup|coup d'état led by King Michael I]] deposed [[Mareșal (Romania)|Marshal]] [[Ion Antonescu]] and withdrew Romania from the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. Korne stayed in command of the 1st Division for another month. At the request of the Soviet commission for the implementation of the Armistice,<ref name="A1"/> he was arrested on 21 October 1944,<ref name="generals"/> in his words, "like a common burglar". After being held at the military headquarters in Bucharest, he was released in February 1945 and put under house arrest;<ref name="A1"/> he retired from the army the next month.<ref name="generals"/>
In January 1943, Korne was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier general]].<ref name="generals">{{cite web| url=http://www.generals.dk/general/Korné/Radu/Romania.html|title=Korné, Radu|website=generals.dk|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>{{sps}} At the time, he was considered to be the foremost expert in Romania on mechanized operations.<ref name="Bennighof"/>{{vc}} In April–May 1944, during the [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] launched by the [[Red Army]], he commanded the 1st Armoured Division "România Mare" at the [[First Battle of Târgu Frumos|first]] and [[Second Battle of Târgu Frumos|second battle]]s of [[Târgu Frumos]] and at the [[Battle of Podu Iloaiei]].<ref name="Glantz">{{cite book| last = Glantz | first = David M. | author-link = David Glantz | year = 2007| title = Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania| publisher = [[University Press of Kansas]]| location = [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]]| isbn = 978-0-7006-1465-3| oclc = 70149277| page=61}}</ref>{{fv}}<ref name="Bennighof">{{citation| url=http://www.avalanchepress.com/RomaniaMare.php|title=Broken Axis: Romania Mare|first=Mike|last=Bennighof|author-link=Michael Bennighof|publisher=[[Avalanche Press]]|date=May 2018|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>{{vc}} In July his division was put in the reserve of Army Group [[Otto Wöhler|Wöhler]], comprising the 4th Romanian Army (under the command of lieutenant general [[Ioan Mihail Racoviță]]) and the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th German Army]]. At the start of the Soviet [[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] on 20 August, Korne's 1st Division entered in combat south of the [[Bahlui|Bahlui River]].<ref name="WW2"/>{{sps}} A 90-minute Soviet artillery barrage destroyed the Romanian forward lines, and hundreds of tanks of the [[6th Guards Tank Army]] poured through the breach.<ref name="Bennighof"/>{{vc}} While many Romanian units disintegrated under this attack, with thousands surrendering without a fight, Korne's division confronted head on the onslaught of the Red Army.<ref name="Trigg">{{cite book | last=Trigg | first=Jonathan | title=Death on the Don: the destruction of Germany's allies on the Eastern Front, 1941–44 | publisher=[[The History Press|Spellmount]] | publication-place=Stroud, Gloucestershire | year=2013 | isbn=0-7524-9010-9 | oclc=857109471 }}</ref> His division staged a counterattack against the Soviet tanks that had broken through; during the battle, the division lost 34 tanks and self-propelled guns, and destroyed 60 Soviet tanks. By 23 August his forces had established a defensive position north of [[Roman, Romania|Roman]], between the [[Siret (river)|Siret]] and the [[Moldova (river)|Moldova]] rivers.<ref name="WW2"/>{{sps}} Later that day, a [[King Michael's Coup|coup d'état led by King Michael I]] deposed [[Mareșal (Romania)|Marshal]] [[Ion Antonescu]] and withdrew Romania from the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. Korne stayed in command of the 1st Division for another month. At the request of the Soviet commission for the implementation of the Armistice,<ref name="A1"/> he was arrested on 21 October 1944,<ref name="generals"/>{{sps}} in his words, "like a common burglar". After being held at the military headquarters in Bucharest, he was released in February 1945 and put under house arrest;<ref name="A1"/> he retired from the army the next month.<ref name="generals"/>{{sps}}


===After the war===
===After the war===
Korne was investigated by the [[Romanian People's Tribunals|Bucharest People's Tribunal]] and found not guilty.<ref name="A1"/> On 24 March 1948 he was arrested by the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist authorities]] for "conspiracy against state security," and sent to [[Jilava]] prison.<ref name="A1"/> There, he was severely beaten on orders from the prison commandant, Nicolae Moromete, and was left with a broken spine, according to historian {{ill|Radu Ciuceanu|ro}}.<ref name="Gheorghe">{{cite web|url=https://www.podul.ro/articol/12024/exclusiv-interviu-fortul-13-jilava-cumplita-noapte-a-generalilor-necunoscutele-culise-ale-actului-de-la-23-august-dezvluirile-istoricului-radu-ciuceanu-fost-deinut-politic-pentru-15-ani|title=Fortul 13 Jilava, cumplita Noapte a Generalilor. Necunoscutele culise ale actului de la 23 august. Dezvăluirile istoricului Radu Ciuceanu, fost deținut politic pentru 15 ani|publisher=Podul Memoriei|first=Răzvan|last=Gheorghe|date=4 October 2020|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> At Jilava, Korne's health deteriorated rapidly;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.art-emis.ro/personalitati/generalul-radu-korne|title=Generalul Radu Korne|first=Alesandru|last= Duțu|newspaper=Art-Emis|date=14 January 2018|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> after being transferred to the hospital of [[Văcărești, Bucharest|Văcărești]] prison on 18 April 1949, he died there 10 days later.<ref name="A1"/> He is buried at [[Eternitatea cemetery]] in [[Iași]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/10195/Grave-General-Radu-Korne.htm|title=Grave General Radu Korne|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> next to a relative, General [[Mihail Cerchez]].<ref name="A1">{{cite web|url=https://a1.ro/premium/doi-generali-imensi-in-acelasi-mormant-comunistii-mau-arestat-ca-un-borfas-de-rand-id907205.html|title=Doi generali imenși în același mormânt: "Comuniștii m-au arestat ca pe un borfaș de rând!"|trans-title=Two great generals in the same grave: "The communists arrested me like an ordinary burglar!"|publisher=[[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]]|language=ro|date=16 September 2019|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
Korne was investigated by the [[Romanian People's Tribunals|Bucharest People's Tribunal]] and found not guilty.<ref name="A1"/> On 24 March 1948 he was arrested by the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist authorities]] for "conspiracy against state security," and sent to [[Jilava]] prison.<ref name="A1"/> There, he was severely beaten on orders from the prison commandant, Nicolae Moromete, and was left with a broken spine, according to historian {{ill|Radu Ciuceanu|ro}}.<ref name="Gheorghe">{{cite web|url=https://www.podul.ro/articol/12024/exclusiv-interviu-fortul-13-jilava-cumplita-noapte-a-generalilor-necunoscutele-culise-ale-actului-de-la-23-august-dezvluirile-istoricului-radu-ciuceanu-fost-deinut-politic-pentru-15-ani|title=Fortul 13 Jilava, cumplita Noapte a Generalilor. Necunoscutele culise ale actului de la 23 august. Dezvăluirile istoricului Radu Ciuceanu, fost deținut politic pentru 15 ani|publisher=Podul Memoriei|first=Răzvan|last=Gheorghe|date=4 October 2020|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>{{vc}} At Jilava, Korne's health deteriorated rapidly;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.art-emis.ro/personalitati/generalul-radu-korne|title=Generalul Radu Korne|first=Alesandru|last= Duțu|newspaper=Art-Emis|date=14 January 2018|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> after being transferred to the hospital of [[Văcărești, Bucharest|Văcărești]] prison on 18 April 1949, he died there 10 days later.<ref name="A1"/> He is buried at [[Eternitatea cemetery]] in [[Iași]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/10195/Grave-General-Radu-Korne.htm|title=Grave General Radu Korne|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> next to a relative, General [[Mihail Cerchez]].<ref name="A1">{{cite web|url=https://a1.ro/premium/doi-generali-imensi-in-acelasi-mormant-comunistii-mau-arestat-ca-un-borfas-de-rand-id907205.html|title=Doi generali imenși în același mormânt: "Comuniștii m-au arestat ca pe un borfaș de rând!"|trans-title=Two great generals in the same grave: "The communists arrested me like an ordinary burglar!"|publisher=[[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]]|language=ro|date=16 September 2019|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
Line 87: Line 87:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.worldwar2.ro/generali/?article=102|title=Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War – Brig. general Radu Korne|first=Victor| last=Nitu|website=worldwar2.ro}}


{{Portal bar|Biography|Romania|World War II}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Romania|World War II}}

Revision as of 00:30, 11 January 2021

Radu Korne
Born(1895-12-23)23 December 1895
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania
Died28 April 1949(1949-04-28) (aged 53)
Văcărești prison, Bucharest, Romanian People's Republic
Buried
Allegiance Kingdom of Romania
Service/branchArmy
Years of service1913–1944
RankBrigadier General
Commands held6th Motorized Roșiori Regiment
1st Armored Division
Battles/warsWorld War I
World War II
AwardsOrder of Michael the Brave, 3rd and 2nd Class
Order of the Star of Romania, Officer rank
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Alma materHigher War School
Cavalry School

Radu Korne (23 December 1895 – 28 April 1949) was a Romanian Brigadier General during World War II.

Biography

World War I

He was born in Bucharest. From 1913 to 1915 he studied at the Cavalry Officer School in Târgoviște, graduating with the rank of second lieutenant. He fought in World War I with the 4th Regiment Roșiori "Regina Maria", and in 1917 was promoted to lieutenant. He stood out during the Third Battle of Oituz; for his valor, he was decorated with the Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class.[1] In the spring of 1919 he served with the 4th Regiment in the Hungarian–Romanian War, first in command of the 2nd Squadron and then of the machine-gun group. In October 1919 he was promoted to captain.[2][self-published source?]

The interwar period

Korne continued his military training in 1921–23 at the Higher War School in Bucharest, and in 1925–26 at the Cavalry School in Saumur, France. He was then named cavalry instructor and tactics professor at the Special Cavalry School in Sibiu; promoted in 1927 to the rank of major, he became the school’s director of studies. In 1934 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and assigned to command the 1st Battalion/9th Călărași Regiment. Subsequently he was chief of staff of the 12th Division and then of the General Inspectorate of the Cavalry, after which he was promoted in 1939 to the rank of colonel and given the command of the 8th Roșiori Regiment.[3]

World War II

The start of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 found Colonel Korne in command of the 6th Motorized Roșiori Regiment from the 5th Cavalry Brigade, which was stationed in Northern Moldavia. On 4 July, as part of Operation München, the brigade crossed the Prut River and advanced with a detachment commanded by Korne towards Lipnic, reaching the Dniester River on 7 July. After forcing the river on 17 July and breaking through the Stalin Line, situated on the left bank, his regiment advanced to the Bug River, reaching it at the beginning of August. By the end of the month his regiment was at the Dnieper River; crossing the river on 19 September, it continued to advance north of the Sea of Azov. On 25 September, at the start of the Battle of the Sea of Azov, the 5th Cavalry Brigade faced the powerful Soviet offensive carried out by the 9th and 18th Armies, being attacked by a much superior force in the Yakymivka area. The 6th Motorized Roșiori Regiment stood its ground, even though the rest of the brigade was pushed back. The offensive ran out of steam after several days and the German–Romanian counterattack led to the encirclement and destruction of the two Soviet armies. For his actions during the battle, Colonel Korne was awarded on 12 February 1942 the Order of Michael the Brave, 2nd class by King Michael I.[4]

Korne was engaged in follow-up operations in Crimea. Breaching the Isthmus of Perekop on 28 October 1941, his regiment moved towards Simferopol, cut the retreat roads to Yevpatoria, and then took part in the siege of Sevastopol and the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula. Korne's units fought at Feodosia and on the road to Kerch alongside the German troops of Colonel Karl-Albrecht von Groddeck.[4] Starting in August 1942 Korne fought in the Battle of the Caucasus, reaching Anapa at the end of the month, and then Novorossiysk, which fell to Wehrmacht and Romanian Army units at the beginning of September. On 7 October, Korne took command of 8th Cavalry Division and engaged in the Battle of Stalingrad, as part of the 4th Romanian Army, under the command of lieutenant general Constantin Constantinescu-Claps. After the start of the Soviet offensive on 20 November, the division pulled back; its attempt to reach the encircled German 6th Army failed. The newly formed "Korne Detachment" (3rd, 4th Cavalry Regiments, 2nd Artillery Battalion, and the 7th Heavy Artillery Regiment), backed by German armored units, launched a counterattack towards Abganerovo; the action failed due to lack of effective anti-tank weapons. On 22 November, Korne's Detachment was attacked in the Krasnay-Geroy area, suffering heavy losses. On 26 November, the Korne and "Pannwitz" Detachments managed to push back the Soviet troops which had infiltrated between the Romanian formations. The next day, the Soviets broke through the lines of defense, and the general retreat started.

In January 1943, Korne was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.[5][self-published source?] At the time, he was considered to be the foremost expert in Romania on mechanized operations.[6][unreliable source?] In April–May 1944, during the First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive launched by the Red Army, he commanded the 1st Armoured Division "România Mare" at the first and second battles of Târgu Frumos and at the Battle of Podu Iloaiei.[7][failed verification][6][unreliable source?] In July his division was put in the reserve of Army Group Wöhler, comprising the 4th Romanian Army (under the command of lieutenant general Ioan Mihail Racoviță) and the 6th German Army. At the start of the Soviet Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive on 20 August, Korne's 1st Division entered in combat south of the Bahlui River.[2][self-published source?] A 90-minute Soviet artillery barrage destroyed the Romanian forward lines, and hundreds of tanks of the 6th Guards Tank Army poured through the breach.[6][unreliable source?] While many Romanian units disintegrated under this attack, with thousands surrendering without a fight, Korne's division confronted head on the onslaught of the Red Army.[8] His division staged a counterattack against the Soviet tanks that had broken through; during the battle, the division lost 34 tanks and self-propelled guns, and destroyed 60 Soviet tanks. By 23 August his forces had established a defensive position north of Roman, between the Siret and the Moldova rivers.[2][self-published source?] Later that day, a coup d'état led by King Michael I deposed Marshal Ion Antonescu and withdrew Romania from the Axis. Korne stayed in command of the 1st Division for another month. At the request of the Soviet commission for the implementation of the Armistice,[9] he was arrested on 21 October 1944,[5][self-published source?] in his words, "like a common burglar". After being held at the military headquarters in Bucharest, he was released in February 1945 and put under house arrest;[9] he retired from the army the next month.[5][self-published source?]

After the war

Korne was investigated by the Bucharest People's Tribunal and found not guilty.[9] On 24 March 1948 he was arrested by the communist authorities for "conspiracy against state security," and sent to Jilava prison.[9] There, he was severely beaten on orders from the prison commandant, Nicolae Moromete, and was left with a broken spine, according to historian Radu Ciuceanu.[10][unreliable source?] At Jilava, Korne's health deteriorated rapidly;[11] after being transferred to the hospital of Văcărești prison on 18 April 1949, he died there 10 days later.[9] He is buried at Eternitatea cemetery in Iași,[12] next to a relative, General Mihail Cerchez.[9]

Awards

References

  1. ^ Ispas, Constantin (5 February 2014). "Pe urmele vitejiilor Gorjului–Cavaleri ai Ordinului "Mihai Viteazu" (I)". Gorjeanul. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Nitu, Victor. "Brig. general Radu Korne". www.worldwar2.ro. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  3. ^ Ispas, Constantin (6 February 2014). "Pe urmele vitejiilor Gorjului–Cavaleri ai Ordinului "Mihai Viteazu" (II)". Gorjeanul. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b Ispas, Constantin (7 February 2014). "Pe urmele vitejiilor Gorjului–Cavaleri ai Ordinului "Mihai Viteazu" (III)". Gorjeanul. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Korné, Radu". generals.dk. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Bennighof, Mike (May 2018), Broken Axis: Romania Mare, Avalanche Press, retrieved 10 January 2021
  7. ^ Glantz, David M. (2007). Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7006-1465-3. OCLC 70149277.
  8. ^ Trigg, Jonathan (2013). Death on the Don: the destruction of Germany's allies on the Eastern Front, 1941–44. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount. ISBN 0-7524-9010-9. OCLC 857109471.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Doi generali imenși în același mormânt: "Comuniștii m-au arestat ca pe un borfaș de rând!"" [Two great generals in the same grave: "The communists arrested me like an ordinary burglar!"] (in Romanian). Antena 1. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  10. ^ Gheorghe, Răzvan (4 October 2020). "Fortul 13 Jilava, cumplita Noapte a Generalilor. Necunoscutele culise ale actului de la 23 august. Dezvăluirile istoricului Radu Ciuceanu, fost deținut politic pentru 15 ani". Podul Memoriei. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  11. ^ Duțu, Alesandru (14 January 2018). "Generalul Radu Korne". Art-Emis. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Grave General Radu Korne". Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  13. ^ Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.

External links

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