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[[Category:2013 in Egypt]]
[[Category:2013 in Egypt]]
[[Category:2013 protests]]
[[Category:2013 protests]]
[[Category:Egyptian civil war]]
[[Category:Politics of Egypt]]
[[Category:Politics of Egypt]]
[[Category:Protest-related deaths|2012–13 Egyptian protests]]
[[Category:Protest-related deaths|2012–13 Egyptian protests]]

Revision as of 22:08, 16 August 2013

This article is about the events following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. For the preceding events, see 2012–13 Egyptian protests. For the full timeline, see Timeline of the 2011–13 Egyptian civil unrest.

Political violence in Egypt (2013)
Part of Aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian revolution
Date3 July 2013 (2013-07-03) – ongoing
Location
 Egypt

30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

Casualties and losses
876-977+ killed[3][4][5][6]
7,152 injured[7][8][9]

Political violence[10][11][12] and civil unrest erupted in the aftermath of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état (referred to by some media outlets as the Egyptian crisis[13][14]). Immediately following the 3 July 2013 removal of President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt by the Egyptian Armed Forces amid popular demonstrations against Morsi's rule, many protesters amassed near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque to call for Morsi's return to power and condemn the military, while others demonstrated in support of the military and interim government. Deadly clashes continued for several days, with two particularly bloody incidents being described by Muslim Brotherhood officials as "massacres" perpetrated by security forces.[4][5] During the month of Ramadan (10 July- 7 August), prime minister Hazem al-Beblawy threatened[15] to disperse the ongoing Pro-Morsi sit-ins in Rabaa al-Adaweya square and al-Nahda square.[16] The government crackdown of these protests occurred in "clashes" on 14 August[17] In mid-August, the violence between Islamists and the Army escalated, with dozens killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.[18]

Background

Egypt in transition

Main article: 2011 Egyptian revolution
See also: Aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian revolution

Protests against President Hosni Mubarak in early 2011 led to his resignation and trial after the Egyptian military switched its allegiance to the demonstrators. Mubarak's downfall was only the second revolution in the Arab world of the revolutionary wave known as the Arab Spring.

Vice President Omar Suleiman, who announced Mubarak's resignation in February 2011, handed power to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.[19] Egypt came under martial law as top generals led by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi began directing Egypt toward democratic elections. This period was marked by further conflict and continuing protests, as demonstrators who had cheered the support of the military in removing Mubarak turned against the generals when they began imposing harsh security measures and tamping down on revolutionary activity.[20] The Muslim Brotherhood emerged as a leading voice in criticizing military rule.[21]

An Islamist-dominated parliament was elected in late 2011 and early 2012. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces dissolved the body in June 2012, saying many of the elections were illegitimate.[22]

Morsi administration

Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2012
See also: Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012

Presidential elections were held in mid-2012. No candidate garnered as much as a quarter of the vote in the first round of elections. The top two candidates advanced to the runoff: Mohamed Morsi of the Freedom and Justice Party, the candidate of the Muslim Brotherhood, and Ahmed Shafik, an independent candidate who served as prime minister of Egypt under Mubarak. Morsi strongly criticized the Mubarak regime and offered a vision for Egypt as an Islamic democracy, while Shafik, a secularist, promised to restore order.[23] Morsi ultimately prevailed in the runoff, defeating Shafik by a margin of 3.5 percentage points. While Islamists hailed Morsi's election with enthusiasm, many Copts and liberals viewed the runoff as a choice between two unappealing candidates.[24]

Morsi reinstated parliament days after his election,[25] and lawmakers set to work drafting a constitution that established Islam as the state religion. The constitution was passed over the objections of opposition members who argued the process was faulty.[26] When put to a referendum in December 2012, the constitution was approved by a nearly 28-point margin, as supporters successfully argued that approval of the constitution was needed to ensure stability.[27]

However, Morsi's government faced popular protests after the president decreed in November 2012 that he had vast powers that could not be checked by the courts.[28] Protesters called for Morsi to withdraw his constitutional declaration or resign from office.[29] Within weeks, Morsi annulled the declaration, days before the constitution itself was approved by voters.[30]

2012-13 Protests

Main article: 2012–13 Egyptian protests

Coup d'état

Main article: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état

Protests against Morsi continued throughout the first half of 2013, whipping up in June 2013 briefly after the president appointed an Islamist accused of involvement in the Luxor massacre to head the Luxor Governorate[31][32] and culminating in mass demonstrations that began on 30 June. Protesters criticized Morsi for alleged mismanagement of the country and for the growing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood.[33] The Tamarod movement, which translates into English as "Rebel", claimed it had gathered 22 million signatures from Egyptians opposed to Morsi.[34] According to some sources, the protests were the largest in Egypt's history.[35]

The Egyptian Armed Forces again sided with demonstrators against the regime, warning Morsi to respond to protesters' demands or face a "political road map" widely expected to involve the president's removal from office. Despite this, Morsi remained defiant, giving a speech on 2 July insisting he was the legitimate president and would sooner die than relinquish power.[36] The next day, Defence Minister Abdul Fatah al-Sisi informed Morsi that he was no longer president and addressed the country on television to announce the change in leadership.[37][38]

Formation of new government

Indications on 6 July 2013 that Mohamed ElBaradei would be sworn in as prime minister proved to be incorrect.[39] The next day, a founding member of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party named Ziad Bahaa El-Din was reportedly offered the post of Prime Minister, while ElBaradei was nominated as vice president.[40] Younes Makhioun, chairman of the Nour Party, objected to both appointments because both of them belong to the same political coalition (the National Salvation Front); he called for nominees who were "politically neutral" instead.[41] The Nour Party rejected El-Din on 7 July 2013 and pulled out of the transitional process altogether on 8 July 2013 because of the 2013 Republican Guard Headquarters clashes.[42] However, the party has advised the interim government on ministerial candidates, including Ahmed Darwish.[43] Hazem Al Beblawi was sworn in as prime minister on 9 July 2013 with the backing of the Nour Party.[44]

Chronology

4 July

Adly Mansour, chief justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, was sworn in as interim president. Mansour gave a speech in which he praised demonstrators for toppling the government, saying, "I offer my greetings to the revolutionary people of Egypt."[45]

Violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children.[46] The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for "strictly peaceful" protests to defy (according to his description) the military coup.[47]

5 July: "Friday of Rejection"

Supporters of the ousted President Morsi demonstrate in Damietta on July 5

Muslim Brotherhood members and sympathizers rallied across Egypt for what they dubbed a "Friday of Rejection" on 5 July, demanding the reinstatement of Morsi as president. Clashes with police and soldiers turned deadly in some areas, with reported instances of troops firing live ammunition into crowds of protesters. At least 36 were killed and more than 1,000 were injured.[48] Protesters reportedly attacked a police station and military airbase in the North Sinai Governorate, as well as the governorate headquarters, resulting in casualties on both sides.[49]

Palestinian officials in Gaza also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the Rafah border crossing and that only certain people, such as patients and students, would be allowed through. Egyptian Intelligence Service official Nader al-Asar telephoned Palestinian Prime Minister in Gaza Ismail Haniyeh on the afternoon of 5 July and Haniyeh briefed him about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza as a result of the restrictions on tunnels and the Rafah crossing.[50]

Leaders from the protest movement Tamarod and the National Salvation Front urged demonstrators to "protect their revolutionary legitimacy" and resist unnamed "foreign forces" and supporters of Morsi who might stage a "counter-revolution" in Egypt.[2] Police also announced the arrest of Khairat El-Shater, a figure in the Muslim Brotherhood.[51]

6 July

Mohamed ElBaradei was reportedly appointed prime minister by acting President Mansour, over the objections of Islamists.[52] The announcement of ElBaradei's appointment was later retracted, with a spokesman for the president saying no decision had been made on whether ElBaradei or somebody else would be named prime minister.[53] Ahmed Douma, a dissident jailed for "insulting" President Morsi and inciting violence against the Muslim Brotherhood during protests earlier in the year, was released from custody pending a court verdict.[54] Meanwhile, clashes continued on the Sinai Peninsula, with a Coptic Christian priest shot to death by masked gunmen. Pro-Morsi supporters continued their sit-in in front of the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City, a suburb of Cairo, demanding the reinstatement of the former president.[55]

7 July

Negotiations continued over the prime ministerial appointment, with reports suggesting the Al-Nour Party had objected to ElBaradei's appointment and representatives of the Tamarod movement continuing to push for it. Meanwhile, a message from Mohammed Badie appeared on the Muslim Brotherhood's Facebook page accusing coup leaders of "flagrant violations against the Egyptian people", those opposed to the rule of Morsi mobilized for another day of rallying in Tahrir Square.[56] Huge demonstrations against the military coup, also occurred in manned makeshift roadblocks in Cairo and the Nasr City suburb in Cairo.[57]

8 July

Main article: 2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes

Muslim Brotherhood sources alleged 54 pro-Morsi demonstrators were killed when police fired on their sit-in during dawn prayers.[58] According to the army, "terrorists" tried to storm the compound, leading to the death of an officer.[59] MP Mohamed Beltagy described the incident as a "massacre" during dawn prayers. After the incident, the Freedom and Justice Party, called for "the international community and international groups and all the free people of the world [to] intervene to stop further massacres [...] and prevent a new Syria in the Arab world."[60][61] At the same time, Morsi supporters were said by the military of having forced two soldiers, Samir Abdallah Ali and Azzam Hazem Ali, to make pro-Morsi statements on a loudspeaker and that one of them was "severely beaten up" and filmed while making the statements. However, an army official later said that they had "managed to escape their captors."[62]

The Nour Party announced it would not participate in the political transition due to the "massacre", and former Muslim Brotherhood member, moderate Islamist, and 2012 presidential candidate Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh called for Mansour to resign. Meanwhile, Mansour issued a proposed timetable for elections to occur within six months.[63]

Following reports that many fighters in Syria were returning in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt placed restrictions on Syrians entering the country and required them to obtain visas before entering the country.[64]

9 July

Amnesty International urged the Egyptian government to probe the "massacre" of the previous day. The army continued to deny it used excessive force, claiming police and troops responded to aggression by armed protesters.[65] Tamarod posted on Twitter that "Mansour's maneuvers will create a new dictatorship", rejecting the proposed election timetable.[66] Mohamed ElBaradei and Hazem El Beblawy were named vice president and prime minister for the interim government respectively by Mansour.[67]

10 July

Ramadan began in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood again rejected overtures to participate in the transitional government. Arrest warrants were issued for Mohammed Badie and other top Muslim Brotherhood officials.[68] The Investigative Reporting Program at the University of California at Berkeley reported that a State Department programme ostensibly to support democracy provided funds to activists and politicians for fomenting unrest in Egypt after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.[69]

11 July

The United States formally placed financial aid to Egypt under review.[70]

The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: "We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression."[71]

Public prosecutor Hisham Barakat issued a temporary freeze on the assets of senior leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood,[72] as well as senior members of the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy, pending investigations in ongoing cases related to events in al-Mokatam, al-Nahda square and the Republican Guards Club. The freeze affects the senior Muslim Brotherhood leaders Mohammed Badie, Khairat el-Shater, Mohamed Ezat, Mahi Ekef, Saad El-Katatni, Essam el-Erian and Mohamed Beltagy, as well as the politicians Essam Sultan, Assem Abdul Majed, Safwat Hegazy and Hazem Abu Ismail.[73]

12-23 July

On 13 July, Egyptian prosecutors announced a criminal investigation of Morsi for "spying, inciting violence and ruining the economy".[74] Two days later, General Abdul Fattah al-Sisi spoke on state television for the first time since the coup to defend the army's actions. Mohamed ElBaradei was also sworn in as interim vice president the same day, while the assets of 14 prominent Islamists,[who?] including Mohammed Badie, were frozen.[75] At least three were also killed and 17 others were wounded in North Sinai when suspected militants fired rocket-propelled grenades at a worker bus.[76]

The Muslim Brotherhood continued its call for more protests after Friday prayers.[77] The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended as well as military helicopters that flew low over roof tops in the city. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted "Islamic, Islamic" in calling for an Islamic state.[78]

On 22 July, protests in Cairo led to two deaths at a pro-Morsi rally as unknown gunmen opened fire on demonstrators. A bomb also killed a conscript and injured 15 at a police station in Mansoura.[79] Morsi's family also accused the military of kidnapping him.[80]

The United States called on Egypt's army to free deposed President Mohamed Morsi, amid ongoing protests on the first Friday of Ramadan.[81] U.S. Deputy Secretary of State William Joseph Burns, the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit Egypt since Morsi's ouster, visited Cairo to meet with representatives of the interim government.[82] Representatives from both Tamarod and the Nour Party refused to meet with Burns, with Tamarod accusing the U.S. of interfering with Egyptian internal affairs.[83] The U.S. also delayed the delivery of F-16 Fighting Falcons from Fort Worth, Texas, to Egypt due to "political reasons."[84]

24 July

A bomb exploded at a police station in the Egyptian city of Mansoura, the capital of the Dakahlia Governorate, killing at least one person and injuring 17.[85]

During a speech at a military parade, General Al-Sisi called for mass demonstrations on 26 July to grant his forces a “mandate” to crack down on “terrorism”,[86] an apparent reference to the bombing at Mansoura and to restive Islamists continuing to oppose the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi.[87] This was seen as contradicting the military’s pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Dr. Morsi and as an indication for an imminent crackdown against Islamists.[88]

The reactions to Al-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support by the Egyptian presidency[89] and the Tamarod movement[90] to rejection, not only by the Muslim Brotherhood,[88] who called the announcement "an invitation to civil war",[91] but also by the Salafi Al-Nour Party,[92] the Strong Egypt Party,[93] the revolutionary April 6 Youth Movement[94] and the Egyptian Human Rights groups.[95]

26 July

In response to General Al-Sisi's call, millions of protesters took part in demonstrations across the country in support of the army including tens of thousands in Cairo's Tahrir Square and at the Presidential Palace. At the same time, far smaller demonstrations (thousands of protestors) rallied in Nasr City and at Cairo University in protest at the military coup.[96][97][98][99] While the demonstrations in Cairo were largely peaceful, five people including a 14-year old boy were killed and at least 146 injured in Alexandria, when a pro-army march passed near a demonstration of Morsi supporters at Al-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque.[100] The Health Ministry confirmed a total of nine people killed during protests in Alexandria.[101]

In Sphinx Square in Mohandessin, a group of activists called The Third Square, who mistrust both the military and the Islamists, held their own protest. In a leaflet, they declared their opposition to “the defense minister calling for an authorization to kill Egyptians on the pretext of fighting terrorism".[102]

In a separate development, Egyptian state media announced that deposed President Morsi was being investigated for conspiring with the Palestinian group Hamas in relation to a prison breakout in 2011.[103]

27 July

At least 82 were killed early in the morning after security forces opened fire on pro-Morsi demonstrators on a road near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque, a centre of resistance to the military coup. The health ministry said 82 were confirmed dead and 299 injured, while doctors at the field hospital said at least 200 protesters had been killed and 4,500 injured.[104][105] A Brotherhood spokesman said police used live ammunition and shot to kill.[5][106]

Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim said police had been forced to intervene after demonstrators clashed with locals while trying to block a major bridge. He claimed that police did not use live ammunition and attempted to disperse protesters with tear gas. However, multiple photos on the internet show clearly the police and army forces using live ammunition and automatic guns.[107] Meanwhile, Al-Nour Party leader Younis Makhyoun called for a full investigation into the incident, which the Brotherhood described as a "massacre", and angry activists chanted violent slogans calling for Sisi to be executed during pro-Morsi protests during the day.[108]

Two days later, the United States White House released a statement that read it "strongly condemns the bloodshed and violence" in Cairo and Alexandria, while calling on the military-backed interim government to respect the rights of demonstrators.[109]

30-31 July

On 30 July, the Palestinian movement Hamas' Salah, al-Bardaweel said that it had documentary proof that the interim government was colluding with its Palestinian rivals, Fatah and the Palestinian National Authority, in pushing forward a malicious agenda to tarnish the group, while it also denied involvement in the Egypt protests following the coup.[110] Fatah termed the documents as "fabrications" in rejecting the allegations.[111]

The next day, the interim cabinet warned that it would use any measures to deal with the pro-Morsi protesters' sit-in in dispersing them.[112]

August

Main article: August 2013 Egyptian raids

On 11 August, efforts by the international community to end the standoff and find a peaceful resolution to the crisis failed. Egypt's prime minister warned just ahead of the Muslim Eid al-Fitr holiday that ends Sunday that the government's decision to clear the sit-ins was "irreversible."[113]

On 12 August, supporters of toppled president Mohamed Morsi increased the pressure on Egypt’s interim leadership by defiantly flooding into two protest camps Monday, prompting police to postpone moving against the 6-week-old sit-ins to "avoid bloodshed" and delayed taking any action.[114] The Interior Ministry has depicted the encampments as a public danger, saying 11 bodies bearing signs of torture were found near both sites. Amnesty International has also reported that anti-Morsi protesters have been captured, beaten, subjected to electric shocks or stabbed. At least eight bodies have arrived at a morgue in Cairo bearing signs of torture, the human rights group said.[114]

13-14 August

On 13 August, Egyptian interim President Adly Mansour appointed 18 new provincial governors, many of them former military officers, removing all Muslim Brotherhood members who had been in office, triggering a wave of criticism from groups and activists who decried the appointments of mainly former security officials to the posts.[115] Shortly after dawn on 14 August, Egyptian police raided two large encampments by supporters of ousted president Mohamed Morsi in Cairo to forcibly disperse them, after six weeks of unauthorized sit-in, sparking deadly clashes that drew global condemnation from world states.[116][117] The Egyptian government announced a one-month state of emergency as a result of the deadly clashes. A spokesman for Egypt's health ministry said the death toll has reached 638 of which 595 are civilians and 43 police officers with at least 3,994 injured.[118] Additionally according to workers at the Al-Iman mosque, over 200 bodies, which had been moved from a protest camp nearby, are not included in the official Health Ministry tally.[119] The Muslim Brotherhood has said the true death toll was far higher, with a spokesman saying 2,000 people had been killed in the "massacre".[120] Among the dead was the daughter of Mohamed el-Beltagy, a prominent lawmaker.[121] Four journalists were killed and several others were injured or arrested.[122][123][124] Egyptian Vice President Mohamed ElBaradei resigned on the same day following the violent actions by security forces against the protesters.[125][126]

15-16 August

On 15 August, following the security forces raids on Cairo protest camps held by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, churches across Egypt came under frenzied attack Thursday as Morsi loyalists allegedly orchestrated nationwide assaults on Christian targets throughout the country. It's estimated that as many as 36 churches were "completely" devastated by fire across nine Egyptian governorates and many other churches were looted or stormed. Egypt's army chief Gen. Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi pledged the military would cover the costs of restoration for all damaged churches. Morsi's Islamist backers also set dozens of police stations ablaze across Egypt and attempted to storm provincial governor offices following Wednesday's bloody crackdown. A group of Morsi supporters also set fire to the finance ministry building in Cairo's Nasr City district.[127]

The unrest led the interim government to declare a month-long state of emergency, with a daily curfew between 9:00pm and 6:00am in Cairo and 12 other governorates.[128]

Several episodes of clashes are reported in Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities. The interim Interior Minister authorized the police agents and the military to shoot on sight anyone who is involved in unrests. All touristic attractions and antiquities museums are closed all over the country, many suffering looting episodes.[citation needed]

On 16 August the official death toll reaches 638 with more protests due to gather in Cairo after the prayers. The army blocked all major streets and squares, among which, Tahrir Square. The early clashes caused many deaths, at least 80 in Cairo, 5 in Fayoum, 10 in Ismailia, 8 in Damietta and at least 1 in Al Arish[129].

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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_violence_in_Egypt_%28July_2013%E2%80%93present%29&diff=prev&oldid=568856587

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