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Peru
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)La Blanquirroja
(The White and Red)
Los Incas
(The Incas)
AssociationPeruvian Football Federation
ConfederationCONMEBOL
(South America)
Head coachRicardo Gareca[1]
CaptainPaolo Guerrero
Most capsRoberto Palacios (128)
Top scorerPaolo Guerrero (32)
Home stadiumEstadio Nacional
FIFA codePER
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current10 Increase 2 (16 October 2017)
Highest10 (October 2017)
Lowest91 (September 2009)
First international
 Peru 0–4 Uruguay 
(Lima, Peru; 1 November 1927)
Biggest win
 Peru 9–1 Ecuador 
(Bogotá, Colombia; 11 August 1938)
Biggest defeat
 Brazil 7–0 Peru 
(Santa Cruz, Bolivia; 26 June 1997)
World Cup
Appearances5 (first in 1930)
Best resultTop 8, 1970 (Quarterfinals) & 1978 (Round 2)
Copa América
Appearances29 (first in 1927)
Best resultWinners, 1939 and 1975
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Appearances1 (first in 2000)
Best resultSemifinals, 2000
Medal record
Bolivarian Games
Gold medal – first place 1938 Bogotá NA
Copa Centenario de Armenia
Bronze medal – third place 1989 Armenia NA
Kirin Cup
Gold medal – first place 1999 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2005 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2011 Japan NA
Marlboro Cup
Silver medal – second place 1989 New York NA
United States Cup
Bronze medal – third place 1997 U.S. Cup NA

The Peru national football team has represented Peru in international football since 1927. Organised by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[A] it is one of the 10 members of FIFA's South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL). The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent; it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1930s and the 1970s.[2] The team plays most of its home matches at the Estadio Nacional in Lima, the country's capital.

Peru has won the Copa América twice and qualified for FIFA World Cup finals five times; it also participated in the 1936 Olympic football competition. It has longstanding rivalries with Chile and Ecuador.[3] The team is well known for its white shirts adorned with a diagonal red stripe, which combine Peru's national colours. This basic design has been used continuously since 1936, and gives rise to the team's common Spanish nickname, la Blanquirroja ("the white-and-red").[4]

The Peruvian national team took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930 and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, with goalkeeper Juan Valdivieso and forwards Teodoro Fernández and Alejandro Villanueva playing important roles. Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought it worldwide recognition; the team then included the forward partnership of Hugo Sotil and Teófilo Cubillas, often regarded as Peru's greatest player, and defender Héctor Chumpitaz. This team qualified for three World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975. Peru last reached the World Cup finals in 1982.

Under the current management of Ricardo Gareca, Peru came third at the 2015 Copa América, reached the quarterfinals of the Copa América Centenario, and secured qualification for the 2018 World Cup finals in Russia.

History

Main article: History of the Peru national football team

During the 19th century, British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England introduced football to Peru.[5] In 1859, members of the capital Lima's British community founded the Lima Cricket Club, Peru's first organization dedicated to the practice of cricket, rugby, and football.[B][7][8] These new sports became popular among the local upper-class over the following decades, but early developments stopped due to the War of the Pacific that Peru fought against Chile from 1879 to 1883. After the war, Peru's coastal society embraced football as a modern innovation.[9] The sport became a popular daily activity in Lima barrios, encouraged by bosses who wanted it to inspire solidarity and improved productivity among their workers.[10] In the adjacent port of Callao and other commercial areas, British civilian workers and sailors played the sport among themselves and with locals.[11][C] Sports rivalries between locals and foreigners arose in Callao, and between elites and workers in Lima. Over time, as foreigners departed, this evolved into a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[5][13] These factors, coupled with the sport's rapid growth among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (where, in 1901, the Alianza Lima club formed), led to Peru developing, according to historian Andreas Campomar, "some of the most elegant and accomplished football on the continent",[14] and the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[15]

Photo of ten men, running and carrying a large flag, inside a stadium
Peru's first national football team at the 1927 South American Championship in Lima

The Peruvian Football League, founded in 1912, held annual competitions until it broke up in 1921, amid disputes between the member clubs.[16] The following year, the incipient Peruvian Football Federation (FPF) reorganised, in 1926, the annual tournament.[17] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925 and, after resolving financial troubles, formed Peru's national team in 1927.[18] The team debuted in the 1927 South American Championship, which the FPF hosted at the Estadio Nacional in Lima.[11] Peru's first match was a 0–4 loss against Uruguay; their second was a 3–2 victory over Bolivia.[19] Peru next competed in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930, but did not advance past the first stage.[20]

The 1930s have been called Peruvian football's first golden era.[2] During this decade, Peruvians traveled abroad in search of competition that would further develop their football.[14] A notable travel, held in Europe between 1933 and 1934 by the Combinado del Pacífico (a squad composed of Chilean and Peruvian footballers),[D] provided the South Americans with much-needed experience.[14] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian football clubs also toured Latin America, achieving numerous victories.[21][22] During one of these tours—Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935—emerged the Rodillo Negro ("Black Roller"), a skillful group led by forwards Alejandro Villanueva and Teodoro Fernández and goalkeeper Juan Valdivieso.[23] Sports historian Richard Witzig described these three as "a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time", citing their combined innovation and effectiveness at both ends of the field.[2] Peru and the Rodillo Negro awed crowds at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[24][25]

Subsequent years proved less successful for the team; according to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared".[26] He attributes this sudden decline to Peruvian authorities' repression of "social, sporting and political organisations among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 1950s.[26] Nevertheless, Peru performed creditably at the South American Championships during this period, earning third in Brazil 1949 and Chile 1955, and only narrowly missed qualification for the Sweden 1958 World Cup finals, losing over two legs to eventual champions Brazil.[27]

Twelve men, six standing and six crouching, pose for a photo inside a stadium
Peru's 1982 World Cup team, pictured on a contemporary Paraguayan postage stamp

Successes during the late 1960s, culminating with qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup finals, ushered in a second golden period for Peruvian football.[2][28] The formidable forward partnership between Teófilo Cubillas and Hugo Sotil has been cited as a key factor in Peru's triumphs during the 1970s.[29] Peru reached the quarter-finals in 1970, losing to the tournament winners Brazil, and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy;[30][31] historian Richard Henshaw describes Peru as "the surprise of the 1970 competition, showing flair and a high level of skill".[27] Five years later, Peru became South American champions for the second time when it won the 1975 Copa América (the then-rechristened South American Championship). The team next qualified for two consecutive World Cup finals, reaching the second round in Argentina 1978 and the first group stage in Spain 1982. Peru's early elimination in 1982 marked the end of the side's globally-admired "flowing football".[32] In spite of this, Peru barely missed the Mexico 1986 World Cup finals after placing second in a qualification group to eventual champions Argentina.[33]

Renewed expectations for Peru were centred on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as Los Potrillos ("The Colts"). Sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich write that Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country"—fans expected them to qualify for the 1990 World Cup in Italy.[34] The national team entered a hiatus after the Alianza Lima air disaster of 8 December 1987, when a plane carrying most of Alianza's players and staff crashed into the Pacific Ocean. Only the pilot survived the crash; among the dead were the Peru manager, Marcos Calderón, and several Peru international players, including goalkeeper José González Ganoza and widely-tipped future star forward Luis Escobar.[35] Afterward, Peru did not come close to reaching the World Cup finals until the process for France 1998, when it missed qualification only on goal difference.[33] This team would go on to win the 1999 Kirin Cup tournament in Japan (sharing the title with Belgium)[36] and place third at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup—which it contested as an invited guest team.[37]

After the turn of the 21st century, qualification for the FIFA World Cup finals continued being an elusive objective for Peru.[33] According to historian Charles F. Walker, player indiscipline problems marred Peru's national team and football league.[38] Troubles in the FPF, particularly with its then-president Manuel Burga, deepened the crisis in Peruvian football—FIFA temporarily suspended the country from international competition in late 2008 during the Peruvian government's investigations into alleged corruption within the FPF.[39][E] Nonetheless, during this time Peru won the 2005 and 2011 Kirin Cup tournaments,[36] and earned third place in the 2011 Copa América.[41] In early 2015, businessman Edwin Oviedo became FPF president, succeeding Burga, whom two years later faced charges of racketeering, wire fraud, and money laundering in a football corruption trial in the United States.[42][43] The FPF's new leadership appointed Ricardo Gareca as Peru's manager in March 2015.[1] After coaching the national team to a third place in the 2015 Copa América and to the quarterfinals of the Copa América Centenario, Gareca qualified Peru for the Russia 2018 World Cup finals.[44][45]

Colours

Main article: Kit of the Peru national football team
Photo of eleven men, six standing and five crouching, inside a stadium
Peru at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico, wearing their traditional kit. The distinctive diagonal red "sash", emblazoned across Peru's white shirts continuously since 1936, has won praise as a simple yet effective design.

The Peru national football team plays in red and white, the country's national colours.[46] Its first-choice kit has been, since 1936, white shorts, white socks, and white shirts with a distinctive red "sash" crossing their front diagonally from the proper left shoulder to the right hip and returning on the back from the right hip to the proper left shoulder. This basic scheme has been only slightly altered over the years.[4] Peru's kit has won praise as one of world football's most attractive designs. Christopher Turpin, the executive producer of NPR's All Things Considered news show, lauded the 1970 iteration as "the beautiful game's most beautiful shirt", also describing it as "retro even in 1970".[47] Miles Kohrman, football reporter for The New Republic, referred to Peru's kit as "one of soccer's best-kept secrets".[48] The version worn in 1978 came first in a 2010 ESPN list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time", described therein as "simple yet strikingly effective".[49]

Peru's first kit, made for the 1927 South American Championship, comprised a white-and-red striped shirt, white shorts and black socks.[50] At the 1930 World Cup, Peru used an alternate design because Paraguay had already registered a similar kit with white-and-red striped shirts. The Peruvians instead wore white shirts with a red collar, white shorts and black socks.[50] The team added a horizontal red stripe to the shirt for the 1935 South American Championship. The following year, at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, the team adopted the iconic diagonal red sash design it has retained ever since.[4] According to historian Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora, the idea for the design came from school football matches in which coloured sashes worn over the shoulder would allow two teams wearing white shirts to play against each other.[51]

Eight sportswear manufacturers have supplied Peru's national team. The first, the German company Adidas, supplied the team's kit in 1978, and again between 1983-1985. The FPF have also signed contracts with manufacturers from Brazil (Penalty, 1981–82), Canada (Power, 1989-1991), Italy (Diadora, 1991-1992), England (Umbro, 1996-1997), and another from Germany (Puma, 1987-1989). The team has also been supplied by three local firms: Calvo Sporwear (1986-1987), Polmer (1993-1995), and Walon Sport (1998-2010).[52] Umbro again produce the team's kit since 2010,[53] and will do so until the start of the FPF's new contract with the Ecuadorian company Marathon Sports in 2018.[54]

Stadium

Main article: Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Photograph of the outside of a modern football stadium
Exterior of the Estadio Nacional, the venue for most of Peru's home matches, in 2013
Photograph of a modern football stadium's interior; the stands are full of spectators
Interior of the Estadio Nacional in 2011

The traditional home of Peruvian football is the country's national stadium, the Estadio Nacional in Lima, which houses 45,000 spectators.[11] The present ground is the Estadio Nacional's third incarnation, renovated under the Alan García administration. Its official re-inauguration, 24 July 2011,[55] marked 88 years to the day after the original ground opened on the same site in 1923.[56]

To celebrate the centenary of Peru's independence from Spain, Lima's British community donated the original Estadio Nacional, a wooden structure with a capacity of 6,000.[56] Construction began on 28 July 1921, overseen by President Augusto B. Leguía.[57] The stadium's re-inauguration on 27 October 1952, under the Manuel A. Odría administration, followed an onerous campaign for its renovation led by Miguel Dasso, president of the Sociedad de Beneficencia de Lima.[58][59] The renovated stadium boasted a cement structure and larger spectator capacity of 53,000.[57] Its last redevelopment, in 2011, included the construction of a plaque-covered exterior, an internal multicoloured illumination system, two giant LED screens, and 375 private suites.[60][61]

A distinctive feature of the ground is the Miguel Dasso Tower on its northern side, which contains luxury boxes (renovated in 2004).[58] The Estadio Nacional currently has a natural bermudagrass pitch, reinstalled as part of redevelopments completed in 2011. Previously, the FPF had installed artificial turf in the stadium for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, making it the only national stadium in CONMEBOL with such a turf.[62] Despite the synthetic ground's rating of "FIFA Star II", the highest certification granted to artificial pitches, players accused the turf of causing them injuries, such as burns and bruises.[63]

Peru sometimes play home matches at other venues. Outside the desert-like coast region of Lima, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco has been described as providing strategic advantages for Peru against certain visiting teams.[64] Other common alternate venues for the national team include two other grounds in the Peruvian capital—Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental.[65][66] Peru last played at an alternate venue in 2012, when it faced Chile at the Estadio Jorge Basadre in Tacna.[67]

Supporters

See also: Football in Peru
Photograph of an artistic show inside a football stadium
Festivities at the Estadio Nacional before the final of the 2004 Copa América, which Peru hosted

Football has been the most popular sport in Peru since the early 20th century.[68] Originally largely exclusive to Lima's Anglophile elite and expatriates, and secluded from the rest of the city,[69] football became an integral part of wider popular culture during the 1900s and 1910s. Over the following decades, Augusto B. Leguía's government institutionalised the sport into a national pastime by promoting and organising its development.[70] Consequently, the national football team became an important element of Peru's national identity.[71]

Peruvian football fans are known for their distinctive chant ¡Arriba Perú! ("Onward Peru!"),[72] as well as for their use of traditional Peruvian música criolla to express support, both at national team games and at club matches. Música criolla attained national and international recognition with the advent of mass media during the 1930s, becoming a recognised symbol of Peru and its culture.[73] The national team's most popular anthems are Peru Campeón, a polca criolla (Peruvian polka) glorifying Peru's qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup,[73] and Contigo Perú, a vals criollo (Peruvian waltz) that newspaper El Comercio calls "the hymn of Peruvian national football teams".[74]

The Estadio Nacional disaster of 24 May 1964, involving Peruvian supporters, is cited as one of the worst tragedies in football history.[75] During a qualifying match for the 1964 Olympics between Peru's under-20 team and its counterpart from Argentina, the Uruguayan referee Angel Payos disallowed a would-be Peruvian equaliser, alleging rough play. Spectators threw missiles from the stands while two fans invaded the pitch and attacked the referee. Police threw tear gas into the crowd, causing a stampede; trying to escape, fans were crushed against the stadium's locked gates. A total of 315 people were killed in the chaos, with more than 500 others injured.[76]

Rivalries

Main article: Chile–Peru football rivalry
Portrait of two men, dressed in sports attire, looking straight a the viewer
Chile's Raúl Toro and Peru's Teodoro Fernández, opponents in the 1937 South American Championship

The Peru national football team maintains prominent rivalries with its counterparts from neighbouring Chile and Ecuador. The Peruvians have a favourable record against Ecuador and a negative record against Chile.[77][78] Peru faced both rivals in the 1939 South American Championship in Lima, which also marked the first time that Peru faced Ecuador in an official tournament; Peru won both games.[79] Peru also defeated its rivals during qualifying for the Argentina 1978 World Cup, directly eliminating both teams.[77][78]

The Chile–Peru football rivalry is known in Spanish as the Clásico del Pacífico ("Pacific Derby").[3] CNN World Sport editor Greg Duke ranks it among the top ten football rivalries in the world.[80] Peru first faced Chile in the 1935 South American Championship, defeating it 1–0.[78] The two countries traditionally compete with each other over the rank of fourth-best national team in South America (after Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay).[81] They also both claim to have invented the bicycle kick; Peruvians call it the chalaca, while it is the chilena in Chile.[82]

The rivalry between the Ecuador and Peru football teams is rooted in the historical border conflict between the countries dating back to the 19th century. In 1995, after the brief Cenepa War, CONMEBOL contemplated altering that year's Copa América group stage to prevent a match between the two sides, but ultimately did not.[83] According to cultural historian Michael Handelsman, Ecuadorian fans consider losses to Colombia or Peru "an excuse to lament Ecuador's inability to establish itself as an international soccer power".[84] Handelsman adds that "[t]he rivalries are intense, and the games always carry an element of national pride and honor".[84]

Players

Current

The following players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification play-off matches against New Zealand on 11 November and 15 November 2017.
Caps and goals are correct as of 15 November 2017 after the match against New Zealand.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1 1GK Pedro Gallese (1990-04-23) 23 April 1990 (age 34) 36 0 Mexico Veracruz
12 1GK Carlos Cáceda (1991-09-27) 27 September 1991 (age 32) 4 0 Peru Universitario
21 1GK José Carvallo (1986-03-01) 1 March 1986 (age 38) 5 0 Peru UTC
2 2DF Alberto Rodríguez (Captain) (1984-03-31) 31 March 1984 (age 40) 72 0 Peru Universitario
3 2DF Aldo Corzo (1989-05-20) 20 May 1989 (age 35) 23 0 Peru Universitario
4 2DF Anderson Santamaría (1992-01-10) 10 January 1992 (age 32) 2 0 Peru Melgar
5 2DF Adrián Zela (1989-03-20) 20 March 1989 (age 35) 1 0 Peru Deportivo Municipal
6 2DF Miguel Trauco (1992-08-25) 25 August 1992 (age 31) 22 0 Brazil Flamengo
15 2DF Christian Ramos (1988-11-04) 4 November 1988 (age 35) 63 3 Ecuador Emelec
17 2DF Luis Advíncula (1990-03-02) 2 March 1990 (age 34) 62 0 Mexico BUAP
22 2DF Nilson Loyola (1994-10-26) 26 October 1994 (age 29) 3 0 Peru Melgar
7 3MF Paolo Hurtado (1990-07-27) 27 July 1990 (age 33) 29 3 Portugal Vitória de Guimarães
8 3MF Christian Cueva (1991-11-23) 23 November 1991 (age 32) 41 7 Brazil São Paulo
13 3MF Renato Tapia (1995-07-28) 28 July 1995 (age 28) 28 2 Netherlands Feyenoord
14 3MF Andy Polo (1994-09-29) 29 September 1994 (age 29) 15 1 Mexico Morelia
16 3MF Wilder Cartagena (1994-09-23) 23 September 1994 (age 29) 2 0 Peru Universidad San Martín
19 3MF Yoshimar Yotún (1990-04-07) 7 April 1990 (age 34) 70 2 United States Orlando City
20 3MF Edison Flores (1994-05-15) 15 May 1994 (age 30) 25 8 Denmark AaB
23 3MF Pedro Aquino (1995-04-13) 13 April 1995 (age 29) 10 0 Mexico BUAP
9 4FW Yordy Reyna (1993-09-17) 17 September 1993 (age 30) 6 2 Canada Vancouver Whitecaps
10 4FW Jefferson Farfán (1984-10-26) 26 October 1984 (age 39) 79 23 Russia Lokomotiv Moscow
11 4FW Raúl Ruidíaz (1990-07-25) 25 July 1990 (age 33) 27 3 Mexico Morelia
18 4FW André Carrillo (1991-06-14) 14 June 1991 (age 33) 41 3 England Watford

Recent

The players listed below were not included in the current squad, but have been called up by Peru in the last 12 months.

Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Leao Butrón (1977-03-06) 6 March 1977 (age 47) 39 0 Peru Alianza Lima v.  Argentina, 5 October 2017
GK Diego Penny (1984-04-22) 22 April 1984 (age 40) 10 0 Peru Melgar v.  Bolivia, 31 August 2017
MF Alexi Gómez (1993-05-04) 4 May 1993 (age 31) 5 0 Peru Universitario v.  Argentina, 5 October 2017
MF Óscar Vílchez (1986-01-21) 21 January 1986 (age 38) 7 0 Peru Alianza Lima v.  Uruguay, 28 March 2017
FW Paolo Guerrero (1984-01-01) 1 January 1984 (age 40) 86 32 Brazil Flamengo v.  New Zealand, 11 November 2017 WD
FW Iván Bulos (1993-05-20) 20 May 1993 (age 31) 2 0 Portugal Boavista v.  Argentina, 5 October 2017 INJ
FW Alexander Succar (1995-08-12) 12 August 1995 (age 28) 3 0 Peru Universidad San Martín v.  Jamaica, 14 June 2017

INJ Withdrew due to injury
WD Withdrew from the squad.

Notable

Main article: List of Peru international footballers
Photo of twelve men, seven standing and five crouching, inside a stadium
Peru's football team at the 1936 Olympic Games in Germany

A report published by CONMEBOL in 2008 described Peru as traditionally exhibiting an "elegant, technical and fine football style", and praised it as "one of the most loyal exponents of South American football talent".[85] Peruvian players noted in the CONMEBOL article as "true artists of the ball" include forwards Teófilo Cubillas, Pedro Pablo León and Hugo Sotil, defender Héctor Chumpitaz and midfielders Roberto Challe, César Cueto, José del Solar, and Roberto Palacios.[85]

Cubillas, an attacking midfielder and forward popularly known as El Nene ("The Kid"), is widely regarded as Peru's greatest ever player.[86] Chumpitaz is often cited as the team's best defender; Witzig lists him among his "Best Players of the Modern Era", and praises him as "a strong reader of the game with excellent ball skills and distribution, [who] marshalled a capable defence to support Peru's attack".[87] Cueto, Cubillas, and José Velásquez were together described as "the best [midfield] in the world" by El Gráfico, an Argentine sports journal, in 1978.[88]

Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, and Juan Valdivieso are often regarded as the key members of the Rodillo Negro team of the 1930s.[89] Fernández was the team's forward and primary goalscorer; his partner in attack, Villanueva, was a gifted playmaker. Valdivieso was a goalkeeper with a reputation for exceptional athleticism who often saved penalties.[90]

A commemorative match between teams representing Europe and South America was organised in Basel, Switzerland for the benefit of homeless children in 1972. Cubillas, Chumpitaz, Sotil, and Julio Baylón played in the South American team, which won the game 2–0; Cubillas scored the first goal.[91] A similar match was held the next year at Barcelona's Camp Nou with the declared intent of fighting global poverty; Cubillas, Chumpitaz and Sotil again played, with Chumpitaz named South America's captain. Each of the Peruvians scored in a 4–4 draw, which South America won 7–6 on penalties.[92]

Managers

Main article: List of managers of the Peru national football team
Photo of a man with a moustache, wearing a suit, triumphantly raising a trophy
Peru manager Marcos Calderón triumphantly raises the Copa América in 1975

A total of 59 managers have led the Peru national football team since 1927 (including multiple spells separately); of these, 36 have been from Peru and 23 have been from abroad.[93] Sports analysts and historians generally consider Peru's most successful managers to have been the Englishman Jack Greenwell and the Peruvian Marcos Calderón. The former managed Peru to triumph in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 South American Championship, and the latter led Peru to victory in the 1975 Copa América tournament and coached it at the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[94][95] Three other managers have led Peru to tournament victories—Juan Carlos Oblitas, Freddy Ternero, and Sergio Markarián each oversaw Peru's victory in the Kirin Cup in Japan, in 1999, 2005 and 2011, respectively.[96]

Peru's first two managers were the Uruguayans Pedro Olivieri, who was hired to manage Peru in the 1927 South American Championship because of his prior experience managing Uruguay, and Julio Borelli, who spent a few years as a referee in Peru before managing the national team in the 1929 South American Championship.[97] The team's third manager, Spaniard Francisco Bru (a former FC Barcelona player who had been the first manager of Spain), coached Peru at the inaugural World Cup in 1930.[94] The team's first Peruvian head coach was its fourth manager, Telmo Carbajo.[93] The team's current manager is the Argentine Ricardo Gareca.[1]

Managers that brought changes to the Peru national team's style of play, according to historian Andreas Campomar, include Hungarian György Orth and Brazilian Valdir Pereira. Orth coached Peru from 1957 to 1959; Campomar cites Peru's "4–1 thrashing of England in Lima" as evidence of Orth's positive influence over the national team's game.[98] Pereira coached Peru from 1968 to 1970 and managed it at the 1970 FIFA World Cup; Campomar attributes Pereira's tactics as the reason for Peru's development of a "free-flowing football" style.[98] Brazilian Elba de Pádua Lima, who managed Peru at the 1982 FIFA World Cup,[99] was attributed by Placar, a Brazilian sports journal, with making Peru "a team that plays beautiful, combining efficiency with that swagger that people thought only existed in Brazil".[100]

Competitive records

FIFA World Cup

Main article: Peru at the FIFA World Cup
An action shot from a football match. A goalkeeper jumps and catches the ball.
Peru's match against Romania at the 1930 World Cup

Peru has taken part in the World Cup finals four times. The Peruvian team competed at the first World Cup in 1930 by invitation, and has entered each tournament at the qualifying stage since 1958, qualifying for the finals three times: in 1970, 1978 and 1982. Its all-time record in World Cup qualifying matches, as of 2017, stands at 42 wins, 36 draws and 69 losses. In the finals, the team has won four matches, drawn three and lost eight, with 19 goals in favour and 31 against.[19] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first World Cup goal on 14 July 1930, in a match against Romania.[101] Jefferson Farfán is Peru's top scorer and seventh-overall top scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualification, with 15 goals.[102] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top scorer in the World Cup finals, with 10 goals in 13 games.[99]

During the 1930 competition, a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup—his identity is disputed between sources.[F] Peru's Ramón Quiroga holds the unusual record of being the only goalkeeper to commit a foul in the opponent's side of the pitch in a match at the World Cup finals.[105] The national team won the inaugural FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded at the 1970 World Cup, having been the only team not to receive any yellow or red cards during the competition.[30]


FIFA World Cup Qualification
Year Host Round Pld W D L F A Squad Pos. Pld W D L F A
1930  Uruguay Group stage 2 0 0 2 1 4 Squad Qualified as invitees
1934  Italy Withdrew Withdrew
1938  France Did not enter Did not enter
1950 to 1954 Withdrew Withdrew
1958  Sweden Did not qualify 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1962  Chile 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1966  England 2nd 4 2 0 2 8 6
1970  Mexico Quarter-finals 4 2 0 2 9 9 Squad 1st 4 2 1 1 7 4
1974  West Germany Did not qualify Play-off 3 1 0 2 3 4
1978  Argentina Quarter-finals 6 2 1 3 7 12 Squad 2nd 6 3 2 1 13 3
1982  Spain Group stage 3 0 2 1 2 6 Squad 1st 4 2 2 0 5 2
1986  Mexico Did not qualify Play-offs 8 3 2 3 10 9
1990  Italy 3rd 4 0 0 4 2 8
1994  United States 4th 6 0 1 5 4 12
1998  France 5th 16 7 4 5 19 20
2002  South Korea
 Japan 		8th 18 4 4 10 14 25
2006  Germany 9th 18 4 6 8 20 28
2010  South Africa 10th 18 3 4 11 11 34
2014  Brazil 7th 16 4 3 9 17 26
2018  Russia Group stage 3 1 0 2 2 2 Squad Play-off 20 8 6 6 29 26
2022  Qatar Did not qualify Play-off 19 7 4 8 19 22
2026  Canada
 Mexico
 United States 		To be determined In progress 6 0 2 4 1 8
2030  Morocco
 Portugal
 Spain 		To be determined
2034  Saudi Arabia
Total Quarter-finals 18 5 3 10 21 33 — 5/22 174 50 43 81 184 241

Copa América

Main article: Peru at the Copa América
An action shot from a football match. A player scores from a bicycle kick.
Peru's match against Chile at the 1975 Copa América

Peru's national team has taken part in 31 editions of the Copa América since 1927, and has won the competition twice (in 1939 and 1975). The country has hosted the tournament six times (in 1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957 and 2004). Peru's overall record in the competition is 52 victories, 33 draws, and 57 losses.[19] Peru won the Fair Play award in the 2015 edition.[106] Demetrio Neyra scored Peru's first goal in the competition on 13 November 1927, in a match against Bolivia.[50] Three tournaments have featured a Peruvian top scorer—Teodoro Fernández in 1939 and Paolo Guerrero in 2011 and 2015.[107] Fernández, the Copa América's third-overall scorer, was named best player of the 1939 tournament; Teófilo Cubillas, voted the best player in the 1975 competition, is the only other Peruvian to win this award.[108]

Peru won its first continental title in 1939, when it won the South American Championship with successive victories over Ecuador, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. This marked the first time that the competition had been won by a team other than Uruguay, Brazil, or Argentina.[109] Peru became South American champions for the second time in 1975, when it won that year's Copa América, the first to feature all ten CONMEBOL members.[110] Peru came top of their group in the first round, eliminating Chile and Bolivia, and in the semifinals drew with Brazil over two legs, winning 3–1 in Brazil but losing 2–0 at home. Peru was declared the winner by drawing of lots. In the two-legged final between Colombia and Peru, both teams won their respective home games (1–0 in Bogota and 2–0 in Lima), forcing a play-off in Caracas which Peru won 1–0.[111]

Template:Peru Copa América record

Olympic Games

See also: Peru at the Olympics
An action shot from a football match. A goalkeeper jumps and punches the ball away from his goalmouth
Peru playing against Austria in the 1936 Olympic football tournament

Peru's senior side has competed in the Olympic football tournament once, at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. The multiracial 1936 team has been latterly described by historian David Goldblatt as "the jewel of the country's first Olympic delegation".[112] It had a record of two victories, scoring 11 goals and conceding 5.[19] Teodoro Fernández scored Peru's first goal in the tournament in the match against Finland on 6 August, and finished as the team's top scorer with six goals in two games, including Peru's only hat-trick at the Olympics.[113]

The 1935 South American Championship in Lima acted as the qualifying stage for the 1936 Olympic tournament. Uruguay won undefeated and Argentina came second, but neither took up their Olympic spot because of economic issues. Peru, who had come third, duly represented South America.[2][114] The Peruvian team began the competition with a 7–3 win over Finland,[113] after which it faced Austria, managed by Jimmy Hogan and popularly known as the Wunderteam, in the quarterfinals.[G] After the game ended 2–2, Peru scored twice in extra time to win 4–2.[118] Peru expected to then face Poland in the semifinals, but events off the pitch led to the withdrawal of Peru's Olympic delegation before the match.[H]

Team records and results

Main articles: Peru national football team records and Peru national football team results
Photo of three men, wearing all-white uniforms marked by a red diagonal stripe in their jerseys, inside a stadium filled with spectators
Hugo Sotil, Teófilo Cubillas, and Roberto Challe (left to right) at the Estadio Nacional in 1973

The Peru national team has played 545 matches since 1927, including friendlies.[19] The largest margin of victory achieved by a Peru side is 9–1 against Ecuador, on 11 August 1938 at the Bolivarian Games in Colombia. The team's record deficit, 7–0, occurred against Brazil at the 1997 Copa América in Bolivia.[19]

The Peruvian player with the most international caps is Roberto Palacios, who represented the country 128 times between 1992 and 2007. Second is Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances; Jorge Soto is third with 101. The most capped goalkeeper is Óscar Ibáñez, who played for Peru 50 times between 1998 and 2005. Second is Miguel Miranda with 47 appearances; Ramón Quiroga is third with 40.[121]

The team's all-time top goalscorer is Paolo Guerrero, with 32 goals in 86 appearances. He is followed by Teófilo Cubillas, who scored 26 goals in 81 appearances, and Teodoro Fernández, with 24 goals in 32 games.[121] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal—that is, that scored soonest after kick-off—less than a minute into the match against Mexico on 20 August 2003.[122]

See also

Bibliography

  • Agostino, Gilberto (2002). Vencer Ou Morrer: Futebol, Geopolítica e Identidade Nacional (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: FAPERJ & MAUAD Editora Ltda. ISBN 85-7478-068-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Basadre, Jorge (1964). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Lima: Talleres Graficos P.L. Villanueva S.A. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bravo, Gonzalo (2012). "Association Football, Pacific Coast of South America". In Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (eds.). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-301-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Campomar, Andreas (2014). Golazo! The Beautiful Game from the Aztecs to the World Cup. New York City: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0-698-15253-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dunmore, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Soccer. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7188-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Fiore, Fernando (2012). ¡Vamos al Mundial! (in Spanish). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-222664-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Foley Gambetta, Enrique (1983). Léxico del Peru (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lima: Talleres Jahnos. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goldblatt, David (2008). The Ball is Round. New York: Riverhead Trade. ISBN 1-59448-296-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Handelsman, Michael (2000). Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30244-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Henshaw, Richard (1979). The Encyclopedia of World Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0-915220-34-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Higgins, James (2005). Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books Limited. ISBN 1-902669-98-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Jacobsen, Nils (2008). Herb, Guntram; Kaplan, David (eds.). Peru. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-907-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  • Leigh Raffo, Denise (2005). Rosas Lauro, Claudia (ed.). El miedo a la multitud. Dos provincianos en el Estadio Nacional, 1950–1970 (in Spanish). Lima: PUCP Fondo Editorial. ISBN 9972-42-690-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  • Llopis, Ramón (2009). Fútbol Postnacional: Transformaciones Sociales y Culturales del "Deporte Global" en Europa y América Latina (in Spanish). Barcelona: Anthropos Editorial. ISBN 978-84-7658-937-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mandell, Richard (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01325-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Miró, César (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-85928-091-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Panfichi, Aldo; Vich, Victor (2005). "Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football: The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987". In Darby, Paul; Johnes, Martin; Mellor, Gavin (eds.). Soccer and Disaster: International Perspectives. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5352-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Radnedge, Keir (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Soccer. New York: Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7893-0670-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Snyder, John (2001). Soccer's Most Wanted. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-365-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Thorndike, Guillermo (1978). El Revés de Morir (in Spanish). Lima: Mosca Azul Editores. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wood, David (2007). Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). ¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  • Soccer: The Ultimate Guide. New York: DK Publishing. 2010. ISBN 0-7566-7321-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Essential Soccer Skills. New York: DK Publishing. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7566-5902-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organisation's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
  2. ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club might also be the oldest club in the Americas that today plays association football.[6]
  3. ^ During these games in Callao, the Peruvians possibly invented the bicycle kick, which is known in Peru as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao").[12]
  4. ^ The European press also named them the "Peru-Chile XI", the "South American Team", and the "All-Pacific". Most players were from Peru's Universitario de Deportes, and the rest were reinforcements from Alianza Lima, Atlético Chalaco, and Chile's Colo-Colo.[14]
  5. ^ When the Peruvian government impeded Burga's re-election as FPF president in late 2008, charging him with not complying the FPF's statutes according to Peruvian law, FIFA suspended the Peruvian national team and football league—citing political interference. These sanctions were lifted in December 2008 after the Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) agreed to negotiate with the FPF.[40]
  6. ^ FIFA lists the player as defender Plácido Galindo,[103] but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources list midfielder Mario de las Casas.[104]
  7. ^ Although an amateur side in 1936 with no players from their 1934 World Cup team,[115] Austria's 1936 Olympic side is also considered part of the Wunderteam by sports historians and FIFA. This favours the idea that the Wunderteam was primarily a strategic creation of coaches Jimmy Hogan and Hugo Meisl.[116][117]
  8. ^ Austria disputed the 4–2 result, asserting that Peruvian fans had invaded the pitch.[119] While some spectators did encroach on the field of play, the authorities never confirmed their nationality. Moreover, the Peruvians had no responsibility over crowd control in the German stadium.[120] A FIFA committee headed by Jules Rimet ordered a replay behind closed doors, a suggestion that prompted Peru's President Óscar R. Benavides to withdraw his entire Olympic delegation in protest.[119]

References

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  12. ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 100.
  13. ^ See:
  14. ^ a b c d Campomar 2014, p. 153.
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  21. ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4671–4673.
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  35. ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, pp. 161–162, 173.
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  37. ^ Caro Acosta (2 July 2015). "El Sabor Que Le Dio Conmebol a la Copa Oro". Goal Mexico. Goal.com. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
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  46. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 338.
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  87. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 149.
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  89. ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 131, 350, 486.
  90. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 350.
  91. ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 143.
  92. ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 144–145.
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  95. ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, p. 162.
  96. ^ "Perú comparte la Copa Kirin con Japón y República Checa". El Comercio (in Spanish). Empresa Editora El Comercio. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
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  99. ^ a b Witzig 2006, p. 156.
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  104. ^ Pedro Canelo (11 May 2010). "El primer expulsado en la historia de los mundiales fue peruano". El Comercio (in Spanish). Empresa Editora El Comercio. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  105. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 341.
  106. ^ "Perú obtuvo el premio Fair Play de la Copa América 2015". El Comercio (in Spanish). Empresa Editora El Comercio. 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
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  108. ^ Martín Tabeira (19 July 2007). "The Copa América Archive – Trivia". RSSSF. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
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  110. ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 648.
  111. ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 656–657.
  112. ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 641.
  113. ^ a b Witzig 2006, p. 351.
  114. ^ Martín Tabeira (23 November 2007). "Southamerican Championship 1935". RSSSF. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  115. ^ Roberto Castro and Alfredo Tirado (3 August 2010). "Perú en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936: Berlín sin muros" (in Spanish). DeChalaca. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  116. ^ See:
  117. ^ "Classic Coach: Hugo Meisl – The banker's son who masterminded a Wunderteam". FIFA. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  118. ^ Murray 1994, p. 66.
  119. ^ a b Mandell 1987, p. 194.
  120. ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 352, 358.
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  122. ^ "'Cachito' anotó el tercer gol más rápido de Perú en los últimos años". Depor.pe (in Spanish). Empresa Editora El Comercio. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

Achievements
Preceded by
Inaugural Champions
 Bolivarian Champions
1938 (First title) 		Succeeded by
U-20 Peru 
Preceded by South American Champions
1939 (First title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by South American Champions
1975 (Second title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
1998 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
1999 (First title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2000 Slovakia 
Preceded by
2004 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2005 (Second title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2006 Scotland 
Preceded by
2009 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2011 (Third title, shared) 		Succeeded by

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru_national_football_team&oldid=811366819

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